Physical Activity and Health: The Evidence Explained
... The first links between physical activity and health can be found in ancient China (2500 BC); later on in history, the Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC) established an early tradition of maintaining health through a combination of diet and exercise. An extensive scientific analysis of the relationship between physical activity and health started after World War II, when the focus of public health issues shifted towards chronic, non-communicable diseases and the possible influence of individual behaviour and structural prevention (Hardman and Stensel 2010). Today, there are numerous (epidemiological) studies analysing the benefits of physical activity on health and well-being as well as health-related consequences of physical inactivity. ...
... Sedentary habits and low cardiorespiratory fitness are among the strongest predictors of premature mortality and pose a major public health thread in most countries of the world" (Blair and LaMonte 2007, 158-159). Hardman and Stensel (2010) also report of strong evidence for a dose-response relationship between mortality and the level of physical activity, indicating that an active lifestyle reduces rates of mortality 20% -80% as compared to a sedentary lifestyle. Moreover, considering the large number of nowadays (chronic) diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, obesity, joint and bone health as well as mental diseases like anxiety, sleeping disorders and depression, there is also strong evidence for benefits from physical activity. ...
... Moreover, considering the large number of nowadays (chronic) diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, obesity, joint and bone health as well as mental diseases like anxiety, sleeping disorders and depression, there is also strong evidence for benefits from physical activity. Bouchard, Blair and Haskell (2007) as well as Hardman and Stensel (2010) provide a current and concise overview of the effects of physical activity on these diseases. ...
Background: The importance of promoting an active lifestyle from young age is widely recognized and physical education provides an opportunity to address the health-related needs of all children. The use of heart rate monitors in physical education is advocated as a technological supplement to traditional teaching methods. However, researchers analyzing innovations suggest that there are challenges to move from innovation and advocacy to widespread and effective implementation. Moreover, there is lack of research on students’ view of the use of technology in physical education
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze students’ experiences of using heart rate monitors during physical education lessons.
Participants and setting: Four intact classes with 75 students from grade five and six participated in this study. Students were during two lessons taught five different heart rate monitor activities based on guidelines about the use of technology in physical education published by the National Board of Education.
Data collection and analysis: This is a qualitative and descriptive study of students’ learning experiences. Students completed after each lesson a questionnaire about their experiences of heart rate monitors and the different activities. In addition, student activity was measured by heart rate monitors. All qualitative data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.
Findings: Student activity showed high individual variation and they were engaged in MVPA for in average 25% of lesson time. About 80% of the students liked to use the heart rate monitors and half of the students wanted to try them again during a physical education lesson or to use them during leisure time. Several students enjoyed following their heart rate but some felt that monitor was uncomfortable.
Discussion: The results showed that heart rate monitors can supplement more traditional forms of instruction, but there are challenges that teachers need to consider. The guideline recommending 50% MVPA during physical education lesson time is not easy to achieve and some students may feel that lessons are physically too demanding. However, the use of heart rate monitors can utilize individualized instruction and provide students some sense of competence and autonomy
... Kronik hastalıkların öncüllerini geciktirebilecek ve yetişkinlikte olumsuz sağlık sonuçları riskini azaltabilecek fiziksel aktivite davranışlarını yaşamın erken dönemlerinde oluşturma düşüncesi, birincil önleme bakımından yerindedir. Çocuklarda ve ergenlerde fiziksel aktivitenin yaygınlaştırılmasını savunan büyük bir destek vardır ve gençlerin şuan ki ve gelecekteki sağlığını en iyi hale getirmek için bir strateji olarak fiziksel aktivitenin önemi, pediatrik egzersiz bilimindeki disiplinler arasında önemli bilimsel araştırmalara konu olmaya devam etmektedir (Stensel, Hardman, and Gill 2021). ...
... Yakın zamanda yapılan ve 200 ülkeden elde edilen verileri içeren 42 yıllık obezite eğilimlerine ilişkin bir analiz, 2016 yılında 5-19 yaş arası 50 milyon kız ve 74 milyon erkek çocuğun obez olduğunu tahmin etmektedir. Ayrıca küresel obezite görülme sıklığının kızlarda 1975'te %0,7'den 2016'da %5,6'ya, erkeklerde ise 1975'te %0,9'dan 2016'da %7,8'e yükseldiğini bildirmiştir (Stensel, Hardman, and Gill 2021). ...
... Por su parte, niveles pobres de ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA/SEDENTARISMO 6 actividad física (o la inactividad física) y el sedentarismo se encuentran asociados con diversas enfermedades crónico-degenerativas (e.g., las cardiopatías coronarias o CC, la diabetes tipo 2, cáncer, entre otras), la obesidad (o sobrepeso) y la mortalidad prematura. Más aún, los planteamientos previos afectan adversamente a la economía, esto debido al incremento en el costo para el cuidado de la salud, la disminución en la productividad laboral y a una mayor prevalencia de incapacidades físicas conexas a la actividad ocupacional (Gill, 2022;Stensel, 2022). ...
... En ilación a lo anterior, los estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado una reducción en las tasas de mortalidad general (por todas las causas de muerte), una merma en el riesgo para una morbilidad prematura, un incremento en la expectativa de vida al nacer y la protección potencial tocante a los efectos adversos que posee la obesidad (o sobrepeso) ante el riesgo de la mortalidad (i.e., un riesgo bajo para una mortalidad prematura), siempre que las personas mantengan magnitudes apropiadas de actividades físicas (e.g., por lo menos una hora diaria a niveles de intensidad de moderada a vigorosa [moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, MVPA]), una actividad sedentaria escueta (e.g., minimizar el tiempo sentado a menos de cuatro horas por día) y un estado de aptitud física idóneo (e.g., tolerancia cardiorrespiratoria o aeróbica y aptitud muscular [específicamente la fortaleza muscular]) (ACSM, 2021, pp. 5-6;Gill, 2022;Lahart, Metsios, & Kite, 2019;Pišot, 2021). También, otro beneficio para la salud de la actividad física consiste en una reducción de los factores de riesgo cardio-metabólicos (Deighton, 2022). ...
This presentation discusses the importance for preventive health in following global and local physical activity guidelines and lessening the sedentary behavior. Emphasis is placed on the need for exercise specialists to follow the best clinical practices and support their praxis on scientific evidence, the guidelines and standards established by internationally recognized associations, societies and federations, position papers and the expert’s opinions (consensus statements) in the exercise sciences field. Also, health, exercise, and physical activities current trends are provided. After an introduction, the essential concepts incorporated in the document are defined. Next, the origin and evolution of the physical activity guidelines are reviewed, from their first conception to the current recommendations. Then, the policies, possible strategies and models established for the promotion of physical activity and the reduction of sedentary behavior are examined. The current writing culminates presenting a model to follow for the promotion of exercise, physical activities, and sedentary behavior interventions in Puerto Rico.
... The study (Caspersen, Powell & Christenson, 1985) explores how physical activity is related to all activities performed by the body, which are carried out with the participation of human muscles, and which consume human energy. Physical activity is any movement, but usually this concept is applied to sports activities (Bouchard, Blair & Haskell, 2012) or physical activities are seen as active movements of the body, during which energy consumption is increased compared to a state of rest (Hardman & Stensel, 2009). One form of physical activity is sports games, for example, football. ...
The laws and regulations of Latvia on the professional education activity in football training state that as the age of the students increases, the number of contact hours per week that must be spent in football training also increases. Furthermore, scientific literature often mentions that as people age, their motivation to engage in physical activity and sports often decreases. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the motivation of children and youth for participation and time spent in football training in different age groups. Within the framework of the study, the opinion of the Ethics Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sport Education was received on the compliance of the survey with ethical norms, as well as the legal representative of each research participant had confirmed their participation in the study with a permission. As part of the study, 167 research participants from one Latvian school were surveyed in the grade groups from 5 to 9. The number of hours the research participants spend in football training sessions per year was determined, as well as their motivation to participate in the training. The results of the study showed that as the age of children and youth increases, they spend more time in football training sessions (p≤0.001), but their motivation decreases every year (p≤0.01).
... It is widely accepted that physical activity and exercise provide psychological and physiological benefits (Hardman & Stensel, 2009). A significant number of individuals initiate exercise with the primary objectives of maintaining their physical well-being and utilizing exercise as a viable strategy for stress management . ...
Exercise addiction manifests as a behavioral compulsion where physical activity becomes excessively pursued, leading to potential harm to both physical and mental well-being, as well as interpersonal connections. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of basic psychological needs and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between childhood trauma and exercise addiction. The study sample consisted of 386 regular exercisers who completed several questionnaires, including the Childhood Trauma Scale, Exercise Dependence Scale, Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale. The results of the analyses revealed that basic psychological needs and emotion regulation difficulties were significant predictors of exercise addiction symptoms, and they mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and exercise addiction. The findings contribute to the understanding of the factors that may lead to exercise addiction and have implications for prevention and treatment. In this context, the results and limitations are discussed in light of the relevant literature.
... Research demonstrates that regular physical activity (PA) results in extensive physical, psychological, and social benefits [1]. In 2019 the Chief Medical Officers for the UK introduced updated PA guidelines, recommending that adults aim to accumulate at least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic PA per week, including at least two sessions per week aimed at muscle strength and balance [2]. ...
Background
Regular physical activity (PA) results in extensive physical, psychological, and social benefits. Despite primary care being a key point of influence for PA behaviours in the UK, research indicates poor application of PA interventions in this context. To address this, the Royal College of General Practitioners’ (RCGP) developed and implemented the Active Practice Charter (APC). The aim of the study was to evaluate the perceived impact and acceptability of the APC initiative from the perspective of primary healthcare professionals (PHPs).
Methods
An online exploratory cross-sectional survey was designed to assess the perceived impact, experiences, and challenges of the APC initiative, from the perspective of PHPs. The survey was distributed by the RCGP via email to 184 registered APC practices across the UK.
Results
Responses were reviewed from staff (n = 33) from 21 APC practices. Initiatives used by APC practices included: educational programmes, partnerships with PA providers, referral systems, and infrastructure investment. Perceived benefits included: increased awareness about PA, staff cohesion, and improved well-being. However, staff felt the APC had limited effect due to implementation barriers, including: a lack of engagement, time, resources, and funding.
Conclusion
This is the first evaluation of any nationwide UK-based initiative engaging GP practices in promoting PA. Acknowledging the limitations in response rate, although support exists for the RCGP APC, the evaluation highlights challenges to its implementation. Nonetheless, the wide reach of the RCGP, combined with the cited staff and patient benefits, demonstrates the significant potential of the APC initiative. Given the need to address physical inactivity nationally, further development the APC offers a possible solution, with further research required to overcome the challenges to implementation.
... Physical activity (PA) has a powerful positive impact on all aspects of health. Regular PA can prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases [1,2], build resilience against the development of mental illness [3], and attenuate cognitive decline [4]. Given these pervasive health benefits, increasing participation in PA is recognised as a global priority by international public health organisations. ...
Background
Physical activity is important for all aspects of health, yet most university students are not active enough to reap these benefits. Understanding the factors that influence physical activity in the context of behaviour change theory is valuable to inform the development of effective evidence-based interventions to increase university students’ physical activity. The current systematic review a) identified barriers and facilitators to university students’ physical activity, b) mapped these factors to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and COM-B model, and c) ranked the relative importance of TDF domains.
Methods
Data synthesis included qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research published between 01.01.2010—15.03.2023. Four databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus) were searched to identify publications on the barriers/facilitators to university students' physical activity. Data regarding study design and key findings (i.e., participant quotes, qualitative theme descriptions, and survey results) were extracted. Framework analysis was used to code barriers/facilitators to the TDF and COM-B model. Within each TDF domain, thematic analysis was used to group similar barriers/facilitators into descriptive theme labels. TDF domains were ranked by relative importance based on frequency, elaboration, and evidence of mixed barriers/facilitators.
Results
Thirty-nine studies involving 17,771 participants met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-six barriers and facilitators mapping to twelve TDF domains and the COM-B model were identified as relevant to students’ physical activity. Three TDF domains, environmental context and resources (e.g., time constraints), social influences (e.g., exercising with others), and goals (e.g., prioritisation of physical activity) were judged to be of greatest relative importance (identified in > 50% of studies). TDF domains of lower relative importance were intentions, reinforcement, emotion, beliefs about consequences, knowledge, physical skills, beliefs about capabilities, cognitive and interpersonal skills, social/professional role and identity, and behavioural regulation. No barriers/facilitators relating to the TDF domains of memory, attention and decision process, or optimism were identified.
Conclusions
The current findings provide a foundation to enhance the development of theory and evidence informed interventions to support university students’ engagement in physical activity. Interventions that include a focus on the TDF domains 'environmental context and resources,' 'social influences,' and 'goals,' hold particular promise for promoting active student lifestyles.
Trial registration
Prospero ID—CRD42021242170.
... (6) A US report in 2004 shows prevalence of at least 3 diseases among the elderly of over 75 years that require medical treatment and medication. (7) Developing these diseases causes less ability to perform daily life activities and lessens physical performance. (8) A factor important to the elderly's ability to perform their daily life activities is physical balance. ...
... General health risks include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer (Levine et al. 2005;Stensel et al. 2021). Against inactivity, which has become an important problem all over the world, it is known that projects to combat obesity and develop movement habits are supported to protect and improve public health. ...
In this age when the importance of human and public health is increasing, inactivity, which is seen as one of the most important problems, and the increase in obesity rates threaten public health. Therefore, the importance of physical activity and nutrition is increasing and new researches are being conducted in this field. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between physical health perception and attitude towards the usage of food supplements. Relational survey method was used in this study designed to determine this relationship between variables. 287 academic staff (85= female, 202= male) participated in the study. The physical health statements of the PROMIS global health scale and the scale adapted to the use of food supplements after a literature review were used. As a result, significant relationships were determined between attitude towards the use of food supplements and physical health perception. It was determined that academicians generally considered themselves healthy and were open-minded about the use of food supplements (F=8.150 p=0.000), physical health perception differed according to their field of study (F=4.912; p=0.002), and those who exercised regularly had a higher physical health perception (F=8,339; p>0.05). The study revealed important results in terms of guiding individual, public health and government policies. It is recommended for new researchers to examine the concepts related to rest, sleep behaviours and nutritional knowledge.
... Karmaşık ve çok boyutlu bir davranış olan fiziksel aktivite birçok faaliyete katkıda bulunur; bunlar arasında mesleki, ev işleri, ulaşım ve boş zaman aktiviteleri yer almaktadır. Egzersiz, boş zamanlardaki fiziksel aktivitenin bir alt kategorisidir ve 'fiziksel uygunluğun bir veya daha fazla bileşenini geliştirmek veya sürdürmek için planlı, yapılandırılmış ve tekrarlayan vücut hareketlerinin yapıldığı fiziksel aktivite' olarak tanımlanır (Hardman & Stensel 2009;Miles, 2007). ...
Paradigma, bilim insanlarının dünyaya bakış açısını şekillendirmek amacıyla kullanılmakta olan görüş demektir. Çok yönlü bir nitelik barındıran paradigma, yaklaşım ve modelleri çevreleyen ve araştırmacı bireyin olay ve olgularla alakalı durumdaki bakış açısını yahut dünya görüşünü ifade etmesine paradigma denmektedir. Bundan dolayı bilimsel konular üzerinde gerçekleştirilen her türlü araştırmada paradigmalar etken niteliktedir. Ayrıca araştırmacı bireyin kendi felsefi düşüncesine göre nicel, nitel yahut karma paradigmalardan birinden yararlanılabilir. Sporda Yeni Paradigmalar isimli kitabımız, spor bilimlerindeki akademik çalışmaları bir araya getirerek multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla hazırlanmıştır. Spor bilimleri alanındaki yenilikçi çalışmalara yer verilerek hazırlanan kitapta sekiz bölüm bulunmaktadır. Bu bölümlerde teknolojik yeniliklerin ve yeni yaklaşımların oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Ayrıca Spor eğitiminden ve spor yönetimine kadar farklı bölümler mevcuttur. Alandaki yenilikçi çalışmaların literatüre katkı sağlaması amaçlanmaktadır.
... Physical activity provides many health benefits. Higher levels of aerobic physical activity have been associated with decreased risks for mortality, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and improved mental health [1][2][3][4][5]. In the postpartum period, more physical activity has been associated with less risk for postpartum weight retention, decreased risk for postpartum depression, and better overall maternal well-being [6][7][8][9]. ...
Background: Little is known about how physical activity participation changes throughout the first year postpartum. This may be due to the difficulty in recruiting this population. The aims of this study were first to describe the recruitment methods and second to examine physical activity in the first year postpartum. Methods: Black and White women who gave birth to a singleton infant at ≥37 weeks gestation were recruited by a variety of strategies. At 6–8 weeks (baseline) and 4, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum, women were instructed to wear an accelerometer for 7 days. Results: Active recruitment with interactions between staff and potential participants was more successful than non-active strategies for enrolling women. Throughout the first year postpartum, physical activity counts and light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity increased from baseline (165.2 and 21.5 min, respectively) to 12 months (185.0 and 27.6 min, respectively). Sedentary time decreased from 775.3 min at baseline to 749.4 min per day at 12 months. In this sample, Black participants had lower physical activity (counts per minute per day) and greater sedentary time than White participants. Conclusions: Active strategies were more successful in recruiting women into the study. Of those who enrolled, physical activity levels increased over time. Identifying barriers to physical activity that may change over the postpartum period will help develop more targeted interventions to increase physical activity.
... Research demonstrates that regular physical activity (PA) results in extensive physical and mental health benefits (1). In 2019, the Chief Medical Officer for the UK introduced updated PA guidelines, building on previous iterations. ...
Background
Despite the known benefits of physical activity (PA), one third of adults in the UK fail to meet recommended levels of PA. PA promotion in primary care has been shown to be effective at improving PA in patients but implementation of PA promotion by GPs remains poor. Research has shown a need to improve PA education in undergraduate medical education, but no review of postgraduate medical education has been performed.
Aim
Assess the knowledge and values towards PA promotion in General Practice specialist trainees (GPST) in Scotland.
Design & setting
Cross-sectional survey distributed to GPSTs trainees in Scotland.
Method
A mixed methods cross-sectional survey, informed by previous research, was developed, and distributed, to all (n = 1205) GPSTs in Scotland in December 2022. Descriptive statistics were used to analysis quantitative data. A content analysis of free text responses was also performed.
Results
A total of 168 GPSTs responded, representing 13.4% of all GPSTs in Scotland. Of respondents, 93.5% reported no previous experience in Sports and Exercise Science/Medicine. Overall, 38.9% of respondents stated they were unaware of the current UK PA guidelines, with 33.9% unable to correctly identify the UK PA guidelines when presented with multiple choice options. 83% felt they had been inadequately trained to deliver PA advice during their medical training.
Conclusion
This study highlights a lack of knowledge, confidence, and education in PA promotion in GPSTs in Scotland. Given the importance of primary prevention, this urgently needs to be addressed.
... Bouchard and Shephard's conceptualisation also recognises the dynamic and multi-dimensional nature of health proposed by Corbin et al (2010). This helps provide a more sophisticated appreciation of health, a direct contrast to reductionist perspectives, which typically use disease as a marker to distinguish between health and ill-health (Hardman & Stensel, 2009). ...
This research addresses longstanding calls to investigate social media and its potential to support teachers’ pedagogy, specifically in health-related Physical Education (PE) (Kirk, 2019; Goodyear & Armour, 2019). Although a growing body of literature has explored social media and their impact on health knowledge, behaviours and attitudes, the work to date has tended to focus on young people’s use of these platforms (e.g., Goodyear et al, 2018). Whilst some literature has focussed on teachers' use of these platforms for professional development purposes (e.g., Goodyear et al, 2014; Casey et al, 2017; Harvey & Carpenter, 2020), this is somewhat scant in the area of health. Furthermore, previous research has been critiqued for focusing on the risks/and or limitations associated with these platforms.
In light of the above, the purpose of this study was to explore PE teachers’ uses of social media in their teaching of physical activity for health (PAH). Gaining this insight is important, given the growing concerns surrounding young people’s health and physical activity status, and PE’s current struggles in successfully delivering health, fitness and physical activity goals. Couple this with the rapid increase in social media use across all sectors of modern society, particularly in the wake of COVID-19, and it would seem timely to investigate how these sites support teaching and learning in PAH.
This study used appreciative inquiry as its philosophical framework to identify and explore what gives life to PE teachers' uses of social media in their teaching of PAH. At a methodological level, the study utilised grounded theory to unearth and zoom in on critical issues identified by PE teachers. Eighty-two secondary school PE teachers completed an online survey, and twenty-six agreed to participate in online interviews and a digital task. The survey helped develop an understanding of PE teachers use of social media for PAH, while the online interviews and digital task provided the research with living examples.
The findings reveal that many PE teachers used social media to inform their teaching of PAH, gathering practical activities and exam resources from various sources to support their pupils’ learning, using comments, likes and followers as well as their sports science backgrounds to help identify and evaluate such content. The PE teachers valued social media because it saved them time and encouraged them to reflect on their practices. Despite this, and whilst the level varied between different types of users, most teachers were cautious about the information gathered from these platforms. Teachers perceived social media to have influenced their teaching of PAH in several ways. For example, some teachers reported that social media had helped them keep up to date, boosting their pupils engagement in PAH. Similarly, some teachers suggested that these platforms allowed them to access the latest PAH information, thereby broadening their understanding of PAH and how to promote it in the curriculum.
In conclusion, the research makes a number of recommendations for practice, for example, for PE teachers to receive more positively framed teacher education and ongoing professional development in the use of social media. The strengths based approach to this research has extended the fields understanding in relation to PE teachers’ uses of social media, unsettling repeated messages and accepted meanings, thereby contributing new knowledge to the area.
... Bhaskarabhatla and Birrer [67] also found that limited PA, as a consequence of the strict quarantine during COVID-19, might affect diabetes. In addition, regular PA relates to lower resting blood pressure [68,69] and a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes [70]. ...
This study aimed to compare the changes in physical activity (PA), chronic disease, and mental health indicators of Koreans before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, using raw data from more than 400,000 representative samples from the 2019-2020 Community Health Survey by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and to explore the correlations among them. We used two-way ANOVA to analyze changes and differences in PA and obesity levels. We assessed the influence of gender and recurrent PA using chi-square tests for mental health status and chronic disease. Finally, we performed a correlation analysis to determine the relationships among PA days, mental health, and chronic disease. The results showed that, compared to the levels before the COVID-19 period, moderate-intensity (Days: 1.415~1.217; Time: 114.688~107.321) and high-intensity (Days: 0.798~0.671; Time: 112.866~106.110) PA significantly decreased in Koreans during the COVID-19 period, while low-intensity (Time: 60.305~61.735) PA increased. Before and during the COVID-19 period, men (18,436 (8.1%)~16,124 (7.0%)) performed PA more regularly than women (13,207 (5.8%)~9382 (4.1%)). Compared to the number of regular PA participants before the COVID-19 period, regular PA participants (male, female) decreased from 31,643 (13.8%) to 25,506 (11.1%) during the COVID-19 period. Compared with the levels before the COVID-19 period, the experience rates of stress (3.1%~2.6%), depression (0.8%~0.6%), HBP (3.0%~2.2%), and diabetes (1.2%~0.9%) significantly changed under different levels of conventional PA intervention. In addition, the obesity rate during the COVID-19 period (23.957) was higher than it was before COVID-19 (23.477). During the COVID-19 period, the PA of Koreans was greatly restricted, but low-intensity PA was maintained and increased. PA is an effective activity for maintaining mental health and for preventing and reducing chronic diseases. Recommendations for appropriate intensity or a combination of high-, moderate-, and low-intensity PA should be based on the health status of Koreans to help them maintain mental health and to reduce the risk of chronic diseases during COVID-19 social distancing.
... В этом случае обеспечивается целостность, реалистичность и гармоничность здоровьесбережения. Таким образом, самостоятельность здоровьесбережения -важный показатель развития человека как организмической целостности [20]. Противоположной стороной является отказ от развития, беспомощность и фрагментация человека, его жизни и здоровьесбережения. ...
The introduction substantiates the relevance of the issue of independent health protection of university students by means of physical culture. The study notes the need to address the questions of how to build and develop independence and what it consists of in different stages of existence and development of the student as a person, partner, and professional. Materials and methods. The study aims to conduct an integrative analysis of studies on the independence of health protection as an indicator of physical culture of university students. Independence of health saving is considered as an index of high development, effectiveness, awareness of the physical culture of university students, their free and responsible behavior and attitude to the development and implementation of an individual health saving trajectory, including an individualized physical activity. Results of the research. The state of the research and problems of building and developing health protection independence as a criterion of physical culture of university students in modern pedagogical science and practice have been studied. The results of studies on the health protection independence as an integrative indicator of physical culture of university students have been summarized and the conclusion about the importance of using the independence of health protection as a criterion for assessing the extent to which physical culture is developed has been made. Conclusions: Prospects for and directions of the development of independence of health saving as an indicator of physical culture of university students are highlighted.
... Gleiches wird evidenzbasiert über verschiedene Krebsarten, Demenz, Atemwegserkrankungen wie beispielsweise chronisch obstruktive Pneumopathie sowie Nierenerkrankungen, Asthma und Osteoporose gesagt (vgl. Hardman & Stensel, 2009;Pedersen & Saltin, 2006). ...
In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen vielfältige Sport- und Bewegungsprogramme als Möglichkeit innovativer Trainingskonzepte erläutert, teilweise untersucht und die Ergebnisse entsprechend eingeordnet werden. Es geht dabei darum, diese Konzepte auch für Therapiemaßnahmen zu evaluieren und letztendlich zukünftig nutzbar zu machen. Die Ansätze der dafür zugrundeliegenden Untersuchungen sind vielfältig und bewusst heterogen angelegt, ebenso wie meine generelle Forschungsausrichtung. So erforsche ich intensiv die Optimierung sportorientierter Therapiebegleitung bei malignen Erkrankungen (Schwerpunkt pädiatrische Onkologie). Dabei spielen in der Forschung und anschließenden Implementierung in bewegungsorientierte Therapiemaßnahmen die Bereiche Gesundheit und Bewegungswissenschaft gleichermaßen eine bedeutende Rolle, die ich parallel bearbeite. Bei den Untersuchungen geht es einerseits um Trainingskonzepte, die relativ unaufwendig auf Trainingsflächen der Kliniken oder Rehabilitationseinrichtungen angeleitet oder auch selbstständig durchgeführt werden können (Block 1: Trainingswissenschaft). Andererseits geht es um biomechanische und bewegungswissenschaftliche Messungen ausgewählter gesundheitsrelevanter Parameter (Block 2: Biomechanik und Bewegungswissenschaft), um z.B. das Lehrkonzept und das verwendete Material für Block 3 zu evaluieren und im Sinne eines gesundheitsspezifischen, zielorientierten und nachhaltigen Ansatzes der Rehabilitation zu optimieren. In einem dritten Schritt wird in Block 3 (Klinik und immunologische Aspekte) der Natursport „Skilauf“ als Rehabilitationsmaßnahme untersucht. In diesem Gefüge soll hier zunächst der direkte Zusammenhang von Bewegungswissenschaften und Gesundheitssport deutlich werden, was auf der Grundlage eines bewegungswissenschaftlichen Blickwinkels geschieht. Anschließend soll dieser Zusammenhang über bewusst sehr heterogen angelegte Studien noch deutlicher werden, die alle das gleiche Ziel verfolgen: innovative Sport-, Bewegungs- und Gesundheitskonzepte auf einer empirischen Grundlage für die Trainingstherapie einzusetzen.
... 1 Generally, regular exercise and physical activity have numerous benefits for people's physical and mental health. 2 Physical activity improves psychological wellbeing and quality of life. 3 However, some exercise much more frequently than recommended, which can lead to a problem related to physical activity. ...
Introduction: Physical activity and exercise have numerous physical and psychological benefits. However, some individuals persevere in exercise despite the various problems it causes – physical, emotional, social and psychological. Aim: The present study aimed to explore the effects of gender, group of exercisers and supplements on the occurrence of obligatory exercise in young adults. Another aim was to explore and present psychometric characteristics and factor structure of the Croatian version of The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ). Methods: The study included 124 kinesiology students and 109 recreational exercisers (107 males and 126 females) in early adulthood engaged in some kind of physical activity. The participants provided information about sociodemographic characteristics and completed The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire. Results: Analysis of the factor structure of the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire revealed three factors: exercise frequency and commitment, exercise preoccupation and intensity, and exercise emotionality. Obtained findings correspond to the previous modified and reduced versions of the instrument. The results of the research indicate that male participants and kinesiology students exercise more often and are more committed than females and recreational exercisers. Participants using vitamin and nutritional supplements exercise more often, are more committed and more preoccupied and exercise more intensely than those who are not using any supplements. Likewise, male students using vitamin and nutritional supplements show the highest levels of exercise emotionality. Conclusion: The results suggest that the male gender, kinesiology students, and those who use the supplements may be riskier for obligatory exercise development.
... Physical inactivity is one of the reasons for this condition (AIHW, 2020a). Moreover, many children do not meet the recommended amount of physical activity in Australian 24-hour movement guidelines (AIHW, 2020a;Bull et al., 2020;Hardman, 2009;WHO, 2020;WHO, 2010). In order to attempt to change this tendency, the school setting needs to be explored as schools can be an ideal platform to promote physical activity and a healthy lifestyles among children and adolescents (Dobbins et al., 2013;Lee, 2011). ...
Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor contributing to chronic conditions for children and adolescents all over the world. In Australia, more than a quarter of children have obesity or overweight problem due to lack of physical activity. To prevent this decline in physical activity among children, it is important to identify the factors related to physical activity participation that could be amendable. However, there are limited studies that explored individual/personal factors affecting physical activity participation and their results highlight that further research is needed to understand the individual factors and how these factors are associated with physical activity participation among primary school children. This study attempted to identify the individual factors that influence physical activity participation at school. This study examined the existing literature on individual factors affecting physical activity participation among primary school children about the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Youth Physical Activity Promotion (YPAP) model. The HBM and YPAP models provide a framework to categorise the individual factors influencing physical activity participation. A systematic search of relevant studies was conducted through ERIC via ProQuest, CINAHL via EBSCOhost, MEDLINE via Ovid, SPORTDiscus via EBSCOhost, PsycINFO via EBSCOhost, Academic search complete via EBSCOhost, and EMBASE via Ovid. Each study was assessed by using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The findings of the systematic review provided knowledge about overall individual factors and how these factors affect PA participation for primary school children. This evidence can be used to develop the factors to be investigated in future studies.
... Reduced muscle strength in the lower extremity shifts the center of gravity higher, which leads to increased imbalance and causes falls in these patients. Trying to maintain balance and taking high-intensity resistance exercises could improve muscle strength and reduce the chance of (34,35). In a study, 12 weeks of strength training exercises increased hypertrophy of quadriceps and improved strength and motor function in PD patients (36). ...
Background: Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive and degenerative disorder of the central nervous system with four main symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, muscular rigidity, and postural instability. Objectives: The effect of 12 weeks of Pilates and aquatic exercise on muscle strength and range of motion (ROM) in male patients with Parkinson's disease was assessed in this article. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 25 male patients reporting to Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, were selected randomly and grouped in Pilates (n = 7), Aquatic exercise (n = 10), and Control (n = 8). The experimental groups received 1-hour sessions of training three times a week for 12 weeks. Muscle strength and ROM of each patient was measured through the Biodex Isokinetic System 3 before entering the study and after the final assigned session. Results: Pilates and Aquatic exercise groups had a significant improvement in ROM, while no significant difference was observed in the control group. Muscle strength and ROM increased significantly in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The effect of Pilates on muscle strength was not significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Non-pharmacological modalities could be contributive in the patients with Parkinson's disease recovery and lead to significant improvements in their physiological parameters of muscle strength and ROM. Next to the pharmacological treatments, patients could benefit from inexpensive and readily available options like Pilates and aquatic exercises to alleviate the disease symptoms. Further studies should be run to reveal the aforementioned and plausible benefits of these complementary activities.
... For elderly, regular exercise improves physical fitness and provides psychological support, which reduced an individual's dependence on others during the ageing period. [75,[80][81][82][83][84] Balance, reaction time, harmonious movement of at least once a year, and 15%, twice or more. [85][86][87] According to WHO guideliness: https://www.who. ...
“Old age” is “ageing and experiencing the effects of increased age”. In terms of biological functions, it is defined as the process of change and transformation that occurs between
the end of the adult period, that is, the end of the reproductive period, and death. There is a distinction between the concept of ‘ageing’, which refers to an increase in life expectancy, and the concept of ‘old age, which refers to a distinct stage of life.
Lifestyle medicine is an effective tool for promoting healthy ageing, and “Physical activity” is one of its components. Perspectives on healthy ageing and exercise are discussed in this review
... Indeed, they found a very suitable person for this task, named David Stensel. This person has a long history of spreading Coke-like nonsense about the effects of physical activity on weight management [53]. [54]. ...
According to known laws of physics, chronic positive mass balance is the actual etiology of obesity, not positive energy balance. The relevant physical law in terms of body mass regulation is the Law of Conservation of Mass, not the Law of Conservation of Energy. A recently proposed mass balance model (MBM) describes the temporal evolution of body weight and body composition under a wide variety of feeding experiments, and it seems to provide a highly accurate description of the very best experimental human feeding data. By shifting to a mass balance paradigm of obesity, a deeper understanding of this disease may follow in the near future. The purpose of this living review is to present the core issues of the upcoming paradigm shift as well as some practical applications related to the topic.
... This study was in agreement with [13] that the none adherence to health and fitness related programmes by the majority of the university staff in University of Ilorin, Nigeria had made them to develop excess fat in the stomach and buttocks as a result of sedentary lifestyle due to long hours of sitting behaviour in their work places. [15,6] opined that the body mass index is the most frequently used method for assessing obesity due to its simplicity and appropriate for a large population studies. The correlation between BMI number and body fatness indicated fairly strong, however, it may be criticized because individual variation tends to produce misclassification. ...
... Phys ical inactivity is cons idered to be one of the risk factor s with the highe s t incidence on mortality and, in this regard, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children and young people engage in physical activity (PA) for at least 60 minutes of moderatevigorous intens ity per day (WHO, 2020). The literature has s hown that continuous PA has effects on current and future health, confirming as one of the factors, s us ceptible to modification, with the greates t impact on the health status of the population (Hardman et al., 2009). However, more than 80% of adoles cents worldwide don't comply with these recommendations (Guthold et al., 2020). ...
Active commuting contribute to the realization of physical activity by adolescents, being able to exert beneficial effects on health. The aim of the study was to analyze active trips to the school, evaluating their relationship with various lifestyle habits and indicators of physical and psychosocial health, as well as the influence of different sociodemographic variables. The study was conducted on a sample of 761 students (14.51 ± 1.63 years) from 25 educational centers in northern Spain. active commuting to school, hours of nightly sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity engagement, maximum oxygen uptake, body mass index, health-related quality of life, self-esteem and various sociodemographic factors were analysed for all participants. Being older, studying in urban or publicly owned centers, residing in favorable environments for physical activity, having a low / medium socioeconomic level and having higher levels of physical activity, were found to be predictive factors of active trips to the school. Likewise, active transport reported positive associations with MD. Interventions aimed at promoting active displacement should take these predictive factors into account, trying to apply them especially to the most vulnerable groups.
... Leisure time physical activity (LTPA) refers to those physical activities that are not required as gainful employment or daily life and people engage in their available time (Steinbach & Graf, 2008). These include activities that aim at improving physical fitness, such as sports, exercising and recreational walking (Hardman & Stensel, 2003;Moore et al., 2012). Many studies have documented that LTPA can provide various physical and psychological benefits both for younger and older adults in Western and Asian context (Abu-Omar & Rütten, 2008;Ashe et al., 2009;Bopp & Kaczynski, 2010;Driver & Bruns, 1999;Liu et al., 2018;Saint-Maurice et al., 2019). ...
This study examines the extent to which individual and area
level socioeconomic statuses (SES) correlate with the prefer
ences and participation in physical activities during leisure
time. A multistage, random clustered sample taken from the
China Health and Nutrition Survey of 2015 was used. Results
from multi-level analyses indicated that both individual
income and area-level SES were significantly associated
with participation in walking, whereas individual educational
attainment was positively associated with participation in
sports. Moreover, leisure preference mediated the relationship between individual SES, area-level SES, and participation
in sports. Based on these findings, this article suggests that
both individual and area-level influences should be taken
into account when developing health policies to promote
active lifestyles. In addition, mediation effect of leisure preference
in LTPA should be emphasized when implementing
intervention program.
... In fact, Canada has a long commitment to study the physical activity level as they embarked in the longitudinal study from 1981 until 2005, proving the importance to the physical activity engagement of people. Despite their commitment and effort to reduce physical inactivity, the results from the survey still revealed that the majority of adult Canadians were insufficiently active (Hardman, et al. 2009). Another study regarding physical activity of the university employees with or without health promotion programme indicated that participation in physical activities for staff helped facilitating positive health behaviors, increased morale and productivity and decreased employer health care costs (Leiningerm et al., 2013). ...
This study seeks to find out the Prince Sultan University's (PSU) community preferences regarding their physical activity. Three hundred and ninety respondents (N=390) from among the students enrolled during the 1 st semester of Academic Year 2014-2015, faculty and staff of PSU were requested to answer the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which enables to know the level of physical activity they were engaging in, the types of physical activities they would like to engage in, the preferred time or workout schedule of their physical activity; all in order to design the suitable physical activity programme matching the health and fitness of PSU community. Light to moderate activities like running, swimming, walking and other outdoor activities appeared to be the most preferred activities of PSU community with majority of the respondents willing to work out in the evening hours between 4:00 PM and 8:00 PM. .
... [2] Aktivitas fisik dapat memengaruhi faktor risiko untuk terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskular, diabetes, penyakit kandung empedu, penyakit parkinson, dan bahkan depresi serta bunuh diri. [4] Tingkat aktivitas fisik yang rendah juga berpengaruh pada fungsi kognitif, seperti memori kerja, motivasi belajar, dan konsentrasi selain menyebabkan masalah pada kesehatan fisik dan psikologis. Memori kerja yang rendah akan menimbulkan kesulitan untuk menerima informasi baru sehingga menyebabkan penurunan prestasi belajar. ...
Background: Physical activity is a contraction of the skeletal muscles which results in a core increase in caloric requirements compared to resting energy expenditure. Globally, around 23% of adults aged >18 years were not active enough in 2010. In Indonesia, low physical activity among people aged >10 years has increased, from 2013 to 26, 1% increased to 33.5% in 2018. Low levels of physical activity affect cognitive function, such as working memory, learning motivation, and concentration in addition to causing problems in physical and psychological health. Working memory plays an important role in learning process and is influenced by physical activity, low working memory will make it difficult to receive new information and decrease learning achievement. Objective: Finding the relationship between physical activity and working memory in medical students at the Universitas Sumatera Utara. Methods: This study used an analytical method using a cross-sectional design. The data will be analyzed with the Pearson or Spearman analysis test using a data processing program. Results: The mean physical activity was highest in the age of 22 years (3598.33 MET/week), class of 2018 (2389.83 MET-minutes/week), and male gender (3219.55 MET-minutes/week). While the mean working memory capacity was highest in the age of 22 years (43.67), class of 2017 (37.77), and male gender (38.1). The non-parametric correlation test had insignificant results (p=0.393), proving there was no relationship between physical activity and working memory in students. Conclusion: Physical activity doesn’t affect the working memory capacity of students at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Keywords: cognitive function, physical activity, students, working memory Latar Belakang: Aktivitas fisik adalah setiap kontraksi otot rangka yang menghasilkan peningkatan inti dalam kebutuhan kalori dibandingkan pengeluaran energi saat istirahat. Secara global, sekitar 23% orang dewasa yang berusia >18 tahun tidak cukup aktif pada tahun 2010. Di Indonesia, rendahnya aktivitas fisik pada penduduk usia >10 tahun mengalami peningkatan, dari tahun 2013 sebesar 26,1% meningkat menjadi 33,5% pada tahun 2018. Tingkat aktivitas fisik yang rendah berpengaruh pada fungsi kognitif, seperti memori kerja, motivasi belajar, dan konsentrasi selain menyebabkan masalah pada kesehatan fisik dan psikologis. Memori kerja berperan penting dalam proses pembelajaran dan dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas fisik, memori kerja yang rendah akan menimbulkan kesulitan untuk menerima informasi baru serta penurunan prestasi belajar. Tujuan: Menemukan korelasi antara aktivitas fisik dengan memori kerja pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran universitas sumatera utara. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional. Data akan dianalisis dengan uji analisis pearson atau spearman menggunakan program pengolahan data. Hasil: Rata-rata paling tinggi untuk aktivitas fisik pada usia 22 tahun (3598,33 MET/minggu), angkatan 2018 (2389,83 MET-menit/minggu), dan jenis kelamin laki-laki (3219,55 MET-menit/minggu). Sedangkan rata-rata paling tinggi untuk kapasitas memori kerja pada usia 22 tahun (43,67), angkatan 2017 (37,77), dan jenis kelamin laki-laki (38,1). Uji korelasi non-parametrik memiliki hasil yang tidak signifikan (p= 0,393), membuktikan tidak adanya korelasi antara aktivitas fisik dengan memori kerja pada mahasiswa. Kesimpulan: Aktivitas fisik tidak mempengaruhi kapasitas memori kerja pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara. Kata Kunci: aktivitas fisik, fungsi kognitif, mahasiswa, memori kerja
... Several studies have shown that 7 imbalances among hormones are a contributing factor towards obesity (Wynne et al, 2005). These hormones are mainly those that control appetite, energy intake and satiety signals (Hardman and Stensel, 2009). One such hormone called leptin, acts to supress appetite and increase energy expenditure. ...
Background: Physical activity helps weight maintenance and has health benefits, but
adults with obesity report activity barriers. Although psychological concerns are
important barriers, interventions underpinned by psychological theory have had limited
success. This may be because of the limited focus on fear, particularly in younger
adults.
Aim: To explore the emotion of fear as a barrier to physical activity in younger adults
(aged 18-45 years) with obesity
Method: This PhD consisted of three phases: i) a scoping literature review on activity
related fears; ii) a semi-structured interview study in 10 younger adults to explore
activity-related fear experiences and iii) a cross-sectional survey to develop and
validate a new tool on pain-related fear for younger adults and explore differences
across body mass index groups.
Results: The scoping review identified 38 relevant papers. It confirmed fear as an
important physical activity barrier but with limited information on younger adults with
obesity. The semi-structured interviews suggested fear was an important activity
related barrier in this group, particularly pain-related fear. These findings were used to
develop a conceptual map of pain-related fear. Current measures of pain-related fear
(PASS-20, PDI and NRS) only mapped onto the conceptual map when combined, but
with considerable overlap. In total, 236 participants completed the three instruments.
Factor analysis of their item scores resulted in a four-factor model with 12 items, with
good construct and criterion validity. Participant scores on this new instrument
confirmed those classified as obese had significantly higher pain-related fears
compared to healthy weight adults (mean scores 29.8 vs 22.3; P= 0.000).
Conclusion: Fear, particularly pain-related fear, may be an important barrier to activity
in younger adults with obesity. A conceptually underpinned new instrument, named
the Pain-Related Fear Scale, will allow large-scale investigation of pain-related fear,
and inform interventions to increase activity, within this under-researched group.
... Chronic non-communicable diseases include groups of diverse diseases characterized by longterm, slow progression and long duration (Hardman, & Stensel, 2009). This diseases lead to a reduced vital and functional state of the body and represent the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries, which is why they are the main threat to human health in the 21st century. ...
... The consequences of these health risks, namely the increased mortality and morbidity risk of NCDs [14][15][16][17], can, however, be countered with the far-reaching potential of a healthy lifestyle promoting physical activity and a healthy diet. There is convincing evidence that these lifestyle factors contribute significantly to the prevention and treatment of many NCDs such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Furthermore, it has been shown that they induce positive effects on specific health outcomes associated with these diseases, including anthropometrics [29][30][31], blood pressure [32][33][34], blood glucose [31,35,36], blood lipids [31,36,37], and endothelial function [38][39][40]. ...
Web-based lifestyle interventions have attracted considerable research interest. Available evidence on such interventions suggests health-promoting effects, but further research is needed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate short-, medium-, and long-term health effects of a web-based health program (“TK-HealthCoach”, TK-HC) offered by a national statutory health insurance fund (Techniker Krankenkasse, TK). The study comprises two randomized controlled clinical trials to evaluate the health goals “Increasing Fitness” (Fclin) and “Losing and Maintaining Weight” (Wclin). A total of n = 186 physically inactive (Fclin) and n = 150 overweight or obese (Wclin) adults will be randomly assigned to a 12-week interactive (TK-HC) or non-interactive web-based health program using permuted block randomization with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Primary outcomes include cardiorespiratory fitness (Fclin) and body weight (Wclin). Secondary outcomes comprise musculoskeletal fitness (Fclin), physical activity and dietary behavior, anthropometry, blood pressure, blood levels, and vascular health (Fclin, Wclin). All outcomes will be measured before and after the 12-week intervention and after a 6- and 12-month follow-up. Additionally, usage behavior data on the health programs will be assessed. Linear mixed models (LMMs) will be used for statistical analysis. Findings of this study will expand the available evidence on web-based lifestyle interventions.
... Family leisure has been defined as the time "parents and children, husbands and wives, siblings, and other close relations" (Orthner et al., 1994, p. 176) "spend together in free time or recreational activities" (Shaw, 1997, p. 98). Outdoor, adventure, and nature-based recreation is a valuable context for family leisure, as it is conducive to parent attention, communication, and reduced stress (Izenstark & Ebata, 2017, Izenstark & Ebata, 2019), which all support child development and family well-being (Hallahan & Irizarry, 2008, Hardman & Stensel, 2003, Lee et al., 2008, Quarmby & Dagkas, 2010, Turtiainen et al., 2007. ...
This study evaluated the Every Kid in a Park program to understand recreation and the contextual interaction between family resources, race, and recreation costs in families with young children. Using a large, nationally representative data sample from the American Time Use Survey (N = 5,119), we analyzed changes over time in recreation patterns of different socioeconomic groups before and after the initiation of the Every Kid in a Park program of the United States National Park Service. We found that free admission corresponded with overall increased frequency of hiking with a child for individuals in affected households. Changes in hiking patterns were concentrated among higher-income families, whereas no changes in family recreation were associated with socioeconomically disadvantaged populations (based on income). The findings have important implications, considering that outdoor recreation links with positive youth development, higher family cohesion, and improved overall family well-being. Additionally, results support the effectiveness of programs targeting children to increase recreation among family members.
... Chronic non-communicable diseases include groups of diverse diseases characterized by longterm, slow progression and long duration (Hardman, & Stensel, 2009). This diseases lead to a reduced vital and functional state of the body and represent the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries, which is why they are the main threat to human health in the 21st century. ...
Abstract: In the last few decades, there has been a lot of talk about the problem of cognitive
deficit in neurological patients, as well as the connection with motor impairments, with an
emphasis on gait function. Multiple cognitive effects on walking, movement control and certain
behaviors during walking have been observed. Preservation of cognitive functions is of special
importance for the rehabilitation of neurological patients. The main goal of the research is
based on the comparison of motor function and gait parameters with cognitive impairment in
the examined patients after stroke. The study included 50 examined neurological patients after
stroke, with diagnosed hemiparesis and completed early rehabilitation. The following were
used to assess cognitive functioning: Mini Mental State Examination - MMSE; WCST -
Wisconsin card sorting test and Trail Making Test - TMT A / B. The Functional Ambulation
Category - FAC test was used to assess movement function. Тhe results show that the examined
patients after stroke with cognitive impairment have lower walking speed, lower walking
frequency and shorter stride length than the examined patients after stroke without cognitive
impairment, the difference is statistically significant. The results support the claim that there
are specific cognitive deficits in patients after stroke, which may have an impact on the motor
difficulties of these patients. One of the important goals of the rehabilitation process is to help
the patient achieve the highest possible level of functional independence, within which walking
is a basic component of independent functioning. The practical significance of the research can
be fully confirmed, if the established connection is significant for the application of cognitive
rehabilitation within medical rehabilitation and enable the achievement of a high degree of
functional independence of neurological patients.
Keywords: cognitive functions; motor recovery; stroke; rehabilitation
... Chronic non-communicable diseases include groups of diverse diseases characterized by longterm, slow progression and long duration (Hardman, & Stensel, 2009). This diseases lead to a reduced vital and functional state of the body and represent the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries, which is why they are the main threat to human health in the 21st century. ...
U samom početku sport je bio dostupan samo muškarcima, dok su žene svoje mesto
u tom segment pronašle nekoliko godina kasnije. Fudbal je danas postao jedna od
najpopularnijih aktivnosti kojima se ljudi bave. U današnje vreme sve se više ženao kreće ka
tom sportu, upravo zbog popularizacije ženskog fudbala u društvu, ali i podsticanju na
pozitivne promene između ženskog i muškog fudbala. Kroz istoriju žene godinama nisu imale nikakva prava u sportu, uprkos vidljivim pozitivnim pomacima još uvek postoji očigledna
diskriminacija između polova (Vojković 2017). Ženska nezastupljenost u strukturama sporta
nije samo nepravedna već ima i daleko sežne posledice na učestvovanje žena u sportu, tvrde
Key i Jones (2018, 136). Neravnopravnost koja je prisutna između finansiranja muškaraca i
žena, transferi koji su znatno manji, zatim uslovi treniranja pa čak i medijske popraćenosti i
zapaženosti. Popularizacija sporta doprinela je sve većem broju žena koje se bave sportom, ili
u ovom slučaju fudbalom. Samo učešće žena u ovom sportu povezano je sa brojnim
predrasudama i nejednakostima. Ispitan je uzorak žena (N0 40, starosti od 16 do 32 godine)
kako bi se utvrdila trenutna situacija u ženskom fudbalu u pogledu jednakosti i zastupljenosti
u medijima. Anketa, a zatim i analiza rezultata istraživanja na temu ovog rada sprovedena je u
tri prvoligaška hrvatska ženska fudbalska kluba. U istraživanju su kao osnovna metoda
korišćeni servei metoda i metoda skaliranja. Za obradu rezultata istraživanja korišćen je Chisk
test statističke tehnike. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da većina žena dolazi iz ruralnih
područja i da obrazovna struktura ne utiče značajno na stavove i izbor sporta. Sa nejednakošću
su usko povezani mediji koji u fudbalu manje pažnje posvećuju ženama nego muškarcima. Sve
hipotetičke pretpostavke su potvrđene i da još uvek ne postoji rodna ravnopravnost, posebno u
fudbalu, da je zastupljenost u medijima vrlo mala kao i prihod i žena fudbalerki.
... Chronic non-communicable diseases include groups of diverse diseases characterized by longterm, slow progression and long duration (Hardman, & Stensel, 2009). This diseases lead to a reduced vital and functional state of the body and represent the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries, which is why they are the main threat to human health in the 21st century. ...
Sažetak: Visok nivo kardiorespiratornog fitnesa tokom detinjstva i adolescencije usko je
povezan sa kardiovaskularnim zdravljem u ovom periodu, ali i u kasnijem životnom dobu. Veći
nivo fizičke aktivnosti utiče pozitivno na kardiovaskularni sistem. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se
utvrdi uticaj nivoa fizičke aktivnosti na kardiorespiratorni fitnes adolescenata različitog nivoa
uhranjenosti. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je ukupno 104 adolescenta uzrasta 16 godina, od kojih
je 64 bilo normalno uhranjeno, a 40 sa povećanom telesnom masom. Fizička aktivnost
procenjivana je FELS upitnikom, a nivo kardiorespiratornog fitnesa Shutle Run testom na 20m.
Obrada podataka realizovana je pomoću SPSS programa, a za utvrđivanje uticaja primenjena
je regresiona analiza. Rezultati su pokazali da fizička aktivnost utiče značajno na
kardiorespiratorni fitnes normalno uhranjenih adolescenata F(4,59)=2,5145 p<,050 i
adolescenata sa povećanom telesnom masom p<,045. Istraživanjem je potvrđeno da nizak nivo
fizičkih aktivnosti utiče na kardiorespiratorni fitnes adolescenata različitog nivoa uhranjenosti.
Bavljenje fizičkom aktivnošću pozitivno utiče na kardiorespiratorni fitnes, što je u saglasnosti
sa drugim istraživanja.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the direction and role of school physical education for the active and healthy life of students by analyzing main programs and contents related to student health in school physical education. Method: The National Curriculum for Physical Education, PAPS, Physical Activity 7560+, health promoting schools along with overseas cases were analyzed. In addition, this study examined the direct approach to student health centered on ‘measurement’ and ‘prescription’ and the holistic approach based on ‘understanding’ and ‘practice’. Results: Regarding the direction and role of school physical education, first, school physical education should minimize the educational risks of direct approach and set clear goals for student health. Second, accurate measurement of PAPS and systematization of exercise prescription should be implemented. Third, comprehensive health policy should be carried out in connection with schools, home, and community. Fourth, it is necessary to strengthen publicity for health and support for vulnerable groups. Conclusion: In order for the direction and role of school physical education for student health to be properly implemented, it should be specified in the main plan of the curriculum or physical education policies. In addition, it is necessary to study the changes of students health related to physical literacy and future science and technology. Finally, school physical education should not only look at student’s health as scientific logic but sociocultural aspect, so as to maximize opportunities for all students to lead a healthy and active lifestyle.
Web-based lifestyle interventions are a new area of health research. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of an interactive web-based health program on physical fitness and health. N = 189 healthy adults participated in a 12-week interactive (intervention) or non-interactive (control) web-based health program. The intervention provided a web-based lifestyle intervention to promote physical activity and fitness through individualized activities as part of a fully automated, multimodal health program. The control intervention included health information. Cardiorespiratory fitness measured as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was the primary outcome, while musculoskeletal fitness, physical activity and dietary behavior, and physiological health outcomes were assessed as secondary outcomes (t0: 0 months, t1: 3 months, t2: 9 months, t3: 15 months). Statistical analysis was performed with robust linear mixed models. There were significant time effects in the primary outcome (VO2max) (t0–t1: p = 0.018) and individual secondary outcomes for the interactive web-based health program, but no significant interaction effects in any of the outcomes between the interactive and non-interactive web-based health program. This study did not demonstrate the effectiveness of an interactive compared with a non-interactive web-based health program in physically inactive adults. Future research should further develop the evidence on web-based lifestyle interventions.
Bu çalışma, 18 yaş ve üzeri yetişkinlerin katıldıkları rekreatif etkinliklerin, bireylere sağladığı rekreasyon fayda düzeyini belirlemek ve etkili faktörleri tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya, rekreatif etkinliklere katılan 20 yaş üzeri 87 kadın ve 105 erkek toplam 192 kişi (yaş:29,08±10,31) katılmıştır. Rekreatif etkinliklerin fayda düzeyini belirlemek için Ho (2008) tarafından geliştirilen, Akgül ve ark. (2018) tarafından Türkçe geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması yapılan “Rekreasyon Fayda Ölçeği (RFÖ)” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi SPSS istatistik programında, tanımlayıcı istatistik, “Mann Whitney U test” ve “Kruskal Wallis” testi yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda, katılımcıların RFÖ toplam puanlarının 96,42±18,07 olduğu; alt boyut puanlarından fiziksel fayda (FF) puanının 28,38±5,40, ruhsal fayda (RF) puanının 32,51±6,31, sosyal fayda (SF) puanının ise 35,54±7,22 olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışma durumuna göre, RFÖ, FF, RF ve SF puanlarında, spor yaşına göre RFÖ, FF, RF ve SF puanlarında ve eğitim durumuna göre sadece RFÖ puanında anlamlı fark olduğu (p0,05) görülmüştür. Cinsiyete göre, RFÖ, RF ve SF puanları erkeklerde, FF puanı ise kadınlarda daha fazla çıkmıştır. RFÖ, FF, RF, SF puanlarının; çalışan bireylerin çalışmayanlara, 4 yıl ve üzerinde rekreatif etkinliklere katılım gösterenlerin daha az spor yaşına sahip olanlara, lisansüstü eğitim düzeyine sahip bireylerin lisans ve altındaki eğitim düzeyine sahip bireylere, serbest zaman süresi 4 saat ve altında olan bireylerin serbest zaman süresi 8 saatten fazla olan bireylere göre daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Rekreatif etkinliklerin yetişkin bireylerde hem fiziksel, hem ruhsal ve hem de sosyal fayda sağladığı; elde edilen faydanın, eğitim düzeyi yüksek, çalışma hayatı olan, uzun süredir rekreatif etkinliklere katılan ve serbest zaman süresi az olan bireylerde daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, katılımcıların rekreasyonel etkinliklerden çok iyi düzeyde fayda sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre, rekreatif etkinlikler ile yetişkin bireylerin hem fiziksel hem de zihinsel olarak özgürleştiği düşünülmektedir.
Background
Physical activity is important for all aspects of health. Most university students are not participating in the level of activity required to realise these benefits. Understanding the factors that influence physical activity in the context of behaviour change theory is valuable to inform the development of effective evidence-based interventions to increase university students’ participation in physical activity. The current systematic review a) identified barriers and facilitators to university students’ physical activity, b) mapped these factors to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and COM-B model, and c) ranked the relative importance of TDF domains.
Methods
Data synthesis included qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods research published from 2010–2023. Four databases were searched to identify publications on the barriers and facilitators to university students' physical activity. Data regarding study design and key findings (i.e., participant quotes, qualitative theme descriptions, and survey results) were extracted. Framework analysis was used to code barriers and facilitators to the TDF and COM-B model. Within each TDF domain, thematic analysis was used to group similar barriers and facilitators into descriptive theme labels. TDF domains were ranked by importance based on frequency, elaboration, and evidence of mixed beliefs.
Results
Thirty-nine studies involving 17,771 participants met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-six barriers and facilitators mapping to twelve TDF domains and the COM-B model were identified as relevant to university students’ physical activity. Three TDF domains, environmental context and resources (e.g. time constraints), social influences (e.g. exercising with others), and goals (e.g. prioritisation of physical activity) were judged to be of greatest importance (identified in > 50% of studies). TDF domains of lower relative importance were intentions, reinforcement, emotion, beliefs about consequences, knowledge, physical skills, beliefs about capabilities, cognitive and interpersonal skills, social/professional role and identity, and behavioural regulation. No barriers/facilitators relating to the TDF domains of memory, attention and decision process, or optimism were identified.
Conclusions
The current findings provide a foundation to enhance the development of theory and evidence informed interventions to support university students’ engagement in physical activity. Interventions that include a focus on the TDF domains 'environmental context and resources,' 'social influences,' and 'goals,' hold particular promise for promoting active student lifestyles.
Registration
Prospero ID - CRD42021242170
Carotid atherosclerosis is a main risk factor for ischemic stroke. Plaque instability is determined by the morphological characteristics of the plaque and can be characterized by immunological biomarkers. The study aimed to examine the connection between serum levels of hs-CRP, fibrinogen, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and carotid atherosclerosis and the different types of atherosclerotic plaques imaged by ultrasound and magnetic resonance. The study involved 120 patients with carotid atherosclerosis and 33 patients without carotid atherosclerosis. Blood samples were collected to analyze the serum level of hs-CRP, fibrinogen, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The ultrasound analysis included detection of atherosclerotic plaques in the internal carotid arteries, measurement of artery stenosis in percentage and determination of plaque types by the classification of Gray-Weales/Gerolacus. A small subset of 30 patients with carotid atherosclerosis performed 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Atherosclerotic plaques were classified into 8 types based on the modified MR classification of the American Heart Association. Significantly higher serum levels of hs-CRP (p <0.001) and fibrinogen (p = 0.018) were observed in patients with carotid atherosclerosis compared to patients without atherosclerosis. Criterion values for hs-CRP > 4.13mg/l and for fibrinogen > 3.6 g/l were associated with the presence of carotid plaques with accuracy of 70%. No relation was observed between the investigated biomarkers, the artery stenosis and the types of atherosclerotic plaques determined by ultrasound and magnetic resonance diagnostic methods. Hs-CRP and fibrinogen are reliable serum markers whose increased serum concentrations are connected with the presence of carotid atherosclerosis.
The objective
to provide an overview of the literature on the barriers and facilitators to physical activity (PA) promotion in primary care, as experienced by practitioners and patients.
Method
A search strategy of the English‐language literature was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE and the COCHRANE LIBRARY. Search terms were primary care OR general practice OR family medicine OR family practitioner AND physical activity OR exercise AND barriers OR facilitators. Databases were searched from inception until 21 October 2022.
Results
After screening, 63 articles were included within the summary and content analysis of this review. Analysis of the barriers to the implementation of PA highlighted four main themes perceived by practitioners: time, knowledge/skills, resources/support and financial implications. Analysis of the patient perspective identified themes which were categorised into individual (pre‐existing health conditions, knowledge of benefits of PA, time/capacity), societal (social support and cultural norms) and environmental (availability of facilities and weather).
Conclusions
As the importance of PA increases through the manifestation of sedentary behaviour‐related disease, a combined primary care and public health approach to increase PA is required. By identifying the main barriers to PA promotion in primary care, resources and funding can be directed to address this. This is particularly relevant in the United Kingdom, with the re‐negotiation of the primary care contract and the changes to healthcare delivery as a consequence of the Covid‐19 pandemic. Throughout this review, we have explored ways of addressing the identified barriers through evidence‐based interventions.
Sejak masuknya Covid-19 di Indonesia, masyarakt diminta untuk tetap di rumah dan melakukan segala sesuatu dari rumah. Selama di rumah saja atau disaat WFH (work from home) seperti ini, banyak orang yang akhirnya sulit menjaga kesehatan karena tidak bisa berolahraga di luar rumah seperti biasanya. Pilihan kita cuma olahraga di rumah. Olahraga bisa meningkatkan imun system. Paling sedikit aktifistas olahraga dilakukan 150 menit seminggu, dan sekurang kurangnya seminggu 30 menit. Aktifitas berolahraga dirumah selama pandemic covid-19 sangat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Berdasrkan penelitian ini bahwa masyarakat gampong emperom masih melakukan olahraga selama pandemi covid-19 ini walaupun hanya aktifitas ringan yaitu tingkat lansia90 % melakukan olahraga, tingkat dewasa 95%, dan remaja 99% masih malakukan olahraga secara rutin.
Penelitian dilaksanakan di UPTD Balai Pengembangan Perbibitan Domba dan Kambing Margawati Garut pada tanggal 16–30 November 2020. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kegiatan fisik mana yang memberi pengaruh jumlah leukosit, jumlah neutrofil, jumlah neutrofil domba Garut jantan. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimental pada dua puluh ekor domba Garut jantan umur 2 tahun dan bobot badan 34-38 kg. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan, hasil perhitungan berdasarkan kegiatan fisik yang berbeda, P1 (dikandangkan), P2 (dijemur), P3 (dilarikan), dan P4 (direnangkan) setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak lima kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukan semua perlakuan (dikandangkan, dijemur, dilarikan, dan direnangkan) berpengaruh terhadap jumlah leukosit tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap neutrofil dan limfosit. Semua perlakuan juga tidak membuat hewan ternak dalam keadaan stres ditunjukan dengan rasio netrofil dan limfosit yang masih dibawah nilai normal.
These days the attention of health care providers has been focused on improving the quality
of lives of the patients. From women's point of view, reproductive health problems are the major
morbidities. A technical working group of W.H.O. in 1989 suggested three categories of
reproductive morbidity viz. obstetric morbidity, gynecological morbidity and contraceptive morbidity.
Obstetric morbidity originates from any cause related to pregnancy or its management.
Millions of women experience involuntary losses of urine called urinary incontinence (UI) which is
highly mental, physical and social disability of women. Three types of urinary incontinence are
found which are very much common and especially in case of multi-gravida women. Stress
urinary incontinences are most often associated with pelvic floor muscle laxity. This involves
involuntary urinary leakage when intra-abdominal pressure increases such as during physical
exertion or when coughing, sneezing or laughing. Urge incontinence is most often caused by
detrusor over-activity. The detrusor muscle malfunctions contracting involuntarily during bladder
filling; this forces urine through urethra. The volume of urine lost in episodes varies greatly.
Mixed urinary incontinence refers either to a combination of stress urinary incontinence and urge
incontinence symptoms or to the presence of both detrusor instability and pelvic floor laxity.
KEYWORDS: Morbidity, Incontinance, Kegel, Utrine Prolapse, Women Health.
The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of two types of aerobic exercises on static and dynamic balance of the elderly women. 36 elderly women (60 to 75 years old) were randomly assigned to three groups: 1) walking or jogging (n=12) 2) exercise in water (n=12) 3) control (n=12). Groups 1 and 2 participated in walking (jogging) and exercise in water program for 8 weeks, 3 session per week. The control group had their own daily activities and did not participate in any special kind of sports during this program. Sharpened Romberg and stick balance tests were used to measure the dynamic and static balance. Analysis covariance test (SPSS21) was used to check research hypotheses and to determine the difference among the groups. The results showed significant differences in posttest scores between experimental and control groups (P˂0.05). The results also showed that the group 1 (walking and jogging) gained more scores in dynamic and static balance than the group 2 (exercise in water). It seems that both types of the aerobic exercises especially walking and jogging are appropriate for decreasing the difficulties of this group and can be used as an exercise program in training centers.
Hypertension presents one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Structural and mechanical changes of the heart and blood vessels as well as overproduction of reactive oxygen species may occur due to the increased blood pressure. Therewith, the goal of our study was to estimate the effects and duration of swimming as a possible therapy approach on blood pressure and oxidative stress parameters in normotensive and hypertensive rats. The study was conducted on 60 male Wistar albino rats divided into two groups, normotensive and hypertensive rats. Each of these groups was divided into three subgroups according to the swimming protocol. The swimming training was kept constant (60 min/day, for five days a week) with two days of rest. After six or nine weeks of the swimming protocol, blood pressure and oxidative stress markers were measured. The control group rats were put in water for one minute a day, in order to avoid water-induced stress. Training significantly reduced systolic blood pressure in hypertensive rats, while diastolic pressure did not change in the group that swam six or nine weeks. The results showed that swimming increases the activity of all measured antioxidative parameters, while values of prooxidants varied depending on the training protocol. Our results confirmed that swimming, as an aerobic exercise, decreases blood pressure and has time-dependent positive system adaptations, especially on the antioxidant parameters.
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