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Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal three new
records of wild Mushrooms from India
in Lactarius subgenus Russularia
Ishika Bera1 and Kanad Das2*
1Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. - Botanic Garden, Howrah -711103, India.
2*Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. - Botanic
Garden, Howrah - 711103, India.
*Corresponding author: kanaddasbsi@gmail.com
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Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the Indian mycobiota. During a routine macrofungal survey in the forested areas
of Arunachal Pradesh, three members from Lactarius subg. Russularia i.e. L. ambiguus, L. hirtipes and L. kesiyae
were collected. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and nrITS-based phylogenetic estimation of
these species are presented. All three species are reported for the first time from India.
orange to orange-brown, yellowish to reddish brown
coloured and short to medium sized fruit bodies with
typically dry and smooth cap surfaces (Basso 1999;
Heilmann-Clausen & al., 1998; Wisitrassameewong
& al., 2015; 2016). The colour of the latex is generally
white and unchanging on exposure in this group with
few exceptions such as white to pale yellow latex in L.
quietus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. and L. decipiens Quél., white latex
turning into straw yellow and sulphur yellow in L.
tabidus Fr. and L. duplicatus A.H. Sm. respectively
INTRODUCTION
Lactarius Pers. being one of the cosmopolitan genera
in the family Russulaceae has been found to be
associated with both the broadleaved trees and conifers.
It has been divided into the three subgenera: L. subg.
Russularia (Fr.) Kauffman, L. subg. Plinthogali (Burl.)
Hesler & A. H. Smith and L. subg. Lactarius (Fr. ex J.
Kickx f.) Kauffman. Species representing subg.
Russularia are morphologically characterized by the
Arunachal Pradesh, Morphology, nrITS, Phylogenetic inference, Russulaceae
Keywords:
ISSN (Print): 0976-5069
ISSN (ONLINE): 2455-376x
Nelumbo Vol.63(1), (183-196) 2021
DOI: 10.20324/nelumbo/v63/2021/157371
Received: 16.01.2021 Accepted: 20.06.2021 Date of Publication: 31.07.2021
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184
Fig. 1. Phylogram generated from ITS-rDNA sequences: The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood
method in raxmlGUI 2.0 beta. Bootstrap support values (>50%) obtained from the ML analysis are shown above or below the
branches at nodes.
Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal three new records of wild Mushrooms from India in Lactarius sub-genus Russularia
185
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(Heilmann-Clausen & al., 1998; Wisitrassameewong
& al., 2019; Wisitrassameewong & al., 2016). Hence,
more comprehensive exploration is required to
completely unravel its diversity in India. This present
paper is contributing some addition to the diversity for
the country. During the routine macrofungal surveys
in the subtropical forests of Arunachal Pradesh, India
which are dominated by Castanopsis and Pinus, some
collections belonging to the subg. Russularia were
made. A thorough morphological characterization
(macro- and micromorphology) coupled with nrITS-
based phylogenetic estimation revealed these taxa as L.
ambiguusX.H. Wang, L. hirtipesJ.Z. Ying and L.
kesiyaeVerbeken & K.D. Hyde. All these three species
are reported for the first time from India with a detailed
morphological description and ITS-based phylogenetic
inferences.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Morphological study
Macromorphological features were recorded in the
forest and in base-camp from the collected and dissected
young to mature basidiomata. Images of the fresh
basidiomata were captured with Nikon SLR D3400.
Colour codes and terms used here are mostly after
Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup & Wanscher,
1978). Micromorphological features were observed
with a compound microscope (OLYMPUS CX-41).
Free hand sections from dry specimens were mounted
in a mixture of 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH), 1%
Phloxine and 1% Congo red or in distilled water.
Micromorphological drawings were made with a
drawing tube (attached to the OLYMPUS CX-41) at
1000× magnification. All measurements were taken
with the help of CellSens Standard software, dedicated
to OLYMPUS BX-53. The basidium length excludes
sterigmata. Basidiospore measurements were recorded
in profile view from 40 basidiospores. Spore
measurements and length/width ratios (Q) are
recorded here as: minimum–mean–maximum.
Herbarium codes follow Thiers (2021) (continuously
updated). Microphotography is made with the help of a
dedicated camera OLYMPUS DP-22 attached with
compound microscope OLYMPUS BX-53.
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and
sequencing
Genomic DNA was isolated from dry herbarium
specimens (10–50 mg) using the Fungal gDNA Mini
Kit (RGCB, RFDF, Thiruvananthapuram). PCR
protocol for the amplification of ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2
regions (nrITS) followed those in Das & al., (2017).
PCR products were duly purified using a QIAquick
Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, Germany) and subjected
to automated DNA sequencing on an ABI3730xl DNA
Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA) adding the same
primers used earlier for amplification. The final
consensus sequences were deposited at GenBank to
procure the accession numbers: MW075681 and
MW075683 for L. ambiguus, MW075668 and
MW075673 for L. hirtipes, MW075677 and
MW075682 for L. kesiyae.
Phylogenetic analysis
Phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS sequences data
were carried out to establish the phylogenetic
placement of our isolated taxa. The nrITS sequences of
Indian Lactarius hirtipes, L. ambiguus and L. kesiyae
plus similar ones from the subg. Russularia acquired
from Blast search (Altschul & al., 1997) against
GenBank (Clark & al., 2016) and relevant published
phylogenies (Wisitrassameewong & al., 2015; 2016)
were aligned with the help of MAFFT v.7 (Katoh &
Standley, 2013). Aligned sequences were trimmed
manually with MEGA7 (Kumar & al., 2016). Final
aligned sequences were edited manually with the help
of BioEdit 7.2.5 (Hall 1999). Sequences of ITS were
phylogenetically analyzed using Maximum Likelihood
(ML). Maximum Likelihood (ML) was computed in
raxmlGUI 2.0 (Edler & al., 2019). One-thousand (1000)
bootstrap replicates were analyzed to obtain nodal
support values in case of ML analysis. We considered
that clades with the bootstrap values exceeding 50% as
well-supported.
RESULTS
Phylogenetic inferences
The final dataset consists of 60 nrITS sequences
including our consensus sequences derived from
Indian isolates. The phylogenetic tree (showing Indian
collections in red and bold font) is presented in Fig 1.
Sequences derived from Indian collections of L. hirtipes
(MW075668 and MW075673) are nested within the
L. hirtipes clade (indicated with a blue box) consisting
of all the Chinese collections (representing MG589766
and MG589767 GenBank numbers) suggesting its
strong similarity or conspecificity with the Indian
species: L. hirtipes. Similarly, the sequences derived
Ishika Bera and Kanad Das
187
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from the Indian collections of L. ambiguus (MW075681
and MW075683) are allied with its Chinese
counterparts (MH447585 and MH447583) (indicated
in a blue box). Likewise, the Indian collections of L.
kesiyae (MW075677 and MW075682) are nested
within the L. kesiyae clade consisting the other Asian
collections (KR025614, MG551727, KF432995,
MK167413 and KR025615) (indicated with a blue box).
Taxonomy
LactariusambiguusX.H. Wang, Cryptog. Mycol.
39 (2): 218 (2018) (Fig. 2 & 3)
Pileus 18–50 mm diam., convex with incurved margin
with a central umbo when young, gradually becoming
planoconvex to infundibuliform with broad central
depression with much reduced umbo; surface dry,
smooth; pilear surface light brown to yellowish brown
(5D4–5) with light brown (5D5) and darker at the
centre, gradually fading on maturity to brownish orange
(5C5) and lighter, pale yellow to greyish yellow (4B–
A3) and paler at the margin; the cuticle not peeling
easily; brittle in consistency; margin incurved when
young, gradually becomes decurved, entire. Lamellae
subdecurrent, rather crowded (16 L+l/cm at pilear
margin); rarely forked at the juncture of the stipe,
lamellulae in 6 series, orange white (5A2) but turning
brownish on bruising, edge entire. Stipe 50–85 × 6–10
mm, central; cylindrical, surface dry, pruinose, greyish
orange (5B3–4) gradually darker at base. Context
moderately thin at pileus in comparison to the stipe,
orange white (6A2), unchanged with 3% KOH,
greenish with FeSO4, becoming brownish with guaiac.
Latex scarce, slightly bitter, watery white, unchanging
on exposure. Taste mild bitter. Odor fruity. Spore print
not recorded.
Basidiospores 5.9–6.7–8.0 × 5.3–5.7–6.6 µm, (n = 40,
Q = 1.05–1.16–1.24), usually globose to broadly
ellipsoid; ornamentation amyloid, up to 0.7–1.2 µm
high, composed of ridges and medium elongate warts
partly connected with connectors to form partially to
almost complete reticulation, sometimes in a sub-
zebroid pattern, isolated warts and free ridges present;
suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia 45.0–52.2× 9.5–11
µm, clavate, 4–spored; sterigmata upto 2.5 × 0.8 µm.
Pleuromacrocystidia scarce to common, 58.0–87.8 ×
7.1–9.7 µm, emergent up to 44 µm, cylindric to
subcylindric with fusoid, subfusoid to mucronate apices,
thin-walled; content dense, granular to crystalline.
Pleuropseudocystidia rare, up to 2.3 µm wide, mostly
non-emergent, cylindrical, sometimes tortuous at base.
Lamellae edge sterile. Cheilomacrocystidia not found.
Subhymenium up to 22 µm thick, cellular.
Hymenophoral trama composed of lactifers and few
nests of sphaerocytes connected with connecting
hyphae. Pileipellis up to 81 µm thick, an ixotrichoderm,
suprapellis hairy, composed of interwoven, septate,
mostly ascending hyphae, terminal cells of 20–88 ×
2.4–3.1 µm, often intermixed with lactiferous hyphae.
Stipitipellis up to 67 µm thick, a cutis, composed of
loose septate hyphae of 1.5–2 µm wide. Clamp
connections absent in all tissues.
Habitat/distribution: Growing scattered on soil in
association with a mixed forest of Castanopsis and Pinus
sp. in subtropical Himalaya.
Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh,
West Kameng, Chug, 27°25.908’ N, 092°12.417’ E, 1761
m a.s.l, 4th August 2019, I. Bera, IB 19-023 (CAL 1828).
DISCUSSION
The combination of macro and micromorphological
characters such as small to medium sized, dry
basidiomata with a convex to planoconvex to
infundibuliform, dry, smooth, light brown to yellowish
brown coloured umbonate pileus with paler margin;
greyish orange stipe; subdecurrent, rather crowded
lamellae turning brownish on bruising; watery white
unchanging latex, scarce pleuromacrocystidia mostly
with mucronate apices and compactly arranged
ixotrichoderm nature of pileipellis identify our Indian
collections as L. ambiguuus. Morphology of the Indian
materials are mostly in compliance with the holotype
described from China (Wang & al., 2018) which is
furthermore strongly supported with our nrITS based
phylogenetic estimation. Lactarius ambiguus from
India are allied to the Chinese counterparts
(represented by MH447585 and MH447583 in Fig. 1).
But as mentioned in the description of the holotype by
Wang & al., (2018), a wide morphological variation
was noticed within the specimens in L. ambiguus. Thus,
identification becomes quite difficult based on only
the morphological characterization.
An Asian species, L. tangerinus H.T. Le & De Crop is
quite similar to L. ambiguus due to its morphologically
similar basidiomata, unchanging latex, subglobose to
broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, pleuromacrocystidia
with mucronate apices and trichoderm nature of the
pileipellis (Wisitrassameewong & al., 2015). But the
presence of the umbonate pileus, longer
pleuromacrocystida and the presence of the thin gluten
Ishika Bera and Kanad Das
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Fig. 3. Line drawings of Lactariusambiguus(IB 19-023). A. Fresh basidiomata in the field and basecamp. B. Basidiospores. C.
Pleuromacrocystidia. D. Pleuropseudocystidia. E. Basidia. F. Pileipellis. G. Stipitipellis. Scale bars: B = 2 µm; C–G = 10 µm.
Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal three new records of wild Mushrooms from India in Lactarius sub-genus Russularia
189
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layer certainly distinguish L. ambiguus from the former.
Another Asian species, L. inconspicuus H.T. Le & F.
Hampe may get confused in terms of the similar looking
cap surfaces with much darker centre and similar
ixotrichoderm structure of the pileipellis, but the moist
and viscid basidiomata, white latex turning pale yellow
on exposure and a much thicker slime layer of the cutis
make it quite distinct from L. ambiguus
(Wisitrassameewong & al., 2015).
LactariushirtipesJ.Z. Ying,Acta Mycol. Sin.10(3):
192 (1991) (Fig. 4 & 5)
Pileus 35–70 mm diam., convex with a central umbo
when young, gradually becoming planoconvex at
maturity, umbo may or may not persists; surface moist,
viscid, mostly smooth to faintly rugulose graduating
from centre, brownish orange (6C7) at centre with
lighter towards margin; margin regular to wavy,
sometimes cracked, decurved when young, incurved at
maturity. Lamellae sub-decurrent, crowded (15 L+l /
cm at pilear margin); lamellulae present in 5 series;
edge entire; yellowish white (2A2). Stipe 35–100 × 6–
7 mm, central, cylindrical; surface viscid, smooth,
concolorous to pileus, lighter near apex, white
mycelium present at the base. Context in pileus thin,
solid in stipe, orange white to pale orange (5A2–3),
turning brownish after bruising, almost immediately
turning bluish green in FeSO4 and unchanging in
guaiac and NH4OH. Latex scanty, watery white,
unchanging on cut lamellae, taste mild acrid. Taste
slightly acrid. Odor fruity. Spore print not found.
Basidiospores 5.7–7.0–7.9 × 5.2–6.6–7.3 µm, (n = 30,
Q = 1.00–1.05–1.10), usually globose to subglobose;
ornamentation amyloid, up to 0.5 µm high, composed
of isolated warts and ridges that connected or aligned
with connectors to form partially to almost complete
reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia 29.4–36.5
× 9.5–12 µm, subclavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 1.5–6.7
× 1.1–1.7 µm. Pleuromacrocystidia common to
abundant, 36.1–57.3 × 3.1–6.3 µm, emergent up to 27.4
µm, cylindric to subcylindric with rounded, acute,
fusoid, subfusoid to mucronate apices, thin-walled;
content dense, granular to fibrous.
Pleuropseudocystidia scarce to moderate, up to 1.8 µm
wide, mostly non-emergent, cylindrical to slightly
tortuous, with rounded apex. Lamellae edge fertile with
basidia and basidioles. Cheilomacrocystidia not found.
Subhymenium up to 21.5 µm thick, cellular.
Hymenophoral trama composed of lactifers and few
nests of sphaerocytes connected with connecting
hyphae. Pileipellis up to 68 µm thick, an epithelium,
composed of cellular to sub-cellular structure up to
28 µm diam., terminal elements slightly elongated (3.5–
12.5 × 5.6–8 µm), no hyphal structure present.
Stipitipellis composed of compactly and longitudinally
arranged septate, sometimes inflated hyphae, rosettes
of sphaerocytes not noticed. Clamp connections absent
in all tissues.
Habitat/distribution: Growing scattered on soil in
association with a mixed forest of Castanopsis and Pinus
sp. in subtropical Himalaya.
Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, West
Kameng, Sergaon, 27°07.623’ N, 092°13.628’ E, 2408 m
a.s.l, 26th July 2019, I. Bera, IB 19-008 (CAL 1829).
DISCUSSION
Lactarius hirtipes can easily be recognized in the field
due to its bright brownish orange coloured slender
smooth fruit bodies with watery white latex.
Microscopically, globose to subglobose small
basidiospores, absence of cheilomacrocystidia,
pileipellis composed of cellular to non-cellular
structures with no hyphal component and distinctively
separated from the pilear trama and the longitudinally
arranged hyphal structure of the stipitipellis make this
taxon quite distinguished amongst others in subg.
Russularia. Apart from the presence of a reduced umbo
on the pileus (in some basidiomata), longer stipe and
the unchanging latex, the Indian collections are in
congruent with the Chinese counterparts (Wang & Liu,
2002) which is also supported by our nrITS based
phylogeney in Fig. 1. where L. hirtipes from India shows
conspecifity with that of the Chinese collections
(represented by MG589766 and MG589767).
Micromorphologically, L. hirtipes can be confused with
the North American species, L. thiersiiHesler & A.H.
Sm., L. rufulusPeck and L. subserifluus Longyear due
to the absence of any rosettes in the cortex of pileus and
stipe. But the cinnamon coloured pileus in L. thiersii,
larger basidiospores (7–9.5 × 7–9.5 µm) in L.
rufulusand rusty orange coloured pileus in L.
subserifluus separate these species from L. hirtipes
(Wang & Liu, 2002). Another species (originally
described from China), L. chichuensisW.F. Chiu
resembles L. hirtipes because of the similar coloured
and smooth surfaced basidiomata, the association with
the subtropical deciduous trees and the alike pattern of
the pileipellis and stipitipellis. But it becomes
distinguished due to the following characters: the shorter
stipe (30–55 µm), subglobose to broadly ellipsoid
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basidiospores with zebroid ornamentation (partially
to almost completely reticulate in L. hirtipes), larger
pleuromacrocystidia (47–90 × 6–12 µm) and stipe
cortex with rosettes of sphaerocytes (Wang & Liu,
2002). Moreover, the cellular nature of the pileipellis is
quite similar to that of an Indian species L.
dombangensis Verbeken & Van de Putte, but its much
smaller pileus (2–5 mm diam.), crenulate margin and
distant lamellae makes this species quite distinct in the
field itself. L. flavigalactus Verbeken & K. Das, another
species from India may appear close to L. hirtipes in the
field due to its reddish brown basidiomata with or
without a reduced umbo but the yellowing latex and
ixocutis pattern of the pileipellis certainly differentiate
it from the latter (Wisitrassameewong & al., 2016).
LactariuskesiyaeVerbeken & K.D. Hyde, Phytotaxa
207(3): 229 (2015) (Fig. 6 & 7)
Pileus 42–105 mm diam., hemispheric to planoconvex
with a central umbo when young, gradually becoming
uplifting to infundibuliform with a wide central
depression, sometimes umbo persists; surface moist,
slightly viscid, smooth when young, heavy wrinkles
along the margin on maturity, combination of
yellowish grey and light blond (3B2 and 4C3) with
light orange (5A4) at the centre, margin becoming
yellowish grey (2B2) and lighter with a much darker
centre on maturity, greyish orange (5B4) spots are seen
in the matured basidiomata; margin entire to pectinate,
incurved. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, close (12
L+l /cm at pilear margin); lamellulae present in 4–5
series; edge entire; yellowish grey (2B2) and lighter,
gradually becoming darker with maturity. Stipe 55–85
× 10–25 mm, central to eccentric, cylindrical; surface
viscid or sticky, light orange to greyish orange (5A–
B5) with lighter at apex and gradually becoming darker
towards base, surface pruinose. Context in pileus thin,
hollow in stipe, yellowish white (1–2A2), almost
immediately turning greenish in guaiac, brownish olive
green in FeSO4 and unchanging in NH4OH. Latex
watery white, turning pale yellow to light yellow (2A3–
4) on cut lamellae. Taste quite bitter. Odor fruity. Spore
print not found.
Basidiospores 6.0–7.5–9.5 × 5.0–6.3–8.0 µm, (n = 30,
Q = 1.05–1.18–1.35), usually subglobose to ellipsoid;
ornamentation amyloid, up to 1.1–1.7 µm high,
composed of isolated warts and ridges that connected
or aligned with connectors in a zebroid pattern to form
partially to incomplete reticulum; suprahilar spot
inamyloid. Basidia 35.4–41.8 × 8.8–9.8 µm, subclavate,
4-spored; sterigmata 1.8–2.0 × 0.9–1.2 µm.
Pleuromacrocystidia abundant, 52.0–80.6 × 4.6–9.4
µm, emergent up to 41.4 µm, subcylindric with fusoid,
subfusoid, mucronate, subcapitate to appendiculated
apices, thin-walled; content dense, granular to fibrous.
Pleuropseudocystidia abundant, 1.7–2.2 µm wide,
mostly non-emergent, cylindrical to slightly tortuous,
with rounded apex. Lamellae edge fertile with basidia,
basidioles and cystidia. Cheilomacrocystidia rare, 39.3–
51.2 × 4.6–5.8 µm, emergent up to 32 µm, subcylindric
with subfusoid to appendiculated apices, thin-walled;
content dense, granular to fibrous. Subhymenium up
to 15 µm thick, cellular. Hymenophoral trama
composed of lactifers and few nests of sphaerocytes
connected with connecting hyphae. Pileipellis up to
112.7 µm thick, an ixotrichoderm, suprapellis hairy,
composed of interwoven, septate, mostly ascending
hyphae intermixed with lactiferous hyphae (10.6–25.2
× 1.7–2.9 µm). Stipitipellis up to 38.8 µm thick, ixocutis;
composed of interwoven, septate hyphae. Clamp
connections absent in all tissues.
Habitat/distribution: Growing scattered on soil in
association with Pinus sp. in a mixed deciduous forest
in subtropical Himalaya.
Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh,
West Kameng, Dirang, Namchu, 27°21.155’ N,
092°18.942’ E, 1968 m a.s.l, 2nd August 2019, I. Bera, IB
19-019 (CAL 1830).
DISCUSSION
LactariuskesiyaeVerbeken & K.D. Hyde can be
recognised in the field by its medium sized fruit bodies
(pileus 42–105 mm diam., stipe 55–85 × 10–25 mm),
smooth, viscid, moist, yellowish gray and light blond
coloured, sometimes umbonate cap surfaces with light
orange at the centre, entire to pectinate margin, light
orange to greyish orange stipe, watery white latex
changing to pale yellow on exposure, adnate to sub-
decurrent lamellae and its occurrence under Pinus sp.
Microscopically, a much emergent and long
pleuromacrocystidia (52.0–80.6 × 4.6–9.4 µm) and
cheilomacrocystidia (39.3–51.2 × 4.6–5.8 µm) and an
ixotrichoderm nature of pileipellis make this species
more identifiable. Morphologically, the Indian
collection is mostly in conformity with the holotype
described from Vietnam (Wisitrassameewong & al.,
2015). Moreover, our nrITS-based phylogeny strongly
shows the conspecificity of our collections to the
Vietnamese counterpart of L. kesiyae (represented by
KR025614 in Fig. 1), and other Asian collections from
Japan, Thailand and China (MG551727, KF432995,
Ishika Bera and Kanad Das
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192
Fig. 5. Lactariushirtipes(IB 19-008). A. Fresh basidiomata in the field and basecamp. B. Basidiospores. C. Pleuromacrocystidia.
D. Pleuropseudocystidia. E. Basidia. F. Pileipellis. G. Stipitipellis. Scale bars: B = 2 µm; C–G = 10 µm.
Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal three new records of wild Mushrooms from India in Lactarius sub-genus Russularia
www.nelumbo-bsi.in Nelumbo
194
KR025615 and MK167413 respectively in Fig. 1).
However, the Indian specimens show comparatively
larger basidiomata, close lamellae (12 L+l /cm at pilear
margin) with lamellulae in 4–5 series.
Though the ixotrichoderm pattern of the pileipellis is
similar to that of the members of L. subg. Lactarius, but
in few temperate species from Europe and North
America like L. decipiens Quel., L. badiosanguineus
Kühner & Romagn. and L. duplicatus A.H. Sm. such
viscid pileus surfaces have been found. However,
morphologically, these species are quite distinct from
L. kesiyae. Similar characters of L. inconspicuus H.T.
Le & F. Hampe like medium sized basidiomata with
sticky moist umbonate pileus, white latex changing to
pale yellow, long protruding pleuromacrocystidia and
ixotrichoderm nature of pileipellis make it confused
with L. kesiyae (Wisitrassameewong & al., 2015). But
darker coloured cap surface, dissimilar macrochemical
colour reactions on context (light brown with KOH
and greyish yellow with FeSO4) and its association with
Castanopsis make L. inconspicuus completely distinct
from L. kesiyae (Wisitrassameewong & al., 2015).
Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal three new records of wild Mushrooms from India in Lactarius sub-genus Russularia
Fig. 7. Lactariuskesiyae(IB 19-019). A. Fresh basidiomata in the field and basecamp. B. Basidiospores. C. Pleuromacrocystidia.
D. Pleuropseudocystidia. E. Cheilomacrocystidia. F. Basidia. G. Pileipellis. H. Stipitipellis. Scale bars: B = 2 µm; C–H = 10 µm.
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www.nelumbo-bsi.inNelumbo
ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Director, Botanical
Survey of India (Kolkata) for providing facilities. IB &
KD are thankful to the entire forest department of
Arunachal Pradesh for allowing them to undertake the
macrofungal surveys to the restricted areas.
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Morphology and molecular phylogeny reveal three new records of wild Mushrooms from India in Lactarius sub-genus Russularia
