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Jamaliyat Journal Volume: 08/ N°: 01 (2021), pp.441-456.
The Golden Color Symbolism in Religious Sanctities
The Case Study of Art Gilding in The Quran
Ghemmaz Meriem1, Dr.Khaldi Mohammed2
1meriem.ghemmaz@univ-tlemcen, University Abou Bekr Belkaid,Tlemcen, Algeria
2 khaldimohamed40@yahoo.com, University Abou Bekr Belkaid,Tlemcen, Algeria
Laboratory of Arts and Cultural Studies, University Abou Bekr Belkaid,Tlemcen
Received: 13/03/2021 Accepted: 27/05/2021 Published: 30/06/2021
Abstract:
The present study spot slights on the golden color’s use and
symbolism in religious sanctities by investigating how gold was
symbolically associated with the religious sphere at different time periods
of history as in pre-Islam religions in ancient Egypt, Inca people, Judaism
and Christianity or in Islam as exemplified in the holly book of Quran
through the colorful art of books’ gilding and decoration.
In order to fulfill the aims of the research, the study made use of the
historical approach as well as the descriptive one as a means to examine
the different ways in which the golden color was utilized and what does it
stand for. Besides , the major concern of this investigation is to elucidate to
what extent the qualities of the golden color affected the those individuals
who used it in their religious field.
Keywords: Quran Gilding; Golden Color; Symbolism; Religious
Sanctities; the Art of Gilding.
Ghemmaz Meriem, Dr.Khaldi Mohammed
442
.
_____________
Corresponding author:Ghemmaz Meriem, e-mail: meriem.ghemmaz@univ-tlemcen
1. INTRODUCTION
Gold is among the various metals in ancient times that played an
important role in all civilizations throughout history, from the civilization of
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, ancient Egypt, to the Greeks, Romans,
Aztecs, and Inca. Gold has become an important material in spirituality and
religions. Thanks to its unique shine and color, it symbolizing the sun.
The golden color was associated with the divine realm, whether in previous
religions or Islam, as it is the most precious material. In addition to its
aesthetic characteristic of color, which is the brightest color. Hence, the
meaning of gold, its indestructible nature, its adaptability, and its relative
rarity has made it an ideal material for The expression of the veneration of
God, which is the appropriate material chosen by a man to bring the gods
closer together, thus adopting many different and multiple meanings that
have associated with the religious context as a material of powerful
qualities that has retained throughout history. According to the teachings of
Islam, prohibits the representation of tangible objects that demonstrate the
sense of divinity in religious contexts such as icons or statues.
The use of gold and its color in the Islamic religion found its ultimate
spiritual expression in the Arabic handwriting and the gold in the holy text
of Quran. No doubt glorifying the Holy Quran has made the writing and
decoration of Quran one of the important industries, in which Arabs Muslim
have been concerned.
Research Problem:
The qualities of gold have influenced the human being, using it in the
religious sphere, which is evident in the relics that he left throughout the
different ages, where his methods of employing this wonderful material
varied.
The Golden Color Symbolisme in Religious Sanctities
The Case Study of Art Gilding in The Quran
443
We, therefore, ask the following question: How was the symbolism
of gold in religious sanctities, and what was the symbolic relationship
between it and Quran?
Research Hypotheses:
1- Gold and its color in ancient Egypt were associated with the Gods, so
it is used in gold masks, as it symbolizes the strength and wealth of the
Pharaonic civilization.
2- The gold material gained a very high and important position in the
Inca civilization, so its color used in the statues of the Gods, due to its
scarcity and high value among the other minerals they reached.
3- In the Jewish religion, the golden color is associated with the calf,
and therefore it symbolizes worship, while in the Christian religion it is
used widely in churches because of its elegance and superiority over other
colors.
4- The golden color used to decorate the Holy Quran symbolizes the
Muslims' appreciation for the words of God.
Importance of research
The importance of this research lies in highlighting the role played by
the golden color in the religious sphere and the knowledge of its
characteristics and symbolism, which have enabled it to be the preferred
subject of man, despite different cultures civilizations, and religions
throughout history.
Identifying how the golden color is used in Quran and how Muslims
have created many ways and methods to decorate some pages of the Quran
and sometimes gilding their words in gold.
To recognize the importance of worship to man and how he expressed the
sanctification of his religion and beliefs by using the color of gold.
Research Limitations:
This research is limited to the following historical times:
1. Historical times associated with studying the pre-Islamic religions of
ancient Egypt, Inca, Judaism, and Christianity.
2. Historical times associated with the Islamic study of the Umayyad,
the Abbasid era, the Mamluk era, and the Ottoman era.
Ghemmaz Meriem, Dr.Khaldi Mohammed
444
Research Methodology:
This study deals with a set of sanctuaries, in which the golden color
is used as a symbolism related to religious beliefs starting from ancient
Egypt’s religion to the Inca people’s one in their worship of the sun. In
addition to Judaism in which the golden color was dealt with in two
contradictory ways, Christianity linked to gold statues and icons, then
Islamic religion that added golden color to the Quran, which represents
God's speech at home, this study adopted the historical and descriptive
method.
1-Identification of Terms:
1-Holy definition:
Ibn Mandoor defines in his book “The Arabic Tongue” the concept of the
Holy See through the word Holy See, which blessed, and indicates that the
Holy See is God's indulgence.1
2- Definition of religious sacraments:
In "Oxford Dictionary": sacred, which generally symbolizes the divine.
"Holy" from the Oxford English Dictionary usage divided into three
categories:
First, attributes of God ... or the divine; Second, the attributes of things that
derive their holiness through connection with God and third, the attributes
of people and actions that match what believed to God's expectation.
“When the word “Holy” was added into the language, he took some of this
«the semantic scope of Holy: specifically, it referred to things respectable or
revered but not to the divine itself and not to people. It seems that what was
at stake in the extension of the Scriptures in English usage was trying to
describe the reverence bestowed by humans and not asserting that the thing
in question sanctified by God 2.
2- The symbolism of the golden color in the divine sphere before
Islam
1-2 Mask of Tutankhamen 1323 BC
When considering the history of ancient Egyptian civilization, it
turns out that the golden color used in the burial masks intended for the
The Golden Color Symbolisme in Religious Sanctities
The Case Study of Art Gilding in The Quran
445
gods, gold was very expensive, rare, and dedicated to the divine
connections of the gods' kings and given to them with sacrifices and
luxurious gifts,3 as it believed that it had extraordinary magical powers,
including the protection of man in the afterlife, so they mummify their gods
and paint them in pure gold before the burial,4 and while many struggled to
reach this substance, ancient Egypt was the first gold-producing country
that had unlimited supplies. 5 (Figure 01) Pharaoh Tutankhamen’s mask
burial is among the most famous treasure in ancient Egypt; an example of
one of the greatest artistic and technical achievements of that era depict a
mask made of 11 kg of gold, the facial features of Pharaoh studded with
three different types of precious stones,6 The golden color painted on gold
masks symbolizes the firm belief of Egyptian civilization that the gods' skin
and bones are gold and symbolizes the eternal immortality that the gods
will inhabit after death.7
2.2. Tears of the Sun in Inca civilization:
Gold in Inca civilization is the tears of the sun and its race in and the
golden color in the statues of their gods symbolizes the color of the sun they
worship. It sacred and its worship is the official religion, and because of this
belief, which dates back to ages, before Inca civilization, a man practiced
gold technologies at the beginning of the first millennium, and he made
things that contained several kilograms of gold.8
These indigenous people adept at crafting gold using primitive tools, and
they did unparalleled artwork. They decorated temples throughout their
empire with colors gold,9 the walls of their temples golden inside and out.
In addition to their belief that gold was the sweat or tears of the sun, The
golden color is a symbol of the high status and magical power of the gods
but not of the rest of the human beings, and it is the grace of the gods when
they send them in the form of tears or sweat. The king was only allowed to
wear gold paintings as a symbol of his divine birth. The rich and the people
of the noble classes of gold from their lives and had to wait until they died,
and they put in the burial rooms with their wealth of gold .10
Ghemmaz Meriem, Dr.Khaldi Mohammed
446
3.2. Gold in Christianity and Judaism:
This material and its color have always associated with holiness, evil,
and sin. In Judaism, where "the golden calf is a symbol of worshiping idols;
10F
11a human sin in the Exodus; while in Genesis, "Abraham described as rich
in gold and silver, while the prophet Moses ordered to cover the chair of
mercy for the coffin of the covenant with pure and pure gold."11F
12
In Christianity, color of gold used, and played a great role in the history of
the icon13 is associated with the color of the sun14... It symbolized calm and
the light of the divine. and the heavenly world represented in Roman and
Byzantine art, so it had an overwhelming presence on major holidays and
replaced the white, red, or green for its splendor and uniqueness from the
rest of the colors, Gold had a special purpose in Byzantine icons and was
often used to highlight the auras of Christ, Mary, and Christian saints.15
3. Gilding of Quran:
The Quran is considered the greatest ancient manuscript, although
the Holy Quran does not need to be embellished, artists excelled in
decorating it with out-rigger gold. The Quran that has written in early
Islam came free of gilding, as the Companions, May ALLAH pleased with
they took care to memorize and memorize it more.16 From their care in
writing it, they unanimously wrote Quran that was devoid of points, shape,
and sweetness, as well as devoid of separations between verses,17 in the
Umayyad era the beautification of the Quran was not limited to the use of
gold only, this went beyond the silver in which the pages of the Quran were
decorated, and it is likely that method used in gilding the Quran pages was
not by the method of painting but represented by decorative compositions
made of gold foil. Thus, it said that the use of gold in beautifying the Quran
has become an acceptable matter among the greatest jurists, including the
Hejaz jurist "Anas Ibn Malik", who authorized the sweetening of the Quran
with gold.17F
18
1.3. The Blue Quran in Kairouan:
The titles of the chapters are written at the beginning of the thirteenth
century AH ninth century AD in some Quran in gilded ornamentation
devoid of decoration, where there is a Quran written in blue or in digo
parchment that goes up to the third century19 written in golden Kufic (see
The Golden Color Symbolisme in Religious Sanctities
The Case Study of Art Gilding in The Quran
447
Figure 04) and it is known as the elegant Quran, which is a unique model
with seven sections in seven volumes. Some remaining parts of which were
preserved in the Museum of Islamic Civilization and Arts in Raqada,
Tunisia, and the others were distributed among the Museums of the world.20
Gilded decorations in some other Quran represent breaks between chapters
and this method was common at the beginning of the (fourth century AH,
10th century).
2.3. Ibn Al-Bawab's Mushaf:
As soon as the Abbasid era arrived, the signs of a civilization
renaissance appeared in various fields on the horizon. Art flourished, so the
artists competed towards creativity, and from the arts that those concerned
were keen to pay attention to is the making of book gilding. And the use of
gold in the Quran in particular during fourth-century reached a high level
especially in Iraq, because of the great attention paid by the state to the care
of the decorators and religious scholars and specialists among the Arab
Muslims have discovered materials that help increase the speed, stability,
and attachment of golden chips on paper,21 such as white fish glue and plant
gum (Figure 5), which only takes one hour pasted ,process of gilding the
verses' breaks fifths and tenths of various shapes continued. At first,
Sassanid and Byzantine elements in gilded decorations, and soon the
hexagonal and octagonal star motifs and palmette fans Lattice plant
branches.
Development of the gilding during this period is due to Ibn al-Bawab,
who had previous experience in the work of paintings and wall decorations
and was able to develop them, make them more accurate and modern as he
worked in the gilding of the Quran.22 Therefore, it can be said that the
gilded space in Quran has expanded. Even more, his words were written by
him, and his decorations went through the use of new principles in which
Ibn al-Bawab showed a distinguished artistic in Genius that no one had ever
been before him, including his use of a gold pen in writing the beginning of
the chapters.
Ghemmaz Meriem, Dr.Khaldi Mohammed
448
3.3. The Holy Quran of Al-Mustasami:
And in the late Abbasid era, another star appeared in Baghdad, who
called the chief of the Muslims calligraphers Yaqut al-Mustasami in the
seventh century AH the first quarter of the next century (13-14 CE), 23 and
had worked in copying luxurious Quran for several decades after this era, a
complete copy in volume one preserved in the Tareq Al-Rajab Museum in
Kuwait in which the text written in black ink by Al-Rayhan, on a single
page, thirteen lines, in a rectangular frame, the names of the chapters and
the number of their verses written in a thuluth pen in rectangular frames
over a mulch of delicate plant branches in gold and blue, and another Quran
the same font is in Christie's London (Figure 06) auction house in shape.24
4.3. The Holy Quran of Baybars:
An example of the gilded decoration is the Quran of Baybars (Figure
07), named after its patron Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jahangir. This Holy
Quran has written in Cairo between 1304 and 1306, and it is the oldest Holy
Quran dating back to the Mamluk period (1250-1517). It has seven volumes,
each of which a double Side that is distinguished by its splendor and unique
beauty. The first pages decorated in the Mamluk style, which characterized
by the great use of thin vegetal branches borrowed from some Arabesque
species. 25
The entire Quran is has written in (golden thuluth ornamentation); a
type of Arabic ornamentation, and surrounded by black ink, with red vowels
and other Spelling marks in blue. Choice of the third because the text is
unorthodox,26 as it was generally considered decorative, as it used mainly
for chapter titles and not for the body of the text. The layout of the
calligraphy is of special importance as each page of Baybars’s Quran has an
even number of lines. This is practically unprecedented. Most Quran has an
odd number of lines per page. Also, of interest is the and chapter headings
indicated only by changing the color, with red ink overlaying gold, but
without extra line spacing as the calligrapher maintained the visual flow of
the page. 27
5.3. The Ottoman Quran:
The Ottomans paid great attention to the art of gilding, and this clear
in a group of Holy books of Quran attributed to 28 the Ottoman era that
The Golden Color Symbolisme in Religious Sanctities
The Case Study of Art Gilding in The Quran
449
shows to us the artist’s effort to make them masterpieces of art that
emotionally and spiritually link to him. One of the Holy Quran copied by
Sheikh Hamad Allah Al-Amasi preserved in Arab museums is a Quran
preserved in Tareq Al-Rajab Museum in Kuwait City (Figure 08). The
Quran dated from the year 907 AH 1501 CE written in Naskh script in bold
brown ink in a circular, gilded manner.29
4. The Symbolism of the relationship of gold to shape and color in
gilding Quran:
Because of the unique shine of gold, resistances to rust, its durability,
its flexibility, and its ability to be shaped, it’s symbolic qualities are
represented and are associated with purity, light, and truth. 30 Gold
symbolizes the strength and wisdom that a Muslim finds in his faith through
his reading, contemplation, and learning, so the Holy Quran is the wise
book. Gold is an eternal metal in its uses that symbolizes eternity and
stability, so it does not transform with time, does not end, and does not
corrode. These chemical qualities which are associated with gold are
believed by the Muslims as symbolic qualities that characterize the Quran.31
The Quran is described as a Holy book, preserved from absurdity. And it is
the preferred metal for holy things or for the holy kings, shepherds of
gilding, and the work of kings.
1.4. The Symbolism of the Shape of the Sun and the Golden Color:
God Almighty mentions the Quran in several places as light or
shining the light. “God comes to you a light and a clear book.” Therefore,
gilding the sun and its rays in the Quran were other symbols that also
express perfection and the infinite. 32 Whereas revelation is the bright light
that blurs the ignorance of the unbelievers in God almighty, and it casts its
light towards the world through the guidance by Prophet Mohamed Peace is
upon him.33 Gold in itself forms a vital presence, as it is the background of
the text, and it increases the influence of letters and diacritics in words, As
for the gilded decorations, they show an image of rhythm, is continuous
repetition on the page, especially in the decorations of arabesque, which is
regularly used to symbolize rhythmic Quran recitations.
Ghemmaz Meriem, Dr.Khaldi Mohammed
450
2.4. Symbolism of the Golden and Blue Colors in the Quran:
The ingenuity of the two schools of thought was clear in the
decoration of the first and second pages of the Holy Quran, as well as in the
last two pages of it. Gold water used in different colors, especially the
turquoise blue color.34 In some Quran, it raised to the level of equality with
gold, while this color preserved the place. The first for the secondary colors
with golden combines two celestial or solar symbols.
Blue is the color of the infinite symbolizing the surrounding sky and the sea,
if the blue is infinitely liberating, then the golden color liberated because,
like the sun,35 it is a symbol of the soul and this actually transcends the
entire world of shapes.
In writing words with ink, the calligrapher identifies letters in black
or chooses a darker background, because gold, by its nature, escapes from
the form,36 although in its essence there is a symbol of knowledge.
Therefore, the blue color in the presence of gold tends to its symbolism
represented in mercy by revealing itself in the presence of gold,37 and we
notice in several Quran the picture how the splendor of the golden color and
blue is depicted, in ways that make them reinforce each other and make
balance greatly, which results in a comprehensive coolness on the design.
5. CONCLUSION:
Through this study in which we tried to identify the golden color and
its symbolism, which was according to beliefs and religions, civilizations
gave gold a value, so its status changed and its price rose globally, which is
what several generations touch between the past and the current moments,
and the reason behind all this attention is due to the characteristics of Gold,
which is immutable, which earned it symbolic and monetary value,
distinguishing between metals with flexibility and resistance to corrosion.
This has preserved golden monuments for centuries until now, without
being subjected to collapse in the face of climate change and erosion, but
has withstood time and has become a symbol of eternity and beauty.
In ancient Egypt, Gold was one of the most important wealth that
used in life after death. It is symbolically linked to eternity, for it is the
eternity of color and the immortality of the mummified Gods at a burial,
and in the Inca civilization it was symbolically associated with the tears of
the sun as it was a bright golden color, which made them believe that gold
The Golden Color Symbolisme in Religious Sanctities
The Case Study of Art Gilding in The Quran
451
is its scattered tears. Therefore, one of their major concerns was collecting a
great wealth of gold with which they form statues and decorate their
temples. In the Jewish religion, the symbolism of gold differs, as it is the
golden calf and sin, as it is an unpopular color for them, but it is linked to
one of the major and important rituals, which is covering the coffin with
this precious color. As for the Christian religion, it symbolizes the divine
light. Christianity made it one of the most important colors and the most
used in churches, wall paintings, and drawings of saints.
The Muslim artist linked gold to writing the Holy Quran, starting
with the use of gold as a metal with precious stones to the creation of many
ways to write and decorate them with gold flux and leaves, thus creating a
stand-alone art as a result of his mastery and keenness to write the Holy
Quran in the most beautiful forms. Thus, gilding been linked Symbolically
by the light of the word of God, the light and the eternal truth and it
symbolizes the great reverence of the Qur’an and the true value of gold, by
choosing the most expensive and valuable color in coloring the decorations
of the pages of the Holy Quran.
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The Golden Color Symbolisme in Religious Sanctities
The Case Study of Art Gilding in The Quran
455
Appendices
Figure N° 1: mask of Tutankhamen
Art and history :Legacy of
Tutankhamen ,Mey Zaki,P 10.
Figure N° 2: an Inca sun god mask made
of gold.
Exploring the incas,john Malam, p 07
Figure N° 3: Christ on the cross-
Christ in Art, Ernest Renan, Parkstone
International ,2012,P 27.
Figure N° 4: 1 the Blue Quran in Kairouan
Byzantiun and Islam: Age of Transition, 7th-9th
,CenturyMetropolitan Museum of Art (New York,
N.Y.) P 276
Ghemmaz Meriem, Dr.Khaldi Mohammed
456
Figure N° 5: Ibn Al-Bawab'sMushaf
،ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ هرﻮﻄﺗ و ﻒﯾﺮﺸﻟا ﻒﺤﺼﻤﻟا ﻂﺧ
توﺮﯿﺑ، ﺔﯿﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد، ﺢﻟﺎﺻ ﺪﯿﻤﺣ ﺰﯾﺰﻌﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ
ص ، نﺎﻨﺒﻟ220
Figure N° 6: The Holy Quran of Al-Mustasami
ﺔﯿﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺔﺳارد ﻲﻤﺼﻌﺘﺴﻤﻟا تﻮﻗﺎﯾ طﺎﻄﺨﻟا، رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ رﺎﺼﻧ
ﺔﯿﻧدرﻷا ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻟا، ﻲﻧﺎﺤﯾﺮﻟا ﻂﺨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﮫﺑﻮﻠﺳﻷ ﺔﯿﻨﻔﻟا ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﻠﻟ
ﺪﻠﺠﻤﻟا، رﺎﺛﻵاو ﺦﯾرﺎﺘﻠﻟ12 دﺪﻌﻟا،2،2018،19-57 ص ، 37.
Figure N° 7: Baybars Quran
Sultan baybars’ Qur’an ,British Library
,p02.
www.BaybarsQuran.com
Figure N° 8 : The Holy Quran of Sheikh
Hamad Allah Al-Amasi
) .ﺪﻴﲪ ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ1971 .(
.ﺔﳝﺪﻘﻟا رﻮﺼﻌﻟا ﱪﻋ ﰊﺮﻌﻟا ﻂﳋا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ
:نﺎﻨﺒﻟ
ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا ﺐﺘﻜﻟا راد ص 244