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Comparing the Solitary and Tablet Assisted Presentations of Direct Instruction Method in Teaching Science Topics to Students with Intellectual Disabilities
The aim of this study is determine the effectiveness and usefulness of direct instruction method in teaching certain “solid, liquid and gas” substances to students in a special education classroom in secondary school. The study was carried out through the case study that is one of the qualitative research methods. The teaching method used in order to test the efficiency of the study is the direct teaching method. Four students with intellectual disabilities participated in the study. One of the students was female (14 years old) while other students were male (15, 10, 10 years old). Three students had moderate disability and one had mild disability. In this study, the data were collected through semi-structured interviews and non-structured observations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the implementation teacher. Data obtained through interviews and observations in the study was analysed using qualitative data analysis approach and content analysis was performed on the data. Semi-structured interviews with the teacher were transcribed and analyzed. At the end of the study, it was found that three students learned all of the solid, liquid and gas substances that were taught to them and achieved permanent learning while one of the students learned solid, liquid and gas substances but did not achieve permanent learning for gas substances. Thus, it was concluded that direct instruction is an effective and useful method for teaching solid, liquid and gas substances to students with intellectual disabilities.
Focusing on students with mild disabilities, this study aimed to examine the effect of STAR problem solving strategy on their a) solving change problems involving one-step addition and subtraction, b) maintaining their acquisition of solving change problems involving one-step addition and subtraction after 1, 3, and 5 weeks, c) generalizing their performance in solving problems to the classroom environment. Three students with mild mental disabilities participated in the study. A multiple probe across participants design was used in the study. The number of problems that students solved correctly was determined by scoring the data. The data are shown graphically and analysed visually. Findings emphasized the effectiveness of STAR strategy for students with mild mental disabilities when solving change problems that involve a one-step addition and subtraction, indicating that those who acquired this strategy could demonstrate the same problem solving performance 1, 3, and 5 weeks after the intervention. Also, students were observed to generalize their strategy performance to the classroom environment. The findings of the research were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature and theoretical views, and suggestions were made for teachers in terms of interventions and for researchers considering further studies.
The purpose of this study is to reveal whether or not the social skills teaching program based on the direct instruction approach is effective on the ability of mentally retarded students in regular classroom settings to gain social skills such as apologizing, asking for help and finishing a task on time, and to generalize these abilities. This study used the model of multiple-probe design between subjects which takes place in the research methods of single-subject design. The researchers carried out this study with one 12-year-old male student and two female students, ages 12 and 11. To collect study data, this study used the teacher interview form, the social skills checklist, criterion-referenced measurement tools and data record tables. Graphical analyses were used to analyze data. To use target social skills (skills of apologizing, asking for help and finishing a task on time) in education, instructional plans that included acting as a model, guided practice and independent practice steps, which are the basic stages of the direct instruction approach, were prepared. In the social skills program, teaching sessions were held separately and conducted 3 days per week. At the end of the teaching sessions, generalization sessions took place. After this study, it was seen that the social skills teaching program based on the direct instruction approach was effective on the ability of three mentally retarded students to gain the target social skills and to generalize these abilities.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an iPad-based speech-generating device (SGD) and an intervention package in teaching multi-step requesting to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The intervention package comprised discrete trial teaching, time delay, graduated guidance, and reinforcement. Social validity data were also collected from parents and teachers. Three male participants with ASD, aged 4–5 years, participated in the study, which was conducted using a multiple-probe-across-participants design. Findings of the study showed that the SGD and the intervention package were effective in teaching multi-step requesting to all participants. Furthermore, the target skill was maintained and generalized to different materials and individuals. Social validity findings indicated that opinions of the mothers and teachers were positive. On the other hand, the father of one participant stated that he was concerned with possible negative effects of using tablet computers. The findings are discussed with regard to the parents’ opinions, and implications for practice and research.
The purpose of this study is to create a class supported by advanced technological tools (e.g. tablet computer, interactive boards) in a special education middle school for students with intellectual disability; conduct technology-based instructional activities; determine the problems likely to emerge in this process and solve these problems; and improve students' competencies in the Science and Technology course. This study, which is an action research, was conducted in three stages: "Determining the Situation", "Implementation"; and "Monitoring". This paper presents the implementation and monitoring stages of the study. The research participants are 11 sixth grade students with mild intellectual disability receiving education at an official special education middle school, their parents, two classroom teachers of the intellectually-disabled, validity committee members, dissertation supervision committee members, and the researcher. The research data were obtained from video-recordings, field notes, the researcher's diary, daily lesson plans, validity committee meeting decisions, decisions taken in the reflection and planning meetings with the teachers, semi-structured interviews, artifacts, criterion-referenced test, check-lists, and official documents. The data obtained during and at the end of the research process were subjected to content analysis via Nvivo 10. The findings indicated that identifying student needs in the integration process, providing and developing electronic contents according to these needs, and planning instruction activities by taking these needs into consideration are important. In addition, the research provided very detailed data concerning the problems likely to be encountered in the integration of technology into a natural teaching environment. It was stressed that the problems encountered during the use of technology in instruction activities may lead to new behavioral problems, and teachers have to take measures against these situations. The integration of technology into the Science and Technology course curriculum improved the students' academic performance. It also contributed to the teachers. The findings were discussed in the light of other studies in the literature, and recommendations were put forward for practice and further studies.
We conducted the first study on Turkish children with autism and tablet computers, with a web-based iPad application designed especially for them. We performed a pilot study on three Turkish boys with autism of different ages to observe their reactions to the tablet application and its effectiveness in teaching the sequencing skill, which is part of their educational curriculum. Our application had a testing session with no prompts or rewards and a teaching session with prompts, rewards, and demonstration of correct responses. First, our participants played the testing session to determine their baseline sequencing abilities. Next, they played the teaching session. Finally, they played the testing session again to see if they were now able to sequence the cards on their own. Through this application, the 11-year-old boy’s sequencing skills improved without external help, via only the prompts and reinforcements of the iPad application. The application was not enough to teach sequencing to the 4-year-old, who required external help, and it was too simple for the 15-year-old, who did not use any prompts and quickly became bored. Based on our findings, we discuss how to improve similar sequencing applications and offer suggestions for designing iPad applications for individuals with autism.
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of video modeling delivered via computer on accurate and independent use of an iPod by three participants with moderate intellectual disabilities. In the context of combined multiple probes across participants and replicated across tasks, three female middle school students learned to watch a movie, listen to music, and look at photos on an iPod. Video clips were created in point of view, as if participants were performing the task and presented via video modeling on an IBM computer. During instruction, participants watched the videos of the entire task they were currently learning. In addition to data on accuracy of responding, data were also collected on efficiency measures (number of sessions and number and percentage of errors to criterion), as well as on types of errors (latency, duration, and topographic). Results indicate that participants acquired the response following video modeling and could independently use the iPod. Students maintained most tasks on follow-up probe trials; however, on skills that deteriorated, students were effectively retrained with video booster sessions.
The purpose of this study was to explore technology as a tool for increasing student achievement within the middle school science classroom and specifically to support the learning of special needs students. Utilizing field-test curriculum from the Lawrence Hall of Science's Great Explorations in Math and Science (GEMS) Space Science Curriculum Sequence, software modules were designed to mediate instruction in specific problem areas which special needs students, especially those with learning disabilities, face in learning science. Participants in this research were middle school students who were classified as receiving special education services, but were enrolled in regular education science classes. Students in the control classrooms participated in an activity-oriented field-test curriculum which was common to all students within a particular class. Students in the modified treatment group received modified instructional activities which were mediated by a computer and utilized best practices. Regular education students using unmodified curriculum showed an 8% average gain from pre- to post-test whereas special education students showed a 7% decrease. On the other hand, regular education students using the modified curriculum averaged a 9% gain in their pre- to post-test scores whereas special education students averaged a 7% gain. Gains in students' pretest to posttest scores were notably higher for the special education students who used computer-mediated instructional approaches designed utilizing best practices. In addition, the proportion of special needs students who provided more scientifically accurate and extended responses was much greater among those who used the modified materials. Most importantly, special needs students in this study who used the modified materials demonstrated more conceptual growth than did the special education students in using the unmodified materials. The major finding of this work is that most special education students demonstrated substantial gains in learning the content using the modified curriculum. Moreover, students using modified curriculum not only increased in the frequency of their responses, but also increased in the quality of their responses to a particular prompt. In addition, responses from special education students in the modified curriculum group were consistently within the range of responses found among the general education population, who also increased.
We evaluated audio cuing to facilitate community employment of individuals with autism and intellectual disability. The job required promoting products in retail stores by wearing an air-inflated WalkAround(®) costume of a popular commercial character. Three adolescents, ages 16-18, were initially trained with video modeling. Audio cuing was then used by an attendant who delivered prompts regarding when to perform job skills. The two interventions were evaluated in an interrupted time series withdrawal design during training and then again in an actual job setting. Results show video modeling was not effective. However, the audio cuing produced job performances well above the designated criteria during training and when on the job. These changes were replicated with each participant, demonstrating clear experimental control. The changes proved statistically significant as well. Participants and parents reported high job satisfaction. The challenges of competitive employment for individuals with autism and intellectual disabilities are discussed.
Science content is one area of general curriculum access that needs more investigation. Explicit instruction is effective for teaching students with high incidence disabilities a variety of skills, including science content. In this study, we taught three elementary aged students with autism spectrum disorder to acquire science descriptors (e.g., wet) and then generalization to novel objects, pictures, and within a science inquiry lesson via explicit instruction. A multiple probe across behaviors with concurrent replication across participants design measured the effects of the intervention. All three participants met criterion, some were able to generalize to novel objects, pictures, and objects within science inquiry lesson. Outcomes are discussed from the perspective of implications for practice and future research investigations.
BACKGROUND: Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities struggle to find integrated employment because of their challenges with vocational task acquisition and completion. Video-based self-directed prompts have been utilized on iPads, smartphones, and personal digital assistants (PDA's) to overcome this challenge in acquiring and completing vocational tasks in integrated community-based employment settings. OBJECTIVE: In this study, self-directed video prompting on iPads was used with three male participants with intellectual and developmental disabilities in integrated community-based employment settings. METHODS: A multiple probe across tasks design was used to determine the effects of the intervention on the acquisition and accurate completion of vocational tasks in integrated employment settings. Prior to intervention with self-directed video prompting in the integrated employment setting, a multiple probe across participants design was used to determine the effects of a training package for teaching iPad usage consisting of modeling and least-to-most prompting on a training task. RESULTS: All three participants acquired device usage in two to five trials. The participants all acquired three vocational tasks in the course of the study and demonstrated generalization to new materials, settings, or people in two of their three tasks. CONCLUSION: Video-based self-directed prompts promote improved performance in integrated community-based employment settings.
This study was aimed at comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of direct instruction and problem solving approaches in teaching social skills to children with mental retardation. The design was adapted alternating treatment design. The subjects of the study consist of a girl and a boy between the ages of 11 and 13 who are mentally retarded. In order to collect the research data, teacher's interview form, the control check lists of social skills, criterion-referenced tests and data record sheets to use during direct instruction and problem solving approaches, efficiency form were developed and used. Visual graphical analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. The outcome shows that direct instruction approach was more effective than problem solving approach in teaching social skills to first subject. In acquisition of social skills direct instruction was more efficient in terms of total training time and training errors through criterion than problem solving approach. © 2011 Eḡitim Dani{dotless}şmanli{dotless}ḡi{dotless} ve Araşti{dotless}rmalari{dotless} İletişim Hizmetleri Tic. Ltd. Şti.
We evaluated an intervention procedure for teaching three students with developmental disabilities to independently operate a portable multimedia device (i.e., an iPod Touch(®)) to listen to music. The intervention procedure included the use of video modeling, which was presented on the same iPod Touch(®) that the students were taught to operate to listen to music. Four phases (i.e., baseline, intervention, fading, and follow-up) were arranged in accordance with a delayed multiple-probe across participants design. During baseline, the students performed from 25 to 62.5% of the task analyzed steps correctly. With intervention, all three students correctly performed 80-100% of the steps and maintained this level of performance when video modeling was removed and during follow-up. The findings suggest that the video modeling procedure was effective for teaching the students to independently operate a portable multimedia device to access age-appropriate leisure content.
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