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Built Environments Prone to Sudden and Slow Onset Disasters: From Taxonomy Towards Approaches for Pervasive Training of Users
Abstract
The assessment of resilience for the Built Environment (BE) and humans exposed to SUdden Onset and SLow Onset Disasters (SUOD and SLOD) is possible when simulations are performed to predict and analyze what can succeed, and awareness and preparedness are consolidated among human users. These two steps require the representation of the Built Environment (BE), in its spatial, geometric and informative features, in order to be perceived by users. Nevertheless, different objectives and available economic, hardware/software and human resources will determine the selection of the methodological workflow and the software products chain. Thus, the research examines disruptive technologies for the creation of Digital Built Environments to highlight the potentialities of Virtual Reality in improving expert knowledge acquisition and awareness gathering. Particularly, the use of Digital Models, BIM and Virtual Tour based, supports analytical and parametric simulations and pervasive training, respectively. This last objective can be perceived through smart and inclusive Digital solutions, mostly shared via web applications, to reach a wider audience.
... Following the BE S2ECURe research project outcomes (Rosso et al. 2022), BETs identification results from the parameters described in Table 1, relevant to assess specific SLODs and SUODs risk, considered in the context of the BE S2ECURe project Fatiguso et al. 2021;Quagliarini et al. 2021a, b;Salvalai et al. 2021).. ...
The relationships between the Built Environment (BE) and SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUOD) are increasingly the focus of hazard mitigation investigation. Specifically, in the Historic Built Environment (HBE), defined as the network of buildings, infrastructure, and open spaces of the compact historic city, recent and past events have shown the need for an elevation of the resilience of the resident community. Previous studies by the author’s research team have objectified the characterisation of HBEs prone to SUODs. What emerged was the primary importance of open spaces in the Built Environment as elements to be characterised with respect to possible emergency phases and BE user behaviour. Specifically, the Historic Built Environment Typologies (H-BETs) can help to evaluate user behaviour during and after the event. Focusing on the role of the classification of the open spaces, the paper presents the H-BETs and their potential role in the multi-risk assessment of the compact historic town. The specific risk conditions of the urban areas (e.g., crowding, the complexity of the overall form of BEs, characteristics of built elements, uses of BEs), and the physical characteristics of historic urban BE (e.g., the height of the built fronts, number, and type of accesses, the slope of the ground) are considered together in order to propose a classification of different type of open spaces, starting from morphological classes towards the definition of a complete typological categorisation, representative of the urban system’s variables that interact with the identified SUOD hazards.
... Following the BE S2ECURe research project outcomes (Rosso et al. 2022), BETs identification results from the parameters described in Table 1, relevant to assess specific SLODs and SUODs risk, considered in the context of the BE S2ECURe project Fatiguso et al. 2021;Quagliarini et al. 2021a, b;Salvalai et al. 2021).. ...
The relationships between the Built Environment (BE) and SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUOD) are increasingly the focus of hazard mitigation investigation. Specifically, in the Historic Built Environment (HBE), defined as the network of buildings, infrastructure, and open spaces of the compact historic city, recent and past events have shown the need for an elevation of the resilience of the resident community. Previous studies by the author’s research team have objectified the characterisation of HBEs prone to SUODs. What emerged was the primary importance of open spaces in the Built Environment as elements to be characterised with respect to possible emergency phases and BE user behaviour. Specifically, the Historic Built Environment Typologies (H-BETs) can help to evaluate user behaviour during and after the event. Focusing on the role of the classification of the open spaces, the paper presents the H-BETs and their potential role in the multi-risk assessment of the compact historic town. The specific risk conditions of the urban areas (e.g., crowding, the complexity of the overall form of BEs, characteristics of built elements, uses of BEs), and the physical characteristics of historic urban BE (e.g., the height of the built fronts, number, and type of accesses, the slope of the ground) are considered together in order to propose a classification of different type of open spaces, starting from morphological classes towards the definition of a complete typological categorisation, representative of the urban system’s variables that interact with the identified SUOD hazards.
The built environment is subject to complex combinations of cascading disasters, sudden onset disasters (SUODs), such as earthquakes, or slow onset disasters (SLODs), such as pollution and heat islands. They can cause harm to people and destroy the built environment. Moreover, the historical built environment (HBE) possesses typical characteristics that increase the risks, for two main reasons: the HBE construction features, which are vulnerable to SUODs and SLODs; the disruption of the cultural heritage, which is part of the HBE. To preserve the HBE, suitable strategies to adapt to increasingly frequent SUODs and SLODs should be considered in a multi-risk, multi-strategy perspective, as some of them are able to mitigate more than one risk simultaneously. Therefore, the contribution of this article is to propose a multi-strategy approach for mitigating multi-risks in the HBE, by means of (i) the definition of Built Environment Typologies (BETs), which are clustered to represent typical HBEs, and (ii) a critical overview of the literature and expert judgement, which is used to hypothesize strategies’ combinations on peculiar BETs. Another original contribution is the focus on the open spaces portion of the HBE. Indeed, they are often overlooked, while they constitute a crucial portion of the HBE, where there is high exposure to risk, as open spaces are among the most used spaces, and are affected not only by their characteristics but also by those of their frontiers. The findings of this work contribute to frame multi-risk multi-strategies approaches for the HBE, towards adaptive and resilient HBEs.KeywordsMulti-risk assessmentHistorical built environmentBuilt environment typologiesSUODsSLODs
A validated method for digital representation of historic construction through HBIM permits assessment of compliance with workmanlike manner and structural performance. The construction of an appropriate model is closely linked to survey methodology, to the integrated application of multiple techniques of direct and indirect survey and non-destructive tests. The paper specifically deals with the complementarity between photogrammetry based on UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) with TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner). Finally, through this methodology, the HBIM model set for structural use allows the analysis of local mechanisms in order to verify the performance of the building.
Terrorist impacts have been increasing over time in many countries, being one of the most significant threats for the Built Environment (BE), intended as a network of open spaces (streets, squares) and facing buildings, and their users. Such risk is affected by a combination of strategic functions and crowd conditions. This work traces, for the first time, the state-of-the-art consolidated Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies (RMRSs). Solid RMRS regulatory frameworks from all over the world are collected. The results show how classification criteria distinguish them by attack targets and typologies, effectiveness over time/space, and physical implementation versus management-based deployment. Nevertheless, these criteria seem to be too fragmented, failing in pursuing RMRSs selection in a holistic outlook. Thus, a new classification adopting the BE composing elements (physical elements, layout, access/surveillance systems, safety/security management) as key-factors is provided. Features, dependencies and coordination among them are discussed in a sustainability-based perspective, by showing how the main challenges for RMRSs’ design concern applicability, redundancy, and users’ emergency support. Safety/security management strategies have the overall highest sustainability level and play a pivotal role with respect to the other BE composing elements, which should be planned in reference to them. In addition, a human-centred approach (individuals’ interactions with BEs and RMRSs) will also be needed. These results will support efforts to include simulation-oriented approaches into RMRSs selection, effectiveness and feasibility analyses.
Natural and human-made disasters, such as earthquakes, fires, terrorism attacks, constantly threaten humans and their built environments resulting in loss of human lives and damage of properties. To reduce the impact of these disasters , it is fundamental to design buildings to allow people to respond safely and to train people on the best response to have depending on the nature of the disasters.
Today several new technologies have been proposed to achieve these goals. Augmented and Virtual Reality represent some of the most popular technologies that have been adopted to achieve these goals. This work provides a review of existing applications and identifies common trends and research gaps. This review has identified 64 papers using Augmented and Virtual Realities to enhance safety design of built environments, to investigate human behaviour and to train people.
Digitalization and interactivity of reality in Augmented and Virtual Environments represent the synergic union between current technology potentialities and smartness of users in going beyond the traditional perception of real environment. As it is well-known, touristic bodies already taken advantages of Virtual Environments as cultural and touristic promotion of historic and archaeological sites. However, the analysis of potentialities in supporting technical community and professionals are still underway. Starting from the survey of instruments and protocols in previous experiences, the work presents a methodological flow aimed to create a virtual environment using 360° images – Virtual Tour – where the first phase of technical knowledge in historic sites can be resumed. In detail, a double level of knowledge can be reached: firstly, a virtual environment containing information about the actual state of conservation, then an upgraded one with historic and technical information (e.g. reports, images, surveys, etc.) added in an interactive as well intuitive way. The protocol has been applied to the undergrounded Cryptoporticus of Egnatia, an archaeological site in Apulia Region (Italy).
Impacted by the compounding effects of climate change and urbanization, cities are facing a panoply of risks that threaten their sustainability. Recognizing the potentially catastrophic ramifications of inaction, local governments are increasingly involved in resilience-building activities that are informed by a vast body of research related to different socioeconomic , environmental, and institutional aspects of urban planning and design. However, despite its significant impacts on growth and evolution of cities, limited research exists on how urban form can enhance resilience by increasing the abilities to plan for, absorb, recover from, and adapt to adverse events. As a step towards filling this gap, this paper explores how meso-scale urban form elements can affect urban resilience. This is done through synthesizing theoretical and empirical evidence reported in the literature. The focus is on morphological parameters related to the following urban form elements: neighborhoods, blocks, lots, and open spaces. Results show that existing evidence is mainly related to the associations between 'neighborhood density, size and configuration of open spaces, and land use mix' and resilience to 'climate change impacts', 'earthquakes', 'social issues', and 'resource scarcity'. There is also considerable evidence on the association between design of blocks/lots and resilience in terms of climate change adaptation/mitigation and adaptability to changing circumstances. The analysis also shows that each element influences and is influenced by other elements in the urban system and different elements should not be studied in isolation and the interplay between them should be considered. Existing evidence on conflicts is mainly related to density, but measures related to other elements may also involve conflicts. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research towards improving resilience of urban form at the meso-scale.
Enhancing humans safety is a key factor in reducing the number of injuries and deaths that result from natural and human made disasters (e.g. earthquakes, fires, terrorism attacks). Two risk-reduction approaches can be used to achive this goal: the 'behavioral design' and training (Bernardini, D'Orazio and Quagliarini, 2016; Lovreglio et al., 2018). The first approach relies on the knowledge of behavioral paradigms concerning how building occupants behave during and after a disaster. The second approach consists of training building occupants to enhance their safety preparedness by providing them with the information about how to be ready for an emergency and how to behave during and after a disaster. To date, several appraoches have been used to investigate how building occupants behave during emergencies as well as training them. Evacuation drills are the most used traditional approach to achive these two goals in many countries all around the world (Gwynne et al., 2017). However, the difference between the real-world emergency and the simulated emergency still represents one of the main challenge while training building occupants and investigating their behaviour. From a pedagogical point of view, it can be difficult to ensure an effective training while using evacuation drills. In fact, evacuation drill participants often receive no feedback whatsoever to help them assess their behaviour retrospectively. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) represent novel and effective techniques to overcome the limitations of traditional approaches (Feng et al., 2018; Lovreglio, 2018). VR technologies, which are tools to immerse users in a computer generated synthetic environment, have been consistently used to investigate several behaviours in different evacuation emergencies (Kinateder et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2018). For instance, VR can be suitable to investigate how building occupants perceive evacuation systems (Ronchi et al., 2016), how and when they perceive an emergency and respond to it (Kobes et al., 2010) and how they navigate in building affected by disasters (Lovreglio, Ronchi and Nilsson, 2015; Lovreglio, Fonzone and dell'Olio, 2016). Moreover, several applications have shown how these tecnologies can be used to train fire safety matters. For example, Duan and Lovreglio (2018) show how a VR tool promotes the retention of fire safety training while Månsson and Ronchi (2018) highlight how VR fire safety training can be effective. Augmented Reality (AR) is a live view of the real-world environment whose elements are "augmented" by computer-generated visual information. As such, this technology occupies a specific place in the reality-virtuality spectrum illustrated in Figure 1. This technology have been used to 'augment' classic drills and train building occupants for tsunami and fire evacuations as well as earthquake training (Lovreglio, 2018).
Planning of the built environment requires at least two different levels of planning process and modelling. They can be categorized as city/neighbourhood-scale and building-scale. The typical application for city/neighbourhood-scale is Geographic Information System (GIS) and CityGML for the open source 3D format. Meanwhile, for building-scale, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used, and IFC format is the open source standard. In this paper, two case studies were presented, including visualization for a web application and input model of the urban microclimate modelling STEVE Tool. We used Autodesk Revit and Graphisoft Archicad in developing the building models as prototype for the transformation testing. The transformation system was developed using Feature Manipulation Engine (FME), by Safe Software. FME allowed us to restructure the data model (IFC) and transform it to the destination data format (CityGML).
Le applicazioni della realtà virtuale al patrimonio culturale rientrano in una generale tendenza verso la riproducibilità e l'interazione mediata dal sistema informatico. Il progetto Mediaevo si propone la realizzazione di una piattaforma multicanale e multisensoriale per l'edutainment nel settore dei Beni Culturali, attraverso l'integrazione tra scienze umane e ICT. Le attività prevedono la realizzazione di un videogioco didattico finalizzato alla diffusione della conoscenza della società medievale. Nel corso di tale progetto è stata realizzata una semplice applicazione di Realtà Aumentata basata sul riconoscimento di marker che permette di interagire con i modelli 3D dell'intera città e di alcuni dei suoi principali monumenti. Inoltre, tramite un'opportuna interfaccia utente, è possibile visualizzare i modelli 3D della Città di Otranto in epoche diverse al fine di fare un confronto visivo sui cambiamenti avvenuti nel tempo. Ogni qual volta si visualizza un modello, nella scena sono presenti alcuni hot spot che permettono, avvicinando la webcam ad una prefissata distanza, di visualizzare le informazioni testuali e fotografiche associate al monumento che si sta osservando.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has recently attained widespread attention in the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. BIM represents the development and use of computer-generated n-dimensional (n-D) models to simulate the planning, design, construction and operation of a facility. It helps architects, engineers and constructors to visualize what is to be built in simulated environment and to identify potential design, construction or operational problems. In this paper, the benefits and possible risks of BIM and future challenges for the construction industry are discussed. First presented is the main concept of BIM with its advantages and possible applications in construction. Then the role of BIM in the construction industry and academia is discussed based on the results of three recent questionnaire surveys. After that, a case study of Hilton Aquarium project in Atlanta is presented to quantitatively illustrate the cost and time savings realized by developing and using a building information model. It is followed by data from 10 construction projects to determine the net BIM savings and BIM return on investment. At the end, BIM risks and future challenges for the construction industry are discussed.
An increasing number of applications rely on 3D geoinformation. In addition to 3D geometry, these applications particularly require complex semantic information. In the context of spatial data infrastructures the needed data are drawn from distributed sources and often are thematically and spatially fragmented. Straight forward joining of 3D objects would inevitably lead to geometrical inconsistencies such as cracks, permeations, or other inconsistencies. Semantic information can help to reduce the ambiguities for geometric integration, if it is coherently structured with respect to geometry. The paper discusses these problems with special focus on virtual 3D city models and the semantic data model CityGML, an emerging standard for the representation and the exchange of 3D city models based on ISO 191xx standards and GML3. Different data qualities are analyzed with respect to their semantic and spatial structure leading to the distinction of six categories regarding the spatio-semantic coherence of 3D city models. Furthermore, it is shown how spatial data with complex object descriptions support the integration process. The derived categories will help in the future development of automatic integration methods for complex 3D geodata.
There is a growing interest in the integration of BIM and GIS. However, most of the research is focused on importing BIM data
in GIS applications and vice versa. Real integration of BIM and GIS is using the strong parts of the GIS technology in BIM,
and of course the strong parts from BIM technology in GIS. In this paper a mix of strong parts from both worlds is integrated
in a single project. The paper describes the development of a CityGML extension called GeoBIM to get semantic IFC data into
a GIS context. The conversion of IFC to CityGML (including the GeoBIM extension) is implemented in the open source Building
Information Modelserver.
Resilience of the built environment is a primary issue to provide the citizens users a high-quality environment and livable cities. The aim of this research is to identify the Built Environment (BE) typologies prone to the Slow Onset Disasters (SLODs), in Italian cities. A SLOD can be defined as an uninterrupted, gradual or variable, low intensity and high frequency event that generates a negative effect on population, which on the long term can generate significant health and environmental decay. The results of the research have demonstrated that some SLODs type are more impacting within the built environment: the air pollution concentration and the increasing temperatures. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that some urban archetypes: the piazza, piazzale and the urban canyon are more prone to produce negative effects on the population through amplification of the consequences of the exposure to the SLODs. The article concludes with some insights (solar radiation and wind tunneling analysis) on the most critical architypes, for understanding better how they perform under specific conditions. This research, within the context of the Italian research project (PRIN) BE S2ECURe, is to be intended as the first step towards the definition of a method for assessment of the effects of the SLODs risk on a specific part of the city.
KeywordsResilienceBuilt environmentSlow onset disasterUrban heat islandAir pollution
The Built Environment (BE), especially historical parts embodying the built heritage, has to be preserved from more and more frequent SUdden Onset Disasters (SUODs): events mainly identified in seismic and terroristic risks that cannot be predicted far in advance. The aim of this research is to identify the main issues related to the features of BE prone to disasters in order to provide solutions considering the human behaviours in response to such events. Results evidence the key role of Open Spaces (OS) in the BE during disasters that may interfere the performance of the overall urban system. Hence, the human behaviours and evacuation process have been studied in order to develop models for safety assessment evaluation and risk-reduction strategies proposals
Recent events have shown how the Built Environment (BE), defined as a network of buildings, infrastructures, and open spaces, and its users are more and more prone to disasters, showing very poor resilience. The chapter focuses on the state of the art concerning the relation between BE and SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUOD) considering risks and human behavior. Results concerning the characterization of BE prone to SUODs underline the primary importance of open spaces in the Built Environment, as elements to characterize in respect to the possible emergency phases and the behavior of the BEs users. Attention is given to the BE constituting the base elements for urban areas (i.e., compact historic city) because of the related risk-affecting specific conditions (i.e., crowding, the complexity of overall BEs form, built element features, BEs uses). Moving from different open spaces types classification, the chapter defines morphological classes of BE representative of the variables of urban systems that interact with the identified SUODs risks.
Air pollution concentration and heat wave intensity represent the most recurrent evidence of SLow-Onset Disaster risks that rapidly affect the population in cities. Their manifestation and concurrence depend on the context's environmental conditions and mass behavior of citizens; risk is more likely to surge during summer, a season progressively getting longer and warmer. This represents even higher risk, since heat and radiation can intensify ground-level pollution. However, these evidences are mostly experienced within the Built Environment, as some of its characteristics have proven to intensify their effect. Thus, this work concentrated on applying data driven methods and tools for identifying representative portions of the Built Environment in Italian cities (extrapolated from the city of Milan), characterized by extensive historical, cultural and architectural heritage, in which critical air pollution concentration and heat wave intensity typically arises. In this analysis, urban canyon and piazzale were identified as morphologies displaying high exposure and vulnerability; also, construction and behavioral customs are considered.
Earthquakes have high impact in Italian historic centres, and the complex disaster chain still causes considerable casualties and damage to the built environment. In these contexts, the seismic risk assessment is a challenging task. Therefore, the emergency management offers a mitigation strategy to reduce or avoid the potential losses associated to a seismic event. Despite the efforts in developing procedures to improve the emergency planning, the peculiarities of historic centres have been so far neglected. This paper assumes that the urban configuration and morphology of historic settlements have a key role in the definition of urban safety and resilience. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the research aims at implementing the spatio-configurational aspects into the post-seismic emergency management of Italian historic centres. The application of a scenario-based method offers a predictive approach to emergencies which embeds the uncertainties of the effects of earthquakes. The methodology is based on the development of road network’s scenarios and their analysis by means of space syntax techniques. It starts from the evaluation of vulnerabilities and the mapping of the emergency system. Then, it analyses the road network in order to identify the more attractive routes of the configuration. Finally, different simulations of inaccessibility scenarios are proposed and expressed in terms of interferences with the road network. The methodology has been applied to the historic centre of Lucignano, in the Central Italy, demonstrating the effectiveness of spatial analyses in addressing the route-finding decision making during the evacuation process and in selecting the location of emergency areas.
Sustainable cities have to constantly face natural catastrophes, and planning actions should be oriented to quickly manage emergency conditions. Earthquake represents one of the most critical disasters. Earthquake-induced built environment modifications (i.e. building debris) affect the urban paths network availability. Historic centres are relevant scenarios because of their specific features (i.e. Heritage vulnerability; complex and compact fabric). Predicting which paths could be used by rescuers to rapidly reach damaged inhabitants could reduce losses and improve first aid actions. Sustainable semeiotic tools are proposed to quickly esteem the paths availability combining street geometrical features and building damages. Currently, no study provides insights on methods reliability. Hence, this work critically analyses methods outcomes by implementing them, for the first time, on the same real-world sample (Italian historic centres). Rapid tools (satellite images, photographic documentation) are used to compare methods previsions with effective post-earthquake paths availability. Pros and cons of each analysed method are evidenced, underlining that the approach that combines street-building geometry, building vulnerability and earthquake severity seems to give the best results. This could help Local Authorities and Civil Protection Bodies in better developing risk-mitigation strategies concerning, e.g., emergency management (rescuers’ access routes definition) and urban planning (building retrofitting interventions).
In risk analysis, extremes natural phenomena become hazardous when they strike human beings, tangible and intangible assets. In urban areas, the exponential growth of population and its density makes cities more exposed to the effects of natural impacts that could become catastrophic and generate high-risk situations. As a result, the current situation makes the population and its economic and social activities highly exposed to the different natural risks. In the last 40 years, the Exposure of built-up area and population to natural hazards doubled: now seismic hazard could affect 2.7 billion, volcanoes eruptions 414 million people and tropical cyclones over 1.6 billion.
The complexity of cities and their internal structure make it more and more important to study the distribution of urban population density, and big data provide some new technical means for this theme. Based on the Baidu heat map data and urban POI data in Xi'an, China, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and mechanism of urban population density were explored with the population density index (PDI), spatial correlation index (SCI) and ordinary least squares (OLS) models. The results suggest that the change of population density in different regions is different, and the change on working days and off days is also different; no matter on working days or off days, the urban population density distribution in different time slots shows the characteristics of agglomeration; land use has great influence on distribution of urban population density in different time slots; the purpose of residents' activities, the difference of spatial functions, and the interaction between them cause the spatiotemporal evolution of urban population density. The conclusion shows that the Baidu heat map data and POI data are of great value for studying the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and mechanism of urban population density.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers a novel approach to design, construction, and facility management in which a digital representation of the building product and process is used to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital format. BIM is beginning to change the way buildings look, the way they function, and the ways in which they are designed and built.
The BIM Handbook, Third Edition provides an in-depth understanding of BIM technologies, the business and organizational issues associated with its implementation, and the profound advantages that effective use of BIM can provide to all members of a project team. Updates to this edition include:
• Information on the ways in which professionals should use BIM to gain maximum value
• New topics such as collaborative working, national and major construction clients, BIM standards and guides
• A discussion on how various professional roles have expanded through the widespread use and the new avenues of BIM practices and services
• A wealth of new case studies that clearly illustrate exactly how BIM is applied in a wide variety of conditions
Painting a colorful and thorough picture of the state of the art in building information modeling, the BIM Handbook, Third Edition guides readers to successful implementations, helping them to avoid needless frustration and costs and take full advantage of this paradigm-shifting approach to construct better buildings that consume fewer materials and require less time, labor, and capital resources.
In parallel with the observed greater frequency of natural disasters worldwide, there has been an ever-increasing interest in urban resilience and its assessment. Experience obtained in recent extreme events (in particular, earthquakes and floods) has revealed that both the level of preparedness and the response of affected cities were insufficiently high, whereas the recovery process was long and expensive. For this reason improved pre-disaster mitigation actions, as well as smart and strategic urban planning in threatened areas (e.g. in earthquake-prone regions), is essential. For this purpose, a comprehensive review of the existing literature has been performed in relation to the holistic assessment of urban system resilience to natural disasters, with an emphasis on the effect of earthquakes. The main goal of the review was to try to determine how to best assess the resilience of urban systems as a whole, taking into account all of their components, i.e. both the physical components (i.e. of buildings, infrastructure, and open spaces) and the social components (i.e. of the community), as well as the dynamic interactions between them. Besides considering the commonly measured indicators (e.g. determination of the scope of actual structural damage caused by an earthquake), the paper tries to extend the discussion to some indicators which are not so commonly taken into account, by applying a quantitative resilience assessment approach. Based on the results of the described new literature review, a preliminary concept which could be used to assess the seismic resilience of complex urban systems, taking into account all urban components which have been identified as having an important impact on the latter, is presented. This concept consists of three different parts: (i) a probabilistic fragility analysis for each individual physical element (i.e. a building or an infrastructure element), (ii) a composite index methodology for the measurement of community disaster resilience, and (iii) a complex network approach (graph theory) for the assessment of the resilience of urban systems as a whole. Since, in the existing literature, there is a lack of consideration of urban open space, which can have a significant role in the recovery process, it is suggested that, in future research of seismic resilience assessment, such open space should be taken into account, and that an in-depth study of possible recovery strategies be performed.
Augmented Reality (AR) technologies for supporting maintenance operations have been an academic research topic for around 50 years now. In the last decade, major progresses have been made and the AR technology is getting closer to being implemented in industry. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of AR have been explored and quantified in terms of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for industrial maintenance. Unfortunately, some technical issues still prevent AR from being suitable for industrial applications. This paper aims to show, through the results of a systematic literature review, the current state of the art of AR in maintenance and the most relevant technical limitations. The analysis included filtering from a large number of publications to 30 primary studies published between 1997 and 2017. The results indicate a high fragmentation among hardware, software and AR solutions which lead to a high complexity for selecting and developing AR systems. The results of the study show the areas where AR technology still lacks maturity. Future research directions are also proposed encompassing hardware, tracking and user-AR interaction in industrial maintenance is proposed.
This survey summarizes almost 50 years of research and development in the field of Augmented Reality (AR). From early research in the 1960's until widespread availability by the 2010's there has been steady progress towards the goal of being able to seamlessly combine real and virtual worlds. We provide an overview of the common definitions of AR, and show how AR fits into taxonomies of other related technologies. A history of important milestones in Augmented Reality is followed by sections on the key enabling technologies of tracking, display and input devices. We also review design guidelines and provide some examples of successful AR applications. Finally, we conclude with a summary of directions for future work and a review of some of the areas that are currently being researched.
Nuove tecniche fotografiche per la documentazione, la valorizzazione e la divulgazione del patrimonio culturale: high dynamic range imaging, photo stitching e virtual tour
- A Cardaci
- A Versaci
- L R Fauzia
Cardaci, A., Versaci, A., Fauzia, L.R.: Nuove tecniche fotografiche per la documentazione,
la valorizzazione e la divulgazione del patrimonio culturale: high dynamic range imaging,
photo stitching e virtual tour. In: IX Conferenza del Colore. Maggioli, pp. 270-281 (2013)
Integration of HBIM and 3D GIS for Digital Heritage Modelling
- C Dore
- M Murphy
Dore, C., Murphy, M.: Integration of HBIM and 3D GIS for Digital Heritage Modelling,
Digital Documentation, 22-23 October, 2012 Edinburgh, Scotland (2012)
Understanding the principles of terrorism risk modeling from Charlie Hebdo attack in Paris
- G Woo
Woo, G.: Understanding the principles of terrorism risk modeling from Charlie Hebdo attack
in Paris. Def. Against Terror. Rev. 7(1), 33-46 (2015)
Applicazione interattiva di realtà aumentata per i beni culturali
- L T De Paolis
- LT De Paolis