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Pathophysiology of Obesity and Diabetes
Abstract and Figures
Obesity is characterized by excessive accumulation of fats in the adipose tissues. Accumulation of excess fat releases a large number of adipokines that can cause obesity and diabetes mellitus due to irregularity between demand and the production of insulin. Obesity affects many organs and influences the heart, liver, intestines, respiratory organs, endocrine, and reproductive functions. Polydipsia, polyuria, weight reduction, coronary illness, kidney injury, diabetic foot, and diabetic ketoacidosis are pathophysiological manifestations and complications of diabetes. Obesity and overweight also contribute to the immune system dysfunction due to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are also risk factors for many types of cancer.
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... Reducing the disparities between knowledge, attitude, and practices constitutes a serious track in a holistic strategy for the management of obesity in these areas. psychological, and physical health and well-being of an individual [8]. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of many other diseases and disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes, certain cancers, inflammatory diseases, infertility, immune system dysfunction, and infections [8][9][10]. ...
... psychological, and physical health and well-being of an individual [8]. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of many other diseases and disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes, certain cancers, inflammatory diseases, infertility, immune system dysfunction, and infections [8][9][10]. Besides, there is an association between obesity, severity, and mortality in patients with infectious diseases [11] such as COVID-19. ...
... In 2020, globally, 39 million children under the age of 5 and more than 340 million aged of 5-19 were overweight and obese [2]. In Cameroon, Tchoubi et al. [3] have reported a prevalence of obesity and overweight of 8% among children aged 6 to 59 months in Cameroon in 2011, while Wamba et al. [4] noted in children of [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] years old at Douala a prevalence of 14.3% in 2010. Concerning adults, Engle-Stone et al. [5] reported a prevalence of obesity and overweight of 22-55.5% among women. ...
Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) studies have recently been suggested as a useful tool to understand the specificity of the population related to a disease. However, in Cameroon, there is a lack of information based on KAP studies regarding obesity. This study has been designed to collect basic indicators on the KAP of the populations regarding overweight and obesity in urban and rural areas in Cameroon (Douala and Manjo). For this purpose, an epidemiological community-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in these two areas using a well-structured questionnaire. Sociodemographic and medical characteristics and KAP information were assessed. For the quantification of KAP, a score varying from 0 (poor knowledge, attitude, or practices) to 100 (good knowledge, attitude, or practices) was attributed for each question. Correlations between knowledge, attitude, and practice were determined using inferential statistics tests which were χ2 test, independent Student t-test, ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test), and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results reveal that living in a rural area (Manjo), being overweight or obese, having complete secondary education, and being married increase the knowledge and the practice score. There is a strong and positive correlation between knowledge and practice score. However, there is no association between attitude and practice and between attitude and knowledge. Reducing the disparities between knowledge, attitude, and practices constitutes a serious track in a holistic strategy for the management of obesity in these areas.
... Dyslipidemia is prevalent among patients with coexisting risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes, diabetes, hypertension, human immunodeficiency virus, etc. (Gebreegziabiher et al., 2021;Tufail et al., 2021;Yasmin et al., 2021). It is associated with over 50% of cases of ischemic heart disease worldwide, and over 4 million deaths per year (Gebreegziabiher et al., 2021). ...
This study demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) capable of alleviating BPA-induced dyslipidemia and adipokine dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the effects of (CMSO) on adipokine dysfunctions and dyslipidemia in Bisphenol-A (BPA)-induced male Wistar rats. Six-week-old 36 albino rats of 100 to 200 g weight were assigned randomly to six groups, which received varied doses of BPA and/or CMSO. The administration of BPA and CMSO was done at the same time for 42 days by oral intubation. The adipokines levels and lipid profile were measured in adipose tissue and plasma using standard methods. BPA induced significant (p < 0.05) increases in triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, LDL-C, and atherogenic and coronary risk indices in adipose tissue and plasma, as well as decrease in adiponectin and HDL-C levels in Group II animals. BPA administration significantly (p<0.05) elevated Leptin levels and reduced adiponectin levels. BPA plus CMSO reduced triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, LDL-C, and atherogenic and coronary risk indices while increasing adiponectin levels and HDL-C in adipose tissue and plasma (p < 0.05). The results showed that BPA exposure increased adipose tissue as well as serum levels of atherogenic index, triglycerides, cholesterol, coronary risk index, LDL-C, leptin, and body weight with decreased adiponectin levels and HDL-C. Treatment with CMSO reduced the toxicities caused by BPA in rats by modulating the body weight, adiponectin/leptin levels, and lipid profiles in serum and adipose tissue. This study has shown that CMSO ameliorates BPA-induced dyslipidemia and adipokine dysfunctions. We suggest for further clinical trial to establish the clinical applications.
... [10] They are highly indispensable to any biochemical process and are implicated in the etiology of many diseases such as cancer, [11] Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, [12] inflammatory disease, [13] lipid peroxidation, [14] DNA damage, [15] celiac disease, [7] stroke, [16] cardiovascular disease, [17] protein oxidation, [18] and diabetes. [19][20][21] ...
Oxidation is an integral part of aerobic processes of life. It involves the transfer of electrons or hydrogen via a chemical reaction from a substance to an oxidizing agent leading to the production of free radicals. These free radicals which are highly reactive in turn initiate a chain of reactions that lead to cellular damage. The etiology of plethora diseases has been linked to the generation of free radicals beyond the body’s antioxidant capacity, leading to oxidative stress. Consequently, the focus of research has tilted toward plants which provide natural products rich in antioxidants capable of scavenging and distrupting the harmful effects of these free radicals. A large group of compounds produced by plants referred to as phytochemicals possessing high antioxidant properties have been seen to be helpful in tackling numerous diseases. This review covered the antioxidant potential of some plants with medicinal properties beneficial to people, industries, and health institutions who desire their potential benefits. A total of two hundred and fifty plants from the following families; Asteraceae, Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Moraceae and Malvaceae were reviewed. These plants exert important biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties, among others.
Garcinia gummigutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, has been shown to have excellent properties beneficial against many health conditions. The use of Garcinia cambogia in traditional medicine has involved treating gastrointestinal ailments, intestinal parasites, rheumatism, digestive disturbances, among other ethnobotanical applications. The fruit, which resembles a pumpkin in appearance, is presently most often used and heavily promoted as a supplement for weight loss. According to studies, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the main organic acid present in the fruit rind, has antiobesity properties that include lowering appetite and reducing body fat gain by regulating serotonin levels linked to satiety, increasing fat oxidation, and reducing de novo lipogenesis. HCA is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase, which converts citrate to acetyl-coenzyme A, a catalyst for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. In in vitro and in vivo models, the plant’s crude extract or components also have hepatoprotective, anti-cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies on the phytochemistry of several plant components found that organic acids and xanthones, such as carbogiol and benzophenones, were also present. There are already several G. cambogia/HCA dietary supplements available for weight loss, however there are some safety concerns about the potential toxicity of continuous usage of these supplements. The majority of complaints have been in connection with multi-component formulations. G. cambogia has not been positively identified as a possibly harmful aggressor. In this paper, the scientific properties of G. cambogia are discussed in relation to pertinent botanical features, ethnobotanical applications, phytochemistry, biological activity, and toxicity. The study could be very helpful in emphasizing the therapeutic properties and mechanism of this plant and its applications.
Food and agricultural by-products are leftovers or wastes from parts of foods, fruits, vegetables and animal sources which are obtained after processing. Agricultural by-products includes peels and rinds from citrus fruits, pineapple, mango, and banana. Other notable ones are pomace from apple, olive, red beet, and those from wine making. Also, whey from milk, straws, hulls, and brans from grains are among top agricultural by-products. These by-products often impact the environment and the social-economic sectors when they are disposed. But with the recent advances in biotechnology and scientific research, scientists have found usefulness in some of these byproducts as sources of valuable nutraceuticals, a term used to refer to chemical entities present in foods that has the propensity to impact health for disease prevention and treatment. This book entitled ‘Food and agricultural by-products as important source of valuable nutraceuticals’ presents detailed information about major agricultural byproducts that are rich in nutraceuticals. The nature and the type of nutraceuticals that they contains and their health promoting benefits were presented. The editors and chapter contributors are renowned experts from key institutions around the globe. This book will be useful to students, teachers, food chemists, nutritionists, nutritional biochemists, food biotechnologists among others.
Banana is a staple fruit because it is available all through the year and it also serves as a source of income and food to a great number of people. Banana peel is the major byproduct of banana processing which account for 30% of the banana fruit and also constitute to environmental hazard. Banana peels are promising byproduct for different applications in nutraceuticals and medicinal usage due to the high dietary fiber and phenolic content present in them. Numerous studies have identified banana peels as a rich source of phytochemical compounds, mainly antioxidants such as phenolics, flavonoids, gallocatechin, anthocyanins delphinidin and cyaniding, and catecholamines, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals. This chapter consulted literature and presented scientific evidence of banana peels as a source of nutraceuticals.
Mango fruit and its by-product contain an abundant source of beneficial compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, dietary fiber and vitamin E. About 15–20% of the total weight of fresh mango represents by its peel. Likewise, peel wastes from the fruit may contain beneficial properties similar to that generally found in fruit.
As one of the signifcant by-products of mango fruit, the peels rich in health-enhancing constituents, particularly phenolic compounds, can be incorporated into nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and functional food products. mango peel contains mangiferin, pectin, anthocyanins, β-carotene, gallic acid, galloyl glucose, and lutein. Comparative studies on mango peel indicate that higher total polyphenol content is found in the ripened than the unripe peel.
Along with food processing, the production of agro-industrial waste in the world increases, despite the fact that it is a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. In developing countries, waste materials from the agricultural industry can significantly help in obtaining valuable components for the production of various types of bio-based products. The aim of the work is to manage potato peel waste from the agri-food processing industry and to propose new nutritional and industrial applications for them. Food processing by-products are an inexpensive, affordable, and valuable starting material for the extraction of value-added products such as dietary fiber, natural antioxidants, biopolymers, and natural food additives. Potato peel waste, which is produced by various processes, such as extraction, fermentation, and other processes, can be transformed into products such as biofuels, dietary fiber, bio-fertilizers, biogas, biosorbent, antioxidants and various food additives. This work explores the use of potato skins as a source of nutraceuticals for food and non-food purposes, e.g., extraction, use of bioactive ingredients, biotechnological use, livestock feed and other applications. The practical approach will be able to be used in developing awareness of the proper management of agricultural waste, as well as in their application for the synthesis of many compounds such as lactic acid, biosorbent, biohydrogen, enzymes, etc., which serve as a basis for developing links between industry and sharing with new ideas and technologies.
In line with global paradigm shift towards the promotion of environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to prevailing challenges in all facets of human endeavor, it has become increasingly paramount to explore and exploit naturally-occurring sources of nutraceuticals available in plants such as fruits and vegetables for their physiological and pharmacological benefits in promoting human health and wellbeing as well as prevention and management of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Research evidence has shown that citrus fruits, particularly orange peel, which contains significantly high quantity dietary fibers, phenolic compounds, and phytochemical agents, promote wellbeing due to its extensive anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic and anti-hypercholesterolemic properties. These properties, as well as considerably little to no side effects in comparison to pharmaceuticals (medicinal drugs) continues to endear the global population to the health benefits of nutraceuticals.KeywordsNutraceuticalsCitrusOrange peelHealth benefits
Nutraceuticals are foods with nutritional and health-promoting benefits. Sorghum and its products are veritable and invaluable sources of nutraceuticals. Sorghum species (sorghum valgare and sorghum bicolour) are members of the poaceae grass family and major source of cereals and foods in West Africa, India, China and North America. Their nutritive benefits are connected to their starch and protein contents, while their therapeutic potentials are traceable to the high concentration of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and polyphenols present in them. This chapter focuses on the phytochemical composition, nutritional, health promoting benefits and various applications of sorghum and its bye products.
Conventional therapies for cancer treatment have posed many challenges, including toxicity, multidrug resistance and economic expenses. In contrast, complementary alternative medicine (CAM), employing phytochemicals have recently received increased attention owing to their capability to modulate a myriad of molecular mechanisms with a less toxic effect. Increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that phytochemicals can favorably modulate several signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. Combinations of phytochemicals promote cell death, inhibit cell proliferation and invasion, sensitize cancerous cells, and boost the immune system, thus making them striking alternatives in cancer therapy. We previously investigated the effect of six phytochemicals (Indol-3-Carbinol, Resveratrol, C-phycocyanin, Isoflavone, Curcumin and Quercetin), at their bioavailable levels on breast cancer cell lines and were compared to primary cell lines over a period of 6 days. This study showed the compounds had a synergestic effect in inhibiting cell proliferation, reducing cellular migration and invasion, inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Despite the vast number of basic science and preclinical cancer studies involving phytochemicals, the number of CAM clinical trials in cancer treatment still remains nascent. In this review, we summarize findings from preclinical and clinical studies, including our work involving use of phytochemicals, individually as well as in combination and further discuss the potential of these phytochemicals to pave way to integrate CAM in primary health care.
There is growing evidence that excess body weight increases the risk of cancer at several sites, including kidney, endometrium, colon, prostate, gallbladder and breast in post‐menopausal women. The proportion of all cancers attributable to overweight has, however, never been systematically estimated. We reviewed the epidemiological literature and quantitatively summarised, by meta‐analysis, the relationship between excess weight and the risk of developing cancer at the 6 sites listed above. Estimates were then combined with sex‐specific estimates of the prevalence of overweight [body mass index (BMI) 25–29 kg/m²] and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) in each country in the European Union to obtain the proportion of cancers attributable to excess weight. Overall, excess body mass accounts for 5% of all cancers in the European Union, 3% in men and 6% in women, corresponding to 27,000 male and 45,000 female cancer cases yearly. The attributable proportion varied, in men, between 2.1% for Greece and 4.9% for Germany and, in women, between 3.9% for Denmark and 8.8% for Spain. The highest attributable proportions were obtained for cancers of the endometrium (39%), kidney (25% in both sexes) and gallbladder (25% in men and 24% in women). The largest number of attributable cases was for colon cancer (21,500 annual cases), followed by endometrium (14,000 cases) and breast (12,800 cases). Some 36,000 cases could be avoided by halving the prevalence of overweight and obese people in Europe. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnobotanical field surveys revealed the use of fruits of Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. for treating diabetes, burns, bronchial asthma, constipation, kidney stones, and rheumatic pains and as a sedative in Turkish folk medicine. This study aimed to verify the efficacy of the fruits of O. ficus indica experimentally and to define components responsible for the activity using bioassay-guided procedures. The crude methanolic extract of the fruits was sequentially fractionated into five subextracts: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Further experiments were carried out on the most active subextract, that is, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subextract, which was further subjected to fractionation through successive column chromatographic applications on Sephadex LH-20. For activity assessment, each extract or fraction was submitted to bioassay systems; traction test, fireplace test, hole-board test, elevated plus-maze test, and open-field test were used for sedative and anxiolytic effects, and a thiopental-induced sleeping test was used for the hypnotic effect. Among the subextracts obtained from the methanolic extract, the EtOAc subextract showed significant sedative and anxiolytic effects in the bioassay systems. From the EtOAc subextract, major components were isolated, and their structures were determined as isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside using spectral techniques. In conclusion, this study confirmed the claimed use of the plant against anxiety in Turkish folk medicine.
Much of the scientific knowledge on oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development has come from the experiments using gametes of marine organisms that reproduce by external fertilization. In particular, echinoderm eggs have enabled the study of structural and biochemical changes related to meiotic maturation and fertilization owing to the abundant availability of large and transparent oocytes and eggs. Thus, in vitro studies of oocyte maturation and sperm-induced egg activation in starfish are carried out under experimental conditions that resemble those occurring in nature. During the maturation process, immature oocytes of starfish are released from the prophase of the first meiotic division, and acquire the competence to be fertilized through a highly programmed sequence of morphological and physiological changes at the oocyte surface. In addition, the changes in the cortical and nuclear regions are essential for normal and monospermic fertilization. This review summarizes the current state of research on the cortical actin cytoskeleton in mediating structural and physiological changes during oocyte maturation and sperm and egg activation in starfish and sea urchin. The common denominator in these studies with echinoderms is that exquisite rearrangements of the egg cortical actin filaments play pivotal roles in gamete interactions, Ca2+ signaling, exocytosis of cortical granules, and control of monospermic fertilization. In this review, we also compare findings from studies using invertebrate eggs with what is known about the contributions made by the actin cytoskeleton in mammalian eggs. Since the cortical actin cytoskeleton affects microvillar morphology, movement, and positioning of organelles and vesicles, and the topography of the egg surface, these changes have impacts on the fertilization process, as has been suggested by recent morphological studies on starfish oocytes and eggs using scanning electron microscopy. Drawing the parallelism between vitelline layer of echinoderm eggs and the zona pellucida of mammalian eggs, we also discuss the importance of the egg surface in mediating monospermic fertilization.
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Herein the antioxidant and food stabilizing properties of a PNS hydroalcoholic extract (PNSE) are reported. Chemical degradation of PNSE demonstrated the presence of condensed tannins as the main phenolic components. PNSE showed remarkable antioxidant properties in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (EC50= 0.004 mg/mL). PNSE was initially tested as an inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase, exhibiting a quite low IC50 value (0.055 mg/mL) against the enzyme diphenolase activity, suggesting its use in enzymatic browning inhibition. The anthocyanin stabilization properties were evaluated under accelerated aging conditions of both pure pigments and commercial fruit juices, and PNSE was found to be effective at concentrations (0.05 mg/mL) at which well-known stabilizers such as chlorogenic and ferulic acids proved to fail. PNSE also performed well in the stabilization of spray dried anthocyanins for use as food colorant, increasing the half life of blackberry anthocyanins up to 20%. In order to explore the possibility of using PNSE as a functional additive for active packaging, polylactic acid (PLA) films containing PNSE were prepared by solvent-casting and no substantial alteration of the mechanical properties was found on addition of the extract up to 10% w/w. The films showed remarkable antioxidant properties (DDPH reduction >60% with a 3% w/w loading, at a dose of 1 mg/mL in the DPPH solution) and delayed the onset of browning of apple smoothies (ca. 30% inhibition with a 10% w/w loading). These results highlight the exploitation of PNS as a low-cost polyphenol source for food industry applications.
The present review establishes the medicinal and nutritional perspectives of Cinnamon. In today’s era, there are so many processed foods available in the market that saves time but processed foods have many adverse effects on health. Cinnamon has significant benefits for human health, particularly as an anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-hypertriglyceridemia agent, mainly due to its phytochemical constituents such as phenolic and volatile compounds. So, people are more aware of the usage of the natural herbal product in the diet. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is the most consumed spice in the world. Cinnamaldehyde is the bioactive component present in the cinnamon. The nutrient content found in cinnamon is in a good amount. Macro and micronutrients such as energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and C, calcium, iron, magnesium are present. Cinnamon is also known for its health benefits such as antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, immunomodulatory and metabolic syndrome. Thus, cinnamon is very beneficial to combat diseases. It is concluded that cinnamon is very useful and beneficial for the maintenance of health and it is helpful in the prevention of diseases.
Background
Diabetes is a major metabolic disorder becoming increasingly common in the world. The etiology of the disease contains multiple factors. The main factor in the treatment of diabetes is medicine and medical nutrition therapy. With the introduction of medical nutrition therapy in the field, the use of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory, known as spices, has become widespread, and therefore their use in diabetes management has attracted attention in recent years.
Scope and approach
Spices health benefits and its place in diabetes treatment and diabetes management and several spices are known to have a positive effect on glycemic control and glycemic response. In this review, we attempt to highlight the possible biological activities, chemical components, methods of isolation, structure and health effects of spicies.
Key findings and conclusions
In recent years, there has been significant interest in the use of spices to treat many illnesses and health-beneficial effects. Due to their biological activity, these compounds have the potential for use in health. It is thought that spices show antidiabetic properties because of major active ingredients. In addition to some spices such as cinnamon, ginger, turmeric, fenugreek, garlic and black cumin, other spices such as cumin, black pepper, curry, coriander, mustard, anise, onion and ginseng are also thought to be effective in diabetes management. For this reason, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of spices in diabetes management.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common acute hyperglycaemic emergency in people with diabetes mellitus. A diagnosis of DKA is confirmed when all of the three criteria are present — ‘D’, either elevated blood glucose levels or a family history of diabetes mellitus; ‘K’, the presence of high urinary or blood ketoacids; and ‘A’, a high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Early diagnosis and management are paramount to improve patient outcomes. The mainstays of treatment include restoration of circulating volume, insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement and treatment of any underlying precipitating event. Without optimal treatment, DKA remains a condition with appreciable, although largely preventable, morbidity and mortality. In this Primer, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors and diagnosis of DKA and provide practical recommendations for the management of DKA in adults and children. This Primer by Umpierrez and colleagues reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis, the most common acute hyperglycaemic emergency in people with diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the authors also discuss different strategies that can be implemented to prevent recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis episodes.
