Scholars International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Concept of Intestinal Worms (Deedane Ama'a) in Unani Medicine and its Management

Abstract

Intestinal worm infestation is the commonest form of helminth infections in human, which affect a great proportion of the world's population and children are the most vulnerable population among them. Intestinal worm infestation is the major risk to community health which adversely contributes to the prevalence of malnourishment in developing countries. The World Health Organization estimates that over two billion people are affected with helminthiasis. Unani physicians described intestinal worms as Deedan e Ama'a and they are of opinion that the excessive putrefied phlegm is the cause for the formation of intestinal helminthiasis and the presence of worms always depends on mal-temperament or imbalance of phlegmatic temperament and unhealthy living conditions. Exploration for further alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment and control of helminthic infections has become crucial at present. Various single and compound drugs have been described in Unani literature for the treatment of different types of worm infestations and Unani physicians prescribed them since antiquity. It has been observed in routine practice that the compound formulations are more effective compared to the single drug. This systematic study was focused to assess the scope of herbal medicine in the treatment of worm infection.

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Citation: M. H. M. Hafeel & Abdul Azeez Rizwana (2021). Concept of Intestinal Worms (Deedane Ama’a) in Unani
Medicine and its Management. Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med, 4(9): 162-167.
162
Scholars International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
Abbreviated Key Title: Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med
ISSN 2616-8634 (Print) |ISSN 2617-3891 (Online)
Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Journal homepage: https://saudijournals.com
Original Research Article
Concept of Intestinal Worms (Deedane Ama’a) in Unani Medicine and
its Management
M. H. M. Hafeel1*, Abdul Azeez Rizwana2
1*Senior Lecturer, Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
2Lecturer, Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
DOI: 10.36348/sijtcm.2021.v04i09.001 | Received: 19.08.2021 | Accepted: 25.09.2021 | Published: 30.09.2021
*Corresponding author: M. H. M. Hafeel
Abstract
Intestinal worm infestation is the commonest form of helminth infections in human, which affect a great proportion of the
world’s population and children are the most vulnerable population among them. Intestinal worm infestation is the major
risk to community health which adversely contributes to the prevalence of malnourishment in developing countries. The
World Health Organization estimates that over two billion people are affected with helminthiasis. Unani physicians
described intestinal worms as Deedan e Ama’a and they are of opinion that the excessive putrefied phlegm is the cause
for the formation of intestinal helminthiasis and the presence of worms always depends on mal-temperament or
imbalance of phlegmatic temperament and unhealthy living conditions. Exploration for further alternative therapeutic
agents for the treatment and control of helminthic infections has become crucial at present. Various single and compound
drugs have been described in Unani literature for the treatment of different types of worm infestations and Unani
physicians prescribed them since antiquity. It has been observed in routine practice that the compound formulations are
more effective compared to the single drug. This systematic study was focused to assess the scope of herbal medicine in
the treatment of worm infection.
Keywords: Intestinal worm, helminth infections, Deedan e Ama’a; Unani Medicine; worm treatment.
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original
author and source are credited.
INTRODUCTION
Intestinal worms have been prevailing from
the ancient times. Intestinal parasitic infections are
amongst the most common infections worldwide. For
example, the incidence of round worm infection is
about one billion; whip worm infection is about 500
million; and hook worm infection is about 900 million
per population worldwide. Furthermore, worm
infestation is a public health problem in most
developing countries [1]. Worm infestations are known
to cause short term as well as long term adverse effects
especially among children. These infections are well-
known to impede the growth and cognitive
development of children [2].
Epidemiological research carried out in
different countries had shown that the social and
economic statuses of the individuals were important
cause in the prevalence of intestinal parasites. As such,
worm control is difficult in developing countries due to
poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene,
lack of health education, inadequate supply of potable
water and low socioeconomic status of the people [3].
Roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms
thrive in human communities in which poverty is
entrenched and clean drinking water; sanitation, health
care, and health awareness are inadequate. According to
the global burden of disease, soil-transmitted
helminthiasis (infections with the nematodes Ascaris
lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the two hookworm
species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator
americanus causes the loss of 5 million disability-
adjusted life years every year [4].
Intestinal worms were known as Deedan e
Ama’a / Aangtoong ke Keede in Unani Classical texts.
Hippocrate hypothesized the causes for worms as
contaminated soil, food and water. The causes, types of
worms and management had been studied in detail by
Avicenna (980-1037AD) in his Cannon of Medicine
and by Al Razi (864-925AD) in his book Al Hawi Fit
Tib [5, 6].
Developing countries need to invest substantial
amounts of resources for health problems associated
with worm infestations. However, because of poverty,

M. H. M. Hafeel & Abdul Azeez Rizwana., Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med, Sept, 2021; 4(9): 162-167
© 2021 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 163
ignorance and lack of discipline, it is not possible to
apply all preventive measures simultaneously in these
countries. As such, improving domestic hygienic
practice is potentially one of the most cost-effective
means of reducing the burden of worm infestation in
children [7, 8]. Therefore, the present literature review
looked at the concept intestinal worms with reference to
causes, types of worms and herbal management
mentioned in classical texts of Unani Medicine. The
appraisal findings would serve to implement
comprehensive and cost-effective intervention methods
in the management of intestinal worms among high risk
populations.
METHODOLOGY
Data were collected from various Unani text
books namely; Al Qanoon Fit Tib, Al Hawee Fit Tib,
Tarjuma e Kabeer, Shareh e Asbab, Firdausul Hikmat,
Kamilussanah, Khazainul Advia, Busthanul Mufridath,
Ramooze Azam etc. Indexed Journals were searched in
various scientific databases like Scopus, PubMed,
Elsevier, Google Scholar, Medline, Research Scholar,
ResearchGate, Science direct, Orchid etc. using terms
like Unani concept of deedane ama’a, Unani concept of
intestinal worms and Unani management of intestinal
worms. After a through literature review, the collected
data were organized in a logical order to compile this
review article.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Unani medicine deals with four humours
(Akhlat) in causation of disease (Marz), those are Blood
(Dam), Phlegm (Balgham), Yellow Bile (Safra) and
Black Bile (Sauda). The humors themselves are
assigned temperaments: blood is hot and moist, phlegm
is cold and moist, yellow bile is hot and dry, and black
bile is cold and dry. The temperaments of individuals
are expressed by the words sanguine (Damavi),
phlegmatic (Balghami), choleric (Safravi) and
melancholic (Saudavi) according to the preponderance
in them of the respective humours; blood, phlegm,
yellow bile and black bile. Every person is supposed to
have a unique humoural constitution which represents
his healthy state (sehat), and to maintain the correct
humoural balance there is a power of self-preservation
called medicatrix nature (Quwwat-e-Mudabbira) in the
body. If this power weakens, imbalance in the humoural
composition is bound to occur, and this causes disease
[9].
Humoural Pathology of Intestinal Worms (Deedan e
Ama’a) Intestinal worms (Deedan e Ama’a) are
formed in the abdomen (Bathan) similarly how it is
formed in the external environment. Worm is not
formed in red humour (dam) and black humour (Sauda)
because of the heat and dryness of these humours
respectively. Red humour (dam) is essential for life
therefore it does not get putrefies and it is also not
directly in contact with intestinal lumen [5].
Morbid phelegm (Ghair Taba’i Balgham) in
the intestine leads to Deedan formation. Pure Akhlat
cannot be putrefied unless mixed with some impurities
from outside (foreign body / Ajsam e Khabeesa) like in
pure water. Balgham is a good culture media for
Deedan because it provides nutrition. Habits such as
taking cold water after meals, bathing after meals, food
(Ghiza) such as wheat, Baqila / Thurmus (Vicia faba),
uncooked meat, vegetables, oily, moist and cold food
can contribute to abnormal Balgham formation.
Abnormal heat (Hararat e Ghareeba), abnormal cold
(Sue Mizaj Barid) also predispose to Deedan formation
in Ama’ a [5].
Razi (864-925 AD) viewed that moist food
such as Toot / beans, Kamh / wheat, Lobia (Phaseolus
lunatus), donkey’s meat can cause worm. Putrefied
food (kharabi Ghiza), rough food like wheat flour,
excessive intake of fruits, contributes to worm
formation [6]. (Al Razi 864-925 AD). Further
Kabiruddeen postulated contaminated water,
contaminated foods, contaminated vegetables, ingestion
of worm eggs, tiny worms and meat can cause
Deedan[10].
Therefore, according to Unani medicine,
helminthes are formed due to abnormal or putrefied
phlegm ie salty phlegm (Namkeen Balgham) in the
gastro-intestinal system. This phlegm is produced by
indigestion (Sue e hazm) and unhealthy dietetic factors;
Consuming contaminated water, meat, excessive intake
of sweets and contaminated leafy vegetables as well as
moist environments also contribute to the formation of
helminthes in the body.
Classification of worms (Aqsam of Deedan e Ama’ a)
[5, 6]
1. Earth worm like (Tiwal / Hayat)
2. Segmented like soft seed of green pumpkin (Eraz /
Habuul Qara / Kaddudana)
3. Thread like (Sighar / Khallia)
4. Round shaped (Al Musthadeera)
Kaddudana is further classified as -
1. Less broad (Zayyaq) in pig meat
2. Broader (Mutawassit) in goat’s meat (baqri)
3. Widest (Areez) rare (Razi 864-925 AD)
Classification according to internal structure:[11]
Worm With gastro intestinal tract (Mujarrifah / with
Ghizaki Nali)-Tiwal and Sigahr
Worm without gastro intestinal tract (Musamatah /
without Ghizaki Nail)-
Eraz / Habuul Qara / Kaddudana (Kabirudden 1916)

M. H. M. Hafeel & Abdul Azeez Rizwana., Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med, Sept, 2021; 4(9): 162-167
© 2021 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 164
Avicenna’s classification according to shape
Long (Taweel), short (Mugahar) and flat
(Areez) [5]
General Symptoms of intestinal worms (Umoomi
Alamat e Deedan e Ama’ a) [5.6, 10, 11]
Indigestion (Bad hazm), patient consuming
thick food (Ghaleeze ghiza), pale body, fever, increased
salivation, wet lip during night and dry lip during day
because moisture is absorbed by the Deedan, nocturnal
irritability, abdominal distension, excessive sweating,
loss of appetite or increased appetite (Joo ul Kalb),
when lung involve dry cough (Khusky kansi) is
produced and when heart is affected palpitation
(Khafkhan), irregular sleep, red eye, laziness, and
occasionally diarrhoea.
Vapour is formed due to abnormal humours
(Ghair Taba’i Ahlat) in intestine and it reaches the
brain and causes difficulty in speech, epilepsy,
yawning, grunting, nocturnal teeth grinding, increased
thirst, nausea and vomiting (Qai wa matli), bad odor
and sweating (Badboo with Paseena), vomiting of
worms, passing worm with stool (Payahra), severe
colicky pain (Marood), when the patient is in hunger
presents with nausea, hiccough (Hichky). Diarrhoea
(Ishal), anal pruritus (Kharish), weakness (Quvvat e
zaeef), feels cold (Sardi Mahsoos), When the patient is
hungry worms move around umbilicus. Severity of
Deedan leads to syncope (Ghashi). Taking cold water
leads to accumulation of clump of worm in intestine.
If live worm is passed, it indicates that Tabi’at
is in good condition. Live Deedan expelled with fever
is less dangerous, but if dead worm is expelled from
body without treatment, worm expelled with blood in
the absence of fever and dead worm expelled with
vomiting are bad signs. This indicates Abnormal
Humour (Ghair Taba’i Akhlat) in intestine and weak
power of self-preservation (Quwwat e Mudabbira). In
gall bladder condition worms are passed with bile
(Safra).
Earth worm like (Tiwal / Hayyat): [5, 6]
Tiwal is a long worm. This worm lies deep in
upper part of intestine closed to stomach and away from
anus. symptoms (Alamat) of these worm infestations
are irritation, increased wakefulness, discomfort,
nausea, vomiting, teeth biting, loss of appetite, dry
cough, fainting, mental weakness, sleep disturbances,
fever, sweating even in cold weather, chest pain, low
and irregular pulse. If worm is in upper part of stomach
(FAM e Meda), patient feels to pull the worm out his
body. It sometimes comes through the nose, and mouth,
commonly in children with fever.
Segmented like soft seed of green pumpkin (Eraz
/Habbul Qara / Kaddudana): [5, 6]
Habul Qra is the longest worm and lies all
over abdomen. These worms are common in young
adult (Sin e Saba). It is uncommon in elderly and rare in
children. Habbul Qara is found mostly in autumn
season and its movement is more in the evening.
Symptoms of this worm infestation are fever, increased
appetite and weakness.
Thread like (Sighar): [5, 6]
Sighar is thread like white worm found in anal
area. Less Humour (Ruthubat) is found in lower part of
colon (Ama ul Mustaqeem), therefore small worms are
formed. These worms are weak and it cannot attach to
intestine therefore easily leaves from anus before
defecation. Sighar can move up or downwards and less
harmful but if stagnation is harmful. It is painful when
Sighar moves about for food. Sighar causes anal
itching.
Round shaped (Al Musthadeera): [5, 6]
Al Musthadeera is a round shaped worm found
in Colon (Awar) and it is common in children.
Musthadera causes intestinal irritation, dry cough,
palpitation, abdominal discomfort, soft, slow and deep
pulse and high fever.
Line of treatment (Usoole Ilaj wa Ilaj) [5, 6, 12]
It is difficult to remove worms since it is
attached to various parts of body. Vermicidal (Qatal e
Deedan) herbs are given as first line treatment and then
worm expelling (Muhrij e Deedan) herbs are
administered. Usually bitter, dry and heat herbs are
used in worm treatment.
Worm expelling (Muhrij e Deedan) and
vermicidal (Qatal e Deedan) herbs are mostly
unpalatable and bad smelling therefore it should be
taken while the nose is closed. Vermicidal herbs are
also correct digestion and appetite. If the patient
presents with worm infestation along with diarrhoea,
constipating (Qabs) herbs are also used, if resistant
power of body (Quwat e Mudafiya) is in excess, oral
liquid medicine can be used. It is easy to treat Tiwal
than Habb ul Qara.
Following are recommended three days prior
to worm treatment; Fresh milk, coconut (Narjeel
Kohana) or Kinbeel 24g with sour curd (Lassi) are
given for first three days. On 4th day vermicidal (Qatal
e Deedan) treatment is recommended on empty
stomach while closing the nose. When worm problem
presents with diarrhoea, Lisanul Hamal / Isabghol
(variety of mucilage drug) is given.
Qatal e Deedan Advia (vermicidal drugs) [5, 6, 12]
To kill the worms black gram (Al Hamsil
Aswad) soaked in vinegar or Qirdimana, Seeh,
Thurmus, Salleeha ,Afsantheen, Qamela ,Baobadang
can be used (Tabri Al Bin Sahal Raban 1996).
Milk is given for 3 days prior to treatment and
then the following prescription (Nuskha) is given. Seeh

M. H. M. Hafeel & Abdul Azeez Rizwana., Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med, Sept, 2021; 4(9): 162-167
© 2021 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 165
Armani10 dirham, Sarhas 5 dirham, Qinbeel 5 dirham,
Turmus 7 dirham, Turbud abyaz 5 dirham, Namak e
hindi 5 dirham, Qust e mur 7 dirham with Khulanjan
water.
Muhreje Deedan Advia (To expel worms): [5, 6, 12]
Dead worms in the intestine can cause bad
vapour and reach brain, to prevent this Ayarij is given
to expel dead worms. Abrang, Sarhas, Qinbeel, ground
in vinegar and taken on empty stomach. Boiled water
(Matbookh) of Hanzal and kalunji can also be used to
expel worms. Further gram (Hams) soaked in vinegar
taken in the morning and patient is advised to fast till
evening to expel the worm.
If the patient temperament is hot (Garmi Mizaj)
following is given [12].
Ab e Barg e Shifthalu (Trygeum persia) and
Ab e Poste e Daraht Sehtoot / Mulberry bark can be
given orally. Posthe e Darahth Sehthooth and Posth e
Anar Thursare soaked in water over night, boiled next
day Morning and filtered. Ab e Barg e Sifthalu 2 tea
spoons is added to the Filtrate and given to drink and
with same decoction Huqna is done. A Tila is made by
dissolving Raswat in water and applying to meqad
(Anus).
For Cold temperament (Sardi mizaj) patient having
Kaddu dana [12]
Safoof e Habbun Neel is prepared by the
following advia such as Baobadang, Kinbeel, Maghz e
Karanjuwa (Gajga), Magz e Akhroot and Namak e
Siyah.
Hospital treatment (Mamulath e matab) [13, 14]
Safoof of Itrifal e Deedan is prepared using the
following. Baobadang, Darmina Turki, Turbud sufaid,
Sarhas, Kameela, Habunneel and Namak e Lahori (rock
salt). 1 Tola (12g) is given in the morning.
Raswat, Narkachoor and Baobadang are boiled
in water and Huqna is done. Rohan e shifthalu mix with
kameela is soaked in a cloth and inserted to anus as
Humool.
Taking enough salt and milk is recommended
but sugar, curd, meat, jugry, harab pani and unwashed
vegetables should be avoided as precaution
(Kabirudden, 1916 Tarjuma e Kabir).
Single drugs used as Anthelmintic (Qatal Deedan
Shikum) [15-17]
 Post Nim (Melia Azadirachta bark)
 Beikh Bakain (Melia azadrach bark)
 Arusa (Adhatoda vasica leaf)
 Kamela (Mallotus phillipinensis)
 Ushba maghrabi (Sarsaparilla europaea herb)
 Maghz Narjil Kohna (Cocus musifera fruit very
old)
 Nankhuah (Carum capticum seed)
 Baobarang (Artemisia vulgaris seed)
 Post Beikh Anar (Punica granatum root bark)
 Khurfa (Portulaca oleracea)
 Darmana (Artemisia maritima)
 Fofil (Areca catechu nut)
 Heeng (Ferula foetida latex)
 Chirata (Swertia Chiratta herb)
 Kalonji (Nigella sativa seed)
 Senna (Cassia senna leaf)
 Gilo (Tinospora indica herb)
 Bozidan (Pyrethrum indicum root)
 Berg Bedanjir (Ricinus communis leaf)
 Mur (Commiphora myrrh gum)
 Ispand (Peganum harmela seed)
 Babchi (Psoralea corylifolia seed)
 Revand (Rheum palmatum root)
 Saqmoonia (Convolvulus scamony root latex)
 Rasaut (Berberis aristata extract)
 Palas Papapda (Butea frondosa seed)
 Beikh Jalapa (Ipomoea jalp root)
Enema oils expel out the worms of stomach and
intestine
 Roghan Tarpeen (Terpene oil)
 Roghan Bedanjeer (Ricinus communis oil)
 Roghan Zetoon (Olea europaea oil)
 Sirka (Acetic acid)
Muraqqabt (Compound Preparations) [18]
Qurse Deedan; Palaspapda, Maghz e tukhm e
Karanj, Nankhua, Qinbeel, Baubadang, Turbud and
Qandsiya. Majoone Talkh Deedani: Mur
Makki(Commiphora myrrha nees), qand suafaid[19].
Majoon Sarakhs: Turbud [(Operculina
turpethum (L.) Silva Manso.)], 4576 for Sarakhs
[(Dryopteris filix mas (L) Schott.)], 4577 for Muqil
[Commiphora mukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) Engl)] and
4572 for Baobarang [(Embeliatsjeriam-cottam (Roem.
&Schult) [20].
Itrifale Deedan: Baobarang, Poste haleele zard,
Poste haleele kalbi, Haleele siya, poste balela, amla,
turbud, habbun neel, quate talkh, qinbeel, palaspapda,
afsanteeen, darmina turki, aftimoon, khardal, namak
siya, shahanme Hanzal, sad kufi, asal and rohane badam
Shireen [21].
Prevention of intestinal worms (Hifz e Matakaddam
of Deedan e Ama’a) [5, 6, 14]
Regular food habits and taking easily
digestible foods are recommended. Taking Diet - heat
food (Garmi Ghiza) such as Hammaz, Karnab, Pigeon
meat, and salt water are recommended.
To prevent recurrence of worm infestation bitter food
can be taken.

M. H. M. Hafeel & Abdul Azeez Rizwana., Sch Int J Tradit Complement Med, Sept, 2021; 4(9): 162-167
© 2021 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 166
If patient is not willing to take medicine, gram soaked
in vinegar is taken regularly.
Avoid food like cabbage (Karnab), beet root (Salk).
To minimize the formation of worm, olive seed
(Zaithoon) is taken with salt before meal.
Balghami food should be avoided in excess and
evacuation (Tankia) of Balgham.
Bowel should be cleaned regularly to prevent the
complication of worms.
Taking enough salt and milk is recommended
but sugar, curd, meat, jugry, contaminated water (Harab
Pani) and unwashed vegetables should be avoided as
precaution. Regular exercise reduces worm formation.
Scientific studies which confirm the efficacy of
Unani drugs
Shafeeque A et al., confirmed in their study
that powdered tablet of Mallotus philippinensis fruit
(kamela) possess anthelmintic activity and are
sufficiently safe to treat gastro-intestinal infection [21].
In a study conducted by Ghausia I et al.,
reported that Majoon Sarakhs and its hydroalcohalic
extract has profound anthelmintic activity. This study
had validated the claims of Unani physicians that
Majoon Sarakhs is an effective anthelmintic agent.
Khalil a et al. investigated the anthelmintic
activity of a Unani Herbal Formulation D-Worm
consisting of Punica granatum Fruit Peel: 300mg,
Azadirachta indica Leaves: 100mg and Trachyspermum
ammi seeds had shown efficacious in the treatment of
intestinal worms.
A Randomized clinical trial conducted to test
the efficacy of qures deedan comprise of
Palaspapda(Butea monosperma), Maghz e tukhm e
Karanj (Pogamia pinnata), Nankhua (Carum capticum),
Qinbeel (Mellatus philippinensis), Baubadang (Embelia
ribes )and Turbud (Ipomea tarphetham) found to be
equally efficacious as mebendazole in treating intestinal
worms.
CONCLUSION
It was evident through this review that a
comprehensive description had been given in classical
text of Unani Medicine on the concept and management
of intestinal worms. It is possible control the intestinal
worm infestation only by applying the correct line of
treatment after detailed history, along with the
improvement of sanitary conditions and appropriate
personal hygienic practices among the community.
Physicians of Unani system offer significant scope in
the treatment of worm infection through the treatments
documented in Tibbi pharmacopoeia and Qarabadhins
which need systematic clinical evidence-based
approaches to scientifically validate the claims. Few
studies had supported the empirical use of the crude
plant as a deworming agent in Unani medicine, a
sincere effort has to be made to study the efficacy of the
herbal medicine by comparing with allopathic
medicines in the treatment of worm infections. Further
chemical and pharmacological studies on herbs which
possess anthelmintic property must be conducted to
decide the exact mechanisms of action of the active
principles of the herbs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors acknowledge and extremely thankful
to the scholars whose articles cited and included in
references of this manuscript. The authors are also
grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those
articles, journals and books from where the literature
for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
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