Some Bougainvillea Species and Characteristics and Reproduction Techniques

Abstract

The family Nyctaginaceae includes 300-400 species of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous deciduous
and evergreen plants, classified into about 30 genera. Bougainvillea belongs to the
Nyctaginaceae (four o'clock) plant family, with 14 species. Bougainvillea is a common tropical
and subtropical ornamental plant that may be cultivated in containers in cooler climates
throughout the summer.The name comes from the French navigator and military commander
Louis Antoine de Bougainville (Louis Antoine de Bougainville), he was the first European to
notice the Brazilian factory. Climbing plant with thorns that branch every year, it grows in a
chaotic manner and may reach up to 9 m in height. The plant is utilized as a hedge, a barrier,
and a slope cover. Bougainvillea is a great ground cover for vast, difficult-to-maintain regions.
It may blanket an entire slope and suffocate weed growth. Use the leaves of Bougainvillea as
medicine for a variety of gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea and acidity. Furthermore, B,
glabra anti-diarrheal activity has been observed to be related to the antimicrobial property.
Propagation of these plants is primarily propagated by stem cuttings, but lack of competence to
form adventitious roots by cuttings occur routinely and are an obstacle for the vegetative
propagation. It’s the best method to use to clone your plants, which means to produce plants
identical to their parents. It involves methods like cutting, division, layering, grafting, budding,
and tissue culture techniques. These techniques are commercially exploited mainly to produce
horticulture plants

Full text

CONGRESS BOOK
ANATOLIAN CONGRESSES
7TH INTERNATIONAL APPLIED SCIENCES CONGRESS
September 11- 12, 2021
Diyarbakir
ISSUED: 20.09.2021
ISBN : 978-625-7341-56-1

Anatolian Congresses 7th International Applied Sciences Congress
CONGRESS BOOK ISBN: 978-625-7341-56-1 www.anadolukongre.org Page | 23
SOME BOUGAINVILLEA SPECIES AND CHARACTERISTICS AND
REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
Ary Taher RASUL1, Bekir Erol AK 2, Ibrahim Halil HATIPOGLU3
1Harran University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of
Horticulture, 0000-0003-0593-5764
2Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture,
0000-0001-6938-942X
3Harran University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of
Horticulture, Council of Higher Education 100/2000 PhD Scholar, 0000-0002-7236-4976
ABSTRACT
The family Nyctaginaceae includes 300-400 species of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous deciduous
and evergreen plants, classified into about 30 genera. Bougainvillea belongs to the
Nyctaginaceae (four o'clock) plant family, with 14 species. Bougainvillea is a common tropical
and subtropical ornamental plant that may be cultivated in containers in cooler climates
throughout the summer.The name comes from the French navigator and military commander
Louis Antoine de Bougainville (Louis Antoine de Bougainville), he was the first European to
notice the Brazilian factory. Climbing plant with thorns that branch every year, it grows in a
chaotic manner and may reach up to 9 m in height. The plant is utilized as a hedge, a barrier,
and a slope cover. Bougainvillea is a great ground cover for vast, difficult-to-maintain regions.
It may blanket an entire slope and suffocate weed growth. Use the leaves of Bougainvillea as
medicine for a variety of gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea and acidity. Furthermore, B,
glabra anti-diarrheal activity has been observed to be related to the antimicrobial property.
Propagation of these plants is primarily propagated by stem cuttings, but lack of competence to
form adventitious roots by cuttings occur routinely and are an obstacle for the vegetative
propagation. It’s the best method to use to clone your plants, which means to produce plants
identical to their parents. It involves methods like cutting, division, layering, grafting, budding,
and tissue culture techniques. These techniques are commercially exploited mainly to produce
horticulture plants.
Keywods: Nyctaginaceae, Bougainvillea, Ornamental plants, plant propagation.
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of landscape and ornamental plants is extremely important in the planning of
sustainable, holistic and identity cities. Ornamental plants are of great importance in the said
landscape planning and designs. In this context, it is necessary to know the ecological demands,
physiological and morphological characteristics, reproduction techniques of ornamental plants.
In plant design studies; the ecological characteristics of plants, their importance in terms of
landscape, the correct selection of their use, and purpose in the landscape are also of great

Anatolian Congresses 7th International Applied Sciences Congress
CONGRESS BOOK ISBN: 978-625-7341-56-1 www.anadolukongre.org Page | 24
importance. In addition, the primary purpose of plant design is to contribute to space
functionally, and thus, it can respond to the requests of the users. Plants play an important role
in preventing the "urban heat island" effect (Hatipoglu and Ak, 2021).
Bougainvillea is a common tropical and subtropical ornamental plant that may be cultivated
in containers in cooler climates throughout the summer. They may be overwintered in a sunny
location outdoors or inside, or they can be replanted each year as an annual. (Gilman, 1999).
Bougainvillea belongs to the Nyctaginaceae (four o'clock) plant family, with 14 species
(Kobayashi et al.,2007). The family of Nyctaginaceae includes 300-400 species of trees, shrubs,
and herbaceous deciduous and evergreen plants, classified into about 30 genera (Mabberley,
1987). The name comes from the French navigator and military commander Louis Antoine de
Bougainville (Louis Antoine de Bougainville), he was the first European to notice the Brazilian
factory in 1768. The plant is utilized as a hedge, a barrier, and a slope cover. Bougainvillea is
a great ground cover for vast, difficult-to-maintain regions. It may blanket an entire slope and
suffocate weed growth (Eed et al., 2015). Bougainvillea is a specimen plant that may be used
in hanging baskets, containers, and bonsai (Kobayashi et al, 2007). Modernization and
urbanization have increased the usage of bougainvillea since landscape horticulture is gaining
popularity and demand owing to a large-scale plantation in urban areas, drought and pollution
tolerance, minimal care needs in comparison to other plants, and a variety of uses. (Singh et
al.,2017). Bougainvillea species grow best in full sun. High light intensity is required for good
flowering. Low light and shady areas are not suitable, as the plants will drop their bracts.
Bougainvillea does best at elevations from 10 to 2500 feet and can tolerate hot dry locations,
with temperatures over 100°F. It does well in locations with a minimum of 65°F at night and
75–95°F during the day as well grows well in rich, well-drained, acidic (pH 5.5–6.0) soil. It
does not thrive in soil that is constantly wet. Proper soil pH is essential because it affects the
availability of mineral elements (Kobayashi et al.,2007).
Some species of Bougainvillea plants:
Bougainvillea glabra: The elliptical leaves of this climber, an evergreen member of the
genus are green or variegated and have a glossy shine. The bracts of this plant occur in a variety
of sizes and forms. They are usually triangular and purple or mauve in color, but white bracts
are sometimes frequent. The bracts occur along the branches and at the tips of the branches.
The blooms range in hue from white to cream. The thorns are short and have a curled point.
The green-leaf types grow quickly, and the growth habit is spreading.
Bougainvillea spectabilis: Hairy leaves and stems distinguish this species. Large, ovate
leaves with rippling around the edges and hairs on the underside. The small flowers are cream-
colored, while the bracts are red, dark pink, or purple. Thorns could be large and curved. The
species has a dense growth habit, and the colorful bracts appear up and down the branches.
Bougainvillea hybrids: Among Bougainvillea’s horticultural hybrids, B. glabra x B.
peruviana is by far the most common. This cross has its own hybrid name: Bougainvillea x
buttiana. The leaves are large and ovate or heart-shaped with slight hairiness on both the upper
and lower sides. The bracts are usually rounded, red or dark pink, and the thorns are straight
and short. The small flowers are cream colored with pink tones, although the floral tube may
be the same color as the bract. The growth habit is open and requires pruning to promote a

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bushy appearance. B. x buttiana hybrids generally bloom several times a year (Kobayashi et
al.,2007).
2. REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
Reproduction techniques or propagation techniques is simply multiplication or production
of plants, which you can do by using your own plants! Because of the commercialization of
crops, several techniques have been developed to grow plants. All techniques are designed to
achieve specific goals, like uniformity in crops, increased productivity, disease-resistant plants,
and plants with desired characters. Mainly these techniques are divided into two categories
depending on the means of propagation: sexual means of propagation and asexual means of
propagation.
2.1. Sexual propagation
Propagation or multiplication of plants by seeds is known as ‘sexual propagation’. Seeds
are formed as a result of successful fertilisation and combination of parental gametes. It is an
old and easy method and is widely used for the propagation of crops like ornamental annuals,
vegetables, medicinal and fruit plants, such as papaya. The disadvantages of this technique are
delayed flowering and fruiting, plants that do not produce seeds can not be propagated by this
method, identical plants can not be produced, and mass production is harder to achieve.
2.2. Asexual propagation
Vegetative production, which is carried out by using the organs of plants such as roots,
branches and leaves, allows plants to be produced as a clone. Vegetatively propagated
rootstocks produce certain and identical effects on the variety (Ak et al., 2021). It’s the best
method to use to clone your plants, which means to produce plants identical to their parents. It
involves methods like cutting, division, layering, grafting, budding, and tissue culture
techniques. These techniques are commercially exploited mainly to produce horticulture plants.
Because vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction, plants produced through this
system are genetic clones of a parent plant. This uniformity has advantages and disadvantages.
One advantage of vegetative propagation is that plants with favorable traits are repeatedly
reproduced. Commercial crop growers can employ artificial vegetative propagation techniques
to ensure advantageous qualities in their crops. A major disadvantage, however, of vegetative
propagation is that it does not allow for any degree of genetic variation. Plants that are
genetically identical are all susceptible to the same viruses and diseases and crops produced
through this method are, therefore, easily wiped out. Bougainvillea plants are propagated from
cuttings, by ground or air layering and budding (Singh et al., 2012).
2.3. Effect of IBA on rooting ability of cuttings
Plant growth regulators are the natural or synthetic compounds that modify the growth and
development of plants by influencing their physiological processes and thereby increasing the
productivity of crops (Kakimoto, 2003). Application of some plant growth retardants to
improve rooting ability and survival in several plant species (Hartmann and Kester, 1975). Plant
growth regulators Horticulturists utilize them to study and manage plants for specific

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objectives, and they are usually applied in small quantities measured in parts per million (ppm)
et al., 2014). Root initiation in cuttings is influenced by a number of factors, including plant
growth regulators, plant age, growth medium, and cutting size (Husen and Pal, 2006). Plant
growth regulators allow the development of adventitious roots by promoting the initiation of
the root primordium and cell division expansion (Fogaca and Fett-Neto, 2005). Furthermore,
this growth hormone enhances the rooting rate and percentage, root number and quality, and
cutting rooting uniformity (Khoshkhooy, 2012). Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) has been known
as a manufactured auxin for a long period and is the main auxin used commercially for the
adventitious root induction in stem or leaf cuttings (Srivastava, 2002).
Panwar et al., (1994), reported that IBA at 2000 ppm was the best treatment, resulting
in significantly more sprouting of cuttings, more roots, longer roots length, and a higher
percentage of rooting of cutting of bougainvillea cv. Alok than the other treatments.
Ahmad et al., (2002), indicated when treated hardwood stem cuttings of Bougainvillea
glabra var with IBA at different concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000) ppm that the
maximum number of roots (15.00), root length (11.73 cm), root thickness (3.53 mm), number
of branches (3.80) plant- 1, number of leaves (11.76) plant-1, sprouted cuttings (93.33%) was
obtained from cuttings treated with 4000 mg.L-1. also, maximum Shoot length (36.33 cm),
stem thickness (1.93 mm), and plant height (51.67 cm) were gained by hardwood cuttings when
treated with IBA at 5000 ppm.
Gupta et al., (2003), found that maximum rooting (100%) with higher number of roots
(32.0) in Semi-hardwood cuttings of Bougainvillea cv. ‘Los BanosVariegatawhen IBA at 1000
mg.L-1 was used.
Siddiqui and Hussain (2007), indicated when treated stem cuttings of Ficus hawaii with
IBA at different concentrations (0, 1000,2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000) mg.L-1.that the
Maximum sprouting (43.7%) leaves per plant (63), plant height (37.46cm), shoots per plant
(13), leaf area (19.33 cm2), shoot thickness (0.57 cm), root length (11.5 cm) and roots per
cutting (13) were recorded in cuttings treated with 4000 ppm IBA.
Shadparvar et al., (2011),mentioned that stem cutting of Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis
increasing the percentage of rooting when treated with IBA at 2000 mg.L-1.
Singh et al., (2011), observed that the maximum of cuttings rooted and produced a good
number of roots with average root length when auxin (IBA) was used on hardwood cuttings of
Torch Glory Bougainvillea especially 3000 mg.L-1.
Amissah and Monney (2012), observed an increase in roots characters when auxin
(IBA) was used on semi-hardwood cuttings of Bougainvillea glabra especially 2500 mg.L-1.
Asl et al., (2012), cleared from a study on the effect (0, 2000, 3000, and 4000) mg.L-1
IBA on semi-hardwood cutting of Bougainvillea flower that 2000 mg.L-1 IBA showed the best
treatment as resulted to the number of roots (8.67 roots per plant)and highest root length (151.42
mm).
Singh (2012), The founded result that the hardwood cutting of bougainvillea (Louise
Wathen) treated with 1000 ppm, gave 85.39% sprouting, 75.46% rooting, and 80.78% callusing.
Eed et al. (2015), observed that the highest values of rooting percentage, number of
roots, and root length were obtained from the hardwood cutting stem of Bougainvillea
spectabilis treated with 2000 ppm of IBA.

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Kuldeep et al., (2013), treated the hardwood stem cuttings of bougainvillea (var.
Thimma) with IBA at different concentrations (0, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm) mg.L-1 noticed that
the number of rooted cuttings (6.33), percentage of rooted cuttings (63.33%), length of shoots
per cutting after one month (3.07 cm), length of shoots per cutting after two months (14.73 cm),
number of roots per cutting (30.00), length of roots (12.85 cm) and dry weight of the roots (0.43
g) was showed from cuttings treated with 2000 mg.L-1.
Mehraj et al., (2013), revealed that when mature stem cuttings of Bougainvillea
spectabilis treated with IBA showed significant differences in comparison with control
especially 1000 mg.L-1 which was superior over other treatments in all parameters (rooting
percentage, roots number, length of longest root, leaves number per cutting, shoots number per
cutting and shoot length) although both of 500 and 2000 mg.L-1 resulted to the same rooting
percentage but best rooting survival was obtained from 1000 mg.L-1.
Shahab et al., (2013), studied the influence of different concentrations of IBA (0, 5, 10,
15, and 20%) on stem cutting of Alstonia, the result showed regarding leaf area plant-1(26.032
cm2), sprout length (18.096 cm), stem diameter (14.44 mm), number of roots plant-1 (15.613),
root diameter (3.412 mm) in cutting that treated with 10% of IBA.
Wagh et al., (2013), discovered that the hardwood cuttings of bougainvillea variety
Torch Glow observed the maximum increase of all growth parameters, with a minimum number
of days for sprouting and rooting having maximum root length and number of leaves per cutting
when treated with 2000 mg.L-1 of IBA.
Roshoudi et al., (2014), studied the effect of different IBA concentrations (0, 500, 1000,
1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000) ppm on rooting of hardwood cuttings of Bougainvillea Spectabilis
Willd, showed results the highest rooting percentage, root fresh and dry weight, and root number
when cuttings treated with 2000 ppm of IBA.
Seyedi et al., (2014), treated stem cuttings (wood and semi hard wood) of
Bougainvillea glabra L. with (0,2000,4000) mg.L-1 of indole butyric acid, 4000 mg.L-1
provided maximum rooting number and root length, root fresh weight in comparison to other
treatment.
Abbas et al., (2015), found that a Maximum number of roots (30.25), more number of
leaves (7.5), and length of sprouting (19.16%) in stem cuttings of Roses Cvs. Bajazzo when
IBA at 2000 mg.L-1 was used.
Costa et al., (2015),revealed that the 2000 mg/l IBA resulted at 56 days the percentage
of alive cuttings rooted and with shoots, number of shoots and roots per cutting, and the length
of the longest root and highest bud were evaluated when wood cuttings of Bougainvillea
spectabilis were used.
Ahmad et al., (2016), treated stem cuttings of Hylocereusundatus with (0,50,75,100)
ppm of IBA showed the best results in all the studied parameters with the highest root number
(13.2), root length (12.7cm), root diameter (1.5mm), fresh weight (2.7g), and dry weight (0.8g)
found in 100 ppm of IBA and the lowest of all these were found in control (6.3, 5.7cm, 0.9mm,
0.3g, 0.2g).
Sultana et al., (2016), concluded that the use of rooting hormone (IBA) on
Bougainvillea cuttings was a significant factor in improving rooting of cuttings in comparison
with control other especially 400 mg.L-1 which provided the highest number of root (25.38),
longest root (23.53cm), and a higher percentage of success in rooting.

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Babita et al., (2017), noticed the 6000 ppm of IBA hormone in treating hardwood
cuttings of Bougainvillea (peruviana cv. Thimma), gave the better rooting percentage (90.00%),
length of the longest shoot (38.0 cm), shoot fresh wt./plant (22.333 g), shoot dry wt./plant (3.843
g), length of longest root/plant (18.233 cm), fresh wt. of root/plant (7.527 g) and dry wt. of
root/plant (1.58 g).
Fathi et al., (2017), observed when treated the stem cutting of bougainvillea
Bougainvillea spectabilis L. with IBA different concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000
ppm) that the highest rooting percentage, highest number of primary roots, longest primary
roots, highest root fresh and dry weight was obtained from cuttings treated with 4000 ppm of
IBA.
Singh (2017),discovered that hardwood cuttings of Phalsa plant (Grewia aseticaL.) cv.
Dwarf type recorded best results of rooting percentage, longest root length, roots number per
cutting, roots dry weight, number of shoots, leaves number and longest shoot length when
treated with 1000 mg.L-1 of IBA.
Phuyal et al., (2018), cleared from a study on the effect of both IBA and NAA at three
different concentrations (2000 ppm, 3000 ppm, and 5000 ppm) on stem cuttings of Zanthoxylum
armatum that 5000 ppm of IBA was the best treatment as resulted in the highest number of
roots (6.5) and root length (11.6 cm).
Ritu and Rana (2018), found that the concentration of IBA, 8000 ppm to Stem Cutting
of Karonda (Carisa carandas L. lead to prominent improvement in the number of sprouted
cutting, number of secondary root per cutting number of sprout per cutting, percentage of rooted
cuttings,the average length of root per cutting, average dry weight of root.
Pêgo et al., (2019), carried out research to detect the impact of different concentrations
of IBA (0,500, 1000, 2000, and 3000) mg L-1 on herbaceous cuttings of Streptosolenjamesonii,
observed that the highest number of roots and the better root and shoots when cuttings treated
with 750 to 1456 mg L-1 IBA.
Bashi (2019), evaluated influence of different concentrations of IBA
(0,250,500,750,1000,2000) ppm on semi-hardwood cutting of bougainvillea glabra, showed the
maximum percentage of root 100%, number of roots 24.46, length of roots 7.93, dry weight of
roots, and maximum Shoot length when 1000ppm of IBA is used.
Ashok and Ravivarman (2020), revealed that 3000 ppm of IBA resulted maximum
number of roots per cutting (14.23) and root length (9.79 cm) are recorded when terminal stem
cuttings of Pseuderanthemumcarruthersiivar.atropurpureum.
Herastuti and Ek (2020), treated terminal, middle, and basal of stem cutting of
bougainvillea with (50, 100, 150) ppm of indole butyric acid, the result showed the middle and
basal types produced the best percentage cutting to life, root number, length of longest root, and
root volume.
3. FACTORS INFLUENCE THE ROOTING ABILITY
3.1. Plant species
Several factors can influence the rooting ability of stem cuttings, including the species and
cultivar requirements; the source, position, and kind of cutting taken; and the source, position,
and type of cutting taken. juvenility and stock plant condition (Hartmann and Kester, 2002).

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Stem cutting propagation is advantageous in that it is the easiest and fastest way to
propagate plants as it bypasses the juvenile characteristics of certain species (Hartmann and
Kester, 2002).
3.2.Propagation media
Different types of media serve as soil, anchoring the root system, supplying water and
nutrients to the plant, and ensuring appropriate aeration in the root system. (Gruda and
Schnitzler, 2006). Plant and root development are influenced by the biological and physical-
chemical characteristics of growing medium. During the rooting period, a propagation medium
is used to keep the cuttings in place, supply them with moisture, enable air exchange at the
bottom of the cuttings, and create an opaque or dark environment by reducing light penetration
to the cuttings' base (Galavi et al., 2013).
3.3. Plant growth regulators
Plant growth regulators allow the development of adventitious roots by promoting the
initiation of the root primordium and cell division expansion (Fogaca and Fett-Neto, 2005).
Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) has been known as a manufactured auxin for a long period and is
the main auxin used commercially for the adventitious root induction in stem or leaf cuttings
(Srivastava, 2002).
4. CONCLUSION
Bougainvillea plant is an important ornamental plant for landscaping with its showy bracts,
white flowers and different form. In landscape planning, plants are evaluated in two ways,
aesthetically and functionally. A landscape architect should be able to use not only the concept
of the measure but also all the necessary features related to the plant material in plant designs.
Thus, thanks to the planting designs made, the users are satisfied both visually and functionally
from the outdoors. The bougainvillea plant creates a functional effect by preventing bad images
with its aesthetic appearance.
In this direction; It is extremely important to know the general characteristics of the
bougainvillea plant and to apply the correct reproduction methods. Within the scope of the
research, these cases were emphasized in line with the relevant literature.
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