Comparative Analysis of IPV4 and IPV6

Abstract

In the recent years, more devices and organizations tend to be becoming more reliant on the internet. The Internet protocol (IP) has become a driving force that allows this device to be connected to the internet. It also provides a suitable way of identifying such device connected to the Network. In this paper, we will be more concern with the reviewing the comparative analysis of IPV4 and IPV6

Full text

Comparative Analysis of IPV4 and IPV6
Samson Isaac
Department of Engineering,
University of East London,
Malaysia.
Abstract-In the recent years, more devices and organizations
tend to be becoming more reliant on the internet. The Internet
protocol (IP) has become a driving force that allows this
device to be connected to the internet. It also provides a
suitable way of identifying such device connected to the
Network.
In this paper, we will be more concern with the reviewing the
comparative analysis of IPV4 and IPV6
Keywords: IP, IPV4, IPV6, IPsec, Internet, Network
I
NTRODUCTION
The network layer protocol can be defined as a set of rules
that allow communication between two or more device
(nodes) on that network. Without the network layer
protocol, the device will only be connected to each other
but no communication will take place. The most common
of this protocol is the internet protocol (IP) that specified
the technical pattern of the packet and the addressing of the
communicating device on the network.
In the recent years, internet protocol version 4(IPV4)
become the first type of IP before the arrival of the Internet
Protocol Version 6 (IPV6).
I
PV
4
O
VERVIEW
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPV4) is one of the initial
Internet Protocol (IP) that was formed by the IEFT
(Internet Engineering Task Force) in the 1980’s but was
fully deployed in 1981. This became the first protocol of
the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol used.
There are some basic features that help to describe IPV4
one of such is addressing
1. IPV4 Addressing Space and Format
IPV4 uses 32-bit addressing techniques system and a
representation of 232 addressing which in total has an
equivalent of 4 billion (4,294,967,296) unique addresses.
Also, this IPV4 is categories into five classes namely Class
A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E. Each of these
classes has its own bit length the will help to identify the
range of the address. Table 1 below shows the range of the
different classes of the IPV4.
Table 1
ADDRESS
CLASS
RANGE
OF
ADDRESS
FIRST ID
FOR THE
NETWORK
LAST ID FOR
THE
NETWORK
CLASS A 1 - 126 1.0.0.0 126.0.0.0
CLASS B 128 - 191 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0
CLASS C 192 - 223 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.0
CLASS D 224 - 234 224.0.0.0 234.255.255.255
CLASS E 240 - 255 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
IPV4 make use of 127.0.0.0 address as an internal loopback
IP address (reserved IP) to check itself on the network in
cases of system failure or routing error check. IPV4 apply a
four octet of 8 bits for representation in binary for example
192.168.80.3 in binary format is
11000000.101010000.01010000.00000011.
IPV4 Class A
The Class A IPV4 addresses are utilized on networks that
has a very large number of hosts. The high order bit in a
class A address is always set to zero (0). The zero in the
first octet is joined with the remaining 7 (seven) bits to
complete the Network ID. The remaining 24 bits which
belong to the last three octets represent the Host ID. This
allows for 126 networks and 16,777,214 hosts per network.
The figure 1.1 Shows the detailed structure of class A
addresses.
IPV4 Class B
The Class B IPV4 addresses are utilized on networks that
have medium-sized to large-sized networks. The two high
order bits in a class B address are always set to binary 1 0.
The 1 0 in the first two octets is joined with the remaining
14 (fourteen) bits to complete the Network ID. The
remaining 16 bits which belong to the last two octets
represent the Host ID. This allows for 16,384 networks and
65,534 hosts per network. The figure 1.2 Shows the
detailed structure of class B addresses.
Samson Isaac / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (2) , 2016, 675-678
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IPV4 Class C
The Class C IPV4 addresses are utilized on networks that
have mostly small networks. The three high order bits in a
class C address are always set to binary 1 1 0. The 1 1 0 in
the first three octets is joined with the remaining 21
(twenty-one) bits to complete the Network ID. The
remaining 8 bits which belong to the last octets represent
the Host ID. Class C allows for 2,097,152 networks and
254 hosts per network The figure 1.3 Shows the detailed
structure of class C addresses.
Table 2. Below shows the summary of address classes A,
B, and C that can be used for host IP addresses
IPV4 Class D
The IPV4 Class D addresses are used as reserved for IP
multicast addresses. The four high-order bits in a class D
address are always set to binary 1 1 1 0. The 1 1 1 0 in the
first four octets which is 28 (twenty-eight) bits represent
Network ID. The remaining bits are used as Host ID.
Microsoft supports class D addresses for applications to
multicast data to multicast-capable hosts on an
internetwork.
IPV4 Class E
The IPV4 Class E addresses are usually referred to as
experimental address that is reserved for future use.
Basically, Class E addresses are used for the purpose of
Research and so on. The high-order bits in a class E address
are set to 1111.
The IP addressing system is a system that contains a subnet
mask that helps to differentiate the Network address and
the Hosts address. For example, considering an IP address
of 192.168.0.2 with subnet mask 255.255.255.0. We will
discover that this network is a class C IP address and the
last octet decimal which is “2” represent the Host
Table 2
IP address
Total Number
of Bits For
Network
ID/Host ID
First octet of
IP address
Number Of
Network Bits
Used To
Identify Class
Usable
Number Of
Network Idd
Number Of
Possible
Networks IDs
Number Of Host IDs
For Network ID
IPV4 Class A 8/24 0XXX XXXX 1 8-1 = 7 2
7
-2 = 126 2
24
-2 = 16,277,24
IPV4 Class B 16/16 10XX XXXX 2 16-2 14 2
14
= 16,384 2
16
– 2 = 65,534
IPV4 Class C 24/8 110X XXXX 3 24-3= 21 2
21
= 2,097,152 2
8
-2 = 254
Limitation of IPV4
Features Explanation
1. IPV4 ADDRESS SPACE AND
FORMAT
IPV4 only have room for 4 billion address space since the addressing representation is 2
32
which is equivalent to 4, 294, 967, 296 number of addresses and IP are usually static by
configuration or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), CIDR (Classless Internet
Domain Routing), NAT (Network Address Translation) are used to manage and
automatically assign dynamic IP.
2. IPV4 SECURITY The internet Protocol Security (IPsec) support in IPV4 is optional as a result of this, packets
are not verified and no encryption is made during the transmission of the packet.
3. IPV4 NETWORK CONGESTION IPV4 uses the Integrated Header Format (IHF) which does not check the destination of the
data before sending, as a result, flood the whole network with such data thereby resulting
into congestion. This occurs as a result of the broadcast functionality of the IPV4
4. IPV4 LOSS OF PACKET
IPV4 router has fragment packet that contains what is referred to as Time-To-Live (TTL)
protocol that allocate a time frame for each packet to live the header field and once the
time frame elapsed the packet is drop which may lead to losing of such packet. It is not
suitable for real-time data like video call, streaming video, voice over internet protocol
(VOIP) and so on. Also heavy traffic data causes delay during transmission.
5. IPV4 DATA PRIORITY
IPV4 does not give much priority to delay sensitive packets like video streaming because
IPV4 does not have the features that allow it to identify which type of data that has been
transmitted. This means that IPV4 does not offer priority functionality during
transmission.
All of these and many more leads to the gradual migration from IPV4 to IPV6.
Samson Isaac / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (2) , 2016, 675-678
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676

I
PV
6
O
VERVIEW
The Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6), which most times
is referred to as IPng (Internet Protocol Next Generation)
that was formed by the IEFT (Internet Engineering Task
Force) in December 1998 but was fully deployed in 1999.
IPV6 is a new technology on the existing IPV4. Although
both protocols can work together in the same network and
still function effectively.
IPV6 ADDRESSING
IPV6 uses a 128 bit addressing technique system and a
representation of 2128 addressing which is equivalent to
(340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768, 211,456)
unique addresses. It became more significant to move from
IPV4 to IPV6 because of the rapid growth in the number of
devices such as Computers, Ipads, games consoles,
smartphone, e.t.c that accesses the internet
OTHER SCHEMES AVAILABLE
Although before IPV6 was out to use other schemes existed
like
1. IPV4 NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
The IPV4 Network Address Translation (NAT)
technology is a scheme that bridges the gap between
end to end connection thereby acting as an
intermediate between private and public network
thereby allowing the public network to be connected to
the private network and also private network to public
network. The technology breaks the initial default
standard of public-to-public and private-to-private
network connection
2. IPV4 Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR)
IPV4 Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) is used
to manage and automatically assign dynamic IP. The
scheme helps to replace the former Class A, B and C
of the IPV4 with the Classless Inter Domain Routing
which allow one IP address to assign network to other
IP addresses that are unique. The CIDR is like the
normal IP address only that it has a splash and a
number after the original IP address like
172.160.0.0/16. It is frequently refer to as Network IP
Prefix.
S
OLUTION
T
O
T
HE
I
PV
4
B
Y
I
PV
6
Some of the solutions that IPV6 offer over IPv4 are
described in terms of features and migration.
a. In Term of Feature
Features Explanation
1. IPV4
ADDRESS
SPACE
AND
FORMAT
IPV6 tends to use a hexadecimal
number field to replace the four octets
of 8 bits. It eliminates the Network
Address Translation (NAT) which is
used by the IPV4 to extend it address
by increasing the address size from 32-
bits (4 byte) which is almost about 4
billion address space to 128-bits (16
byte) that is large enough for every
molecule in the solar system to use,
which is approximately 3.4 x 1038
addresses. It makes use of auto-
configuration (DHCPV6).
Features Explanation
2. IPV4
SECURITY
IPV6 uses the Internet Protocol
Security (IPsec) and also
Authentication Header (AH) for the
purpose of Authentication of packet
and encapsulation of the packet during
transmission.
3. IPV4
NETWORK
CONGESTI
ON
IPV6 uses a more Simpler Header
Format (SHF) that makes it easier to
check and identify the destination of
the packets before sending the packets,
as a result, reducing the flood of
packets on the network.
4. IPV4 LOSS
OF
PACKET
IPV6 make used of Hop limit field
instead of the Time-to-live (TTL). The
router does not have fragment packet
and also overhead intensive process
that may lead to losing of the packet as
while as a delay in IPV4.
5. IPV4 DATA
PRIORITY
IPV6 gives more priority to delay
sensitive packets from a bulk data that
is being transmitted via the internet.
IPV6 is able to achieve this through
the built-in Quality of Service (QOS)
that helps to give more priority to
heavy traffic packets.
b. IN TERM OF MIGRATION
There four types of immigration method from IPV4 to
IPV6
1. Dual Stack Method:
This method allows both the IPV4 and IPV6 to co-occur
within the same network. The dual-stack method provides a
dual channel that allows both the packet send to reach their
destination. It forms a stack network that care for both the
IPV4 and also IPV6. As shown in fig.1.4. This method is
good for smaller networks but not appropriate for large
network environment (Al-Debagy O., 2014).
fig 1.4
2. Tunneling Method:
Tunneling method allows the IPV6 packet to use the IPV4
link through encapsulation of the packet. This happens in a
situation where you cannot access the IPV6 site (Nizar A.,
2012). Fig. 1.5 gives a detailed diagrammatic explanation.
Tunneling provides a connection between different dual
stack routers, hosts or both of them.
Samson Isaac / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (2) , 2016, 675-678
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677

fig. 1.5
3. Translation and Proxying method:
This method allows the IPV6 nodes to communicate with
IPV4 nodes so the both protocols can translate each
Protocol traffic. This is a translation done using the NAT-P
(Network Address Translation Protocols) as such the
configuration of the translation is done either statically or
dynamically to translate the IPV4 address to IPV6 and also
IPV6 address to IPV4 (Babatunde O. , 2014).
4. The Simplicity of Addressing:
The simplicity of addressing allows automatic updating of
the routers or host that allows the IPV6 to maintain the
IPV4 address as in automatic tunneling where the
connection is done between different dual stack routers or
hosts or the both (Al-Debagy O., 2014).
TABLE 3: Shows Performance of both IPV4 and IPV6
FEATURES IPV4 IPV6
1. ADDRESSING
IPv4 uses 32-bit (4 bytes) addressing
space about 232 addresses although
some are used for special purposes like
10.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.0
IPv4 uses 128-bit (16 bytes)
addressing space about 2128 addresses
2. HEADER It has an integrated header field length
of 20-60 bytes and also other header
options
It has a simpler header format with
length of 40 bytes without any header
options
3. SECURITY IPV4 does not have enough security
because IPsec is optional IPV6 has a built-in security which
have IPsec
4. CONFIGURATION It only supports manual configuration
or Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
It support auto-configuration as well as
plug and play functionality
5. MOBILE SUPPORT IPV4 support mobile IP that ranges
from 1G to 3G phones IPV6 support mobile IP that ranges
from 4G and above phones
6. NETWORK ADDRESSING
TRANSLATION (NAT) NAT is used increased address
limitation It has no NAT during its design
7. TRANSMISSION It has broadcast addresses for all
devices IPV6 only uses a multicast group
8. SUPPORT Uses 0.0.0.0 as unspecified address Uses :: as unspecified address
9. LOOPBACK It uses 127.0.0.0 as loopback IP
address It uses :: 1 as loopback IP address
C
ONCLUSION
IPV6 has become the impending technology for the future
of the Internet as such migrating from IPV4 to IPV6 may
take more time because a gradual process and more
techniques have to be put in place for this protocol to it co-
exists and function effectively without affecting the
business and organization using the protocols
The research paper gives a detailed explanation of how
IPV4 and IPV6 differ and how both of them can co-occur
within the same network and function properly without one
interfering the other. Also telling us how IPV6 contains all
the features that IPV4 has and the Add-ons of the IPV6.
R
EFERENCES
[1] Amer Nizar Abu Ali, “Comparison study between IPV4 & IPV6”,
International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 3,
No 1, May 2012.
[2] Olabenjo Babatunde and Omar Al-Debagy, “ A Comparative
review of internet protocol version 4 (IPV4) and internet protocol
version 6 (IPV6) “, International Journal of Computer Trends and
Technology (IJCTT), Vol 13, Issue 10, No 1, July 2014.
Samson Isaac / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (2) , 2016, 675-678
www.ijcsit.com
678