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Growth Performance of Male Broilers Fed ExPress® Soybean Meal and High-Shear Dry Extruded Corn
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM), a co-product of soybean oil obtained via solvent or mechanical extrusion, is the key protein source in broiler diet formulations. Mechanical extrusion, or high-temperature processing with high-shear dry extrusion, has demonstrated 1-2% increased amino acid digestibility in broilers versus solvent-extracted SBM through reduction of anti-nutritional factors (ANF). High-shear dry extrusion followed by mechanical pressing using a screw press (extruding-pressing) produces soy oil and partially de-oiled soymeal (ExPress®). The extruding-pressing process has been growing in popularity due to improved cost and material efficiency by eliminating the need for solvents or steam dryers in the production of animal feed ingredients. Corn extrusion is likewise linked with increased nutritive value through improved palatability and approximately 20% increased starch gelatinization, resulting in superior growth performance and in one reported case, reduced mortality in broilers. In the present study, high-shear dry extruded corn and ExPress® SBM were formulated in combination with conventional corn and solvent-extracted SBM to determine impact on growth performance in male broilers. Extruded corn increased feed intake and ExPress® SBM increased weight gain. The diet containing dry extruded corn and ExPress® SBM outperformed all other diet combinations, including unprocessed, ground corn and conventional, solvent-extracted SBM variations. The diet containing unprocessed, ground corn and ExPress® SBM had the most efficient overall feed conversion ratio (FCR). The combination of lower feed intake observed with the ground corn ingredient and the improved protein digestibility reflected by superior growth in ExPress® SBM made this the ideal formulation, out of the four diets examined, in terms of feed efficiency.
... This would hasten growth and boost feed consumption. When birds fed a diet containing SBM that has been extracted using a solvent and high shear dry corn showed the same feed intake of birds fed a diet containing Express SBM and high shear dry except during the growing period, when birds fed a diet containing extruded-pressed SBM (ESBM) and high shear dry corn showed greater feed intake than other diets (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). Additionally, It was found that diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more body weight in the starting phase than diets using SBM that had been extracted using solvents, and that both diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more weight than conventional diets during the key ending period (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). ...
... When birds fed a diet containing SBM that has been extracted using a solvent and high shear dry corn showed the same feed intake of birds fed a diet containing Express SBM and high shear dry except during the growing period, when birds fed a diet containing extruded-pressed SBM (ESBM) and high shear dry corn showed greater feed intake than other diets (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). Additionally, It was found that diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more body weight in the starting phase than diets using SBM that had been extracted using solvents, and that both diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more weight than conventional diets during the key ending period (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). Jahanian and Rasouli, (2016) reported that ingredient extrusion of improved digestibility leads to higher feed intake. ...
... From the results of the chemical composition analyses of the protein raw materials (soybean meal 46% and Extruded-pressed soybean meal) (Table1) used in this study, we found that the results within the range of values obtained by (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). The manufacturing process, oil extraction (chemical and mechanical), and processing methods all impact the chemical makeup as well as the fat content (degree of heat treatment for inactivation of anti-nutritional factors especially trypsin inhibitors and urease activity). ...
... This would hasten growth and boost feed consumption. When birds fed a diet containing SBM that has been extracted using a solvent and high shear dry corn showed the same feed intake of birds fed a diet containing Express SBM and high shear dry except during the growing period, when birds fed a diet containing extruded-pressed SBM (ESBM) and high shear dry corn showed greater feed intake than other diets (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). Additionally, It was found that diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more body weight in the starting phase than diets using SBM that had been extracted using solvents, and that both diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more weight than conventional diets during the key ending period (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). ...
... When birds fed a diet containing SBM that has been extracted using a solvent and high shear dry corn showed the same feed intake of birds fed a diet containing Express SBM and high shear dry except during the growing period, when birds fed a diet containing extruded-pressed SBM (ESBM) and high shear dry corn showed greater feed intake than other diets (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). Additionally, It was found that diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more body weight in the starting phase than diets using SBM that had been extracted using solvents, and that both diets using extruded-pressed SBM gained more weight than conventional diets during the key ending period (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). Jahanian and Rasouli, (2016) reported that ingredient extrusion of improved digestibility leads to higher feed intake. ...
... From the results of the chemical composition analyses of the protein raw materials (soybean meal 46% and Extruded-pressed soybean meal) (Table1) used in this study, we found that the results within the range of values obtained by (Meyer and Bobeck, 2021). The manufacturing process, oil extraction (chemical and mechanical), and processing methods all impact the chemical makeup as well as the fat content (degree of heat treatment for inactivation of anti-nutritional factors especially trypsin inhibitors and urease activity). ...
Background and Objective: Due to the increasing feed costs that have significantly impacted the Egyptian diet by raising the prices of meat products, Egypt needs to boost its production of corn and soybeans. The main objective of the present study was to determine the best-intercropped soybean genotype to enhance productivity, quality and profitability, as well as predict the feeding efficiency for
livestock, tilapia and chickens. Materials and Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. Twenty different genotypes of soybeans were selected, including US cultivars
(Woodworth, Bellatti L263, Columbus, Clark, Crawford, MD 77-5675, Union, DR-101, Forrest, Hill, Holladay and Toano), Chinese genotypes (C7, C14 and C34), Egyptian varieties (Giza 22, Giza 35 and Giza 111) and Korean genotypes (PI 398408 and PI 399035). The experiment was set up in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were randomly assigned to solid and 2:2 intercropping systems, while the subplots were randomized to soybean genotypes. Results: Intercropped soybean leaves received lower light intensity compared to solid planting. Soybean genotypes showed varying responses to intercropping, with some genotypes performing better in terms of plant height, number of branches, seed yield and seed quality under intercropping. Soybean genotypes Woodworth, Giza 111, C34, and Dr-101 had higher seed yield per plant and seed yield per ha than the others under intercropping and solid plantings. Higher seed protein and oleic contents have been recorded in Woodworth, Forrest, Bellatti L263 and Dr-101, meanwhile, Crawford and Giza 111 had higher seed oil content. Meanwhile, Columbus and Hill had higher seed fiber content. Conclusion: Clark, Dr-101, Hill, Holladay, Giza 111 and Woodworth were identified as suitable for the feed industry and demonstrated higher land equivalent ratios (LERs) and economic returns when intercropped with corn. Intercropping two ridges of Clark,
Dr-101, Hill, Holladay, Giza 111 or Woodworth with two ridges of corn cv. Cairo 1 can enhance productivity and
profitability for Egyptian farmers.
The present research aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded feed ingredients on the growth performance and apparent ileal digestion of broilers using a meta-analysis. The database was developed based on 30 studies comprising 150 data points. The data were analysed using the OpenMEE software, considering the extrusion of feed ingredients as fixed effects and individual studies as random effects. Results showed that the extruded feed ingredients enhanced weight gain (p < 0.01) and enhanced the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.001) of broiler chickens as compared to the un-extruded feeds, but no effect was observed for the feed intake parameter. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fat were significantly higher for the extruded feeds (p < 0.05). In terms of amino acid digestibility, the current meta-analysis also demonstrated that extruded feed ingredients had significantly higher (p < 0.05) digestibility in Ala, Leu, Met, Phe, Thr, Try, Tyr, and Val than those of the un-extruded feeds. In conclusion, extrusion can improve the production performance of broilers, and it increases some nutrient and amino acid digestibility.
• HIGHLIGHTS
• Extrusion of feed ingredients increased weight gain and enhanced the feed conversion ratio of broilers.
• Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fat was higher for the extruded than that of the un-extruded feed.
• The extruded feed ingredients had higher digestibility amino acids in Ala, Leu, Met, Phe, Thr, Try, Tyr and Val than those of the un-extruded feeds.
This study aimed to assess the effect of preprocessing of corn and of physical form of diets on growth performance, carcass yield, and nutrient di-gestibility in broilers and also the influence of corn processing on pellet quality. A total of 1,080 male Cobb chicks from 1 to 35 D were evaluated. Birds were distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 3 ! 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 types of corn processing (unprocessed, pelleted, or expanded), and 2 diet physical forms (mash or pelleted), totaling 6 treatments and 9 replicates with 20 birds. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and means were compared by Tukey's test (P , 0.05). There was no interaction between the physical form and preprocessing of corn for any of the studied variables (P. 0.05). The use of expanded corn in the diets before pelleting resulted in higher pellet durability index and lower amount of fines (P , 0.05) when compared with unprocessed corn. Broilers fed pelleted diets had higher feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG; P , 0.001), higher amounts of abdominal fat (P , 0.05), and lower ileal digestible energy (IDE, P 5 0.05) than those fed mash. There was no effect of the feed form on nutrient digestibility (P. 0.05). Broilers fed diets with unprocessed corn had higher FI when compared to those fed diets with expanded or pelleted corn (P , 0.001). The use of pelleted corn resulted in lower WG than the other processing methods (P , 0.01). The corn expansion process improved feed conversion ratio and adjusted feed conversion ratio (P , 0.001). Inclusion of expanded corn improved the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility of DM, CP, starch, and IDE (P , 0.05) in comparison with unprocessed corn. It is concluded that pelleted diets improve broiler performance. The corn expansion can be used to improve physical quality of the diets and broilers growth performance and nutrient digestibility.
The present study investigated the effects
of supplementing a low protein (LP) diet supplemented
with key essential amino acids (AA) to broilers
on growth performance, intestinal tract function, blood
metabolites, and nitrogen excretion when the animals
were maintained under various sanitary conditions for
35 D after hatching. Three hundred eighty-four one-dayold
male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to
groups that received one of 6 dietary treatments in a
2 ! 3 factorial arrangement (i.e., 2 environmental conditions
and 3 dietary treatments) to give 8 replicates per
treatment. Broilers were challenged with 2 environmental
conditions (sanitary vs. poor sanitary). The dietary
treatments were (1) high protein (HP) diet, (2) LP
diet, and (3) LP diet with synthetic key essential AA
(LPA): the LP diet was supplemented with synthetic
AA up to the required levels for broilers. On day 14, birds
consumed the LP diet impaired growth performance
compared with those fed the HP diet, while the average
daily weight gain-to-feed conversion ratio of birds fed the
LPA diet improved to the level of birds fed the HP diet
under poor sanitary conditions (P , 0.05). Broilers
raised under poor sanitary conditions and fed the LP diet
displayed higher (P , 0.05) zonula occludens (ZO-1)
expression on day 14 than broilers fed either the HP or
LPA diet. Under sanitary conditions, birds fed HP and
LPA diets showed higher villus height and crypt depth
compared with those of broilers fed the LP diet on day 35.
Moreover, broilers raised in the poor sanitary environment
had higher (P,0.05) serum endotoxins than those
raised in the sanitary environment. Broilers fed the LPA
diet showed reduced (P , 0.05) nitrogen excretion on
days 14 and 35 compared with those fed the LP and HP
diets independent of the environment. In conclusion, the
LPA diet did not impair growth performance under poor
sanitary conditions for 14 D after hatch while resulting in
lower nitrogen excretion in any environment conditions
throughout the experiment.
Key words: broiler, essential amino acid, low protein, nitrogen, tight junction
An experiment (2 trials) was conducted to determine the effects of feeding reduced crude protein (CP) diets to Ross × Ross 708 male broilers while maintaining adequate essential amino acid (AA) concentrations on growth performance, nitrogen excretion, and plasma uric acid (UA) concentration during the starter period. In trial 1, 11 dietary treatments were fed from 1 to 18 d of age containing 1.20% digestible Lys. Diet 1 (23.2% CP) was formulated with DL-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr to contain 1.70 total Gly + Ser to digestible Lys ratio whereas diets 2 (23.4% CP) to 11 were formulated with additional Gly to contain 1.90 total Gly + Ser to digestible Lys ratio. Free AA were added sequentially in the order of limitation (L-Val, L-Ile, L-Arg, L-Trp, L-His, L-Phe, and L-Leu) from diets 3 to 10 to decrease CP content from 22.6 to 18.8%, respectively. In diet 11, L-Gln was added to increase the CP content to 23.4%. Feed conversion of broilers fed diet 2 was lower (P < 0.05) than those consuming diets 6 to 11 from 1 to 17 d of age. Nitrogen excretion (mg/b/d) decreased (P < 0.001) by 14.1% when broilers were fed diet 4 compared with birds fed diet 2 from 15 to 16 d of age. Broilers fed diet 4 had lower (P = 0.011) plasma UA concentration than birds fed diet 2 at 18 d of age. In trial 2, 8 dietary treatments containing 1.25% digestible Lys and 1.70 total Gly + Ser to digestible Lys ratio were fed from 1 to 21 d of age. Diet 1 (24.0% CP) was supplemented with DL-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr. Free AA (L-Val, Gly, L-Ile, L-Arg, L-Trp, L-His, and L-Phe) were sequentially supplemented in the order of limitation to decrease CP content in diets 2 to 8 from 23.8 to 20.3%. Broilers fed diet 1 had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain and lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion when compared with diet 7 or 8. Plasma UA concentration of broiler provided diets 4 to 8 was lower (P < 0.05) compared with diet 1 at 21 d of age. Placing a minimum on dietary CP percentage may not be necessary when proper AA ratios are implemented in diet formulation.
The present experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of extrusion of inadequately processed soybean meal (SBM)
on amino acid (AA) digestibility and performance of broiler chicks. In Exp. 1, 180 day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly
distributed between 6 pen replicates (15 chicks each) of 2 dietary treatments; diets based on SBM or extruded SBM (ESBM) as
the main protein sources. Based on the results of Exp. 1 and AA digestibility assay, Exp. 2 was designed using 216 day-old
Ross broiler chicks (6 replicates of 18 chicks each), in which dietary SBM content was replaced by 86% using ESBM. This replacement
caused about a 9% decrease in dietary crude protein (CP) level. Results showed that coefficients of CP and AA digestibility
were greater (P < 0.05) for ESBM than those of SBM. Extrusion processing of SBM increased digestibility coefficients of Lys, Thr, Cys, Leu,
Phe, Tyr, Pro, Ser, and Gly. Except during the starter period, dietary inclusion of ESBM increased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) in Exp. 1 and caused increases (P < 0.01) in average daily weight gains (ADWG) throughout the trial period. Also, using ESBM improved the (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR) during starter and finisher periods. In Exp. 2, reducing dietary CP level using ESBM
decreased both ADFI (P < 0.05) and ADWG (P < 0.01) in the starter period. During grower, finisher, and entire trial periods, however, ADFI and ADWG were not influenced
by dietary treatments. Dietary inclusion of ESBM improved (P < 0.05) FCR value in the finisher period. Although carcass yield was not affected by dietary treatments, reducing dietary
CP level resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in abdominal fat percentage. Moreover, a decrease in dietary CP level reduced (P = 0.08) breast yield. The present findings indicate that extrusion of SBM could improve its nutritive value for broiler chicks.
Using ESBM, one can reduce dietary CP level by about 9% without any detrimental effect on performance parameters of broiler
chicks.
In modern poultry farming system the major emphasis is on reducing the feed cost
by adopting modern processing techniques and by enhancing feed efficiency.
Extrusion process is one of the best processing techniques not only to enhance the
nutritional value of the ingredients and feed but also efficiency of the feed. In
modern feed milling operations, extrusion is to be considered the basic process to
enhance the profitability of the feed. Extrusion process benefits in term of
enhanced nutritional value and efficiency of ingredients and feed, depending upon
many factors like structure and chemical composition of the ingredients, processing
conditions and machinery used in processing. Any variation for example change in
temperature, moisture, screw speed, pressure, time along with extruded material
chemical composition and structure can easily influence the nutritional value,
digestibility of feed or feed ingredients and performance of the poultry bird. To
attain maximum results from the extrusion processing techniques all conditioned
should be maintained at optimum levels.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extruded corn meal in the diet of broiler chickens, as well as the correlation between the applied thermal extrusion process on the abdominal fat deposition and chickens carcass quality. At the beginning of the experiment, the two treatments were formed, the control (T1) and experimental (T2), with a total of 600 one-day old chicks of hybrid line Ross 308 by a treatment with four replications. During the experimental period which lasted for 42 days, chickens were fed and watered ad libitum. The control group was fed with a standard commercial feed mixture, while the experimental groups were fed with diet with the same amount of corn as well as the control group, provided that in the experimental group corn was extruded. At the end of the experiment, body mass of chickens prior to slaughter was measured and determinate carcasses yield as well as portions of less and more valuable parts of chicken carcasses. Statistical analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the application of heat treatment of extrusion did not have a statistically significant (p>0.05) effect on final body weight and carcass yield. With the usage of extruded corn in the chickens diet was observed positive correlations when it comes to weight of thigh (T2: 237.87g; r = 0.11), breast (T2: 652.39 g; r = 0.23) and liver (T2: 62.29g, r = 0.19), and a negative correlation when it comes to mass of legs (T2: 237.41g, r = -0.06) and wings (T2: 198.44 g; r = -0.24), as compared to the chicks at the treatment T1, with no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). When it comes to the deposition of abdominal fat, it can be concluded that the usage of extruded corn in the chickens diet led to statistically significant (p<0.01) reduction of abdominal fat in chickens at the T2 treatment (24.77 g; r = -0.60) compared with the contents of the abdominal fat of chickens in the control treatment T1 (30.81 g). It can be concluded that the usage of extruded corn in the diet of chickens can be one successful solution for getting chicks with lower content of fat in the carcass, as the production of chicks with increased amount of fat in the carcass increases cost of production.
Soybean meal (SBM) is a co-product that remains after the oil is removed from whole soybeans by either solvent extraction
or mechanically pressing soybeans using an expeller. Expeller-extracted soybean meal (ESBM) contains more fat and less protein
than solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM), but has higher trypsin inhibitors (TI) that limit its inclusion in poultry diets.
We hypothesized that increasing the particle size of ESBM could enhance chick tolerance to dietary TI. The experiment consisted
of a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes (coarse, 1,300 µm, and fine, 530 µm) and 6 TI levels (6, 9, 12,
15, 18, and 21 TIU/mg). A total of 672 male broiler chicks was randomly assigned among the 12 treatment combinations with
8 replicates per combination. The birds were provided with 1 kg/bird of starter diet in a crumble form. The pancreas and gizzard
were excised and weighed at 16 d of age and organ weights relative to BW calculated. Feed consumption, BW, and feed conversion
ratio (FCR) were determined at 7 and 14 d of age. Increasing TI level produced a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on BW and FCR at 14 d of age. The best performance was obtained when chicks were fed diets containing ESBM at intermediate
TI levels. Increasing the particle size of the ESBM from 530 to 1,300 µm improved BW and feed intake (P < 0.01) without affecting FCR. The relative weight of the pancreas increased linearly as TI level increased (P < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that chicks performed better when fed coarse ESBM at an intermediate TI level.
Experiment was conducted to study the effect of Metabolizable Energy (ME) and Balanced Protein (BP) on the performance of 1- to 35-day-old male and female Hubbard × Hubbard broilers. Set in a factorial arrangement, dietary treatments involved 3 levels of ME (2650, 2750, or 2850 kcal per kg diet) and 4 levels of Balanced Protein (expressed as 8.4, 9.0, 9.6, or 10.2 g Standardized Ileal Digestible lysine per kg). Each diet was fed to 5 replicate pens of 17 chicks. Dietary ME and BP did not interact for any of the parameters studied (p>0.05). The main effect of ME was significant (p<0.05) for feed intake, body weight, and feed conversion ratio at all ages. Highest ME (2850 kcal) resulted in 35 day feed intake and feed conversion ratio that was significantly (p<0.05) low compared with those fed on lower levels of ME; while 35 day body weight was significantly (p<0.05) high at 2850 kcal compared with 2650 kcal ME. Feed intake and body weight improved linearly (p<0.05) with increasing BP from 8.4 to 10.2 g per kg, while the BP did not have any effect on feed conversion ratio. Dietary combinations of ME and BP to optimize body weight and feed conversion ratio are suggested on weekly basis.
In recent years there has been widespread growth in extruding-expelling (E-E) facilities for small-scale processing of soybeans.
To compete in a highly competitive market, these E-E operations are looking for ways to optimize production of their oil and
meal products for values to their customers. The objective of this study was to determine the ranges of residual oil contents
and protein dispersibility indices (PDI) possible with E-E processing of soybeans. We also characterized the partially defatted
meal for other factors important in food and feed applications. Residual oil and PDI values ranged from 4.7 to 12.7% and 12.5
to 69.1%, respectively. E-E conditions significantly influenced residual lipase, lipoxygenase (L1–L3), and trypsin inhibitor
activities. Chemical compositions were different for whole, dehulled, and reduced-moisture soybeans, with dehulled soybeans
tending to produce meals having higher residual oil contents at higher PDI values. It was possible to process soybeans with
different characteristics (e.g., moisture content, whole, dehulled) to produce meals and flours with wide ranges of properties,
providing E-E operators with opportunities to market value-added products.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of low-CP diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids, according to an ideal amino acid ratio, on the performance, plasma metabolites, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and water intake in male and female chickens from 1 to 48 d of age using a 4-phase feeding program: prestarter (1-7 d), starter (8-21 d), grower (22-35 d), and finisher (36-48 d). Three experimental diets were formulated for each phase: a control diet with a CP level of 24.5, 23.0, 21.5, and 20.5%, respectively, and medium- and low-CP diets containing 1.5 and 3% less than that of the control, respectively, but the same ME and digestible lysine levels. In experiment 1, in males, the reduction in dietary protein content by 3% increased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) in the starter, grower, and finisher phases, and plasma albumin levels were reduced (P < 0.05) during the prestarter, starter, and finisher phases. In females, the same effect on plasma album levels was observed (P < 0.05) only in the starter phase. Sex affected plasma albumin levels during the prestarter, starter, and finisher phases, being higher in females. In experiment 2, the reduction in dietary protein content linearly decreased water consumption in both sexes (P < 0.05). The reduction of dietary protein by 1.5 or 3% reduced nitrogen excretion to the environment by 9.5 and 17% in males and by 11.8 and 14.6% in females, respectively. In summary, the low-CP 4-phase feeding reduced water intake and nitrogen excretion with an adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio in males but not in females. So, single-sex rearing could be used to reduce the environmental impact of chicken farms.
The coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of DM, gross energy (GE), N, and amino acids (AA) of 6 soybean meal (SBM) samples were compared in 21-d-old broilers. In addition, the digestibility of DM and N of diets that contained these SBM were tested in vitro. Four of the SBM were of South American origin, had a CP content varying from 45.2 to 47.2% and a trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) varying from 4.1 to 6.5 mg/g, and were collected from local traders. The other 2 SBM were from US origin; one was a branded product with 48.6% CP and 1.8 mg of TIA/g and the other was obtained from soybeans of US origin that were dehulled and processed in Spain (50.6% CP and 2.4 mg of TIA/g). The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 diets and 6 replicates per treatment. Chicks were fed a commercial diet from 1 to 16 d of age and then their respective experimental diets for 5 d. The diets were based on sucrose and corn starch, with the SBM tested as the only source of protein. At 21 d of age, digesta was collected from the distal ileum and the CAID of nutrients was determined using celite as an indigestible marker. Diets that included the 2 SBM with the greatest CP content had greater CAID of DM (P <or= 0.001), GE (P <or= 0.001), N (P <or= 0.01), and S AA (P <or= 0.001) than the other diets. The regression coefficient (R(2)) between in vitro and in vivo CAID was 0.76 for DM and 0.68 for N (P <or= 0.05). We conclude that DM, GE, N, and AA digestibility varies among SBM samples with the greater values for those samples with the greater CP and lesser TIA. Also, the in vitro test can be used to predict ileal digestibility of DM and N of SBM in broilers.
Tremendous genetic progress has been observed historically for growth and feed conversion through the efforts of the primary breeding companies. However, significant between-strain variation still exists due to differences in selection emphasis and selection techniques practiced by these organizations. This paper provides an overview of methods currently employed in commercial poultry breeding with reference to factors complicating program design and future challenges facing the industry. Mass selection for body weight has resulted in a significant reduction in the number of days required to grow bird to market weight with indirect improvements in feed conversion. Direct selection for feed conversion is accomplished through part record testing of males that have been preselected for body weight, conformation, and defect traits. Data are commonly subjected to complex statistical analysis both to correct feed conversion for variation in body weight and to improve the accuracy of breeding value estimates. Feed conversion breeding values of male sibs are sometimes used for the selection of female candidates as well. Selection for growth rate and efficiency has resulted in negative complications, such as ascites, reduced reproductive performance, skeletal abnormalities, and increased carcass fatness. Some of these factors may be partially ameliorated through modified selection practices. If not addressed by the breeding industry, the disruption of physiological homeostasis might ultimately represent economic and genetic barriers to further progress in improving growth and efficiency. Modern techniques in molecular genetics, utilized in conjunction with traditional quantitative genetic approaches, will provide additional opportunities to circumvent these physiological complications associated with genetic selection for growth and feed efficiency.
The amino acid concentrations of cornstarch-based guanidinated unprocessed (UGM) and autoclaved (AGM) Nutrisoy (defatted soy flour) protein test meals were compared with the respective unguanidinated Nutrisoy diets. Endogenous ileal recoveries and true digestibilities of amino acids were determined in six growing pigs, fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, fed the guanidinated protein test meals. The UGM and AGM contained 13.4 (high) and 3.0 (low) g/kg dry matter of soybean trypsin inhibitors (SBTI), respectively. The experiment was a two-period cross-over design with each period lasting 15 d. On d 14 of each period, the pigs were fed the guanidinated test meals followed by 24 h continuous collection of digesta. Concentrations of crude protein and most of the amino acids in the test meals were higher than in the respective diets. Apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities of the test meals did not differ (P > 0.05) from reported values for the respective diets and were higher (P < 0.05) by 22.7 (cysteine) to 61.3 (tyrosine) percentage units for AGM compared with UGM. The ileal recoveries of endogenous amino acids in AGM-fed pigs were lower (P < 0.05) than UGM-fed pigs. Values ranged from -0.10 (arginine) to 0.64 (aspartate + asparagine) and from 0.84 (histidine) to 2.61 (tyrosine) g/kg dry matter intake for AGM- and UGM-fed pigs, respectively. True ileal amino acid digestibilities for AGM were higher (P < 0.05) than UGM with differences ranging from 12.7 (tyrosine) to 38.3 (leucine) percentage units. In conclusion, ileal recoveries of endogenous amino acids were increased in pigs fed guanidinated protein test meals with the higher concentration of SBTI.
Three experiments were conducted to investigate effects of dietary manipulations to improve growth performance and whole-body composition of broiler chicks fed low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. In all experiments, male chicks (1 d old) were fed a common corn-soybean meal diet (23% CP) for 7 d and subsequently allotted to treatment diets in a completely randomized design (10 chicks per floor pen, six replications). Chicks had free access to the isoenergetic diets (3,200 kcal MEn/kg) for 2 wk, after which chicks were weighed and then fasted for 24 h, and the whole-body DM, N, and ether extract contents of two chicks per pen (and six baseline chicks) were determined. In Experiment 1, Gln or Asn replaced 1% triammonium citrate in the low-protein diet (19% CP). In Experiments 2 and 3, dietary concentrations of crystalline essential and nonessential amino acids, respectively, were increased incrementally in the low-protein diets (19 to 20% CP). In all experiments, chicks fed low-protein diets grew slower, used feed less efficiently, and retained less N and more ether extract than chicks fed the control diets (P < or = 0.05), despite additions of crystalline Gln or Asn and despite increased dietary concentrations of crystalline essential and nonessential amino acids. Chicks fed low-protein diets excreted less N (P < 0.001) than did chicks fed the high-protein diets, and N excretion increased linearly (P < 0.001) with N intake. In summary, low-protein diets failed to support equal growth performance to that of high-protein control diets.
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of corn extrusion and feed form on feed quality and growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, whole corn was extruded at a water flow rate of 16, 19, and 22 L/h. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 3 replications for each treatment. The extrusion process significantly decreased (P < 0.01) ether extract, crude fiber, and moisture content of corn. Increased water flow significantly decreased enzyme susceptibility from 56 to 47% (P < 0.01), but increased the bulk density of extrudate from 134 to 224 g/L (P < 0.01). However, there was a trend for lower total energy consumption (P < 0.01) and extruding production rate (P < 0.05) when corn was processed at the water flow of 22 L/h. In Exp. 2, 1,600 broilers (initially BW of 41 g) were used to determine the effect of extrudate and feed form on the growth performance in poultry during a 42-d growth assay. There were 50 chicks per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the main effect of feed form and the main effect of 25% processed corn inclusion. Treatments were 1) conventional corn mash, 2) conventional corn pelleted feed, 3) +25% extruded corn mash, and 4) +25% extruded corn pelleted feed. Chicks fed pelleted feed, regardless of processing of corn, had a greater BW and feed conversion than those fed mash feed diet (P < 0.001). Extruded corn mash decreased the growth performance. Results suggested that optimal growth rate and feed conversion of birds raised in a tropical environment given extruded corn might be achieved by steam pelleting.
This research examined variation in chemical composition and nutrient quality of soybeans (SBs) and soybean meals (SBMs) produced at seven commercial extruder/expeller plants in the United States (experiment 1), as well as differences in amino acid digestibilities when roosters were fed SBMs extruded at 121, 135, 150, or 160 degrees C at a U.S. pilot processing plant (experiment 2). In experiment 1, limited variation existed in the composition of SBs arriving at the plants, whereas substantial differences were noted in amino acid composition and protein quality of the resultant SBMs. In experiment 2, the SBMs extruded at 121 and 135 degrees C were underprocessed as noted by high urease activities and lower amino acid digestibilities. Soybean meals extruded at 150 and 160 degrees C resulted in higher amino acid digestibilities and lower urease activities, indicating adequate processing. Large variation exists in the nutritional quality of extruder/expeller SBMs currently in the marketplace. Optimal processing temperatures should be >135 degrees C, and temperatures as high as 165 degrees C do not result in overprocessing.
The effect of short time extrusion or expansion on digestibility and energy of feeds and grains was determined in 18–21 day old broiler chicks. Untreated corn-based feed or wheat or barley were compared with the same material treated by expansion or extrusion, and milled to equal size using three replicate groups of 10 birds for each dietary treatment.Extrusion of whole feeds enhanced GE digestion and increased the AME and AMEn by 1.5 and 3.5% (P < 0.05). Extrusion or expansion of wheat or barley and their addition to basal diets increased AME and AMEn of the diets by 1.5–2.5% (P < 0.05). Barley was less well digested than wheat. High temperature short time extrusion and expansion processes appear to enhance energy of common feeds for broilers.
HTST extrusion-cooking, as a multi-step, multi-function thermal/mechanical process, has permitted a large number of food applications. Beneficial or detrimental changes in the bioavailability and in the content of nutrients may take place during extrusion and are of special interest in the case of bread or meat replacers and of infant or dietetic foods. The present paper reviews the mechanisms underlying these changes, as well as the influence of process conditions and of food mix composition. Special emphasis is placed on the physico-chemical and chemical modifications of protein, starch and dietary fibre.
Two chick growth experiments and a precision-fed cockerel digestibility assay were conducted to evaluate the effect of extrusion and expelling on the nutritive value of conventional (CSB) and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor-free (KFSB) soybeans. In the first experiment, performance of chicks fed CSB or KFSB autoclaved at 121 C was similar to that of chicks fed CSB or KFSB extruded at 138 C. The effect of extrusion temperature on protein quality of the soybeans was evaluated in the second experiment. Eleven corn-soybean diets were formulated to contain one of the following: CSB extruded at 104, 121, 138, or 154 C; KFSB extruded at 104, 121, or 138 C; CSB extruded at 121, 138, or 154 C followed by processing through an expeller; and commercial dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM). All diets contained 20% crude protein and the same amount of soybean oil and were fed to chicks from 7 to 21 days of age. The CSB extruded at 104 or 121 C and KFSB extruded at 104 C yielded depressed growth and feed efficiency compared with SBM. Performance of chicks on the other treatments was similar to that of chicks fed SBM. Pancreas weight (as a percentage of BW) decreased as extrusion temperature increased, with the response being greater for CSB. Growth performance was greater and pancreas weights were lower for chicks fed KFSB extruded at 104 or 121 C compared with those of chicks fed CSB extruded at the same temperatures. Expelling improved weight gain and feed efficiency when CSB was extruded at 121 C. A 48-h digestibility assay with cecectomized cockerels indicated that digestibility of amino acids in CSB and KFSB increased as extrusion temperature increased and that digestibilities of amino acids in CSB extruded at 104 or 121 C were lower than those in KFSB extruded at the same temperatures. Results of this study indicated that extrusion of CSB at 138 to 154 C or extrusion of KFSB at 121 to 138 C yields protein quality similar to that of SBM.
Three experiments were designed to assess the feeding value and potential environmental benefits of feeding degermed, dehulled corn, a low fiber by-product originating from the corn dry milling process, to pigs. Twelve 27-kg (SE = 0.8) barrows were used in Exp. 1 to measure the apparent fecal digestibility of DM, GE and N of degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain. Two diets were formulated to contain either 96.4% of degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain plus supplemental vitamins and minerals. Digestibilities of DM, GE, and N were greater in degermed, dehulled corn (96.2, 96.0, and 93.6%, respectively) compared with corn grain (89.0, 89.0, and 78.4%, respectively) (P < 0.01). Overall, a 67 and 29% reduction in DM and N excretion, respectively, was observed. In Exp. 2, eight 70-kg (SE =1.8) barrows were surgically fitted with ileal cannulae and fed the same diets as in Exp. 1, to measure the ileal digestibility of nutrients in degermed, dehulled corn. Ileal digestibility of DM, energy, and N was 13, 15, and 7% greater in degermed, dehulled corn (P < 0.05). Apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine were greater in degermed, dehulled corn compared with corn grain (P < 0.05) while a trend for a lower tryptophan digestibility in degermed, dehulled corn was observed (P = 0.067). In Experiment 3, 96 nursery pigs with an initial average BW of 8.8 kg (SE = 0.08), fed a starter diet formulated with degermed, dehulled corn or corn grain as the major grain source, were used in a 28-d growth performance study. At the end of the study, 24 pigs (1 pig per pen) were sacrificed and gastrointestinal tract measurements were taken. Daily growth rates of pigs were the same between diets (0.64 kg/d). A trend for reduced feed intake (P = 0.073) in pigs fed degermed, dehulled corn led to a 4% improvement in gain to feed (P < 0.05). Feeding degermed, dehulled corn had no effect on gut fill, gastrointestinal tract weight, or liver weight (P > 0.05). Ileal villus lengths and crypt depths were not affected by feeding degermed, dehulled corn although ileal villus widths were greater in pigs fed corn grain. Results from these trials suggest that corn processed to remove poorly digestible fiber fractions provides more digestible nutrients than corn grain. As a result, degermed, dehulled corn reduces fecal and N excretion, thus providing a means to reduce nutrient excretion.
The effects of extruson cooking on nutritional value: a literaure review
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