Conference PaperPDF Available

Geothermal Energy Use: Projections and Country Update for Turkey

Authors:
Orhan Mertoglu
Orhan Mertoglu
Şakir Şimşek at Hacettepe University
Şakir Şimşek
Nilgun Basarir at Jeotermal Arastirma ve Tesisler A.Ş.
Nilgun Basarir
  • Jeotermal Arastirma ve Tesisler A.Ş.
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract and Figures

Contry update report of Turkey. Recent development on Turkish geothermal fields.
Figures - uploaded by Şakir Şimşek
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Şakir Şimşek
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Şakir Şimşek
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Şakir Şimşek on Jun 17, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020
Reykjavik, Iceland, April 26 – May 2, 2020
1
Geothermal Energy Use: Projections and Country Update for Turkey
Orhan Mertoglu1, Sakir Simsek2, and Nilgun Basarir1
1Turkish Geothermal Association, And Sokak 8/2, Çankaya/Ankara
2Hacettepe University UKAM/Beytepe-Ankara
o.mertoglu20@gmail.com
Keywords: Geothermal, potential, country update, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Turkey has achieved important geothermal developments since 2015. Since the 1960’s, about 460 geothermal fields have been
discovered in Turkey. Geothermal direct-use applications have reached 3828,5 MWt geothermal heating, including district heating
(1120 MWt), 4.5 million m2greenhouse heating (855 MWt), thermal facilities, hotels, etc. heating 435 MWt, balneological use
(1400 MWt), agricultural drying (9.5 MWt) and ground source heat pump applications (8.5 MWt).
Geothermal electricity production installed capacity is 1663 MWe (about 1263 MWe binary cycle and about 400 MWe flash steam
geothermal power plants) as of December 2020. Liquid carbon dioxide and dry ice production factories, and greenhouse heating are
integrated into the Kizildere and Salavatli geothermal power plants. Deep reservoir explorations are ongoing for electricity
production purposes. For this reason, deep drilling targets have reached up to 4800 m. The increase of directional drilling and coil
tubing operations are other important developments for the geothermal fields in Turkey.
The issued geothermal law and incentives contributed to the increase in geothermal electricity production investments within the
Turkish private sector. Besides the hydrothermal system utilization, Turkey shall give emphasis to EGS systems for future
projections. The Turkish Geothermal Association gave emphasis and advice on continuing the feed in tariff, which ended at the end
of 2020 and the Turkish Government decided to be continued additional 10 years with same tarif value.
The total hydrothermal possible theoretical geothermal heat potential is 60,000 MWt, according to heat flow maps, measured well
depth temperatures and calculations made for 4 km depth. Turkey's total geothermal electricity production potential (hydrothermal,
0-4 km) can be estimated as 4500 MWe with existing 10.5 US cents/kWh incentive, and 10 years purchase guarantee. The technical
and economical EGS geothermal electricity production potential has been projected as 20,000 MWe if the 15 US cents/kWh
incentive with minimum 15 year purchase guarantee would be possible.
It is known that CO2in the geothermal fields in Turkey is formed mostly by the marble and carbonate reservoir rocks due to the
effect of the water and heat. CO2is emitting naturally towards the atmosphere at ground surface from the reservoir. It is a natural
discharge of CO2and is independent to the existence of geothermal power plants. For this reason, 50-70 % decrease in the CO2
amount in 10 years in the geothermal fields in Turkey has been obtained, and is ongoing The reasons of the decline are explained in
the paper. As a natural result of CO2decrease in the geothermal fields, the downhole pump usage in the geothermal fields will be
increased. Existing CO2in the geothermal fluid is the advantage for the artesian well flow, but it is a disadvantage for the power
plant electricity generation.
1. INTRODUCTION
The first geothermal research and investigations in Turkey started by MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and
Exploration) in the 1960’s (MTA, 2005). Turkey has achieved important geothermal developments in the last 5 years. About 13 %
of Turkey’s geothermal potential is utilized so far in direct use and electricity production.
Today 17 cities are heated partly with geothermal in Turkey. These geothermal district heating systems have been constructed since
1987 and many developments have been achieved in technical and economical aspects. The first geothermal cooling application has
been realized in Izmir - Balcova by Izmir Jeotermal Inc. In 2018, for cooling of 1900 m2indoor area by lithium bromide absorption
and 90/85°C geothermal temperature regime by supplying 6/9 °C clean cold water to the coolers in the buildings. The 2025 target
of Turkey for geothermal direct use, including mainly geothermal heating like district heating, greenhouse heating, thermal
facilities heating and cooling and balneological use, has been estimated as 11.150 MWt.
2. GEOLOGY BACKGROUND
Turkey is geologically divided into three main tectonic units: the Pontides, the Anatolides-Taurides and the Arabian Platform
(Ketin 1966). These terranes were amalgamated during the Alpine orogeny. The relics of the oceans, which once separated these
terranes, are widespread through the Anatolia; they are represented by ophiolite and accretionary mixtures and complexes.
The three terranes, which make up the Pontides, namely the Strandja, Istanbul and Sakarya terranes, have Laurasian affinities. In
contrast to the Pontic terranes, the Anatolide-Tauride terrane has not been affected by the Variscan and Cimmeride deformation and
metamorphism but was strongly shaped by the Alpine orogeny. The Anatolide-Tauride terrane is subdivided into several zones,
mainly on the basis of type and age of Alpine metamorphism. The Southeast Anatolia forms the northernmost extension of the
Arabian Platform and shares many common stratigraphic features with the Anatolide-Tauride terrane. The final amalgamation of
the terranes in the Oligo- Miocene ushered a new tectonic era characterized by continental sedimentation, calc-alkaline magmatism,
Mertoglu et al.
2
extension and strike-slip faulting. Most of the present active structures, such as the North Anatolian Fault, and most of the present
landscape are a result of this neotectonic phase (Okay, 2008).
Due to its complex geology and active tectonic properties, Turkey has high geothermal (hydrothermal and EGS) potential
distributed in whole Turkey with different temperature intervals (Figure 1). Due to the effect of extensional tectonism, the western
part of Turkey has the most abundant geothermal activity with highest temperatures (up to 287 °C in Manisa -Alasehir in Gediz
Graben) (Figure 2). Faults accommodating the deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of mostly meteoric origin are the primary
means by which of geothermal systems are controlled in this region.
In Büyük Menderes Graben located in Aydin - Denizli province, around 1000 MWe geothermal electricity installed capacity exist
which constitutes the majority of total geothermal electricity production of Turkey (Figure 3).
Figure 1: Distribution of geothermal resources and the active faults of Turkey (Simsek, 2020).
3. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL
3.1. Geothermal Potential of Hydrothermal Systems
The total geothermal theoretical heat potential of Turkey (hydrothermal 0–4 km depth) has been calculated by Turkish Geothermal
Association as 60,000 MWt. The total geothermal electricity technical potential of Turkey (hydrothermal 0–4 km depth) is 4500
MWe. The 2025 target of Turkey is 2500 MWe with incentive (10.5 US cents/kWh feed in tariff, durations of the FIT effectiveness
in 10 years).
3.2. EGS Potential and Projections
We estimated the EGS-Enhanced Geothermal System electricity production technical potential of Turkey (3–5 km depth) as
400,000 MWe. The EGS-Enhanced Geothermal System target of Turkey (3-5 km depth) is 20,000 MWe. This production potential
is expected to be realized with the feed in tariff of 15 US cents/kWh for 15 years purchase guarantee.
The highest reservoir temperature of 287 °C has been measured at 2750 m depth at Manisa-Alasehir geothermal field in Gediz
Graben. A high temperature geothermal field (295°C) at a depth of about 3000 m was also discovered at Nigde province in Central
Anatolia.
Şimşek, 2020
Mertoglu et al.
3
Figure 2: Main geothermal fields of Western Anatolia (Simsek, 2020).
Şimşek, 2020
Deniz li-Sarayköy Pekdemir
Mertoglu et al.
4
Figure 3: Geothermal fields of the Büyük Menderes Graben (Simsek, 2020).
4. GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION
As at the end of December 2020, there exist 62 operating geothermal power plants at 27 geothermal fields in Turkey which have a
total installed capacity of 1663 MWe (Figure 4). Deep reservoir explorations are going on for electricity production purposes. The
increase of directional drillings and coil tubing operation applications are very important for developments of geothermal reservoirs
in Turkey. Deep drilling targets have reached up to 4800 m depth. The successful results have been obtained in deep marble
reservoirs (about 250°C) at Kizildere and Tekkehamam geothermal fields (Simsek, 2017, 2020).
Figure 4: Geothermal electricity production increase in Turkey (Mertoglu et al, 2020).
Şimş ek, 2020
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1986
2000
2005
2010
2014
2016
Dec. 2020
Year
20 MWe
20 MWe
20 MWe
82 MWe
400 MWe
721 MWe
1663 MWe
Mertoglu et al.
5
The operational capacities of the city based geothermal district heating systems (GHDS) existing in Turkey are as follows: Gönen
(Commissioned: 1987, 3,400 residences), Simav (1991, 14,500 residences), Kirsehir (1994, 1,900 residences), Kizilcahamam
(1995, 2,500 residences), Izmir (1996, 37,000 residences), Sandikli (1998, 11,000 residences), Afyon (1996, 30,000 residences),
Kozakli (1996, 3,000 residences), Diyadin (1999, 570 residences), Salihli (2002, 7,500 residences), Edremit (2003, 5,500
residences), Balikesir-Bigadic (2005, 1,500 residences), Yozgat-Sorgun (2008, 1,500 residences), Izmir-Bergama (450 residences),
Izmir- Dikili (2000 residences), Denizli-Saraykoy (2,500 residences) and Balikesir-Sindirgi (2014, 300/3000 residences). Today, as
low as 40-45°C temperature geothermal waters are also used for space heating in Turkey without heat pumps (Mertoglu et al,
2020).
Some of the existing cities heating have increased their heating capacities as it can be seen in Table 1. Geothermal greenhouse
heating applications have reached 4,5 million m2during last five years. Ground source heat pump (GSHP) applications in Turkey
started in 2000’s for residential single family houses with a total installed capacity of 586 kWt. Today, 90 GSHP applications are
closed systems with installed capacity of 8,5 MWt (Mertoglu et al. 2020). In recent years, as a new source waste heat from
balneological use is recovered.
Table 1: Geothermal utilization capacities in Turkey
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
About 460 geothermal fields have been discovered in Turkey. Rapid development at geothermal electricity installed capacity
reached up to 1663 MWe as of December 2020. The capacity has increased more than twice since 2016.
Geothermal direct-use applications have reached 3828,5 MWt geothermal heating, including district heating (1120 MWt), 4,5
million m2greenhouse heating (855 MWt), thermal facilities, hotels, etc. heating 435 MWt, balneological use (1400 MWt),
agricultural drying (9,5 MWt), geothermal cooling (0,35 MWt) and Groundsource Heat Pump applications (8,5 MWt). Deep
reservoir explorations are ongoing for electricity production purposes. For this reason, deep drilling targets have reached up to
4500m. Successful results have been obtained for the exploration of deep reservoirs. As natural result of CO2decrease in the
geothermal fields; The downhole pump usage in the geothermal fields will be increased in coming years.
The increase of directional drillings and coil tubing operation applications are other important environmental and economic
developments for the geothermal fields in Turkey. The EGS-Enhanced Geothermal System target of Turkey (3-5 km) is 20.000
MWe. This production potential expected to be realized during the next 20 years. Heat pump (HP) applications in Turkey started in
2000’s and with increasing interest in renewables, number of HP systems has reached to 149 with a total installed capacity of 120
MWt as of December 2019. The 2025 target of Turkey about geothermal direct use has been estimated as 11.150 MWt.
UTILIZATION
CAPACITY
GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING
(CITY, RESIDENCES)
126.000 RESIDENCES EQUIVALENCE
(1120 MWt)
GREENHOUSE HEATING
4,5 Million m2(855 MWt)
HEATING OF THERMAL FACILITIES, SPAS,
THERMAL HOTELS AND TIME SHARE FACILITIES
48.60 0 residences equivalence
(435 MWt)
HEAT ENERGY OF THERMAL WATER USE IN
HOTELS, SPAS AND AND TIME SHARE
FACILITIES
520 GEOTHERMAL SPA
(1400 MWt) (about 23 Million guests/annual)
AGRICULTURAL DRYING
9,5 MWt
GEOTHERMAL COOLING
0,35 MWt
HEAT PUMPS; GSHP
120 MWt; 8,5 MWt
TOTAL HEAT USE
3828,5 MWt
(373.000 Residences Equivalence)
TOTAL ELECTRICTY PRODUCTION
1663 MWe
(Aydın, Denizli, Manisa, Çanakkale, Afyon)
CARBONDIOXITE PRODUCTION (Food grade
Liquid CO2)
400.000 Tons/year
Mertoglu et al.
6
REFERENCES
Geothermal Energy Development Report, Turkish Geothermal Association (TGA-TJD), 2020. Ankara.
Ketin I., Türkiye Jeolojisine Genel bir Bakış, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 1983.
Mertoglu, O., personal communication, 2020
Mertoglu, O., Basarir, N., Geothermal District Heating and Power Generation Experience in Turkey, EGW 2018, Strasbourg.
Mertoglu, O., Simsek, S.,Basarir, N., Paksoy.H., Country Update report. European Geothermal Congress, EGC 2019, The Haague,
Netherland.
MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey) Geothermal Inventory of Turkey, MTA publication,
2005, Ankara.
Okay A., Geology of Turkey: A Synopsis, Anschnitt, 21, 19-42, 2008.
Simsek, S., The figure of Main Geothermal Fields of Western Anatolia, 2020.
Simsek, S., The Turkish Geothermal Experience, Chapter 5 Book of Perspectives for Geothermal Energy in Europe (Edited by:
Ruggero Bertani- Enel Green Power, Italy) p: 157-186, http: //www.worldscientific.com/ worldscibooks/10.1142/q0069,
ISBN: 978-1-78634-231-7. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. London WC2H 9HE. 2017.
... Geothermal energy is a domestic underground resource that is renewable, clean, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. Due to its geological and geographical location, Turkey has a high geothermal potential spread all over the country with different temperature ranges, as it is located on an active tectonic belt [1]. Located in Aydın Denizli province, Büyük Menderes Graben has geothermal electricity installed capacity of approximately 1000 MWe, which constitutes the majority of Turkey's total geothermal electricity production [1]. ...
... Due to its geological and geographical location, Turkey has a high geothermal potential spread all over the country with different temperature ranges, as it is located on an active tectonic belt [1]. Located in Aydın Denizli province, Büyük Menderes Graben has geothermal electricity installed capacity of approximately 1000 MWe, which constitutes the majority of Turkey's total geothermal electricity production [1]. Geothermal energy is used in district heating (city, residences), greenhouse heating, thermal and health facilities heating, and thermal water heating. ...
Reducing the Imbalance Penalty through Artificial Intelligence Methods Geothermal Production Forecasting: A Case Study for Turkey
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
In addition to being rich in renewable energy resources, Turkey is one of the countries that promise potential in geothermal energy production with its high installed power, cheapness, and sustainability. Increasing imbalance penalties become an economic burden for organizations, since the geothermal generation plants cannot maintain the balance of supply and demand due to the inadequacy of the production forecasts given in the day-ahead market. A better production forecast reduces the imbalance penalties of market participants and provides a better imbalance in the day ahead market. In this study, using machine learning, deep learning and time series methods, the total generation of the power plants belonging to Zorlu Doğal Electricity Generation, which has a high installed capacity in terms of geothermal, was predicted for the first one-week and first two-weeks of March, then the imbalance penalties were calculated with these estimates and compared with the real values. These modeling operations were carried out on two datasets, the basic dataset and the dataset created by extracting new features from this dataset with the feature engineering method. According to the results, Support Vector Regression from traditional machine learning models outperformed other models and exhibited the best performance. In addition, the estimation results in the feature engineering dataset showed lower error rates than the basic dataset. It has been concluded that the estimated imbalance penalty calculated for the selected organization is lower than the actual imbalance penalty, optimum and profitable accounts.
View
... Turkey has made significant geothermal development, with approximately 460 geothermal fields discovered since the 1960s. Turkey's complex geology and active tectonic properties give it a high geothermal potential with geothermal direct-use applications totalling 38285 MWt, (Mertoglu et al., 2020). The western part of Turkey has the most abundant geothermal activity and the highest temperatures (up to 287 • C in Manisa-Alasehir in Gediz Graben) due to the effect of extensional tectonism (Mertoglu et al., 2020). ...
... Turkey's complex geology and active tectonic properties give it a high geothermal potential with geothermal direct-use applications totalling 38285 MWt, (Mertoglu et al., 2020). The western part of Turkey has the most abundant geothermal activity and the highest temperatures (up to 287 • C in Manisa-Alasehir in Gediz Graben) due to the effect of extensional tectonism (Mertoglu et al., 2020). As a result, the area has received enormous research. ...
Predicting reservoir temperature of geothermal systems in Western Anatolia, Turkey: A focus on predictive performance and explainability of machine learning models
Article
  • Apr 2023
  • GEOTHERMICS
The estimation of reservoir temperature is critical in geothermal exploration for the classification and utilisation of geothermal systems. A marginal increase in reservoir temperature predictive accuracy has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of geothermal energy exploration and production. The goal of this study was to create five machine learning models to predict reservoir temperature using a hydrogeochemical dataset from Western Anatolia geothermal systems, in Turkey. The models developed include natural gradient boosting (NGB), extreme learning machine (ELM), group method of data handling (GMDH), generalised regression neural network (GRNN) and back propagation neural network (BPNN). The NGB model proved superior over the remaining models by obtaining the highest R2 of 0.9959 and the lowest RMSE and MAE values of 4.5938 and 3.9678, respectively. Further, this study utilised a model explainable technique known as Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) to evaluate why certain predictive decisions are reached by the NGB model in order to convey trust and to foster its adoption in real-time applications. By assessing the relationship between hydrogeochemical variables and reservoir temperature, the SHAP interpretation revealed that SiO2 was the most important variable in predicting reservoir temperature. It was also found an increase in SiO2 concentration leads to increased temperature and vice versa. The high predictive performance and the consistency between the SHAP interpretation and empirical knowledge indicate the reliability of the NGB model for estimating reservoir temperature.
View
... High heat flow and geothermal gradient are the result of the active tectonic regime and intense volcanic activity in Turkey. More than 460 geothermal fields and over 2000 geothermal and mineral waters with recorded temperatures ranging from 20 to 287 °C have been identified in Turkey (Lund & Toth, 2021;Mertoglu et al., 2021). Turkey is among the four geothermally richest countries in the world, with a number of geothermal power plants, 17 geothermal city heating systems, and a total of 1650 MWe of installed power capacity as of 2020 (Serpen & DiPippo, 2022). ...
UAV-based RGB and TIR imaging for geothermal monitoring: a case study at Kestanbol geothermal field, Northwestern Turkey
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2023
  • ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS
Kestanbol is one of the most important geothermal fields in NW Turkey. This study conducted the first-ever surveys over a 10 ha reach of the Kestan-bol geothermal field using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with visible (RGB) and thermal infra-red (TIR) cameras. Low-altitude flights below 40 m above the ground were operated above the Kestanbol geothermal field. Approximately 3500 RGB and TIR images were captured using the UAV. We recorded high-resolution RGB and TIR data of the Kestanbol geothermal field and applied the structure from motion (SfM) algorithm to identify the distribution of geo-thermal springs and seeps. The Kestanbol geothermal field was monitored to create a georeferenced RGB orthophoto, RGB 3D surface model, thermal anomaly map, and digital surface model (DSM) of the area with centimeter-level accuracy. In the TIR orthophoto, the surface temperature in the geothermal field was found to be between 15 and 75 °C. All the thermal anomalies revealed by the survey were verified by field observations. The geothermal springs and seeps were parallel to the NE-SW regional tectonic trends. The results of this study demonstrate an effective technique for monitoring and assessing geothermal water using UAV-based RGB and TIR imaging and provide an accurate basis for geothermal development projects. RGB and TIR imaging using UAVs are considered promising methods for improving the assessment of the effects of geothermal water on the environment.
View
View
Türkiye’deki Jeotermal Santrallerinin Politik Ekolojisi: Büyük Menderes ve Gediz Grabenleri Örneği
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
Türkiye, son yirmi yılda, kısmen uluslararası iklim değişikliği rejiminin dayattığı karbonsuzlaştırmanın küresel itici güçlerinin etkisiyle, kısmen uluslararası finans kuruluşlarından finansman sağlamak için bir fırsat olarak değerlendirdiğinden, kısmen de ithal edilen fosil yakıtları (ağırlıklı olarak doğal gaz) “yerli ve milli” enerji ile ikame etmek için yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını hızla artırdı. Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarındaki bu hızlı artış, iktidarın ükselen otoriter neoliberalizmiyle birleşince, geçim kaynaklarını ve yaşam alanlarını yok ettiği yerel toplulukların politik haklarını da ihlal ederek, rüzgar, hidroelektrik ve jeotermal enerji santrallerine karşı çok sayıda yerel direnişe yol açtı. Bu bağlamda, bu tez özellikle Büyük Menderes ve Gediz Graben’lerinde artan Jeotermal Enerji Santralleri (JES) nedeniyle oluşan adaletsizliklerin çok boyutluluğunu incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Paydaşları ve önerdikleri alternatifleri belirlemek ve bu JES’ler etrafındaki çatışmaları çevreleyen çevresel adalet konularını anlamak için çok sayıda rapor, haber, basın bülteni ve video incelenerek metinsel bir analiz yapılmıştır. Bu analiz Aydın, Mezeköy’de derinlemesine görüşmeler ve katılımcı gözlem ile gerçekleştirilen saha çalışmasıyla desteklenmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları, bölgedeki JES’lerin büyük ölçüde ekolojik bozulmaya neden olduğunu, tarımsal üretime zarar vererek ve yerel toplulukların geçim kaynaklarına ve yaşam alanlarına el koyarak ekonomik eşitsizliği derinleştirdiğini ve aynı zamanda özel sermayenin çıkarlarını koruduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu eşitsizlik, giderek otoriterleşen iktidarın yerel halkın kültürel, siyasi ve manevi haklarını ihlal etmesiyle daha da şiddetlenmektedir.
View
Mineral Extraction from Geothermal Reservoirs: A Case Study from Western Anatolia
Conference Paper
  • Feb 2024
Geothermal brine is a promising source for sustainable and environmentally friendly mineral extraction, containing a variety of valuable minerals, such as silica, lithium, strontium, and rare earth elements. However, the low mineral concentrations in the brine p resent a significant challenge, requiring large volumes of brine to be processed. This study investigates the potential of mineral extraction from geothermal reservoirs, using a case study of reserve estimation in a geothermal field to demonstrate the application of M onte Carlo simulation, a stochastic approach used to handle uncertain parameters with critical effects on reserve estimation. A review and evaluation of mineral extraction methods is then presented, highlighting their challenges, advantages, and techno-economic perspectives. The study found that mineral extraction from geothermal reservoirs is economically viable, although more research and development is needed to overcome the challenges associated with this process.
View
Düşük Sıcaklıklı Bir Jeotermal Alanın İnsansız Hava Aracı Termal ve RGB Görüntüleri ile Modellenmesi: Kocabaşlar Jeotermal Alanı Örneği, Kuzeybatı TürkiyeModeling of a Low-Temperature Geothermal Field Using UAV-based TIR and RGB Images: A Case Study of Kocabaşlar Geothermal Field, Northwestern Türkiye
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2023
Kocabaşlar jeotermal alanı Çanakkale il merkezine en yakın jeotermal alandır. Jeotermal alanda 2020 yılında 650 m derinlikte açılmış sıcaklığı 46 °C olan bir sondaj ve sıcaklığı 38,1 °C olan bir jeotermal kaynak bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk kez Kocabaşlar jeotermal alanının çift kameralı insansız hava aracı (İHA) kullanılarak termal ve görünür bant (RGB) kamera görüntüleri ile yüksek çözünürlüklü olarak modellenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Jeotermal alandaki arazi çalışmaları hava sıcaklığının düşük, meteorolojik koşulların görüntü alımı için uygun olduğu 6 Ocak 2023 tarihinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. İHA termal ve RGB kamera ile görüntü çekimleri; 40 m sabit yükseklikten 2,5 m/s hız ve % 80 ileri ve % 70 yan bindirme oranı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen toplam 1718 termal ve RGB görüntünün işlenmesi sonucunda Kocabaşlar jeotermal alanının yüksek çözünürlüklü termal (5,25 cm/piksel) ve RGB (1,37 cm/piksel) ortofotosu ve sayısal yüzey modeli (SYM) üretilmiştir. Üretilen görüntüler coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) ortamında görselleştirilmiştir. Jeotermal alanın yüzey sıcaklığının 6 °C ile 38 °C arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Kocabaşlar jeotermal alanın İHA teknolojisi ile uzun süreli takip edilerek jeotermal kaynağın kullanım alanlarının geliştirilmesi ve sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağlanması planlanmıştır.
View
View
Unleashing the Full Geothermal Potential of Türkiye Through Collaboration and Learning from the Oil & Gas Industry
Conference Paper
  • Mar 2023
Developing of enhanced geothermal systems will be critical for future energy markets and successful energy decarbonization. New technologies and holistic drilling approaches will allow access to previously untapped sources and ensure projects are economically viable. Türkiye is the world's fourth largest geothermal energy producer with 1700 MWe of installed power capacity after the USA, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The Anatolian plate, which Türkiye is situated on, is located on the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt making the region one of the most seismically active places in the world. Due to these and other conditions, the country has a significant potential for geothermal energy production. Since 2010, there has been a strong collaboration between service companies and geothermal operators to provide advanced directional drilling services in the geothermal market. This successful collaboration enabled operators to drill deeper, higher temperature geothermal wells for electricity production and provided significant environmental and economic development for different fields. Typical drilling conditions for these applications are harsh and the static temperature ranges between 220°C to 295 °C. The depth of the wells varies between 2500 m-4800 m depending on the reservoir, within high temperatures and harsh drilling conditions. In this paper, the authors discuss the challenges of directional drilling in Türkiye's geothermal fields, and how the best practices and innovations established from the Oil & Gas industry were successfully adopted into this specific energy market, including the deployment of sophisticated Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS).
View
Carbon metabolism and biogeography of candidate phylum “Candidatus Bipolaricaulota” in geothermal environments of Biga Peninsula, Turkey
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2023
Terrestrial hydrothermal springs and aquifers are excellent sites to study microbial biogeography because of their high physicochemical heterogeneity across relatively limited geographic regions. In this study, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic analyses of the microbial diversity of 11 different geothermal aquifers and springs across the tectonically active Biga Peninsula (Turkey). Across geothermal settings ranging in temperature from 43 to 79°C, one of the most highly represented groups in both 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic datasets was affiliated with the uncultivated phylum “ Candidatus Bipolaricaulota” (former “ Ca. Acetothermia” and OP1 division). The highest relative abundance of “ Ca. Bipolaricaulota” was observed in a 68°C geothermal brine sediment, where it dominated the microbial community, representing 91% of all detectable 16S rRNA genes. Correlation analysis of “ Ca. Bipolaricaulota” operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with physicochemical parameters indicated that salinity was the strongest environmental factor measured associated with the distribution of this novel group in geothermal fluids. Correspondingly, analysis of 23 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) revealed two distinct groups of “ Ca. Bipolaricaulota” MAGs based on the differences in carbon metabolism: one group encoding the bacterial Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) for H 2 dependent CO 2 fixation is selected for at lower salinities, and a second heterotrophic clade that lacks the WLP that was selected for under hypersaline conditions in the geothermal brine sediment. In conclusion, our results highlight that the biogeography of “ Ca. Bipolaricaulota” taxa is strongly correlated with salinity in hydrothermal ecosystems, which coincides with key differences in carbon acquisition strategies. The exceptionally high relative abundance of apparently heterotrophic representatives of this novel candidate Phylum in geothermal brine sediment observed here may help to guide future enrichment experiments to obtain representatives in pure culture.
View
Geothermal energy for district heating and power generation
Article
  • Jan 2007
The use of geothermal energy for heating and electric power generation, is discussed. Geothermal heating is done through district heating networks where a double system is used, which allows the re-injection of the thermal power. The heat is extracted through heat exchangers and heat pumps at the plant. Various plants for geothermal district heating exist in Europe, mainly in the Aquitaine and Paris basins of France, the North German and the neighboring countries. The combination of a geothermal district heating with a large combined heat and power plant (CHP) has been developed to store surplus heat during summer operation with storage loading temperature of about 80°C, which increases geothermal production temperature. The district heating system produces geothermal water on low load, which is used for producing electric power. The European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) has also formulated the geothermal action plan for the future development of the geothermal energy.
View
Türkiye Jeolojisine Genel bir Bakış, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  • Jan 1983
  • I Ketin
Ketin I., Türkiye Jeolojisine Genel bir Bakış, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 1983.
Country Update report
  • Jan 2019
  • O Mertoglu
  • S Simsek
  • N Basarir
  • H Paksoy
Mertoglu, O., Simsek, S.,Basarir, N., Paksoy.H., Country Update report. European Geothermal Congress, EGC 2019, The Haague, Netherland.
  • Jan 2008
  • 19-42
  • A Okay
Okay A., Geology of Turkey: A Synopsis, Anschnitt, 21, 19-42, 2008.
The figure of Main Geothermal Fields of Western Anatolia
  • Jan 2020
  • S Simsek
Simsek, S., The figure of Main Geothermal Fields of Western Anatolia, 2020.
The Turkish Geothermal Experience
  • Jan 2017
  • 157-186
  • S Simsek
Simsek, S., The Turkish Geothermal Experience, Chapter 5 Book of Perspectives for Geothermal Energy in Europe (Edited by: Ruggero Bertani-Enel Green Power, Italy) p: 157-186, http: //www.worldscientific.com/ worldscibooks/10.1142/q0069, ISBN: 978-1-78634-231-7. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. London WC2H 9HE. 2017.