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Taxonomy of corticioid fungi in Japan: Present status and future prospects

October 2021
Mycoscience 62(6)

October 2021
62(6)

DOI:10.47371/mycosci.2021.10.002

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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Authors:

Nitaro Maekawa

Tottori University

Corticioid fungi form effused basidiomata with various hymenophore configurations, mostly on woody substrates, and they are presently classified into 15 orders in Agaricomycotina in the phylum Basidiomycota. In this review, the corticioid fungi of Japan are treated on the basis of the current classification system, and all currently known species are listed and classified by order. Japanese corticioid fungi number 442 species in 160 genera belonging to 14 orders. Analysis of the distribution of Japanese corticioid species reveals that 375 species (85% of the total) have wide distributions, and that the Japanese corticioid fungal flora is composed of species with diverse patterns of distribution. In the subtropical regions, 146 corticioid species belonging to 77 genera are listed, including 100 species from the Nansei Islands and 76 from the Ogasawara Islands. Although these two island groups are located at similar latitudes, they share only 30 corticioid species—21% of the total reported from the subtropical regions. Along with this summary of the current status, this study presents future directions for the taxonomic research of the Japanese corticioid fungi.

Basidiomata of corticioid species endemic to Japan. A: Asterostroma boninense (TUMH 63841, holotype). B: Asterostroma macrosporum (TUMH 60992, holotype). C: Athelia repetobasidiifera (TUMH 63503, holotype). D: Athelia termitophila (TUMH 40433, holotype). E: Cylindrobasidium argenteum (TUMH 62012). F: Haloaleurodiscus mangrovei (TUMH 63842, holotype). G: Xenasmatella athelioidea (TUMH 63844, holotype). H: Tubulicium curvisporum (TUMH 63048, holotype). All specimens are deposited in TUMH, Tottori University. Bars: A, B, E, H 10 mm; C, D, G 1 mm; F 10 cm.

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1. Introduction

Corticioid fungi are homobasidiomycete fungi that form resupi-

nate, eused, crust-like basidiomata, mostly on woody substrates.

Hymenophore congurations vary widely (smooth, odontoid, rad-

uloid, hydnoid, merulioid, and poroid) within genera and even

within several species. The corticioid fungi belong to Agaricomy-

cotina in Basidiomycota, and they have long been grouped in a

single family, Corticiaceae (sensu lato). Recent advances in se-

quencing technology, however, have permitted the gathering of

DNA sequence data for many basidiomycetes, including corticioid

fungi, and molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed that cor-

ticioid fungi are polyphyletic (K.-H. Larsson, E. Larsson, & Kõljalg,

2004; Binder et al., 2005). Hibbett et al. (2007) proposed a compre-

hensive phylogenetic classication of Basidiomycota in which

Agaricomycotina contains 3 classes and 21 orders. In this classica-

tion, corticioid fungi were categorized into 13 orders: Agaricales,

Atheliales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Corticiales, Dacrymycetales,

Gloeophyllales, Gomphales, Hymenochaetales, Polyporales, Russu-

lales, Thelephorales, and Trechisporales. Subsequently, on the basis

of a six-locus nuclear dataset, Binder, Larsson, Matheny, and Hib-

bett (2010) introduced two new orders; Amylocorticiales—sister to

Agaricales—and Jaapiales, which contains only the genus Jaapia

Bres., comprising two resupinate species. Furthermore, phyloge-

netic analyses indicate that several corticoid genera are polyphylet-

ic: Aleurodiscus Rabenh. ex J. Schröt. (Wu, Hibbett, & Binder,

2001), Gloeocystidiellum Donk (E. Larsson & K.-H. Larsson, 2003),

Hyphoderma Wallr. (K.-H. Larsson, 2007), Hyphodontia J. Erikss.

(Binder et al., 2005; K.-H. Larsson et al., 2006), Leucogyrophana

Pouzar (Jarosch & Besl, 2001), Phanerochaete P. Karst. (De Koker,

Nakasone, Haarhof, Burdsall, & Janse, 2003; Wu, Nilsson, Chen,

Yu, & Hallenberg, 2010), Phlebia Fr. (Kuuskeri, Mäkelä, Isotalo,

Oksane, & Lundell, 2015) and Sistotrema Fr. (Moncalvo et al.,

2006). On the basis of these molecular phylogenetic analyses, each

of these genera has been subdivided into several genera, some of

which are new.

Most corticioid fungi live on woody substrates such as fallen

trunks, branches, and twigs; they decompose cellulose, hemicellu-

loses, and lignin. Ectomycorrhizal associations have been demon-

strated in several corticioid genera, such as Amphinema P. Karst.,

Piloderma Jülich, Sistotrema, and Tomentella Pers. ex Pat. (Dahl-

berg, Jonsson, & Nylund, 1997; Erland & Taylor, 1999; Kõljalg,

Tammi, Timonen, Agerer, & Sen, 2002; Nilsson, K.-H. Larsson, E.

Larsson, & Kõljalg, 2006). Thus, in forest ecosystems, they play an

important role not only in nutrient recycling but also in tree

growth. Some corticioid species are economically important. Sever-

al species—particularly Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds.—are

being used in basic and applied researches on lignin degradation,

e.g., in pulping, bleaching, and converting lignin to useful products

(Kirk & Farrell, 1987). Corticioid fungi also include several plant

pathogens, such as Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough (Tu &

Kimbrough, 1978) and Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar

(Pouzar, 1959), the causal agents of southern Sclerotium rot and

silver-leaf disease, respectively. Some species occur on bedlogs

used for cultivation of shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes

Taxonomy of corticioid fungi in Japan: Present status and future prospects

Nitaro Maekawa*

Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-855, Japan

Review

ABSTRACT

Corticioid fungi form effused basidiomata with various hymenophore conﬁgurations, mostly on woody substrates, and they are present-

ly classiﬁed into 15 orders in Agaricomycotina in the phylum Basidiomycota. In this review, the corticioid fungi of Japan are treated on

the basis of the current classiﬁcation system, and all currently known species are listed and classiﬁed by order. Japanese corticioid fungi

number 442 species in 160 genera belonging to 14 orders. Analysis of the distribution of Japanese corticioid species reveals that 375

species (85% of the total) have wide distributions, and that the Japanese corticioid fungal ﬂora is composed of species with diverse pat-

terns of distribution. In the subtropical regions, 146 corticioid species belonging to 77 genera are listed, including 100 species from the

Nansei Islands and 76 from the Ogasawara Islands. Although these two island groups are located at similar latitudes, they share only 30

corticioid species—21% of the total reported from the subtropical regions. Along with this summary of the current status, this study

presents future directions for the taxonomic research of the Japanese corticioid fungi.

Keywords: Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota

Article history: Received 9 April 2020, Revised 4 October 2021, Accepted 5 October 2021, Available online 26 October 2021.

* Corresponding author.

E-mail address: kin-maek@tottori-u.ac.jp

This is an open-access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 4.0 international license

(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

― 1 ―doi: 10.47371/mycosci.2021.10.002

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(Berk.) Pegler, reducing fruiting body yield (Maekawa & Arita,

1984).

In this review, my primary purpose is to evaluate Japanese corti-

cioid fungi on the basis of the current classication system. Second,

I summarize the bioclimatic features and geographical distribution

patterns of the species making up the Japanese corticioid fungal

ora. Third, I discuss the current status of taxonomic research on

Japanese corticioid fungi, including reclassications based on the

phylogenetic analysis of combined morphological and molecular

data. Finally, I discuss future directions for taxonomic studies of

Japanese corticioid fungi.

2. History of taxonomic research on Japanese corti-

cioid fungi by using morphological features

Hennings (1901) wrote the rst report on Japanese corticioid

fungi. Subsequently, many species were reported by Yasuda (1909,

1912, 1913, 1914a, 1914b, 1918a, 1918b, 1918c, 1919a, 1919b, 1920a,

1920b, 1921a, 1921b, 1923a, 1923b), Lloyd (1920, 1921, 1922), Ito

(1929a, 1929b), and Ito and Imai (1940). The comprehensive publi-

cation “Mycological Flora of Japan Vol. II (4)” by Ito (1955) re-

viewed the species of corticioid fungi that had been recorded in

Japan up to that time. Subsequently, Japanese mycologists have

classied many corticioid species on the basis of morphological

features (Aoshima & Hayashi, 1964; Hayashi & Aoshima, 1964,

1966; Aoshima & Furukawa, 1966a, 1966b; Furukawa & Aoshima,

1966; Hayashi, 1969; Kobayashi, 1971; Furukawa, 1974; Hayashi,

1974), placing them in genera such as Corticium Pers., Odontia

Pers., and Peniophora Cooke on the basis of the Friesian system

(Fries, 1874). Parmasto (1968) introduced a new system for classi-

cation of corticioid fungi, and Japanese species were reclassied

accordingly (Maekawa, 1993b, 1994). New and previously unre-

ported Japanese species continued to be described (Maekawa, Ari-

ta, & Hayashi, 1982; Maekawa & Arita, 1984; Maekawa, 1987, 1990,

1991a, 1991b, 1992, 1993a, 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 1999, 2000a, 2000b,

2003; Núñez & Ryvarden, 1997; Nakasone & Gilbertson, 1998;

Maekawa & Hasebe, 2002; Maekawa & Nordén, 2002; Suhara,

Maekawa, Kubayashi, Sakai, & Kondo, 2002; Maekawa, Suhara,

Kinjo, & Kondo, 2003; Hjortstam & Ryvarden, 2004; Maekawa, Su-

hara, Kinjo, Kondo, & Hoshi, 2005; Wu, Wang, & Yu, 2010; Suhara,

Maekawa, Ushijima, Kinjo, & Hoshi, 2010; Suhara, Maekawa, &

Ushijima, 2011; Chen, Wu, & Chen, 2017, 2018; Ushijima & Maeka-

wa, 2018; Ushijima, Sotome, & Maekawa, 2019; Yagame & Maeka-

wa, 2019; Maekawa et al., 2020; Yurchenko, Wu, & Maekawa, 2020).

The currently known species of Japanese corticioid fungi are listed

in Table 1; there are 442 species in 160 genera belonging to 14 or-

ders. Among the previously reported corticioid fungi, several new

taxa were subsequently placed in synonymy with other taxa

(Maekawa, 1993b), and these taxa were excluded from Table 1.

Phlebiella athelioides N. Maek. (1993b) has been treated as an inval-

id name because Phlebiella P. Karst. is not regarded as a validly

published genus (Duhem, 2010), and the species referred to that

genus have been transferred to Xenasmatella Oberw. Morphologi-

cal characters clearly place P. athelioides in Xenasmatella. There-

fore, the following combination is proposed: Xenasmatella atheli-

oidea (N. Maek.) N. Maek., comb. nov., MycoBank no. MB840571

(Basionym: Phlebiella athelioides N. Maek., Reports of the Tottori

Mycological Institute, 31: 124, 1993). In addition, a few species re-

ported as Japanese corticioid fungi—e.g., Gloeopeniophora auranti-

aca (Pers.) J. (Bres.) Höhn. & Litsch. (Hayashi, 1974), Peniophora

farlowii Burt (Hayashi, 1974), Phlebia rufa (Pers.) M.P. Christ.

(Maekawa, 1993b), and Xylodon papillosa (Fr.) Riebesehl, Yurchen-

ko & Langer (as Odontia papillosa (Fr.) P. Karst) (Furukawa,

1974)—were excluded from this table because their voucher speci-

mens were revealed to have been misidentied (Maekawa, 1993b,

2000b). On the other hand, 55 species (asterisks, Table 1) previous-

ly unreported in Japan were added, and their data were shown in

Supplementary Table S1.

3. Mycoﬂoristics of the corticioid fungi in Japan

3.1. Diversity of the Japanese corticioid fungi

The Japanese Archipelago extends over approximately 3,000 km

from northeast to southwest between lat. 24°N and 46°N, and it has

many high mountains >2,000 m in altitude. Its climate encompass-

es subarctic, cool-temperate, warm-temperate, and subtropical

zones. The mycooral diversity of Agaricales in Japan reects this

geographical and climatic variation (Hongo & Yokoyama, 1978).

Bioclimatically, the Japanese corticioid fungi are composed of spe-

cies distributed in (A) subarctic to temperate zones (141 species,

32% of the total), (B) temperate to subtropical zones (252 species,

57% of the total), and (C) the subtropical zone (49 species, 11% of

the total) (see footnote to Table 1). According to global distribution

records, 105 species of Japanese corticioid fungi have been record-

ed on ve continents, and 79, 92, and 99 species have been recorded

on four, three, and two continents, respectively. Thus a total of 375

species—85% of known Japanese corticioid species—are distribut-

ed on multiple continents. The remaining 67 species are reported

only from Eurasia, and of these 22 species (5% of the total) are en-

demic to Japan and 33 species (7% of the total) are distributed only

in Far East Asia. Many species of Japanese corticioid fungi there-

fore have a wide global distribution, and Japanese corticioid fungi

have diverse distribution patterns.

Analysis of the distributions of the Japanese corticioid species

accepted in the present study reveals that they can be divided into

12 groups: (a) cosmopolitan (Africa, Eurasia, North America, Oce-

ania, and South America), (b) Northern Hemisphere (Eurasia and

North America), Africa, and Oceania, (c) Northern Hemisphere,

Africa, and South America, (d) Northern Hemisphere and Africa,

(e) Northern Hemisphere and Oceania, (f) Northern Hemisphere

and South America, (g) Northern Hemisphere, (h) Eurasia, (i) Far

East Asia and North America, (j) Far East Asia, (k) Japan (endem-

ic), and (m) others. The main distribution patterns and their repre-

sentative species are described below (see footnote to Table 1).

(a) Cosmopolitan: 112 species. Most of these species have been

collected from both temperate and (sub)tropical regions. Represen-

tative species include Amphinema byssoides (Pers.) J. Erikss., Chon-

drostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar, Dacryobolus sudans (Alb. &

Schwein.) Fr., Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.) Lentz, Peniophorella pu-

bera (Fr.) P. Karst., Phanerochaete sordida (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. &

Ryvarden, Scytinostroma portentosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk,

Subulicystidium longisporum (Pat.) Parmasto, and Trechispora fari-

nacea (Pers.) Liberta. These species have been collected from both

subtropical and temperate regions of Japan.

(b) Northern Hemisphere, Africa, and Oceania: 20 species. All

have been found in both temperate and (sub)tropical regions. Rep-

resentative species include Brevicellicium olivascens (Bres.) K.H.

Larss. & Hjortstam, Cerocorticium molle (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)

Jülich, Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst., Dacryobolus

karstenii (Bres) Oberw. ex Parmasto, Erythricium salmonicolor

(Berk. & Broome) Burds., Gloeocystidiellum porosum (Berk. & M.A.

Curtis) Donk, Hyphodontia pallidula (Pers.) J. Erikss., and Trechis-

pora alnicola (Bourdot & Galzin) Liberta.

cies. These have been collected from temperate and (sub)tropical

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Species

Acanthophysium oakesii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Parmasto12, A, g

Aleurocystidiellum subcruentatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) P.A. Lemke12, A, g

Aleurocystidiellum tsugae (Yasuda) S.H. He & Y.C. Dai12, A, i, **

Aleurodiscus aurantius (Pers.) J. Schröt.12, B, a

Aleurodiscus disciformis (DC.) Pat.12, B, c

Aleurodiscus grantii Lloyd12, A, i

Aleurodiscus mirabilis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn.12, B, a, **

Aleurodiscus parvisporus Núñez & Ryvarden12, A, j

Aleurodiscus subglobosporus Ginns & Bandoni12, A, k

Aleurodiscus subroseus S.H. He & Y.C. Dai12, C, i, *, **

Alutaceodontia alutacea (Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, A, m, **

Amphinema arachispora Burds. & Nakasone3, A, g

Amphinema byssoides (Pers.) J. Erikss.3, B, a, O

Amylocorticium canadense (Burt) J. Erikss. & Weresub2, B, g

Amylocorticium cebennense (Bourdot) Pouzar2, B, a, **

Amylocorticium indicum K.S. Thind & S.S. Rattan2, B, i, *, **

Amylocorticium suaveolens Parmasto2, A, g

Amylocorticium subincarnatum (Peck) Pouzar2, B, d

Amylofungus globosporus (N. Maek.) Sheng H. Wu12, A, j

Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin12, A, e

Amylostereum chailletii (Pers.) Boidin12, B, a, *, **

Amylostereum laevigatum (Fr.) Boidin12, A, g

Amylostereum orientale S.H. He & Hai J. Li12, A, j, **

Amyloxenasma allantosporum (Oberw.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden2, A, m

Amyloxenasma grisellum (Bourdot) Hjortstam & Ryvarden2, A, c

Aphanobasidium pseudotsugae (Burt) Boidin & Gilles1, B, d

Asterostroma andinum Pat.12, B, a, O

Asterostroma boninense Suhara & N. Maek.12, C, k, O, **

Asterostroma cervicolor (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Massee12, B, a, O, **

Asterostroma macrosporum N. Maek. & Suhara12, C, k, N, **

Asterostroma muscicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Massee12, B, a, N, O, **

Asterostroma praeacutosporum Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles12, C, m, N, *

Athelia acrospora Jülich3, B, a, **

Athelia binucleospora J. Erikss. & Ryvarden3, A, h

Athelia decipiens (Höhn. & Litsch.) J. Erikss.3, B, b, **

Athelia epiphylla Pers.3, B, a, **

Athelia bulata M.P. Christ.3, A, f

Athelia repetobasidiifera N. Maek.3, A, k

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr.3, B, a, N, O

Athelia salicum Pers.3, B, d

Athelia sibirica (Jülich) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden3, A, h

Athelia termitophira N. Maek., Yokoi & Sotome3, A, k, **

Atheliachaete galactites (Bourdot & Galzin) Ţura, Zmitr., Wasser & Spirin11, A, g

Atheliachaete sanguinea (Fr.) Spirin & Zmitr.11, A, f

Atheloderma orientale Parmasto10, A, h

Baltazaria galactina (Fr.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Gri.12, B, m

Boidinella cystidiolophora (Boidin & Gilles) Nakasone14, B, m

Boidinia borbonica Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles12, C, m, N

Boidinia furfuracea (Bres.) Stalpers & Hjortstam12, A, f

Boreostereum radiatum (Peck) Parmasto8, A, g

Boreostereum vibrans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Davydkina & Bondartseva8, B, i

Botryobasidium aureum Parmasto5, B, b

Botryobasidium bondarcevii (Parmasto) G. Langer5, B, c

Botryobasidium candicans J. Erikss.5, B, a, O

Botryobasidium conspersum J. Erikss.5, B, b, N, **

Botryobasidium curtisii Hallenb.5, B, m, O, *, **

Botryobasidium globosisporum (Boidin & Gilles) G. Langer5, C, m, N, *

Botryobasidium isabellinum (Fr.) D.P. Rogers5, B, c

Botryobasidium latisporum (N. Maek.) G. Langer5, A, j, **

Botryobasidium medium J. Erikss.5, B, c

Botryobasidium obtusisporum J. Erikss.5, B, a, **

Botryobasidium piliferum Boidin & Gilles5, B, m, N, **

Botryobasidium pruinatum (Bres.) J. Erikss.5, B, b, N

Botryobasidium sordidulum Boidin & Gilles5, B, m

Botryobasidium subcoronatum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Donk5, B, a, **

Botryobasidium vagum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D.P. Rogers5, B, a

Brevicellicium olivascens (Bres.) K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam14, B, a

Bulbillomyces farinosus (Bres.) Jülich11, B, a

Byssocorticium ebulatum Hjortstam & Ryvarden3, A, h, N

Byssocorticium pulchrum (S. Lundell) M.P. Christ.3, A, g

Species

Byssomerulius corium (Pers.) Parmasto11, B, a, N, **

Byssomerulius hirtellus (Burt) Parmasto11, B, a, *, **

Byssomerulius tropicus (Sheng H. Wu) Zmitr.11, C, j, N

Cabalodontia queletii (Bourdot & Galzin) Piątek11, B, b

Candelabrochaete langloisii (Pat.) Boidin11, C, m, O

Candelabrochaete verruculosa Hjortstam11, B, m

Ceraceomyces tessulatus (Cooke) Jülich2, B, b

Ceratobasidium cornigerum (Bourdot) D.P. Rogers5, B, a

Ceratobasidium gramineum (Ikata & T. Matsuura) Oniki, Ogoshi & T. Araki5, A, i

Ceratobasidium setariae (Sawada) Oniki, Ogoshi & T. Araki5, A, j

Cerinomyces albosporus Boidin & Gilles7, B, m, **

Cerinomyces altaicus Parmasto7, A, j, *, **

Cerinomyces canadensis (H.S. Jacks. & G.W. Martin) G.W. Martin7, A, e, **

Cerinomyces pallidus G.W. Martin7, A, m

Cerocorticium molle (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jülich11, B, b, N, O, **

Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar1, B, a, N, **

Conferticium karstenii (Bourdot & Galzin) Hallenb.12, A, e

Conferticium ochraceum (Fr.) Hallenb.12, B, f

Coniophora arida (Fr.) P. Karst.4, B, a, **

Coniophora fusispora (Cooke & Ellis) Cooke4, B, d

Coniophora olivacea (Fr.) P. Karst.4, B, a, **

Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst.4, B, b

Coniophorafomes matsuzawae (Lloyd) Rick12, A, k

Corticium boreoroseum Boidin & Lanq.6, A, g

Corticium lombardiae (M.J. Larsen & Gilb.) Boidin & Lanq.6, A, g, **

Corticium meridioroseum Boidin & Lanq.6, A, h

Corticium roseocarneum (Schwein.) Hjortstam6, A, f, **

Cristinia helvetica (Pers.) Parmasto1, B, b

Crustodontia chrysocreas (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden11, B, a, N, **

Crustomyces subabruptus (Bourdot & Galzin) Jülich1, A, g

Crystallicutis serpens (Tode) El-Gharabawy, Leal-Dutra & G.W. Gri.10, B, a

Cyanobasidium microverrucisporum (N. Maek.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden1, A, m

Cylindrobasidium argenteum (Kobayasi) N. Maek.1, C, k, N, **

Cylindrobasidium laeve (Pers.) Chamuris1, B, a, **

Cytidia salicina (Fr.) Burt6, A, g, **

Dacryobolus gracilis H.S. Yuan11, C, i, *, **

Dacryobolus karstenii (Bres.) Oberw. ex Parmasto11, B, b, N

Dacryobolus sudans (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr.11, B, a, N

Dendrocorticium polygonioides (P. Karst.) M.J. Larsen & Gilb.6, B, d

Dendrodontia bispora (Burds. & Nakasone) Guerrero & C.L.M. Rodrigues6, C, m, N, *

Dendrothele acerina (Pers.) P.A. Lemke1, B, a

Dendrothele arachispora Nakasone & Burds.1, A, m

Dendrothele strumosa (Fr.) P.A. Lemke1, B, m

Dentipellicula leptodon (Mont.) Y.C. Dai & L.W. Zhou12, B, a, *, **

Dentipellicula taiwaniana Sheng H. Wu12, C, j, N, *

Dentipellis dissita (Berk. & Cooke) Maas Geest.12, B, m, *

Dentipellis fragilis (Pers.) Donk12, B, m

Dentocorticium sulphurellum (Peck) M.J. Larsen & Gilb.11, A, i, **

Dichostereum granulosum (Pers.) Boidin & Lanq.12, A, e

Dichostereum kenyense Boidin & Lanq.12, B, m, *, **

Dichostereum rhodosporum (Wakef.) Boidin & Lanq.12, B, m

Duportella miranda Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles12, C, m, N

Echinodontiellum japonicum (Imazeki) S.H. He & Nakasone12, A, j

Echinodontium tsugicola (Henn. & Shirai) Imazeki12, A, k

Ebula corymbata (G. Cunn.) Zmitr. & Spirin11, B, m

Ebula tropica Sheng H. Wu11, C, j, N

Epithele ebulata Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles11, C, m, N, *, **

Epithele nikau G. Cunn.11, B, m, N

Epithele typhae (Pers.) Pat.11, A, f, N

Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burds.6, B, b, N

Erythromyces crocicreas (Berk. & Broome) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, C, m, N, **

Fibricium rude (P. Karst.) Jülich10, B, d

Fibricium subcarneum Y. Hayashi10, A, k

Fibrodontia gossypina Parmasto10, B, c, N, O, **

Fibulomyces mutabilis (Bres.) Jülich3, B, m, **

Galzinia incrustans Parmasto6, B, f

Ginnsia viticola (Schwein.) Sheng H. Wu & Hallenb.10, A, m, **

Gloeocystidiellum convolvens (P. Karst.) Donk12, B, c, **

Gloeocystidiellum formosanum Sheng H. Wu12, B, j

Table 1

Corticioid fungi reported from Japan.

― 3 ―

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Species

Gloeocystidiellum kenyense Hjortstam12, B, m, *, **

Gloeocystidiellum leucoxanthum (Bres.) Boidin12, B, b

Gloeocystidiellum luridum (Bres.) Boidin12, B, d

Gloeocystidiellum moniliforme Sheng H. Wu12, C, m, N

Gloeocystidiellum porosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk12, B, a, O, **

Gloeodontia discolor (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Boidin12, B, m, O, **

Gloeohypochnicium analogum (Bourdot & Galzin) Hjortstam12, B, b

Gloeomyces moniliformis (N. Maek.) Sheng H. Wu12, A, j

Gloeostereum incarnatum S. Ito & S. Imai1, A, i, **

Gloiothele citrina (Pers.) Ginns & G.W. Freeman12, A, g, **

Gloiothele citrinoidea Sheng H. Wu12, C, j, *, **

Gloiothele globosa Sheng H. Wu12, C, m, O, *, **

Gloiothele lactescens (Berk.) Hjortstam12, B, c, **

Grammothele fuligo (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden11, C, m, N, O

Granulobasidium vellereum (Ellis & Cragin) Jülich1, B, f

Gyrophanopsis polonensis (Bres.) Stalpers & P.K. Buchanan11, B, a, **

Haloaleurodiscus mangrovei N. Maek., Suhara & K. Kinjo12, C, k, N, **

Hastodontia hastata (Litsch.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, A, f

Hydnocristella himantia (Schwein.) R.H. Petersen9, A, e, **

Hydnophanerochaete odontoidea (Sheng H. Wu) Sheng H. Wu & C.C. Chen11, C, j

Hydnophlebia chrysorhiza (Torr.) Parmasto11, B, m, N, **

Hyphoderma lapponicum (Litsch.) Ryvarden11, A, f

Hyphoderma litschaueri (Burt) J. Erikss. & Å. Strid11, B, m, N

Hyphoderma medioburiense (Burt) Donk11, B, a

Hyphoderma microcystidium Sheng H. Wu11, C, m, N

Hyphoderma nudicephalum Gilb. & M. Blackw.11, B, a, N, O, **

Hyphoderma obtusumJ. Erikss.11, A, e

Hyphoderma pilosum (Burt) Gilb. & Budington11, A, i

Hyphoderma roseocremeum (Bres.) Donk11, B, c

Hyphoderma setigerum (Fr.) Donk (s. l.)11, B, a, N, O, **

Hyphoderma sibiricum (Parmasto) J. Erikss. & Å. Strid11, B, f

Hyphoderma subsetigerum Sheng H. Wu11, A, j, **

Hyphoderma transiens (Bres.) Parmasto11, B, m, **

Hyphodermella corrugata (Fr.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden11, B, a

Hyphodontia alienata (S. Lundell) J. Erikss.10, B, a

Hyphodontia alutaria (Burt) J. Erikss.10, B, a

Hyphodontia arguta (Fr.) J. Erikss.10, B, a

Hyphodontia pallidula (Bres.) J. Erikss.10, B, b, O, **

Hyphodontia sphaerospora (N. Maek.) Hjortstam10, A, m

Hyphodontia stipata (Fr.) Gilb.10, A, g

Hyphodontia subspathulata (H. Furuk.) N. Maek.10, A, k

Hyphodontia zhixiangii L.W. Zhou & Gaorov10, A, g, *, **

Hypochnicium eichleri (Bres. ex Sacc. & P. Syd.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden11, B, d

Hypochnicium globosum Sheng H. Wu11, A, j, **

Hypochnicium longicystidiosum (S.S. Rattan) Hjortstam & Ryvarden11, B, m

Hypochnicium pini Y. Jang & J.J. Kim11, A, i, *, **

Hypochnicium punctulatum (Cooke) J. Erikss.11, B, a, **

Hypochnicium sphaerosporum (Höhn. & Litsch.) J. Erikss.11, B, c

Hypochnicium subrigescens Boidin11, B, m, *

Kavinia vivantii Boidin & Gilles9, C, i, O, *

Kneiella alutacea (Fr.) Jülich & Stalpers10, A. d

Kneiella barba-jovis (Bull.) P. Karst.10, A, a, N

Kneiella byssoidea (H. Furuk.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, A, k

Kneiella cineracea (Bourdot & Galzin) Jülich10, A, h

Kneiella microspora (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Jülich & Stalpers10, B, c, O

Kneiella serpentiformis (Langer) Riebesehl & Langer10, A, m, **

Kneiella subalutacea (P. Karst.) Bres.10, A, g, **

Kneiella subglobosa (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam10, C, m, N

Kurtia argillacea (Bres.) Karasiński6, B, a, N, O

Kurtia macedonica (Litsch.) Karasiński6, A, m

Laurilia sulcata (Burt) Pouzar12, A, g

Lauriliella taxodii (Lentz & H.H. McKay) S.H. He & Nakasone12, A, i

Lawrynomyces capitatus (J. Erikss. & Å. Strid) Karasiński10, A, g

Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.) Lentz12, B, a, N

Leptocorticium cyatheae (S. Ito & S. Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden6, C, m, O

Leptocorticium sasae (Boidin, Cand. & Gilles) Nakasone6, A, h, *, **

Leptosporomyces fuscostratus (Burt) Hjortstam3, A, g

Leptosporomyces septentrionalis (J. Erikss.) Krieglst.3, B, c

Leucogyrophana mollusca (Fr.) Pouzar4, B, b, O, **

Leucogyrophana pseudomollusca (Parmasto) Parmasto4, A, g, O, *, **

Licrostroma subgiganteum (Berk.) P.A. Lemke6, B, m

Lindtneria thujatsugina M.J. Larsen1, B, i, O, *

Species

Lindtneria trachyspora (Bourdot & Galzin) Pilát1, B, c, O, *

Litschauerella clematidis (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden14, B, d, N

Lloydella okabei S. Ito & S. Imai11, C, k, O

Lopharia ayresii (Berk. ex Cooke) Hjortstam11, C, m, N, O

Lopharia cinerascens (Schwein.) G. Cunn.11, B, a, **

Lyoathelia laxa (Burt) Hjortstam & Ryvarden3, A, i

Lyomyces bisterigmatus (Boidin & Gilles) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, C, i, *, **

Lyomyces boninensis (S. Ito & S. Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, C, m, N, O

Lyomyces crustosus (Pers.) P. Karst.10, B, c, N, **

Lyomyces griseliniae (G. Cunn.) Riebesehl & Langer10, B, m, N

Lyomyces mascarensis Riebesehi, Yurchenko & Langer10, C, c, *, **

Lyomyces orientalis Riebesehi, Yurchenko & Langer10, A, i, *, **

Lyomyces pruni (Lasch) Riebesehi & Langer10, B, c

Lyomyces sambuci (Pers.) P. Karst.10, A, c, O

Megalocystidium wakullum (Burds., Nakasone & G.W. Freeman) E. Larss. & K.H.

Larss.12, C, m, N

Melzericium rimosum Bononi & Hjortstam3, A, m

Metulodontia nivea (P. Karst.) Parmasto11, A, a

Mutatoderma mutatum (Peck) C.E. Gómez6, B, c

Mycoacia aurea (Fr.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden11, B, a, N, O, **

Mycoacia chrysella (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) H. Furuk.11, A, i

Mycoacia fuscoatra (Fr.) Donk11, B, a, **

Mycoacia kurilensis Parmasto11, B, i

Mycoacia nothofagi (G. Cunn.) Ryvarden11, C, m, *

Neoaleurodiscus fujii Sheng H. Wu12, A, k, **

Odonticium abelliradiatum (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Zmitr.–, B, g, *, **

Odontoebula orientalis C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu11, C, j

Peniophora bicornis Hjortstam & Ryvarden12, C, m, O

Peniophora cinerea (Pers.) Cooke12, B, a, N, **

Peniophora erikssonii Boidin12, A, g

Peniophora incarnata (Pers.) P. Karst.12, B, a

Peniophora lycii (Pers.) Höhn. & Litsch.12, B, a

Peniophora manshurica Parmasto12, A, j, **

Peniophora nuda (Fr.) Bres.12, B, a

Peniophora ovalispora Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles12, C, m, N, **

Peniophora pithya (Pers.) J. Erikss.12, B, c

Peniophora versicolor (Bres.) Sacc. & P. Syd.12, B, m

Peniophora versiformis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Bourdot & Galzin12, A, g

Peniophora violaceolivida (Sommerf.) Massee12, A, e

Peniophorella crystallifera Yurchenko, Sheng H. Wu & N. Maek.–, B, j, O, **

Peniophorella echinocystis (J. Erikss. & Å. Strid) K.H. Larss.–, A, f

Peniophorella odontiiformis (Boidin & Berthier) K.H. Larss.–, B, a, N, O, **

Peniophorella pertenuis (P. Karst.) Hallenb. & H. Nilsson–, A, e, **

Peniophorella praetermissa(P. Karst.) K.H. Larss.–, B, a, O, **

Peniophorella pubera(Fr.) P. Karst.–, B, a, N, O, **

Penttilamyces olivascens (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Zmitr., Kalinovskaya & Myas-

nikov4, B, d

Phaeophlebiopsis himalayensis (Dhingra) Zmitr.11, A, j, *

Phaeophlebiopsis peniophoroides (Gilb. & Adask.) Floudas & Hibbett11, B, i, *, **

Phaeophlebiopsis ravenelii (Cooke) Zmitr.11, B, a, N, O

Phanerochaete australis Jülich11, B, m, N, *, **

Phanerochaete brunnea Sheng H. Wu11, C, j, N

Phanerochaete burtii (Romell ex Burt) Parmasto11, B, m

Phanerochaete carnosa (Burt) Parmasto11, B, m

Phanerochaete eburnea Sheng H. Wu11, A, m, N, **

Phanerochaete laevis (Fr.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden11, B, a

Phanerochaete leptoderma Sheng H. Wu11, A, j, N, **

Phanerochaete salmoneolutea Burds. & Gilb.11, B, i, *, **

Phanerochaete sordida (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden11, B, a, N, O, **

Phanerochaete stereoides Sheng H. Wu11, C, j, N

Phanerochaete subceracea (Burt) Burds.11, B, m

Phanerochaete subglobosa Sheng H. Wu11, B, j

Phanerochaete velutina (DC.) P. Karst.11, B, c, **

Phanerodontia magnoliae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden11, B, f, O, **

Phlebia acanthocystis Gilb. & Nakasone11, B, m, N, O, **

Phlebia acerina Peck11, B, a, N, **

Phlebia brevispora Nakasone11, A, i, O, **

Phlebia caspica Hallenb.11, A, h, *

Phlebia coccineofulva Schwein.11, B, c

Phlebia lilascens (Bourdot) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam11, B, a

Phlebia livida (Pers.) Bres.11, B, a, N, O, **

Phlebia ludoviciana (Burt) Nakasone & Burds.11, B, f

― 4 ―

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Species

Phlebia radiata Fr.11, B, a, **

Phlebia subserialis (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk11, B, a, N

Phlebia tremellosa (Schrad.) Nakasone & Burds.11, B, a, **

Phlebia tuberculata (Hallenb. & E. Larss.) Ghob.-Nejh.11, B, e

Phlebiopsis crassa (Lév.) Floudas & Hibbett11, B, a, N, **

Phlebiopsis avidoalba (Cooke) Hjortstam11, B, f, N

Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich11, B, a

Phlebiopsis roumeguerei (Bres.) Jülich & Stalpers11, B, d

Phlyctibasidium polyporoideum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Jülich–, B, a

Piloderma byssinum (P. Karst.) Jülich3, A, b

Piloderma lanatum (Jülich) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam3, A, g

Porostereum spadiceum (Pers.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden11, B, a, O, **

Pseudolagarobasidium calcareum (Cooke & Massee) Sheng H. Wu11, B, m, N, **

Pseudomerulius aureus (Fr.) Jülich4, B, e, **

Punctularia atropurpurascens (Berk. & Broome) Petch6, B, c, *, **

Punctularia strigosozonata (Schwein.) P.H.B. Talbot6, B, a, **

Radulodon casearius (Morgan) Ryvarden11, A, g

Radulodon copelandii (Pat.) N. Maek.11, A, e, **

Radulomyces conuens (Fr.) M.P. Christ.1, B, a, N, **

Radulomyces molaris (Chaillet ex Fr.) M.P. Christ.1, A, g

Ramaricium albo-ochraceum (Bres.) Jülich9, B, c, O, *

Repetobasidium intermedium Oberw.5, A, j

Repetobasidium miricum J. Erikss.5, B, c, O, *

Repetobasidium vile (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss.5, A, g

Resinicium bicolor (Alb. & Schwein.) Parmasto–, B, m, N, O

Resinicium luteosulphureum (Rick) Baltazar & Rajchenb.–, B, m, N, O, **

Resinicium mutabile Nakasone–, B, m, *

Resinicium saccharicola (Burt) K.K. Nakasone–, C, c, N, *, **

Rhizochaet e lamentosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gresl., Nakasone & Rajchenb.11, B, m, N, **

Rhizochaete radicata (Henn.) Gresl., Nakasone & Rajchenb.11, B, a, **

Rhizochaete sulphurina (P. Karst.) K.H. Larss.11, A, e

Rhizoctonia anceps (Bres., Syd. & P. Syd.) Oberw., R. Bauer, Garnica & R.

Kirschner5, A, g

Rhizoctonia fusispora (J. Schröt.) Oberw., R. Bauer, Garnica & R. Kirschner5, A, e, *, **

Rhizoctonia ochracea (Massee) Oberw., R. Bauer, Garnica & R. Kirschner5, B, m

Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn5, B, a

Rhizoctonia sterigmatica (Bourdot) Oberw., R. Bauer, Garnica & R. Kirschner5, B, m, N

Sceptrulum inatum (Burt) K.H. Larss.12, A, i, *

Scopuloides rimosa (Cooke) Jülich11, B, c, N, O, **

Scotoderma viride (Sacc.) Jülich12, A, m

Scytinostroma africanogalactinum Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles12, C, m, O, *

Scytinostroma duriusculum (Berk. & Broome) Donk12, B, a, N, O, **

Scytinostroma lusitanicum (Trotter) P.M. Kirk12, B, c

Scytinostroma odoratum (Fr.) Donk12, B, a, O, **

Scytinostroma portentosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Donk12, B, a, N, O

Scytinostromella nannfeldtii (J. Erikss.) G.W. Freeman & R.H. Petersen12, A, g, O

Serpula himantioides (Fr.) P. Karst.4, B, a, **

Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) J. Schröt.4, B, d, **

Serpula pulverulenta (Sowerby) Bondartsev4, A, g

Sertulicium granuliferum(Hallenb.) Spirin & Volobuev.14, B, d, O, *, **

Sertulicium niveocremeum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Spirin & K.H. Larss.14, B, a, O

Sistotrema athelioides Hallenb.5, A, f, **

Sistotrema biggsiae Hallenb.5, B, d

Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J. Erikss.5, B, a, **

Sistotrema conuens Pers.5, B, d

Sistotrema coronilla (Höhn.) Donk ex D.P. Rogers5, B, d, O

Sistotrema diademiferum (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk5, B, c, O

Sistotrema microsporum N. Maek.5, A, j

Sistotrema muscicola (Pers.) S. Lundell5, B, b

Sistotrema oblongisporum M.P. Christ. & Hauerslev5, B, c, **

Sistotrema porulosum Hallenb.5, A, f

Sistotrema subtrigonospermum D.P. Rogers5, B, a

Sistotremella perpusilla Hjortstam14, B, m

Skvortzovia furfuracea (Bres.) G. Gruhn & Hallenberg–, B, d

Skvortzovia furfurella (Bres.) Bononi & Hjortstam–, A, m, N

Skvortzovia pinicola (J. Erikss.) G. Gruhn & Hallenb.–, A, m, O, *, **

Sphaerobasidium minutum (J. Erikss.) Oberw. ex Jülich14, A, g, **

Steccherinum ciliolatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Budington11, B, f

Steccherinum mbriatum (Pers.) J. Erikss.11, B, a, N, **

Steccherinum helvolum (Zipp. ex Lév.) S. Ito11, A, j

Steccherinum laeticolor (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Banker11, B, c

Steccherinum ochraceum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Gray11, B, a, N, **

Species

Steccherinum rawakense (Pers.) Banker11, B, a

Stereofomes palmicola S. Ito & S. Imai12, C, k, O

Stereum boninense Yasuda12, C, k, O

Stereum gausapatum (Fr.) Fr.12, B, c

Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers.12, B, c, N, **

Stereum kurilense Yasuda12, A, k

Stereum ochraceoavum (Schwein.) Sacc.12, A, g

Stereum ostrea (Blume & T. Nees) Fr.12, B, m, N, **

Stereum pendulum R. Sasaki12, A, k

Stereum rimosum Berk.12, B, m

Stereum rugosum Pers.12, B, a, **

Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr.12, B, a, N, **

Stereum spectabile Klotzsch12, B, m, N, O, **

Stereum vellereum Berk.12, B, a

Subulicium lautum (H.S. Jacks.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, A, e

Subulicystidium brachysporum (P.H.B. Talbot & V.C. Green) Jülich14, B, m, N, O

Subulicystidium longisporum (Pat.) Parmasto14, B, a, N, O

Subulicystidium meridense Oberw.14, B, m, N, O

Subulicystidium nikau (G. Cunn.) Jülich14, B, m, N

Subulicystidium perlongisporum Boidin & Gilles14, B, d

Terana coerulea (Lam.) Kuntze11, B, a

Thanatephorus repetosporus (G. Langer & Ryvarden) P. Roberts5, C, m, O, *

Thelephora ellisii (Sacc.) Zmitr., Shchepin, Volobuev & Myasnikov13, A, a, **

Theleporus calcicolor (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ryvarden11, B, m, N, O, **

Theleporus membranaceus Y.C. Dai & L.W. Zhou11, C, j, N, *, **

Tomentella crinalis (Fr.) M.J. Larsen13, A, e, **

Tomentella ferruginea (Pers.) Pat.13, A, e

Trechispora cohaerens (Schwein.) Jülich & Stalpers14, B, f, N, O, **

Trechispora dimitica Hallenb.14, B, m, O

Trechispora farinacea (Pers.) Liberta14, B, a, N, O, **

Trechispora microspora (P. Karst.) Liberta14, B, a, **

Trechispora mollusca (Pers.) Liberta14, B, a

Trechispora nivea (Pers.) K.H. Larss.14, B, a, N, O, **

Trechispora praefocata (Bourdot & Galzin) Liberta14, A, m, N, O

Trechispora regularis (Murrill) Liberta14, B, a

Trechispora stevensonii (Berk. & Broome) K.H. Larss.14, B, a, N, **

Trechispora subsphaerospora (Litsch.) Liberta14, A, f

Trechispora tenuicula (Litsch.) K.H. Larss.14, A, h, *

Tubulicium curvisporum Ushijima & N. Maek.14, A, k, **

Tubulicium raphidisporum (Boidin & Gilles) Oberw., Kisim.-Hor. & L.D. Gó-

mez14, C, m, N, O

Tubulicium vermiferum (Bourdot) Oberw. ex Jülich14, A, f

Tubulicrinis angustus (D.P. Rogers & Weresub) Donk10, A, g, *

Tubulicrinis borealis J. Erikss.10, A, f

Tubulicrinis calothrix (Pat.) Donk10, B, a, **

Tubulicrinis glebulosus (Fr.) Donk10, B, a, **

Tubulicrinis hamatus (H.S. Jacks.) Donk10, A, m

Tubulicrinis hirtellus (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss.10, A, g, *, **

Tubulicrinis inornatus (H.S. Jacks. & D.P. Rogers) Donk10, A, f

Tubulicrinis medius (Bourdot & Galzin) Oberw.10, A, g, *, **

Tubulicrinis orientalis Parmasto10, A, h

Tubulicrinis subulatus (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk10, B, e, **

Tubulicrinis yunnanensis C.L. Zhao10, B, j, *, **

Tylospora asterophora (Bonord.) Donk3, A, g

Tylospora brillosa (Burt) Donk3, A, g, O

Vararia gittonii Boidin & Lanq.12, C, m, N

Vararia investiens (Schwein.) P. Karst.12, B, m

Vararia ochroleuca (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk12, A, m, **

Vararia phyllophila (Massee) D.P. Rogers & H.S. Jacks.12, B, m, O

Veluticeps abietina (Pers.) Hjortstam & Tellería8, A, g

Veluticeps berkeleyana Cooke8, B, g

Vuilleminia comedens (Nees) Maire6, B, b **

Vuilleminia cystidiata Parmasto6, B, m, * **

Waitea circinata Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot6, A, m

Xenasma pulverulentum (H.S. Jacks.) Donk11, B, a

Xenasma rimicola (P. Karst.) Donk11, B, a

Xenasma tulasnelloideum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Donk11, A, a, N, **

Xenasmatella alnicola (Bourdot & Galzin) K.H. Larss. & Ryvarden14, B, b, O, **

Xenasmatella athelioidea (N. Maek.) N. Maek.11, A, k, O, **

Xenasmatella christiansenii (Parmasto) Stalpers11, A, f, **

Xenasmatella brillosa (Hallenb.) K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam11, A, g

Xenasmatella vaga (Fr.) Stalpers11, B, a, **

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regions of Africa, Eurasia, and North and South America, exclud-

ing Oceania. Representative species include Amyloxenasma grisel-

lum (Bourdot) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Fibrodontia gossipina Par-

masto, Gloeocystidiellum convolvens (P. Karst.) Donk, and

Kneiella microspora (J. Erikss. & Hjortstam) Jülich & Stalpers.

(d) Northern Hemisphere and Africa: 21 species. Most of them

are known from both temperate regions in the Northern Hemi-

sphere and tropical regions of Africa. Litschauerella clematidis

(Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden (Maekawa, 1993b) has

been collected from subtropical regions of Japan (the Okinawa Is-

lands in the Nansei Islands). Representative species include Amylo-

corticium subincarnatum (Peck) Pouzar, Aphanobasidium pseudot-

sugae (Burt) Boidin & Gilles, Gloeocystidiellum luridum (Bres.)

Boidin, and Sistotrema oblongisporum M.P. Christ. & Hauerslev.

(e) Northern Hemisphere and Oceania: 13 species. These have

been collected primarily in the temperate regions of Eurasia, North

America, and Oceania and are not found in Africa or South Amer-

ica. In Japan, these species are known only from the temperate re-

gions so far. Representative species include Amylostereum areola-

tum (Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Byssomerulius albostramineus

(Torrend) Hjortstam, Hydnocristella himantia (Schwein.) R.H. Pe-

tersen, Pseudomerulius aureus (Fr.) Jülich, Radulodon copelandii

(Pat.) N. Maek., Tomentella ferruginea (Pers.) Pat., and Tubulicrinis

subulatus (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk.

(f) Northern Hemisphere and South America: 25 species. These

are known mainly from temperate regions. In Japan, Phanerodon-

tia magnoliae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Phlebi-

opsis avidoalba (Cooke) Hjortstam, and Trechispora cohaerens

(Schwein.) Jülich have also been collected in subtropical regions,

whereas the other species are known only from temperate regions

(Maekawa, 1993b, 2010).

(g) Northern Hemisphere: 35 species. Most have been found in

subarctic to temperate zones. In Japan, all of these species have

been collected only from the temperate regions, except Tylospora

brillosa (Burt) Donk, which has been collected not only from tem-

perate regions but also from the subtropical Ogasawara Islands

(Maekawa, 2010). Representative species include Aleurocystidiel-

lum subcruentatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) P.A. Lemke, Amylocorti-

cium canadense (Burt) J. Erikss & Weresub, Athelia salicum Pers.,

Byssocorticium pulchrum (S. Lundell) M.P. Christ., Cytidia salicina

(Fr.) Burt., Gloiothele citrina (Pers.) Ginns & G.W. Freeman, Kne-

iella subalutacea (P. Karst.) Bres., Peniophora erikssonii Boidin,

and Repetobasidium vile (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss.

(h) Eurasia: 7 species. These species are known from with distri-

butions in the subarctic to temperate zones of Asia and Europe, but

not from other continents. In Japan, all of these species have been

collected only from the temperate regions (Honshu and Shikoku

islands), except for Byssocorticium ebulatum Hjortstam & Ryvar-

den, which has been collected not only from the temperate regions

but also from subtropical lowland of Yakushima Island (Maekawa,

2010). Representative species include Athelia sibilica (Jülich) J.

Erikss. & Ryvarden, Atheloderma orientale Parmasto, Byssocortici-

um ebulatum Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Kneiella cineracea (Bour-

dot & Galzin) Jülich, Phlebia caspica Hallenb., and Tubulicrinis

orientalis Parmasto.

(i) Far East Asia and North America: 24 species. Most species in

this group are distributed mainly in the boreal to temperate zones

of Far East Asia and North America, but Kavinia vivantii Boidin &

Gilles is known from Guadeloupe in the West Indies (Boidin &

Gilles, 2000) and from the subtropical Ogasawara Islands (Maeka-

wa, 2010). Representative species include Aleurodiscus grantii

Lloyd, Gloeostereum incarnatum S. Ito & S. Imai, Hyphoderma pilo-

sum (Burt) Bilb. & Budington, and Lyoathelia laxa (Burt) Hjorts-

tam & Ryvarden.

(j) Far East Asia: 33 species. Of these species, Byssomerulius

tropicus (Sheng H. Wu) Zmitr., Dentipellicula taiwaniana Sheng H.

Wu, Ebula tropica Sheng H. Wu, Phanerochaete stereoides Sheng

H. Wu, and Theleporus membranaceus Y.C. Dai & L.W. Zhou are

known only from subtropical regions. In Japan, these four species

are distributed in the Nansei Islands.

(k) Japan (endemic): 22 corticioid species are considered poten-

tially endemic to Japan (Fig. 1). Cyanobasidium microverrucispo-

rum (N. Maek.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Leptocorticium cyatheae (S.

Ito & S. Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, Lyomyces boninensis (S. Ito &

S. Imai) Hjortstam & Ryvarden, and Xylodon pelliculae (H. Furuk.)

Riebesehl, Yurchenko & Langer were also recognized as endemic

to Japan, but they were subsequently found in Colombia (Hjorts-

tam & Ryvarden, 2005), Reunion Island (Boidin & Gilles, 1998),

Vanuatu (Maekawa, 2002), and China (Dai, 2011), respectively.

(m) Others: 95 corticioid species possess distribution patterns

that are dierent from patterns (a) to (k), above.

3.2. Corticioid fungi from subtropical regions of Japan

The Nansei and Ogasawara Islands are located in the subtropi-

cal zone of Japan. The Ogasawara Islands (also known as the Bonin

Islands), located about 1,000 km south of Tokyo (lat. 26°N–27°N,

long. 142°E), are oceanic islands with a characteristic forest ecosys-

tem that has many endemic species of trees and small woody

plants. The Nansei Islands are 1,600 km west of the Ogasawara Is-

lands (lat. 24°N–27°N, long. 124°E–127°E), are at almost the same

latitude as the former. In contrast to the Ogasawara Islands, the

Nansei Islands are continental islands and have forest vegetation

types, including mangrove forests, similar to those of Taiwan and

Species

Xylobolus frustulatus (Pers.) P. Karst.12, B, a, N, **

Xylobolus hiugensis (Imazeki) Imazeki & Hongo12, A, k

Xylobolus illudens (Berk.) Boidin12, B, a

Xylobolus princeps (Jungh.) Boidin12, B, m, N, **

Xylobolus subpileatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Boidin12, B, a

Xylodon asper (Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, B, b, **

Xylodon brevisetus (P. Karst.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, B, a

Xylodon aviporus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis ex Cooke) Riebesehl & Langer10, B, a, N, **

Xylodon nespori (Bres.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, B, a, N, **

Xylodon niemelaei (Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, C, m, O, **

Xylodon nudisetus (Warcup & P.H.B. Talbot) Hjortstam & Ryvarden10, A, m, O

Xylodon ovisporus (Corner) Riebesehl & Langer10, B, m, N, **

Xylodon pelliculae (H. Furuk.) Riebesehl, Yurchenko & Langer10, A, j

Xylodon quercinus (Pers.) Gray10, A, g

Xylodon radula (Fr.) Ţura, Zmitr., Wasser & Spirin10, A, m, N

Xylodon raduloides Riebesehl & Langer10, B, a, N

Xylodon reticulatus (C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu) C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu10, A, j

Xylodon spathulatus (Schrad.) Kuntze10, B, c, **

Xylodon subaviporus C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu10, C, i, *, **

* First report from Japan. ** Species identied on the basis of morphological and ITS

sequence data

Superscript numbers indicate the orders to which the species belong: 1, Agaricales;

2, Amylocorticiales; 3, Atheliales; 4, Boletales; 5, Cantharellales; 6, Corticiales; 7, Da-

crymycetales; 8, Gloeophyllales; 9, Gomphales; 10, Hymenochaetales; 11, Polyporales;

12, Russulales; 13, Thelephorales; 14, Trechisporales; and –, Unknown.

Superscript uppercase letters indicate the climatic zones or islands in which species

are distributed: A, Subarctic to temperate zones; B, Subarctic to subtropical zones; C,

Subtropical zone; N, Nansei Islands; and O, Ogasawara Islands.

Superscript lowercase letters indicate the regions where species are distributed: a,

Cosmopolitan; b, Northern Hemisphere, Africa, and Oceania; c, Northern Hemi-

sphere, Africa, and South America; d, Northern Hemisphere and Africa; e, Northern

Hemisphere and Oceania; f, Northern Hemisphere and South America; g, Northern

Hemisphere; h, Eurasia; i, Far East Asia and North America; j, Far East Asia; k, Ja-

pan (endemic); and m, Other.

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subtropical areas of the mainland China.

Taxonomic studies on corticioid fungi distributed in both archi-

pelagos have been carried out by several Japanese mycologists (Ito

& Imai, 1940; S. Ito, 1955; Maekawa, 1993b, 1994, 1997a, 1997b,

1998, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2010; Maekawa & Hasebe, 2002; Maeka-

wa et al., 2003, 2005; Sato, Uzuhashi, Hosoya, & Hosaka, 2010; Su-

Fig. 1 – Basidiomata of corticioid species endemic to Japan. A: Asterostroma boninense (TUMH 63841, holotype). B: Asterostroma macrospo-

rum (TUMH 60992, holotype). C: Athelia repetobasidiifera (TUMH 63503, holotype). D: Athelia termitophila (TUMH 40433, holotype). E:

Cylindrobasidium argenteum (TUMH 62012). F: Haloaleurodiscus mangrovei (TUMH 63842, holotype). G: Xenasmatella athelioidea (TUMH

63844, holotype). H: Tubulicium curvisporum (TUMH 63048, holotype). All specimens are deposited in TUMH, Tottori University. Bars: A, B,

E, H 10 mm; C, D, G 1 mm; F 10 cm.

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hara et al., 2010, 2011; Hosaka, 2018). These reports indicate that

146 corticioid species belonging to 77 genera are recorded in the

subtropical regions of Japan; 100 species in 58 genera are recorded

in the Nansei Islands, and 76 species in 50 genera are recorded in

the Ogasawara Islands (see footnote to Table 1). Although the Nan-

sei and Ogasawara Islands are located at similar latitudes, only 30

species (21% of the total corticioid species reported from the sub-

tropical regions) are found on both island groups. The dierences

in the corticioid fungi found on the Nansei and Ogasawara Islands

may be due to the following factors: (1) since the Nansei Islands are

continental and the Ogasawara Islands are oceanic, they oer dif-

ferent types of vegetation as substrates; (2) the Nansei and Ogas-

awara Islands are separated by 1,600 km, east to west; (3) there are

mangrove and Fagaceae trees on the Nansei Islands, whereas these

trees are absent and also limited distribution of coniferous trees on

the Ogasawara Islands.

3.3. Corticioid fungi in mangrove forests

Mangrove forests are distributed in coastal and riverine intertid-

al zones of the subtropics and tropics in many parts of the world.

According to the checklist for mangrove xylophilous basidiomy-

cetes compiled by Baltazar, Trierveiler-Pereira, and Louguer-

cio-Leite (2009), a total of 23 corticioid species are known from

mangroves around the world. In Japan, mangrove trees thrive

mainly in intertidal zones of the mouths of rivers in the southwest-

ern subtropical region. Before 2000, however, no corticioid species

were known from the Japanese mangrove forests, although 98

species of corticioid fungi had been collected from the subtropical

inland forests (Maekawa, 1993b, 1994, 1997a, 1997b, 1998, 2000a).

Since the beginning of this century, several surveys of corticioid

fungi have been conducted in the mangrove forests of the islands of

Okinawa and Iriomote, in the Ryukyu Islands (part of the Nansei

Islands), and the following 19 corticioid species, including one new

genus and two new species, have been reported (Maekawa et al.,

2003, 2005; Suhara et al., 2010): Asterostroma macrosporum N.

Maek. (Fig. 1B), A. muscicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Massee, Bys-

somerulius tropicus (Sheng H. Wu) Zmitr. (as Phanerochaete tropica

(Sheng H. Wu) Hjortstam), Cerocorticium molle, Fibrodontia gos-

sypina Parmasto, Gloeocystidiellum moniliforme Sheng H. Wu,

Haloaleurodiscus mangrovei N. Maek., Suhara & K. Kinjo (Fig. 1F),

Hyphoderma nudicephalum Gilb. & M. Blackw., Lopharia ayresii

(Berk. ex Cooke) Hjortstam. (as Hyphoderma ayresii (Berk. ex

Cooke) Boidin & Gilles), Lyomyces crustosus (Pers.) P. Karst., Mega-

locystidium wakullum (Burds., Nakasone & G.W. Freeman) E.

Larss. & K.H. Larss. (as Gloeocystidiellum wakullum Burds.), Penio-

phorella odontiiformis (Boidin & Bethier) K.H. Larss. (as Hyphoder-

ma rude (Bres.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden), Phanerochaete sordida,

Phlebia acanthocystis Gilb. & Nakasone, Radulomyces conuens

(Fr.) M.P. Christ., Subulicystidium longisporum, Trechispora farina-

cea, T. nivea (Pers.) K.H. Larss., and Tubulicium raphidisporum

(Boidin & Gilles) Kisim.-Hor. & L.D. Gómez. Of these, Haloaleuro-

discus N. Maek., Suhara & Kinjo was described as a new genus; H.

mangrovei and A. macrosporum were each described as new spe-

cies; and A. muscicola, B. tropicus, C. molle, G. moniliforme, L. ayre-

sii, M. wakullum, and P. acanthocystis were reported from Japan for

the rst time (Maekawa et al., 2003, 2005; Suhara et al., 2010). None

of these 19 species has been reported from mangroves outside Ja-

pan.

The genus Haloaleurodiscus is morphologically characterized as

having resupinate basidioma, nodose-septate hyphae, sulphoalde-

hyde-positive gloeocystidia, dendrohyphidia, and amyloid basidio-

spores with minute warts. These morphological features are similar

to those of Aleurodiscus s. l., but ribosomal DNA sequence data in-

dicate that H. mangrovei is not closely related to Aleurodiscus spp.

Haloaleurodiscus mangrovei diers from Aleurodiscus primarily by

the association with a white pocket-rot. Maekawa et al. (2005) ex-

amined the phylogenetic relationships of aquatic homobasidiomy-

cetous fungi, namely Calathella mangrovei E.B.G. Jones & Agerer

(from mangrove), Halocyphina villosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. (from

mangrove), Nia vibrissa R.T. Moore & Meyers (marine), Physalac-

ria maipoensis Inderb. & Desjardin, and Limnoperdon incarnatum

G.A. Escobar (fresh water). All the examined species were found to

be phylogenetically nested in the euagarics clade, whereas H. man-

grovei was placed at the root of the Peniophorales clade. On the ba-

sis of this result, Maekawa et al. (2005) indicated that H. mangrovei

is phylogenetically distinct from previously reported aquatic ho-

mobasidiomycetous species, supporting the view that it represents

a unique evolutionary transition from terrestrial to marine envi-

ronments in Homobasidiomycetes. This species prefers dead

branches at the lower portions of living Sonneratia alba Sm. as its

substrate, although the collection sites is dominated by Bruguiera

gymhorhiza (L.) Lam. and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Basidioma-

ta of this species usually occur on dead branches near the high tide

mark, but they sometimes form below the high tide mark. There-

fore, the tide certainly covers the basidiomata at least once a day for

about 1 week during the higher high tides. This habitat resembles

that of the marine basidiomycetous fungi. Mycelia of H. mangrovei

can grow on malt-extract agar (MEA) containing higher concentra-

tions (100‰, w/v) of sea salts than are found (32‰–35‰, w/v) in

seawater, although growth is slower than on freshwater agar media

(MEA). These features lead us to conclude that H. mangrovei is salt

tolerant, as is Physalacria maipoensis collected from mangrove (In-

derbitzin & Desjardin, 1999). They also suggest that basidiomata

can be produced on substrates that are periodically covered by the

tide during development (Maekawa et al., 2005). On the other

hand, all other corticioid species collected in mangrove forests pro-

duce their basidiomata 1.5 m or more above the ground on dead

branches of living mangroves, never forming basidiomata as low as

H. mangrovei. In addition, these species are not able to grow on

MEA containing salt concentrations similar to seawater (32‰–

35‰, w/v). Dierences in the position of basidioma formation be-

tween corticioid species of mangrove trees may be due to dierenc-

es in their tolerance to seawater (unpublished data).

4. Reevaluation of Japanese corticioid fungi on the

basis of combined morphological and molecular

data

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have been performed for sever-

al corticioid taxa, and these studies included some Japanese speci-

mens or isolates, or both. Nilsson, Hallenberg, Nordén, Maekawa,

and Wu (2003) performed molecular analysis, morphological ob-

servation, and crossing tests of Hyphoderma setigerum collected

from the Northern Hemisphere, and they revealed that H. seti-

gerum sensu lato contains nine preliminary taxa. Hyphoderma nu-

dicephalum Gilb. & M. Blackw., H. subsetigerum Sheng H. Wu and

an undescribed species were also detected, but H. setigerum sensu

stricto was not recognized among the Japanese specimens.

Peniophorella praetermissa (P. Karst.) K.H. Larss. has long been

regarded as a morphologically variable species complex. It is dis-

tributed widely in Japan and shows variability in cystidium mor-

phology, basidiospore shape and size, and productivity of stepha-

nocysts. Hallenberg et al. (2007) recognized three major clades,

further categorized into well-supported subclades on the basis of

phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data from

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worldwide sampling. Japanese specimens identied as P. praeter-

missa sensu lato on the basis of morphological features were placed

in ve (sub)clades; subclade 1A, subclade 1B (= P. praetermissa

sensu stricto), Clade 2 [= P. pertenuis (P. Karst.) Hallenb. & H. Nils-

son], subclade 3A [= P. odontiiformis (Boidin & Berthier) K.-H.

Larss.], and a fth, unnamed clade. Recently, the specimens be-

longing to the subclade 1A were reported as a new species, P. cryst-

allifera Yurchenko, Sheng H. Wu & N. Maek. (Yurchenko et al.,

2020).

Tabata and Abe (1997) were the rst to report Amylostereum

laevigatum (Fr.) Boidin from Japan, associated with the Japanese

horntail, Urocerus japonicus (L. f.) D. Don, a species of sawy. Al-

though Tabata, Harrington, Chen, and Abe (2000) used molecular

and morphological analyses to show Japanese A. laevigatum is dis-

tinct from French A. laevigatum, the scientic name remains in use

in Japan (Tabata & Abe, 1999; Tabata, Harrington, Chen, & Abe,

2000). Recently, however, by using morphological and molecular

data (ITS nrDNA and rpb2 markers), Nogal-Prata et al. (2017)

demonstrated that some specimens of A. laevigatum from Japan

belong to A. orientale S.H. He & Hai J. Li.

These studies suggest that some corticioid species may consist

of several cryptic species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have

also revealed cryptic species in many corticioid genera such as

Gloeocystidiellum, Hyphoderma, Hyphodontia (sensu lato), and

Hypochnicium J. Erikss. (sensu lato). In a study of G. porosum and

its cryptic species, although we could not identify morphological

dierences between teleomorphs, the two taxa diered in the pro-

duction of anamorphs in culture (Maekawa, 2018). Thus, mycelial

characteristics in culture may be useful as taxonomic criteria for

distinguishing cryptic species.

5. Future prospects

Of the 442 corticioid fungi reported from Japan, sequence data

are available for almost half (218 species), and 168 species have

been identied on the basis of both morphological characteristics

of basidiomata and ITS sequence data (Supplementary Table S2).

However, for 50 species, the sequence collected for this study did

not match those previously deposited in GenBank (unpublished

data). Such discrepancies indicate that species identication by

using morphological characteristics of the specimens alone can be

unreliable. Therefore, the taxonomic positions of these specimens

should be reevaluated. As mentioned in the previous section, cryp-

tic species have also been found among some corticioid species

from Japan. More accurate identication of these species will re-

quire a combination of morphological characteristics and DNA se-

quence data. In addition, mycelial characteristics in culture may be

useful as taxonomic criteria for distinguishing cryptic species.

The remaining 224 species have been identied on the basis of

morphological characteristics alone and lack sequence data. In ad-

dition, some species have been identied from an insucient num-

ber of specimens or by using only a few morphological traits. For

example, taxa with the Japanese names “Akakouyakutake” and

“Kawatake” were rst reported from Japan as Aleurodiscus amor-

phus (Pers.) J. Schröt. by Yasuda (1914a) and Peniophora quercina

(Pers.) Cooke by Hennings (1903), respectively. The scientic

names have been commonly used in Japan for more than 80 years.

However, all of the Japanese specimens labeled “Aleurodiscus

amorphus” and “Peniophora quercina” deposited in several herbar-

ia were identied as A. grantii Lloyd and P. manshurica Parmasto,

respectively (Maekawa, 1994). In addition, A. grantii and P. mans-

hurica have been collected throughout Japan, whereas I have never

encountered A. amorphus or P. quercina. As mentioned in the pre-

vious section, H. setigerum (sensu stricto) was not recognized

among the specimens of H. setigerum (sensu lato) collected in Ja-

pan (Nilsson et al., 2003). Subsequently, many specimens of H. seti-

gerum (sensu lato) have been collected from various localities in

Japan, but no H. setigerum sensu stricto has been found. These re-

sults indicate that A. amorphus, H. setigerum sensu stricto, and P.

quercina, reported as Japanese corticioid species, may not be dis-

tributed in Japan. To verify the identities of those Japanese species

that have been identied by morphological characteristics alone,

detailed morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis are

needed. In addition, the characteristics of cultured mycelia, such as

production of anamorphs and cystidia, may be useful as taxonomic

criteria, depending on the species.

To date, numerous corticioid specimens have been collected

from all over Japan. However, many specimens have yet to be iden-

tied. In particular, more than half of the specimens collected in

subtropical regions, such as the Nansei and Ogasawara Islands, re-

main unidentied. Many of these are likely to be new taxa not list-

ed in Table 1. These specimens warrant detailed taxonomic studies

in the future.

Disclosure

The author declares no conicts of interest. All the experiments

undertaken in this study comply with the current laws of the coun-

try where they were performed.

Acknowledgements

The present article is based on the memorial talk for the recep-

tion of MSJ award. I sincerely thank the late Dr. Naohide Hiratsuka

and the late Dr. Yasuyuki Hiratsuka, of the Tottori Mycological In-

stitute, Japan, for their support of my research on the corticioid

fungi. I also thank Dr. B. Nordén Dr. N. Hallenberg and Dr. R. H.

Nilsson, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden, for their

contribution to our cooperative studies and support. I am grateful

to the late Dr. J. Boidin (Lyon, France), Dr. J. Ginns (Centre for

Land and Biological Resources Research, Canada), Dr. K.-H. Lars-

son and Dr. E. Larsson (University of Gothenburg), Dr. K. Naka-

sone (United States Department of Agriculture, USA) and the late

Dr. E. Parmasto (Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonia) and Dr.

S.-H. Wu (National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan), for their

valuable comments on the Japanese corticioid specimens and their

loan of precious specimens. Thanks are also due to the many pro-

fessional and amateur researchers who provided their many corti-

cioid specimens. Finally, I would like to thank all my colleagues

and students at the Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research

Center, Tottori University, for valuable discussions on the taxono-

my of corticioid fungi.

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Full-text available

May 2024

Cardamom (Amomum compactum) is an aromatic spice plant with numerous benefits, widely used in cooking, medicine, and beverages. The high demand for cardamom remains unmet due to the lengthy germination period required for cardamom seeds and the inability of cardamom shoots to thrive when planted independently from the mother plant. The presence of the mother plant significantly impacts cardamom nurseries utilizing shoots, making it challenging to obtain large quantities of nursery transplants. Growth stimulants, such as vitamin B1 and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), are required to enhance vegetative growth in plants. Vitamin B1 (IPI brand) is applied due to its ease of accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, IBA is utilized for its accessibility, stable chemical content, and prolonged efficacy. This research aims to determine the optimal concentration of vitamin B1, IBA, and their combination to enhance the growth of mother and tiller shoots of cardamom ex vitro. The research employed a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, with vitamin B1 concentrations of 21.5% and 43% and IBA concentrations of 0.75 ppm and 150 ppm. The treatment V1I1 (vitamin B1 21.5% and IBA 75 ppm) on mother plant shoots maintained a survival rate of 67% up to 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP). The interaction between vitamins B1 and IBA exhibited no significant effect on all parameters of mother shoots and tillers; however, vitamin B1 significantly influenced the vegetative growth of cardamom mother shoots. Vitamin B1 at 43% produced a significantly higher number of leaves compared to 21.5%. Thus, vitamin B1 at 43% is recommended for cardamom propagation, while vitamin B1 at 21.5% has the potential to enhance the average growth of tiller shoots across all parameters. HTML Source code: Abstract. Cardamom (Amomum compactum) is an aromatic spice plant with numerous benefits, widely used in cooking, medicine, and beverages. The high demand for cardamom remains unmet due to the lengthy germination period required for cardamom seeds and the inability of cardamom shoots to thrive when planted independently from the mother plant. The presence of the mother plant significantly impacts cardamom nurseries utilizing shoots, making it challenging to obtain large quantities of nursery transplants. Growth stimulants, such as vitamin B1 and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), are required to enhance vegetative growth in plants. Vitamin B1 (IPI brand) is applied due to its ease of accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, IBA is utilized for its accessibility, stable chemical content, and prolonged efficacy. This research aims to determine the optimal concentration of vitamin B1, IBA, and their combination to enhance the growth of mother and tiller shoots of cardamom ex vitro. The research employed a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, with vitamin B1 concentrations of 21.5% and 43% and IBA concentrations of 0.75 ppm and 150 ppm. The treatment V1I1 (vitamin B1 21.5% and IBA 75 ppm) on mother plant shoots maintained a survival rate of 67% up to 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP). The interaction between vitamins B1 and IBA exhibited no significant effect on all parameters of mother shoots and tillers; however, vitamin B1 significantly influenced the vegetative growth of cardamom mother shoots. Vitamin B1 at 43% produced a significantly higher number of leaves compared to 21.5%. Thus, vitamin B1 at 43% is recommended for cardamom propagation, while vitamin B1 at 21.5% has the potential to enhance the average growth of tiller shoots across all parameters. Chat GPT: Abstract. Cardamom (Amomum compactum) is an aromatic spice plant with numerous benefits, widely used in cooking, medicine, and beverages. The high demand for cardamom remains unmet due to the lengthy germination period required for cardamom seeds and the inability of cardamom shoots to thrive when planted independently from the mother plant. The presence of the mother plant significantly impacts cardamom nurseries utilizing shoots, making it challenging to obtain large quantities of nursery transplants. Growth stimulants, such as vitamin B1 and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), are required to enhance vegetative growth in plants. Vitamin B1 (IPI brand) is applied due to its ease of accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, IBA is utilized for its accessibility, stable chemical content, and prolonged efficacy. This research aims to determine the optimal concentration of vitamin B1, IBA, and their combination to enhance the growth of mother and tiller shoots of cardamom ex vitro. The research employed a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, with vitamin B1 concentrations of 21.5% and 43% and IBA concentrations of 0.75 ppm and 150 ppm. The treatment V1I1 (vitamin B1 21.5% and IBA 75 ppm) on mother plant shoots maintained a survival rate of 67% up to 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP). The interaction between vitamins B1 and IBA exhibited no significant effect on all parameters of mother shoots and tillers; however, vitamin B1 significantly influenced the vegetative growth of cardamom mother shoots. Vitamin B1 at 43% produced a significantly higher number of leaves compared to 21.5%. Thus, vitamin B1 at 43% is recommended for cardamom propagation, while vitamin B1 at 21.5% has the potential to enhance the average growth of tiller shoots across all parameters. Abstract. Cardamom (Amomum compactum) is an aromatic spice plant with numerous benefits, widely used in cooking, medicine, and beverages. The high demand for cardamom remains unmet due to the lengthy germination period required for cardamom seeds and the inability of cardamom shoots to thrive when planted independently from the mother plant. The presence of the mother plant significantly impacts cardamom nurseries utilizing shoots, making it challenging to obtain large quantities of nursery transplants. Growth stimulants, such as vitamin B1 and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), are required to enhance vegetative growth in plants. Vitamin B1 (IPI brand) is applied due to its ease of accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, IBA is utilized for its accessibility, stable chemical content, and prolonged efficacy. This research aims to determine the optimal concentration of vitamin B1, IBA, and their combination to enhance the growth of mother and tiller shoots of cardamom ex vitro. The research employed a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, with vitamin B1 concentrations of 21.5% and 43% and IBA concentrations of 0.75 ppm and 150 ppm. The treatment V1I1 (vitamin B1 21.5% and IBA 75 ppm) on mother plant shoots maintained a survival rate of 67% up to 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP). The interaction between vitamins B1 and IBA exhibited no significant effect on all parameters of mother shoots and tillers; however, vitamin B1 significantly influenced the vegetative growth of cardamom mother shoots. Vitamin B1 at 43% produced a significantly higher number of leaves compared to 21.5%. Thus, vitamin B1 at 43% is recommended for cardamom propagation, while vitamin B1 at 21.5% has the potential to enhance the average growth of tiller shoots across all parameters. Abstract Abstract. Cardamom (Amomum compactum) is an aromatic spice plant with numerous benefits, widely used in cooking, medicine, and beverages. The high demand for cardamom remains unmet due to the lengthy germination period required for cardamom seeds and the inability of cardamom shoots to thrive when planted independently from the mother plant. The presence of the mother plant significantly impacts cardamom nurseries utilizing shoots, making it challenging to obtain large quantities of nursery transplants. Growth stimulants, such as vitamin B1 and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), are required to enhance vegetative growth in plants. Vitamin B1 (IPI brand) is applied due to its ease of accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, IBA is utilized for its accessibility, stable chemical content, and prolonged efficacy. This research aims to determine the optimal concentration of vitamin B1, IBA, and their combination to enhance the growth of mother and tiller shoots of cardamom ex vitro. The research employed a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, with vitamin B1 concentrations of 21.5% and 43% and IBA concentrations of 0.75 ppm and 150 ppm. The treatment V1I1 (vitamin B1 21.5% and IBA 75 ppm) on mother plant shoots maintained a survival rate of 67% up to 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP). The interaction between vitamins B1 and IBA exhibited no significant effect on all parameters of mother shoots and tillers; however, vitamin B1 significantly influenced the vegetative growth of cardamom mother shoots. Vitamin B1 at 43% produced a significantly higher number of leaves compared to 21.5%. Thus, vitamin B1 at 43% is recommended for cardamom propagation, while vitamin B1 at 21.5% has the potential to enhance the average growth of tiller shoots across all parameters. Abstract. Cardamom (Amomum compactum) is an aromatic spice plant with numerous benefits, widely used in cooking, medicine, and beverages. The high demand for cardamom remains unmet due to the lengthy germination period required for cardamom seeds and the inability of cardamom shoots to thrive when planted independently from the mother plant. The presence of the mother plant significantly impacts cardamom nurseries utilizing shoots, making it challenging to obtain large quantities of nursery transplants. Growth stimulants, such as vitamin B1 and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), are required to enhance vegetative growth in plants. Vitamin B1 (IPI brand) is applied due to its ease of accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, IBA is utilized for its accessibility, stable chemical content, and prolonged efficacy. This research aims to determine the optimal concentration of vitamin B1, IBA, and their combination to enhance the growth of mother and tiller shoots of cardamom ex vitro. The research employed a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, with vitamin B1 concentrations of 21.5% and 43% and IBA concentrations of 0.75 ppm and 150 ppm. The treatment V1I1 (vitamin B1 21.5% and IBA 75 ppm) on mother plant shoots maintained a survival rate of 67% up to 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP). The interaction between vitamins B1 and IBA exhibited no significant effect on all parameters of mother shoots and tillers; however, vitamin B1 significantly influenced the vegetative growth of cardamom mother shoots. Vitamin B1 at 43% produced a significantly higher number of leaves compared to 21.5%. Thus, vitamin B1 at 43% is recommended for cardamom propagation, while vitamin B1 at 21.5% has the potential to enhance the average growth of tiller shoots across all parameters. Abstract. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is considerably more prevalent than other forms (85–90%). The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in women (53.2%). There is an urgent requirement for better and more affordable treatment options considering DM therapy is expensive and may have adverse health effects. The study's objective is to examine how acute toxicity, blood glucose levels, and body weight are affected by Moringa leaf ethanol extract (MLEE). Maceration was employed to eliminate the leaves of the moringa plant. Phytochemical screening was completed to assess the total flavonoid content and screen for alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins. Acute toxicity testing was performed following OECD guideline 423. Clinical symptoms of acute toxicity were observed every 30 minutes for the first 24 hours post-treatment, followed by observations every 24 hours up to 14 days. The estimated LD50 range was determined. Streptozotocin/ nicotinamide-induced female Mus musculus was administered to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of MLEE. Six groups of mice were utilized, which included a healthy control group (aquades not induced), a negative control group (induced aquades), a positive control group (induced glimepiride 0.8 mg/kg BW), and three treatment groups with varying dosages of MLEE (induced; 0, 100, and 150 mg/kg BW). A semi-auto chemical analyzer was employed on days 0 through 31 to determine blood glucose levels. An analytical digital balance was utilized to calculate the body weight. With a total flavonoid concentration of 20.75%, MLEE incorporated alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins. MLEE demonstrated a significant effect in lowering blood glucose levels at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation has been identified between body weight and blood glucose levels (P<0.05). Soil arthropods play an important role in nutrient cycling and maintenance of soil structure. Thus, their abundance and diversity can indicate the biological quality of the soil. Due to different soil management practices, arthropods are also very sensitive to environmental changes. This study aims to analyze the abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and the environmental factors that support the abundance of soil arthropods in terrestrial of Situ Lengkong Panjalu, West Java, Indonesia. The methods used to obtain samples of soil arthropods are pitfall trap. Soil arthropod data were analyzed to determine the Shannon diversity index (H'), Margalef richness index (R), and Evenness index (E). The effect of abiotic environmental factors was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 1263 arthropods were found in Situ Lengkong Panjalu, belonging to 11 orders, 24 families, and 32 morphospecies. The current work determined the scores of H'= 2.08, R = 3,08, and E = 0.72 of soil arthropods in Situ Lengkong Panjalu, West Java, Indonesia. Results revealed that humidity is one such environmental parameter affecting the presence of soil arthropods in Situ Lengkong Panjalu, West Java, Indonesia. This research can be used as a guide in validating and conservation of the habitat of soil arthropod species on West Java Obesity has a 15-fold higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. Microalga isone of the natural resources that potentially treat obesity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant, and anti-obesity properties of ethanolic extract of microalgae strain MRB-2. The TPC was determined using the Follin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and the anti-obesity was analyzed using an anti-lipase pancreatic assay. The morphology of microalga cells was also determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the TPC of ethanolic extract from the ultrasound extraction method was higher than the maceration method with the value of 2.75±0.26 mg GAE/g. While the scavenging activity toward DPPH radicals of ethanolic extract from the maceration method was higher than ultrasound, with a value of 38.92±1.94% at 0.8 mg/mL. The lipase inhibitory activity of extract from the maceration method was higher than ultrasound with a value of 20.81±2.24% at 0.38 mg/mL. Our results indicate that ethanolic extract of MRB-2 was potentially developed for anti-obesity foods and health-functional foods derived from new peatland microalgae. Talinum paniculatum Jacq (Gaertn), locally known as Javanese Ginseng, is an essential medicinal plant characterized by high flavonoid content with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Compared to other natural sources, a larger number of T. paniculatum leaves is required to obtain high amounts of flavonoid for drug development. In this context, in vitro culture can be used to increase flavonoid production in a controlled condition without reducing plant population. The concentration of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) is capable of influencing biomass and flavonoid accumulation in callus culture from several species. Despite these benefits, there is limited information about the optimal concentration of PGRs for flavonoid production from T. paniculatum callus culture. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the optimum concentration of 2,4-D and kinetin for callus growth, as well as flavonoid production from T. paniculatum. The investigation was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD), where young leaves explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-D (0, 0.5, 1, 2) mg/L and kinetin (0, 0.5, 1, 2) mg/L for callus and flavonoid production. The results showed that the highest callus biomass of 0.105 g was produced from MS medium with 2 mg/L of 2,4-D and 1 mg/L of kinetin. Meanwhile, the highest total flavonoid content of 25.66 mg QE/g DW was produced from media supplemented with 1 mg/Lof 2,4-D and 2 mg/L of kinetin. These results showed that different combinations of 2,4-D and kinetin were required to increase biomass and flavonoid production. In conclusion, this study provided valuable information for the development of bioactive compounds through in vitro culture. The mistletoe (Scurrula ferruginea) is a parasitic plant obtaining nutrients and water from host plants at Nglinggo tea plantation, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Despite the numerous benefits of Scurrula ferruginea leaf, substantiation regarding its pharmacological activity is still lacking. Therefore, this research aimed to identify Scurrula ferruginea species and obtain secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity. The experiment was carried out by extracting Scurrula ferruginea leaf using maceration methods with 96% ethanol, followed by qualitatively and quantitatively phytochemical screening, inhibitory zone test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. Several compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids, were identified in the mistletoe extract. The results showed total flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin levels were 7.41 ± 0.38 mg QE/mg, 1672 ± 50.99 mg GAE/g, and 1.43 ± 0.15 mg TAE/g, respectively. Scurrula ferruginea leaf ethanolic extract showed the potential to form an inhibition zone against S. aureus in the moderate category at 525 mg/mL, but no significant activity was observed against E. coli. The MIC results of Scurrula ferruginea leaf ethanolic extract against S. aureus were 0.6%, and the MBC was at 2.4%. Furthermore, the MIC value against E. coli was 14%, and the MBC value was 28%. Based on these results, it could be concluded that Scurrula ferruginea leaf ethanolic extract showed high effectiveness in inhibiting and killing S. aureus bacteria compared to E. coli, with MIC and MBC values of 0.6% and 2.4%, respectively Grand Forest Park (Tahura) Ir. H. Djuanda, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia is a secondary nature conservation area rich in biodiversity, including macrofungi which has not been widely studied. The research aims to isolate, characterize its morphology and screen its potential as a biomaterial source based on the growth of macrofungal mycelium. The research was carried out using an exploration method at three sampling locations: Maribaya (trail area), Goa Jepang (cave area), and Curug Koleang (waterfall area). The obtained macrofungi were isolated and identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics and coded based on the location and number of isolates. A comparative evaluation was carried out by one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the average mycelial growth of the macrofungal isolates for 9 days on PDA. The results showed that there was a total of 62 species of macrofungi from three locations: 22 isolates from the Maribaya (MB) area, 18 isolates from the Goa Jepang (GJP) area, and 22 isolates from the Curug Koleang (CK) area. The isolates that showed the highest mycelium length and represented each research area were shown by MB-07 (63.98 ± 1.21 mm), GJP-01 (81.47 ± 0.41 mm) and CK-13 (72.14 ± 1.20 mm). Isolate GJP-01 from the Goa Jepang area has the potential to become a superior fungus in its ability to expand mycelium should be developed for mycelium-based material applications. Stevia rebaudiana Bert. (Stevia) is used in the commercial and health industries because of its steviol glycosides (stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C) and flavonoids. Polyploidy induction of stevia plants using oryzalin was held to increase the diversity and produce superior varieties. This research aims to obtain stevia diversity with different characteristics from its diploid. The Tawangmangu variety of stevia seedlings was experimentally designed using a completely random design. Nine combinations of oryzalin concentrations (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5μM) and immersion times (4, 6, and 8 hours) treatments were applied to 15 stevia seedlings each. Stevia without treatment was used as a control. Treatments were applied directly to the shoots on the second internode from the tip. Observations on target shoots included the number of survivors, morphological variables (height, number of internodes, internode length, leaf size, leaf thickness, stem diameter, and leaf color), stomata, and plant ploidy level. Data analysis on the number of live plants used frequency and descriptively. Morphological data consisting of plant height, number of shoots, number of internodes, internode length, leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness, and stem diameter were analyzed using boxplot graphs and descriptive to describe the diversity of M1 stevia treatment results. Leaf color and stomata were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that up to 3.5μM concentrations of oryzalin and 6 hours of immersion time were safe to use as a mutation agent with above 67% survival rate. Various oryzalin treatments of Tawangmangu stevia varieties yielded polyploidy morphological growth indications in height, number of internodes, internode length, stem diameter, leaf size, leaf thickness, leaf color, stomata, and stem diameter. In addition, there are growth variations such as chimeras, rosettes, and leaf splitting. However, further flow cytometry tests showed that oryzalin concentration and immersion duration directly on the vegetative material did not produce polyploid stevia individuals.

New occurrences of the rare fungus Boreostereum radiatum in Poland

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Full-text available

Oct 2023
SYLWAN

Boreostereum radiatum (Gloeophyllales, Basidiomycota) is a saprobic fungus that causes decay of coarse fallen wood in forests and has remarkable effused−reflexed basidiocarps with a folded, ochraceous brown hymenial surface. It was identified and published for the first time in Poland in 1971 and was known only to grow in the primeval forests of the Białowieża National Park (BNP). In this paper the previously known Polish locations of B. radiatum are inventoried and new locations are described. During route−based field studies in the northeast part of Poland from 2006− −2022, 29 locations of B. radiatum were found with 23 of them concentrated in an area of about 25 km 2 in the BNP, 5 discovered in the Hajnówka Forest District of the Białowieża Forest, and one found in the Antoniuk Nature Reserve near the city of Białystok. The habitats outside of the BNP were classified as old−growth and not primeval forests. In Poland this fungus is mostly associated with Tilio−Carpinetum and large, decorticated logs of Picea abies on the ground. The appearance of the new locations may be associated with the mass die−off of old P. abies trees as a consequence of climate change and bark beetle outbreaks. The presence of B. radiatum basidiomata in contact or proximity to eight other aphyllophoroid fungi, in particular Rhodofomes roseus and Trichaptum abietinum, was recorded. Global distribution and host/substratum data for B. radiatum are described. In the North American part of its range it occurs on various coniferous but rarely angiosperm trees, whereas in the Asian part of its range it often colonizes angiosperm wood. Further, a number of recordings of this species in North America have been made on processed (structural) and charred wood. Prior Western European locations of this fungus are in Germany and Czechia, but the recently confirmed ones are only in northeast Poland. A single location is known in the Belarusian part of the Białowieża Forest. This fungus deserves attention as an object of conservation due to its disjunct, circumboreal natural range and strict ecological preferences.

Xenasmatellales ord. nov. and Xenasmatellaceae fam. nov. for Xenasmatella ( Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota )

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Full-text available

Jun 2023

In the era of molecular phylogeny as dominant evidence in fungal taxonomy, the taxonomic framework of fungi adopted from morphological characteristics has been largely updated. Compared with other fungal groups, macrofungi underwent fewer updates at the order and higher level. In this study, the taxonomic placement of a poorly known macro-basidiomycetous genus Xenasmatella is studied. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses inferred from a seven-locus dataset support that the genus represents an order rank lineage. Accordingly, a monotypic order Xenasmatellales and a monotypic family Xenasmatellaceae are newly introduced for Xenasmatella within Agaricomycetes. The species diversity and relationships of Xenasmatella are further clarified with the aid of the phylogenetic analysis inferred from a four-locus dataset. In association with morphological characteristics, a new species Xenasmatella hjortstamii is described. Moreover, the distribution of Xenasmatella ailaoshanensis, X. gossypina, and X. wuliangshanensis previously known only from type localities in Yunnan Province, China are expanded. In addition, two unnamed single-specimen lineages of Xenasmatella from Victoria State, Australia and Sichuan, China are revealed, likely representing two potential new species of this genus. In summary, the current study updates the taxonomic framework of Agaricomycetes and provides a crucial supplement for comprehensively understanding the evolutionary history of this fungal class.

Hypochnicium sensu lato (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Japan, with descriptions of a new genus and three new species

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Species of Hypochnicium (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) collected from Japan were studied on their taxonomy by morphological and phylogenetic approaches. Phylogenetic analyses based on a nrDNA LSU and ITS dataset including the Japanese specimens and other publicly available ones show that Hypochnicium is polyphyletic. Since the clade containing the type species H. bombycinum was well-supported, we defined this clade as Hypochnicium s. str., and emended Hypochnicium to include restricted taxa with only smooth basidiospores. The new genus Neohypochnicium is proposed to accommodate the remaining taxa excluded from the genus Hypochnicium s. str., which includes both species with smooth basidiospores and ornamented ones. Three new species, Gyrophanopsis japonica, N. asiaticum and N. perlongicystidiosum are described and illustrated based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses using an ITS region dataset. In addition, the following 15 new combinations are proposed: N. albostramineum, N. aotearoae, N. capitulateum, N. cremicolor, N. cystidiatum, N. geogenium, N. guineense, N. huinayense, N. michelii, N. microsporum, N. patagonicum, N. pini, N. punctulatum, N. subrigescens and N. wakefieldiae. An identification key to Japanese species of Bulbillomyces, Gyrophanopsis, Hypochnicium and Neohypochnicium is provided.

A new species of Xenasmatella (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from southern China

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022

A new species of Xenasmatella, based on morphology, and molecular analysis (using the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) dataset), was found growing on the underside of rotten bamboo in Yunnan Province, China. X. roseobubalina is characterized by annual, resupinate basidioma with a pinkish buff hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system, thin-walled generative hyphae with clamp connections, abundant crystalline matter among the hyphae, the absence of cystidia and cystidioles, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 3.8–5 × 3.3–4 μm. We present the new species with illustrated description and comparisons to closest species as well as a key to the species of Xenasmatella known from China.

A multi‐gene phylogeny clarifies species diversity, taxonomy, and divergence times of Ceriporia and other related genera in Irpicaceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota)

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Full-text available

Oct 2023

Phylogenetic and morphological analyses on Ceriporia and other related genera in Irpicaceae were carried out. Ceriporia, Gloeoporus, and Meruliopsis characterised as resupinate, effused- reflexed or pileate polypores with poroid and smooth hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal structure, crystals, and an oily substance are contained in the Irpicaceae. Ceriporia and Meruliopsis are phylogenetically related as sister genera. They share resupinate to rarely effused-reflexed basidiomata with a white, buff to brightly colored hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal structure with simple septa on the generative hyphae, and ellipsoid, cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores. However, hymenial cystidia are present in most Meruliopsis species, while they are absent in most Ceriporia species. Gloeoporus is distinguished from Ceriporia and Meruliopsis by having a gelatinous hymenophore and generative hyphae, sometimes with clamp connections. Phylogenies on Ceriporia and other related genera were reconstructed using multiple loci DNA sequences, including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the translation elongation factor 1- α gene (TEF1) and the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), as well as two combined datasets (ITS+nLSU) and (ITS+nLSU+RPB1+TEF1+nSSU). Eleven new species in Ceriporia are described and illustrated, four new combinations in the genus are proposed. Two new species in Gloeoporus and three in Meruliopsis are described and illustrated. Moreover, the evolutionary times of Ceriporia and other related genera in Irpicaceae were revealed based on conserved regions of five DNA fragments (ITS+nLSU+RPB1+TEF1+nSSU). Bayesian evolutionary analysis shows the divergence time of Irpicaceae emerged with a mean stem age of 169.1 Mya [95 % highest posterior density (HPD) of 124.66–231.04 Mya], which occurred during the middle Jurassic. Ceriporia and Meruliopsis grouped and the initial diversification occurred during the early of the Cretaceous with a mean stem age of 113.99 Mya [95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 81.53–153.07 Mya]. Gloeoporus emerged earlier with a mean stem age of 142.84 Mya [95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 102.39–196.41 Mya], which occurred during the early Cretaceous.

A revised checklist of corticioid and hydnoid fungi in China for 2010

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2011

Yu-Cheng Dai

Corticioid fungi are one of the major groups of wood-inhabiting fungi, and they are mainly confined to the orders Corticiales, Trechisporales and Atheliales among Basidiomycetes. Hydnoid fungi are aphyllophoroid fungi with spine- or tooth-like hymenophore, and most species of them are in the orders of Russulales and Thelephorales. Many hydnoid fungi are wood-inhabiting, but some of them are mycorrhizas. Corticioid fungi and many hydnoid fungi have a similar ecology in forest ecosystems. The current knowledge of corticioid and hydnoid fungi in China is summarized, and totally 506 species are listed alphabetically. A new species, Stereum lithocarpi, is described and illustrated. Two species, Dichostereum boreale and Thanatephorus fusisporus, are new to Chinese fungal flora, and a condensed description of these species is given.

Asterostroma species (Basidiomycota) from mangrove forests in Japan

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Full-text available

Jan 2010

A new homobasidiomycete, Asterostroma macrosporum, was found in mangrove forests of Iriomote Island, Japan. This species is morphologically characterized by having resupinate basidiomata, a monomitic (asterodimitic) hyphal system, simple septate generative hyphae, dextrinoid asterosetae, four sterigmate basidia and globose, tuberculate and amyloid basidiospores measuring 8.5–11×7.5–9μm. It is similar to A. muscicola, but basidiospores in the latter are smaller (7–8×5.5–7μm). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed that A. macrosporum is distinctly separated from A. muscicola. In Japan, A. muscicola is widely distributed in warm-temperate to subtropical regions, growing on a variety of broadleaved trees including mangroves, while A. macrosporum has been found only on mangroves.

Three new species of Peniophorella (Basidiomycota) from East Asia

Article

Nov 2020
NOVA HEDWIGIA

Three new Peniophorella species (Hymenochaetales) growing on dead wood, are described and illustrated. Peniophorella aspersa was collected in Taiwan and mainland China, and characterized by minutely warted hymenial surface, well-developed subiculum, rare stephanocysts and cylindrical-suballantoid spores. Peniophorella crystallifera collected in mainland China, Taiwan and Japan, is distinguished by sparsely grandinioid hymenial surface, immersed heavily encrusted cystidia, stephanocysts and ellipsoid-subcylindrical spores. The characteristic features of P. reticulata , found in Taiwan, are minutely porulose, odontioid basidiomata, provided with peg-like groups of hyphae, stellate crystalline incrustations on hyphal ends and oblong-ellipsoid spores. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions based on ITS and 28S sequences demonstrated that P. aspersa and P. reticulata belong to the same group of species, and the all three species are most closely related to P. praetermissa and P. rude .

Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa

Article

Nov 2003

Many homobasidiomycetes are characterized by a combination of gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores. They display a great variation in basidioma morphology, including erect and effused forms and gilled and nongilled forms. Earlier studies have shown these taxa to be related, and the group has been named the russuloid clade. Phylogenetic relationships among russuloid basidiomycetes were investigated using sequence data from the nuclear 5.8S, ITS2 and large-subunit rDNA genes. A dataset including 127 ingroup sequences representing 43 genera and ca 120 species were analyzed by maximum-parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. The sampling of taxa had an emphasis on nongilled taxa and two-thirds of the species possessed corticioid basidiomata. Thirteen major well-supported clades were identified within the russuloid clade. All clades except one include corticioid species. Ten characters from basidioma morphology and cultured mycelium were observed and evaluated. Results suggest that gloeocystidia are a synapomorphy for taxa within the russuloid clade while the amyloidity of spores is inconsistent. The ornamentation of spores and type of nuclear behavior seems to be informative characters at genus level. The agaricoid genera Lactarius and Russula are nested in a clade with corticioid species at the basal position. The new combinations Boidinia aculeata, Gloeodontia subasperispora, Gloeocystidiopsis cryptacantha and Megalocystidium wakullum are proposed.

The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods

Article

Nov 2006

We reassessed the circumscription of the cantharelloid clade and identified monophyletic groups by using nLSU, nSSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequence data. Results agreed with earlier studies that placed the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Hydnum, Clavulina, Membranomyces, Multiclavula, Sistotrema, Botryobasidium and the family Ceratobasidiaceae in that clade. Phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of all genera except Sistotrema, which was highly polyphyletic. Strongly supported monophyletic groups were: (i) Cantharellus-Craterellus, Hydnum, and the Sistotrema confluens group; (ii) Clavulina-Membranomyces and the S. brinkmannii-oblongisporum group, with Multiclavula being possibly sister of that clade; (iii) the Sistotrema eximum-octosporum group; (iv) Sistotrema adnatum and S. coronilla. Positions of Sistotrema raduloides and S. athelioides were unresolved, as were basal relationships. Botryobasidium was well supported as the sister taxon of all the above taxa, while Ceratobasidiaceae was the most basal lineage. The relationship between Tulasnella and members of the cantharelloid clade will require further scrutiny, although there is cumulative evidence that they are probably sister groups. The rates of molecular evolution of both the large and small nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (nuc-rDNA) are much higher in Cantharellus, Craterellus and Tulasnella than in the other cantharelloid taxa, and analyses of nuc-rDNA sequences strongly placed Tulasnella close to Cantharellus-Craterellus. In contrast analyses with RPB2 and mtSSU sequences placed Tulasnella at the base of the cantharelloid clade. Our attempt to reconstruct a “supertree” from tree topologies resulting from separate analyses that avoided phylogenetic reconstruction problems associated with missing data and/or unalignable sequences proved unsuccessful.

Hymenochaetales: a molecular phylogeny for the hymenochaetoid clade

Article

Nov 2006

The hymenochaetoid clade is dominated by wood-decaying species previously classified in the artificial families Corticiaceae, Polyporaceae and Stereaceae. The majority of these species cause a white rot. The polypore Bridgeoporus and several corticioid species with inconspicuous basidiomata live in association with brown-rotted wood, but their nutritional strategy is not known. Mycorrhizal habit is reported for Coltricia perennis but needs confirmation. A surprising element in the hymenochaetoid clade is a group of small white to brightly pigmented agarics earlier classified in Omphalina. They form a subclade together with some similarly colored stipitate stereoid and corticioid species. Several are associated with living mosses or one-celled green algae. Hyphoderma pratermissum and some related corticioid species have specialized organs for trapping and killing nematodes as a source of nitrogen. There are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies known for the hymenochaetoid clade. However almost all species examined ultrastructurally have dolipore septa with continuous parenthesomes while perforate parenthesomes is the normal condition for other homobasidiomycete clades. The agaricoid Hymenochaetales have not been examined. Within Hymenochaetales the Hymenochaetaceae forms a distinct clade but unfortunately all morphological characters supporting Hymenochaetaceae also are found in species outside the clade. Other subclades recovered by the molecular phylogenetic analyses are less uniform, and the overall resolution within the nuclear LSU tree presented here is still unsatisfactory.

Athelia termitophila sp. nov. is the teleomorph of the termite ball fungus Fibularhizoctonia sp.

Article

Aug 2020

A new species of Athelia, A. termitophila, from Japan is described and illustrated on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Basidiomes of this species are characterized by having hyphae sometimes with clamp connections at the septa, basidia without clamp connections at the basal septa, and ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores measuring 4.5–6 × 3–4.5 μm. In culture, mycelia produce pale brown, orange-brown to brown, globose sclerotia measuring 0.24–0.41 mm diam. The sclerotia are distinctly different in shape and size from those of other Athelia species, and are occasionally found inside the woody substrate beneath basidiomes. They are identical in shape and size to those of Fibularhizoctonia sp., also known as termite balls. Phylogenetic analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data revealed that A. termitophila is the teleomorph of Fibularhizoctonia sp.

Ectomycorrhiza synthesis and basidiome formation of an orchid symbiont of the genus Thelephora on Quercus serrata

Article

Aug 2019

We induced basidioma formation of a fungus belonging to the Thelephoraceae that was isolated from the orchid Cephalanthera falcata. The mycobiont was isolated from root, cultured on modified Melin-Norkrans medium, and then inoculated onto fine roots of a Quercus serrata (Fagaceae) seedling. After observation of ectomycorrhiza formation, the Q. serrata seedling was grown in a pot. Thirty-six mo after ectomycorrhiza formation, basidioma formation was confirmed at the bottom of the pot. From comparisons in morphological characteristics between the mycobiont and known related Thelephoraceae species, and sequence similarities of internal transcribed spacer region in ribosomal DNA, we identified the mycobiont as Thelephora ellisii sensu lato in Thelephoraceae (Basidiomycota). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the related sequences came from ectomycorrhizae of trees of the Salicaceae, Pinaceae, and Fagaceae distributed in East Asia, the USA, central Africa, and Europe.

Phylogenetic analyses of Aleurodiscus s.l. and allied genera

Article

Jul 2001

The limits and possible subdivision of Aleurodiscus s.l. into Acanthobasidium, Acanthofungus, Acanthophysellum, Aleurobotrys, Aleurocystidiellum, Aleurodiscus s.s., and Gloeosoma were evaluated. Molecular characters were obtained from an approximately 980 base pair fragment at the 5’ end of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA, in 33 strains representing 23 species of Aleurodiscus s.l., Stereum, Xylobolus, and Megalocystidium leucoxanthum. Published sequences of 20 additional species of the russuloid clade were also included. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Aleurodiscus s.l., Megalocystidium leucoxanthum, Stereum and Xylobolus form a monophyletic group, which may be classified as the family Stereaceae. Corticium roseum, which is the type species of the Corticiaceae, is not in this group, thus Stereaceae is not synonymous with Corticiaceae. Aleurocystidiellum is supported as a monophyletic group. Acanthobasidium, which is characterized by pleurobasidia, is also monophyletic. Aleurodiscus s.s. is supported as monophyletic, but Gloeosoma is not, and the two are not congeneric. The importance of amyloid acanthophyses for recognizing Aleurobotrys is suspect, and its generic status should be further studied. Most of the smooth-spored species form a monophyletic group. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that there has been homoplasy in most of the characters that have been used to subdivide Aleurodiscus s.l., including spore ornamentation, hymenial color, hyphal septation, clamp connections, acanthophyses, and phenoloxidase reactions.

A new halotolerant species of Physalacria from Hong Kong

Article

Jul 1999

Physalacria maipoensis (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) is described as a new halotolerant species from a mangrove forest in Hong Kong. A description, illustrations and comparison with phenetically similar taxa are provided.

Taxonomy of corticioid fungi in Japan: Present status and future prospects

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