The Situation and Languages of the Turkic Nations in Afghanistan Before August 2021

Abstract

Abstract: Afghanistan is one of the ancient lands where many nations and ethnic groups coexist. In this geography, besides the Turkic tribes such as the Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, and Kazakhs who speak their native languages even today, there are also tribes like the Hazaras, the Aimaqs, and the Galchays who – having forgotten their mother tongues – speak Persian or Pashto. In Afghanistan, where the Turkic dynasties generally ruled before 1747, the Pashtuns became the dominant ethnic community with the proclamation of the Afghan state in 1747. The turbulent history and political life of Afghanistan have deeply affected the Turkic communities, as have all Afghan peoples. The Turkic peoples were occasionally forbidden to receive education in their native tongues, while it was also aimed to change the demographic structure by resettling Pashtuns in some regions. The Soviet occupation and the ensuing civil war claimed thousands of lives and forced millions of people to leave their country. Between 2001 and 2021, the administration in Afghanistan changed hands once again as supported by the Western states; yet, there was partial relief for the Turkic peoples during this period. The developments in August 2021 dragged these peoples into uncertainty again. In this study, the situation of the Turkic peoples living in Afghanistan and the languages they use before August 2021 were assessed by providing the available information.

Full text

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TURKIC LANGUAGES
DOI: 10.34099/jrtl.322
http://resturlan.com/
The Situation and Languages of the Turkic Nations in Afghanistan
Before August 2021
Murat Akyüz
Nile University of Nigeria, Nigeria
Abstract: Afghanistan is one of the ancient lands where many nations and ethnic groups coexist. In this geography, besides the
Turkic tribes such as the Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, and Kazakhs who speak their native languages even today, there are also
tribes like the Hazaras, the Aimaqs, and the Galchays who – having forgotten their mother tongues – speak Persian or Pashto. In
Afghanistan, where the Turkic dynasties generally ruled before 1747, the Pashtuns became the dominant ethnic community with
the proclamation of the Afghan state in 1747. The turbulent history and political life of Afghanistan have deeply affected the Turkic
communities, as have all Afghan peoples. The Turkic peoples were occasionally forbidden to receive education in their native
tongues, while it was also aimed to change the demographic structure by resettling Pashtuns in some regions. The Soviet occupation
and the ensuing civil war claimed thousands of lives and forced millions of people to leave their country. Between 2001 and 2021,
the administration in Afghanistan changed hands once again as supported by the Western states; yet, there was partial relief for the
Turkic peoples during this period. The developments in August 2021 dragged these peoples into uncertainty again. In this study,
the situation of the Turkic peoples living in Afghanistan and the languages they use before August 2021 were assessed by providing
the available information.
Keywords: Afghanistan, Aimaq, Galchay, Hazara, Kataghan, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkmen, Turkestan
Introduction
At a major crossroads on the Silk Road, Afghanistan
is where dozens of Turkic tribes arrived, settled, and
founded cities and states for centuries (Gabar, 2009).
The Turkic interest in Afghanistan dates to the
Scythians and Asian Huns. During their rule, the Great
Hun Empire and the Gokturks conducted recurrent
raids into Afghanistan. Some sources quote the
Kushans and the Akhuns (Ephtalites) as the first
Turkic state founders in Afghanistan. Ahmet Ercilesun
explained the significance of the cultural and historical
heritage these and the consecutive Turkish states
inherited to one another:
“… Both the Kushans and the Akhuns prevented the
Persian states from making inroads into Afghanistan
and India. They laid the foundations for the successive
Turkic reigns (by the Gokturks, Ghaznavids, Gurlus,
and Mughals) in these regions and formed the first tier
of the Turkish influence still witnessed in the cultures
of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. In particular, the
Turkish presence inherited by the Akhuns must have
played a key role in the dominion of the Western
Gokturks, who defeated the Akhuns in 557
collaborated by the Sassanids, in Transoxiana and
Afghanistan.” (Ercilesun, 2004)
After the Gokturks, the Turkic Shahs, the Ghaznavids,
the Seljukids, the Harzemshahs, the Timurids, the
Safavids, the Shaybanis, the Baburids and other
Central Asian khanates dominated all or parts of
Afghanistan respectively. (Saray, 1997)
The Turkic communities constitute the third largest
ethnic group in Afghanistan after the Pashtuns and the
Tajiks. (Saray, 1997) These communities generally
live in Northern Afghanistan, also called Southern
Turkestan or Afghanistan Turkestan. (Akyüz, 2012)
Herat is in the south of Afghanistan and the west of
Afghanistan Turkestan. From Herat to the northeast
stretch the Tirbendi Turkestan and the Hindukush
Mountains. The geography in the north of the region

64 | AKYÜZ
up to the Wahan Corridor in the Pamir Region spans
the natural borders of the "Great Turkestan", also
called the "Ulugh Turkestan" in the past. The region
south of the Amu Darya and north of the Hindukush
range is geographically known as the South Turkestan
or the Afghanistan Turkestan. (Jarring, 1939) To the
north of the Amu Darya are Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
and Tajikistan. (Komite-i Dini Siyasi ve Ferhengi,
2011)
Afghanistan Turkestan is divided into two large
regions in the west i.e., Turkestan with Sheberghan as
the capital and Kataghan with Kunduz as the capital.
The Kataghan region consists the Kunduz, Takhar,
Samangan, Baghlan and Badakhshan provinces, and
the Turkestan region consists the Jawzjan, Balkh,
Faryab, Sar-e-Pol, Badghis and Herat provinces.
(Oğuz, 2009)
Some of the Turkic communities in Afghanistan could
preserve their native languages. Some forgot their
mother tongues and now speak Dari (Persian spoken
in Afghanistan) or Pashto. The Turkic communities
who forgot their native languages are as follows.
The Hazaras
One of the four largest groups in Afghanistan, the
Hazaras make up about 9% of the country's
population. (İlik, 2012) They are divided into three
major tribes i.e., Behsud, Jaghori and Uruzghani. The
Behsuds, termed as the Pureblood Hazaras, generally
live on highlands in isolation from the other Hazara
groups. The Jaghori Hazaras blend with the Pashtuns
and the Tajiks in their cultural circles. The Uruzghanis
mostly live in the Uruzghan and Daikondi provinces.
(Komite-i Dini Siyasi ve Ferhengi, 2011)
Morphologically, it is rather hard to distinguish the
Turkic communities like the Uzbeks, the Kyrgyz, and
the Turkmens from the Hazaras in Afghanistan.
The Hazaras densely populate the highlands in central
Afghanistan called Hazarajat or Hazaristan. The
Hazarajat region consists of the provinces of Bamyan,
Ghor and Daikondi. (Şeriati, 2014) Outside Hazarajat,
the Hazaras mostly live in Ghazni. The Hazaras also
form a considerable portion of population in
Kandahar, Kabul, Herat, and Mazar-e-Sharif. In
addition, large and small Hazara communities are
found across Afghanistan. Although some Hazaras
living in and around Herat are Sunnis, all other
Hazaras adhere to the Jafari-Shiite sect. The Hazaras
living in Iran are called Berbers. (İlik, 2012)
The origin of the Hazaras, who have lived in
Afghanistan for centuries, are under constant
discussion. While some researchers claim the Hazaras
to have Mongolian, Turkic-Mongolian or Turkish
origins, others attribute them to share same origins
with the Circassians, the Indians, and the indigenous
peoples of Afghanistan. The claim that the Hazaras are
of Turkish descent is supported the most. The Hazaras
differ in opinions about their ethnic origins. (Celik,
2001, p. 9)
A legend attaches the Hazara to "the descendants of
the 1000 soldiers (The word hazar means 1000 in
Persian) remaining from Genghis Khan’s army". Most
Hazaras attribute themselves to the lineage of Genghis
Khan's soldiers. (Gabar, 2009) Considering Genghis
Khan had united all steppe tribes and the Mongols
constituted ten percent of his army while the Turks, the
Kipchaks, the Turkmens and the Uyghurs formed the
rest, and that the Eastern Turks, the Tatars and the
Mongols formed a unity during the same period with

Journal of Research in Turkic Languages | 65
their names mentioned together, the claim the Hazaras
are of Turkish ancestry stands even stronger. (Yazıcı,
2011)
However, according to some historical sources,
Genghiz Khan left no soldiers in Afghanistan. There
are legends about the Hazaras to have originally
descended from the soldiers of Chagatai, Genghis
Khan’ son. In the 16th century, the Chagatai Khans
dispatched large armies to conquer India and built
forts and military garrisons in Afghanistan as their
armies forged inland. When the Chagatai rule in
Central Asia weakened, some soldiers from these
Mongol armies stayed back. (Saray, 1997)
The Hazaras, who lived in a region where the Iranian
languages were extensively dominant, forgot their
native languages in time. Today, they speak Hazaragi,
a dialect of Dari (Persian spoken in Afghanistan).
Although the Hazaras in Afghanistan altered their
language, they have kept their traditions and customs,
and some practices linked to the ancient Turkish
beliefs. (Celik, 2001, p. 10) The Hazaras enjoyed their
strongest influence in Afghanistan during the reign of
the Mughal Empire. (Oğuz, 2009, pp. 47-48)
The Aimaqs (Char Aimaqs)
A group of Tajikised Turkic or Mongolian origin, the
Char Aimaqs are of four tribes named Ferozkohi,
Taimani, Jamshedi and Taimuri. The phrase Char
Aimaq literally means ‘four tribes’. The Taimuris are
Sunni, and the Ferozkohi, Taimani and Jamshedi tribes
are Jafari-Shiite. It is estimated that around 450-500
thousand Char Aimaqs live in Afghanistan. Some
among the Char Aimaqs are nomads and semi-nomads
even now. (Oğuz, 2009, p. 43)
The Afshars or the Kizilbash
Originally from the Karabakh region of Azerbaijan,
they all are of Oghuz origin. (Akyüz M., personal
interviews and observations) The Afshars, who belong
to the Jafari-Shiite religious denomination, are also
known as the Kizilbash because of their crimson
headgears. They arrived in Afghanistan in 1736 during
the Afghanistan expedition of the Iranian Shah Nadir
Khan Afshari. The Afshars generally live in Kabul,
Mazar-e-Sharif, Hazaristan and Herat. They speak an
Azerbaijani Turkish dialect native to Karabakh. With
their population estimated around 60,000, the Afshars
are clustered in Afshar district in Kabul and in Foladi
in Hazaristan. (İlik, 2012)
The Bayats
A Jafari-Shiite community, the Bayats are a small
Turkic group of Oghuz origin generally living in Herat
and Kabul. Having forgotten their native language
which was a dialect of Azerbaijani Turkish, they now
speak Dari. (Komite-i Dini Siyasi ve Ferhengi, 2011)
The Herat Turks
Many Turkic groups live in and around Herat in
western Afghanistan. The Mervi community is a
heritage tribe dating to the times of the Great Seljukid
and Timurid empires. This community’s language
bears the characteristics of Western (Oghuz) and
Chagatai Turkish. Except for the elderly, no one can
speak their native language. (Akyüz M. Personal
interviews) Another Turkic community in the region,
the Shekibanis live in the village of Shekiban near
Herat and in downtown Herat. Having forgotten their
native language, they speak Persian. (İlik, 2012)
The Galchays
Considered in some sources as the Akhuns or the
Ghaznavids, or the descendants of the Halaj Turks, the
Galchay (Galjee-Galzhay) tribe assumed the Pashtun

66 | AKYÜZ
identity in all aspects and is one of the largest Pashtun
tribes in Afghanistan. (Saray, 1997) The Galchays
generally live around the city of Ghazni and some
among them carry Turkish names like Erselan. (Akyüz
M., Personal interviews)
The Turkic groups which preserved their native
tongues in today’s Afghanistan are the Uzbeks, the
Kazakhs, the Kyrgyz, the Tatars, the Uyghurs and the
Karakalpaks.
The Uzbeks
The most populous Turkic group in Afghanistan, the
Uzbeks constitute 9% of the Afghan population. They
generally live in the Faryab province (in cities like
Maymana, Shirintegap, Dawlatabad, Faizabad, and
Anthoy), in the Jawzjan province (Sheberghan, Akcha,
Darzab, Koshshatapa, and Hodjaduku), in the Balkh
province (Mazar-e Sharif, Khaydarkan, Tashkurgan,
Hinjan, and Khayratan), in the Samangan province
(Aybak and other towns and villages), in the Sar-e-Pol,
Kunduz, Takhar provinces (Taloqan and Imam Sahib),
and the cities, towns and villages in the Badakhshan
and Baghlan provinces. The Uzbeks make up the
majority of the population in cities like Sheberghan,
Maymana, Darzab, Koshshatapa, and Hodjaduku.
(Jarring, 1939) They are a minority in Kabul and
Herat. (Komite-i Dini Siyasi ve Ferhengi, 2011)
The remnants of the Ghaznavid, Timurid, Shibani and
Babur states founded in Afghanistan throughout
history, the Turkic communities form a segment of the
Afghanistan Uzbeks. The Uzbeks, who had to leave
their hometowns and take refuge in Afghanistan after
the rebellions and wars in the West Turkestan between
1916 and 1924, form the second Uzbek community.
(Saray, 1997) However, there is no social or cultural
difference between the two. (Akyüz M. Personal
observations)
Reason unknown, the Uzbeks living in the west of
Northern Afghanistan – also known as the Southern
Turkestan – are called "Tat". Those who live in the
Kataghan region in northeastern Afghanistan are
called Uzbeks. The Uzbeks in these two regions speak
separate dialects. However, they have common social
and cultural characteristics. (Oğuz, 2009)
The language of the Uzbeks in Afghanistan has large
similarities with the Kyrgyz and the Kazakh
languages, and bears strong language characteristics of
the Kipchak segment as compared to the Karluk
segment common in Uzbekistan. The Uzbek spoken in
Afghanistan has two dialects i.e., “Ya- ی“ and “Jim-
ج“ respectively. While the “Y” dialect is common in
the west i.e., Afghanistan Turkestan, the “C” dialect is
widely spoken in the east i.e., the Kataghan region.
(Tadaş, 2012) In addition, there are places which
speak other dialects in both regions. The Uzbeks living
in Darzab and Koshtapa districts of the Jawzjan
province, Sancharak district of the Sar-e-Pol province,
and in the Takhar and Kunduz provinces pronounce
the "y" sound at the beginning of the word as the "c"
sound, just like the Kyrgyz. (İlik, 2012)
The Uzbeks living in Afghanistan continue to read and
write in Arabic alphabet, and use the spelling rules of
the "Y" dialect and the Chagatai Turkish. In writing,
additions made to the Arabic letters reflect the Uzbek
sound system, and some letters from the New Uyghur
Turkish Arabic Alphabet are used. For example, in
addition to the non-Arabic letters “p, ç, j and g”
borrowed from Persian, different accent marks are
placed on letter ‘waw’ in recent texts to highlight “v,

Journal of Research in Turkic Languages | 67
o-u, ö-ü” sounds and two vertical lines under letter “y”
to distinguish “i-ı” sound from “y”.
The Afghanistan Uzbek had been declared as the third
official language of Afghanistan, along with Turkmen,
Pashto and Dari (Persian spoken in Afghanistan) in the
2003 Constitution of Afghanistan. (İlik, 2012)
However, the language lost this status following the
change of administration in Afghanistan in August
2021.
The Turkmens
They are a majority or predominantly ethnic group in
some districts in the west, northwest and north of
Afghanistan. The Afghanistan Turkmens generally
arrived in Afghanistan after the regional conflicts
between 1917 and 1924. Today, they are mostly in
Anthoy, Akcha, Karqin, Hamyab, and Kizilayak
districts of the Jawzjan province, and in Turgundi
district of the Herat province. In addition, they live in
Sheberghan in the Jawzjan province, in several
districts of the Takhar, Kunduz and Herat provinces,
and in and around Mazar-e Sharif in the Balkh
province. (Turan, 2010) The Turkmens living in Herat
generally belong to the Teke clan, and those in the
Jawzjan, Faryab, Kunduz, Takhar, Baghlan and Balkh
provinces belong to the Ersari clan. According to
estimates, 3% of Afghanistan's population is Turkmen.
The Turkmens living in Afghanistan write in Arabic
alphabet similar to other Turkish tribes living in this
country. (Oğuz, 2009) The Turkmens largely
distanced themselves from conflicts during both the
Soviet occupation and the ensuing years in civil war
and have generally not been interested in political
movements.
The Afghanistan Kyrgyz
The Kyrgyz, who arrived in Afghanistan under the
leadership of Japaarkul Khan from the Alay Valley
and the Murghap River basin within the borders of
today’s Kyrgyzstan due to the clashes and wars in
Central Asia between 1916 and 1924, settled in the
highlands of the Badakhshan-Pamir region, a terrain
with harsh climate. They live a semi-sedentary and
nomadic life. (Pekacar, 1995)
The majority of the Kyrgyz Turks living in Pamir are
from the Tayit and Kesek phratry. In the light of
Rahmankul’s statements, a few tents of the Kyrgyz
Turks from the Nayman and the Kipchak phratry lived
in this region. (Pekacar, 1995)
Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, some of
the Kyrgyz first migrated to Pakistan and later to
Turkey under the leadership of late Haji Rahman Qul
Khan. The Turkish authorities settled them in Uluğ
Pamir Village in Van province. (İlik, 2012)
The Kyrgyz government has recently been relocating
the Kyrgyz, who live under tough conditions in
Afghanistan, especially to the Alay and Chon Alay
regions of Kyrgyzstan.
The Kyrgyz living in Afghanistan speak an original
Kyrgyz dialect, far from the influence of the Soviet
culture and Russian language, and use the Arabic
alphabet.
The Afghanistan Kazakhs
The Afghanistan Kazakhs migrated to Afghanistan at
different times during the 20th century. Some arrived
in Afghanistan from Kizilorda and Shymkent in
today's Kazakhstan between 1916 and 1924 and during
1930s. Some moved to Afghanistan from Korgantepa

68 | AKYÜZ
in Tajikistan, to where they had migrated earlier. The
exact number of Kazakhs who migrated from
Kazakhstan to Afghanistan is not known. Different
sources do not clearly state the number of Kazakhs
who migrated. The Kazakhs, from whom the
documents were compiled, stated that 300-400 Kazakh
households migrated from Kazakhstan to Korgantepa
in Tajikistan, while 65 households migrated to Turkey.
(Diner & Akyuz, 2016) The Afghanistan Kazakhs hail
from to the ‘Orta Cüz’ and ‘Küçük Cüz’ – the Middle
and Small Segment of the Kazakhs – respectively. No
member of the Ulu Cüz (High Segment) exists among
them. (Biray, 2009) After the Altai Region of the East
Turkestan succumbed to the Chinese rule in the 1950s,
another group of Kazakhs migrated to Afghanistan
from the said region. Later, many migrated to Turkey
after the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the
1980s. (Rakişeva, 2007)
The Kazakhs who arrived in Afghanistan after the
conflicts and wars in Central Asia settled in Qala-e
Nau district in the Balkh province, and also in the
Kunduz, Takhar and Badghis provinces. (Biray, 2009)
As per estimates, around 5000 Kazakhs lived in
Afghanistan until the 1980s. During the turbulent
years of the Soviet occupation and the civil war in
Afghanistan, they migrated to countries like Pakistan,
Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Following the
independence, Kazakhstan introduced an expansive
project to bring the Kazakhs, who had been scattered
worldwide, in Kazakhstan. Similarly, the Kazakhs of
Afghanistan were convened and settled in Kazakhstan.
In the interview we had with him in 2013, Abdul Jaleel
Aghay, a leading Kazakh from Afghanistan, stated that
nearly 300 Kazakhs had not migrated to Kazakhstan
due to family or other reasons. (Diner & Akyuz, 2016)
In addition to the Turkic communities mentioned
above, small groups of Karakalpaks, Tatars and
Uyghurs live in Afghanistan. (Jarring, 1939) These
Turkic groups live as minorities among other nations.
For example, following the 1917 Bolshevik
Revolution, some Karakalpaks arrived from Turkestan
and 2000 were later settled in Jalalabad during the
1950s. (Saray, 1997) However, there is no exact
information about their population at the present. The
Tatars living in Afghanistan Turkestan as dispersed
among other Turkic nations fused into the Uzbek
identity. A small group of Uighurs live in isolation in
parts of northern Afghanistan, and particularly in the
Badakhshan province in northeastern Afghanistan,
close to the Chinese border. (Jarring, 1939).
Conclusion
With those who forgot their native languages and
those who have not, the Turkic communities constitute
approximately 20% of the total population in
Afghanistan. While the Turkic communities like the
Galchays, the Afshars, the Hazaras, and the Aimaqs
forgot their native tongues, the Uzbeks, the Turkmens,
the Kyrgyz and the Kazakhs preserved theirs. The
Turkic communities in Afghanistan use the Arabic
alphabet.
The Uzbek language spoken in Afghanistan manifests
Kipchak language features and has two dialects as "Y"
and "C". The "C" dialect spoken in the Kataghan
region is almost the same with the Kyrgyz language.
Scientific research is due on this subject.
Some of the Turkic communities in Afghanistan are
the descendants of the Ghaznavids, the Seljukids, the
Harzemshahis, the Timurids, the Baburids, and the
Shibanis, who previously founded states across this

Journal of Research in Turkic Languages | 69
geography. Some are the descendants of those who
arrived from Central Asia between 1917 and 1924. In
the 1980s, many migrated to Pakistan, Saudi Arabia
and Turkey due to the Soviet invasion and the
subsequent civil war in Afghanistan. After the
independence of Kazakhstan, the Kazakhs living in
Afghanistan were brought into Kazakhstan to a large
extent. The Kyrgyz authorities work on resettling the
Kyrgyz living in Afghanistan’s Pamir-Badakhshan
region to Kyrgyzstan.
There has been a recent increase in the publications on
Turkish dialects and accents in Afghanistan. Having
key importance in both Turkish history and literature,
Afghanistan is still an uncharted field for researchers
interested in the language, literature and history of the
Turkic communities. However, due to recent political
developments, it has become hard and risky to conduct
research through independent sources in that
geography.
With the change of administration in August 2021, an
anti-democratic government took over Afghanistan,
dragging all people of Afghanistan, especially the
communities like the Hazaras and the Aimaqs, who
follow a different sect, and various Turkic
communities such as the Uzbeks, with their stark
differences with the Pashtuns, into a blatant state of
uncertainty.
Sources
Akyüz, M. (2012). Geç Dönem Çağatay Edebiyatından Günümüze Afganistan Özbek Edebiyatı ve Faryab Edebi
Muhiti (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). [Afghanistan Uzbek Literature from the Late Chagatai
Literature to the Present and Faryab Literary Milieu (Unpublished Master's Thesis)] Istanbul: F.Ü. SBE.
Biray, N. (2009). Türkiye’deki Afgan Kazakları Ağzı. [The Dialect of the Afghan Kazakhs in Turkey] Ankara: Türk
Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
Celik, A. (2001). Afganistan'daki Hazara Türkleri ‹le Do¤u Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Çepni Türkleri Aras›nda
Yaflayan Halk ‹nanmalar› Üzerine Bir Mukayese Denemesi. [A Comparative Essay on Folk Beliefs
Among the Hazara Turks in Afghanistan and the Chepny Turks in the Eastern Black Sea Region] Milli
Folklor, 9-21.
Diner, R., & Akyuz, M. (2016). A Research on The Present Situation of History and Afghanistan Rights of
Afghanistan Kazakhs. Khabarshy (Journal of Suleyman Demirel University), 4(39), 35-42.
Ercilesun, A. (2004). Türk Dili Tarihi. [History of Turkish Language] Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları.
Gabar, M. (2009). Afganistan der Meseyri Tarih (2 Cilt). [The Social History of Afghanistan (2 Volumes)]
Peshawar: Havra Interpress.
İlik, E. (2012). Afganistan'ın Cevizcan Bölgesindeki Çağdaş Özbek Şairleri (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
[Contemporary Uzbek Poets in the Jawzjan Province of Afghanistan (Unpublished Master's Thesis)]
Istanbul: F.Ü. SBE.
Jarring, G. (1939). On The Distribution Of Turk Tribes In Afghanistan- An Attempt At A Preliminary Classification.
Lund: Lunds Universitets Arsskrift.

70 | AKYÜZ
Komite-i Dini Siyasi ve Ferhengi. (2011). Coğrafya. [Geography] Kabul: İntişarat-ı Vezaret-i Maarif-i Afghanistan.
[Afghanistan Ministry of Education Publications]
Oğuz, E. (2009). Hedef Ülke Afganistan. [Afghanistan: Target Country] İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
Pekacar, Ç. (1995). Pamir (Afganistan) Kırgız Türkleri Ağzı (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). [The Dialect of the
Pamir (Afghanistan) Kyrgyz Turks (Unpublished PhD Dissertation)] Ankara: Gazi Ün. SBE.
Rakişeva, B. (2007, 2). Türkiye'de Yaşayan Kazak diasporası İle İlgili Sosyolojik Araştırmanın Bazı Yönleri. [Some
Aspects of Sociological Research on the Kazakh Diaspora Living in Turkey] Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3(15), s.
153-159.
Saray, M. (1997). Afganistan ve Türkler. [Afghanistan and Turks] İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.
Şeriati, H. (2014). Ferhengi Şifahiyi Merdumu Hazara (Cüstari Der Ferhengi Ammeyi Hazarai Afganistan). Kabul:
İntişarat-ı Emiri. [Government Publication]
Tadaş, H. (2012). Kunduz İli İmam Sahip İlçesi Ağzı. [The Dialect of Imam Sahib District in Kunduz Province]
Ankara: Gazi Ün. SBE.
Turan, A. (2010). Nigahi be Tarih ve Ferhengi Türkmenha. Kabul: Şirket Hidemati Dani Publications.
Yazıcı, O. (2011, Bahar). Hazaraların Menşei İle İlgili Yeni Bir Görüş. [A New View on the Origin of the Hazaras]
TÜBAR, XXIX, 475-492.
Corresponding Author Contact Information:
Author Name: Murat Akyuz
University, Country: Nile University of Nigeria, Nigeria
Email: akyuz.murat@gmail.com
Please Cite: Akyuz, M. (2021). The Situation and Languages of the Turkic Nations in Afghanistan Before August
2021. Journal of Research in Turkic Languages, 3(2), 63-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34099/jrtl.322
Received: July 5, 2021 ▪ Accepted: October 29, 2021