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https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.18
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:05948731-53D9-4EA5-8ED9-8DA99548AA07
228 Accepted by P. Jäger: 4 May 2021; published: 10 Jun. 2021
Article ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Zootaxa 4984 (1): 228–257
https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press
Fifty spider species new to the Bulgarian fauna, with a review of some dubious
species (Arachnida: Araneae)
MARIA NAUMOVA1, GERGIN BLAGOEV2 & CHRISTO DELTSHEV3
1Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
�
munny@abv.bg; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0060-048X
2Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
�
gblagoev@uoguelph.ca; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1844-0779
3National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
�
deltshev@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0539-5673
Abstract
This study is a part of an ongoing comprehensive inventory of Bulgarian spiders. A total of fifty spider species belonging
to thirteen families are reported for the first time from Bulgaria. Four species are rejected from the Bulgarian spider
checklist due to misidentification: Callilepis concolor Simon, 1914, Centromerus capucinus (Simon, 1884), Hoplopholcus
labyrinthi (Kulczyński, 1903) and Mansuphantes prope fragilis (Thorell, 1875). Another four species (Drassodes villosus
(Thorell, 1856), Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834), Lepthyphantes notabilis Kulczyński, 1887 and Singa semiatra L.
Koch, 1867) are rejected after a new interpretation of the locations. Six species were omitted from the list of Bulgarian
spiders as obviously doubtful records (Dysdera nicaeensis Thorell, 1873, Haplodrassus rufipes (Lucas, 1846), Harpactea
hispana (Simon, 1882), Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867), Nomisia celerrima (Simon, 1914) and Tenuiphantes
monachus (Simon, 1884)). A new synonymy is proposed for Cyclosa strandjae Drensky, 1915 (= Cyclosa sierrae Simon,
1870 syn. nov.). In addition, new images with essential taxonomic value are provided for twenty-five species to facilitate
their identification or to illustrate their intraspecific variability. To ensure correct identification, DNA barcoding was
additionally used in some species.
Key words: Balkans, DNA barcoding, Greece, new records, new synonymy, Serbia, Turkey
Introduction
Arachnological studies in Bulgaria started at the end of the 19th century with the works of Pavesi (1876) and
Hristovich (1892). The first summarising data about Bulgarian spiders were published in the ‘Katalog der echten
Spinnen (Araneae) der Balkanhalbinsel’ where Drensky (1936) reported 624 spider species found on the territory
of Bulgaria. The most recent list of the Bulgarian spiders, the critical checklist by Deltshev & Blagoev (2001),
comprised 910 species from 42 families and was based on 173 publications. In the following 20 years, due to more
than 100 new publications, the number of spiders found on the territory of Bulgaria increased to 1038 published
species belonging to 45 families (Blagoev et al. 2018; Dimitrov et al. 2019; Indzhov 2020; Naumova 2018, 2019;
Naumova et al. 2019). A checklist update is forthcoming and therefore an intensive inventory of Bulgarian spiders
is in progress.
The aim of the present study is to provide information about the rapidly accumulating data in recent years of
new records of spider for the Bulgarian fauna, to present original photographs with important taxonomic features
facilitating identification of twenty-five species, and also, to clarify some ambiguities and old erroneous reports.
Material and methods
The spider material presented herein was collected from 1917 to 2020 by hand picking, sifting leaf litter, beating
NEW BULGARIAN SPIDERS Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 229
branches, Malaise (Malaise 1937), Moericke (Moericke 1951), MSS (Růžička 1982) and soil traps in different re-
gions in Bulgaria. The main part was collected in the last few years, but the study also includes unpublished material
from the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia, as well as a critical revision of several papers
and the included species.
Specimens were examined and measured using Leica M205 C and Wild M5A stereomicroscopes. Digital im-
ages were taken with a Canon EOS1100 attached to a Carl Zeiss Amplival microscope and processed using Adobe
Photoshop CS6 software. Left male palps and dissected female genitalia (cleared in 80% lactic acid) were photo-
graphed in dishes with fine quartz sand on the bottom, holding the objects in position. The specimens are preserved
in 70–95% ethanol and deposited (indicated in parentheses) in the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research
(IBER), National Museum of Natural History, Sofia (NMNHS), Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Guelph (CBG),
Natural History Museum, Berlin (ZMB) and in the private collection of Simeon Indzhov in NMNHS (PCSI). The
nomenclature follows the World Spider Catalog (World Spider Catalog 2021) and the taxa are listed alphabetically.
The geographical coordinates are given in decimal degrees and the elevations are given in metres above sea level.
Species distribution is provided and modified based on the information in the World Spider Catalog (2021), Ne-
ntwig et al. (2021) and additional sources for individual species, mentioned where details are presented.
Part of the spiders preserved in high alcohol concentrations were sent for sequencing to the Centre for Biodi-
versity Genomics, University of Guelph, Canada. The target COI-5’ barcode region of the mitochondrial COI gene
sequence (Hebert et al. 2003) from thirteen spiders were performed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding
(CCDB) using standard DNA extraction, PCR, and Sanger sequencing protocols (http://ccdb.ca/resources/). PCR
amplification employed a primer cocktail C_LepFolF and C_LepFolR, which includes equal volume of LepF1/
LCO1490 and LepR1/HCO2198 (Folmer et al. 1994, Hebert et al. 2004). The amplicon analysis, assembly, align-
ment, and sequence editing completely follow Blagoev et al. (2016).
After uploading in BOLD, all barcode compliant sequences (>500 bp) are assigned a BIN (Barcode Identifica-
tion Number, = OTU), a unique interim taxonomic system based on the Single Linkage (RESL) algorithm which
aggregates similar barcode sequences into a BIN (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2013).
All the sequenced specimens can be reached on public BOLD Dataset: [DS-NEWBULG] “New spiders for
Bulgaria” (dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-NEWBULG).
Abbreviations: C—conductor (apical tegular sclerite), CD—copulatory duct, CO—copulatory opening, CR—
cuticular ridge, D—denticle, DTI—distal tibial incision, EA—embolar apophysis, EB—embolar base, ED—em-
bolar duct, Em—embolus, EP—embolar projection, FD—fertilization duct, Ho—hood of scape (anterior pocket
of epigyne), imm—immature specimen, LC—lamella characteristica, leg.—legit, LTA—lateral tegular apophysis,
MA—median apophysis, MTA—median tegular apophysis, Mts—mountains, PC—paracymbium, RTA—retrolat-
eral tibial apophysis, S—spermatheca (receptaculum), SAP—subapical prong of conductor (=proximal prong of
conductor in Platnick 1975), Sc—scape of epigyne, VTA—ventral tibial apophysis.
Results
Six genera and 50 spider species belonging to 13 families are recorded for the first time in Bulgaria. Three genera
and 10 species are first records from the Balkans as well. Of these new, barcodes were obtained from eight species
with thirteen specimens. After obtaining barcode compliant sequences, the BOLD Engine groups them into BINs
with already identified sequences up to species or genus level. Its ability to match different genders (Wang et al.
2021), as well as the arrangement of early juvenile spider stages to the correct species (Blagoev et al. 2013; Ben-
nett et al. 2019), make it extremely valuable in modern studies. In our research, the barcoding process helped with
identifying more than half of the sequenced species. Since there was a high degree of haplotype matching in most of
our species, morphological examination of the vouchers proved the identification. New photographs with important
taxonomic features are provided for 25 species. Eight species are rejected from the Bulgarian checklist of spiders
and, indirectly, three species are added to the Serbian list of spiders (Drassodes villosus (Thorell, 1856), Entelecara
flavipes (Blackwall, 1834) and Lepthyphantes notabilis Kulczyński, 1887).
NAUMOVA ET AL.
230 · Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
New synonymy
Cyclosa strandjae Drensky (1915): 143–144, pl. 1, fig. 1 = Cyclosa sierrae Simon, 1870 syn. nov. (contra Deltshev & Blagoev
2001).
Material. The type material of C. strandjae (TURKEY: ♀, Strandzha Mts, Binkılıç between the villages Gümüşpınar
and Paşayenice (as “[Strandzha town, between Gyumush-bunar and Ieni-Kyoy]”), Istanbul province, 05.1913, P.
Drensky leg.) has been lost. Cyclosa strandjae Drensky, 1915 was synonymized with Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772)
by Deltshev & Blagoev (2001: 100) after Dimitrov (1999), who assumes for possible synonymy between both
species: “According to my opinion, the material used for description of C. strandjae had contained such subadult
females of C. conica” but concludes that ”the insufficient material does not allow” him to do so. After a careful
comparison of the descriptions of the C. strandjae (Drensky wrote, that the examined material has developed epi-
gyne with long scape) and its congeners, and especially after comparison the drawings of Drensky (1915: pl. 1, figs
1a–c) with those of Kulczyński (1907: 574, pl. 21, figs 8–9), we concluded that C. strandjae is a junior synonym of
C. sierrae, not of C. conica.
FIGURES 1A–C. Callilepis cretica, male palp (A–B ventral, C ventro-retrolateral). C—conductor, Em—embolus, EB—em-
bolar base, SAP—subapical prong of conductor.
Rejections from the Bulgarian checklist
Callilepis concolor Simon, 1914 (Popov et al. 2000: 71, misidentified), re-examined. The species C. concolor is
distributed in southwestern Europe (France, Spain and Portugal) (Machado 1941; Pérez-Pérez 1985; Platnick 1975)
so the material from Bulgaria was obviously misidentified. After re-examination of the material (two males from
Black Sea coast) it appears to belong to C. cretica (Roewer, 1928) on which no photos appear to have been pre-
sented so far. We provide different views of the male palp with characteristic conductor with short subapical prong
directed backward (Figs 1A–C). Callilepis concolor is not established in Bulgaria and is rejected from the Bulgarian
checklist.
Centromerus capucinus (Simon, 1884) (Lazarov et al. 2001: 40, misidentified), re-examined. The single male
specimen appears to belong to Syedra gracilis (Menge, 1869). Centromerus capucinus is not established in Bulgaria
and is rejected from the Bulgarian checklist.
Hoplopholcus labyrinthi (Kulczyński, 1903) (Lazarov et al. 2001: 10, misidentified), re-examined. The single
male specimen appears to belong to H. forskali (Thorell, 1871). Hoplopholcus labyrinthi is distributed only in the
Greek island Crete (Huber 2020), not established in Bulgaria and rejected from the checklist.
NEW BULGARIAN SPIDERS Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 231
Mansuphantes prope fragilis (Thorell, 1875) (Deltshev 2011: 9, misidentified), re-examined. The single female
appears to belong to M. mansuetus (Thorell, 1875). Mansuphantes fragilis is distributed in Europe and Turkey
(World Spider Catalog 2021), but is not established in Bulgaria, and is rejected from the checklist.
Four species were also rejected from the Bulgarian spider checklist after a new interpretation of their loca-
tions. The citations of Drassodes villosus (Thorell, 1856) by Drensky (1936: 140), Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall,
1834) by Drensky (1936: 96) and Lepthyphantes notabilis Kulczyński, 1887 by Drensky (1936: 81) from “Bulgaria:
Bosilegrad”, actually are situated in Serbia, because the country borders have been changed. They turn out to be the
first reports from Serbia and should be included in the Serbian spider checklist. Singa semiatra L. Koch, 1867 was
reported by Drensky (1943: 231) from “Bulgaria: Buru Gyol”, which actually is situated in Greece now (Burugyol
= Limnis Vistonidas near Porto Lagos, north-eastern Greece). The species has already been reported from southern
Greece (Attika and Evvoia) by Bosmans & Chatzaki (2005) and the new data outline the northern limit of its dis-
tribution in the Balkans at present.
Six species have not been included in the Bulgarian checklist by Deltshev & Blagoev (2001) due to omitted or
erroneous sources. They have not been reviewed (material not found) and are removed now as obviously doubtful
records:
Dysdera nicaeensis Thorell, 1873. A single report from Bulgaria, Balchik (as “Côte d`Argent [Balcic]”) by
Roşca (1939: 280) sub D. nicaensis, is obviously erroneous, as the species only occurs in France and Italy (World
Spider Catalog 2021). Not established in Bulgaria.
Haplodrassus rufipes (Lucas, 1846). A single report from the North Black See coast (Balchik, Kaliakra and
Kavarna) in Bulgaria (Roşca 1939: 318) sub Drassodes severus, is obviously erroneous, as the species has a Western
Mediterranean distribution (France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and North Africa) (Bosmans et al. 2018). Not established
in Bulgaria.
Harpactea hispana (Simon, 1882). A single report from Bulgaria, Balchik (as “Côte d`Argent (Balcic)”) by
Roşca (1939: 280) sub Harpactes hispanus, is obviously erroneous, as the species is known only from Spain and
France (World Spider Catalog 2021). Not established in Bulgaria.
Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867). A single report from Balchik (as “Balcic”) by Roşca (1939: 302) sub Dend-
ryphantes catus, is obviously erroneous, because the species occurs only on the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands
(World Spider Catalog 2021). Not established in Bulgaria.
Nomisia celerrima (Simon, 1914). A single report from Bulgaria (Kavarna) by Roşca (1939: 320) sub Pterotri-
cha celerrima is obviously erroneous, as the species occurs only in France and Spain (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Not established in Bulgaria.
Tenuiphantes monachus (Simon, 1884). A single report from Bulgaria by Drensky (1921: 14) sub Lepthy-
phantes monachus from Pirin Mts, (Valyavishkite Ezera lakes and Dobrinishte pass), is obviously erroneous, as the
species only occurs in the Alps (France, Switzerland and Austria) (World Spider Catalog 2021). Included in the “List
of incorrect data on distribution and localities” in Deltshev & Blagoev (2001: 113, tab. 3) after an erroneous source
(technical error), but not established in Bulgaria and therefore rejected from the Bulgarian checklist.
List of species new for Bulgaria
Clubionidae
Clubiona reclusa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1863
Material. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (NMNHS), Vitosha Mts, Bistritsa village, N 42.5927˚, E 23.3401˚, 1070 m, 03.07.1982, 1 ♀
(NMNHS), 17.10.1982, L. Penev leg.; 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Vitosha Mts, Tintyava hut, N 42.6178˚, E 23.2584˚, 1620 m,
27.06.1984, 1 ♀ (NMNHS), 19.07.1984, C. Deltshev leg.
Remarks. Widespread in Europe and Turkey to South Siberia and Kazakhstan (Nentwig et al. 2021; World
Spider Catalog 2021).
NAUMOVA ET AL.
232 · Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
Dictynidae
Archaeodictyna consecuta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872)
Material. 1 ♂ (PCSI), Vitosha Mts, Aleko hut, N 42.5815˚, E 23.2899˚, 1860 m, 23.09.2020, S. Indzhov leg., beat-
ing, Juniperus communis L. shrub.
Remarks. Palearctic species (Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Iran, Central Asia, China)
(World Spider Catalog 2021).
Gnaphosidae
Civizelotes pygmaeus (Miller, 1943)
Figs 2A–D, BOLD:AAZ8361
FIGURES 2A–D. Civizelotes pygmaeus, copulatory organs. A–B Left male palp (A ventral, B retrolateral). C Epigyne, ventral.
D Vulva, dorsal. CR—cuticular ridge, D—denticle, Em—embolus, EB—embolar base, EP—embolar projection, RTA—retro-
lateral tibial apophysis, S—spermatheca.
NEW BULGARIAN SPIDERS Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 233
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Besapari hills, Sinitovo village, N 42.1255˚, E 24.3761˚, 301 m, 28.04–29.05.2020, 1 ♀
(IBER), 29.05–22.06.2020, soil traps, T. Ljubomirov leg., open rocky habitat with scarce vegetation; 1 imm (CBG),
GenBank: MW698690, SampleID: BIOUG41300-H03, Sofia, residence area in Dragalevtsi ward, N 42.6381˚, E
23.298˚, 747 m, 07.06.2017, Malaise trap, L. Penev & V. Peneva leg.
Remarks. Known from Italy to Kazakhstan (Nentwig et al. 2021; World Spider Catalog 2021). Colour pho-
tographs of copulatory organs of both sexes are provided for the first time. The male of C. pygmaeus is extremely
close to that of C. gracilis (Canestrini, 1868) (Esyunin & Tuneva 2020), from which it can be distinguished by the
shape and size of the RTA (Fig. 2B), the presence of a large denticle at the embolic base and by the short and thin
embolar projection (Fig. 2A). The female has a characteristic epigyne with a rounded-rectangular cuticular ridge
and bean-shaped spermathecae (Figs 2C–D).
Cryptodrassus hungaricus (Balogh, 1935)
Figs 3A–C
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Besapari hills, Sinitovo village, N 42.1255˚, E 24.3761˚, 301 m, 28–29.04.2020, Moericke
trap, T. Ljubomirov leg., open rocky habitat with scarce vegetation.
Remarks. Known from France to South European Russia (Nentwig et al. 2021; World Spider Catalog 2021).
First record of the genus from Bulgaria. Photographs of the male palp with the characteristic shape of embolus,
conductor and RTA (Figs 3A–C) are provided for the first time.
FIGURES 3A–C. Cryptodrassus hungaricus, left male palp (A prolateral, B ventro-retroventral, C retrolateral). C—conductor,
Em—embolus, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
Gnaphosa rufula (L. Koch, 1866)
Figs 4A–B
Material. 1 ♀ (CBG), GenBank: MW698691, SampleID: BIOUG31827-D09, Eastern Danubian Plain, Nova Cher-
na village, N 44.0232˚, E 26.5053˚, 12 m, 23.05.2014, M. Naumova leg., under stone in alluvial meadow.
Remarks. Known from Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, European Russia and Kazakhstan (World Spider Catalog
2021). First record from the Balkans. New photographs of the female habitus (Fig. 4A) and epigyne (Fig. 4B),
showing the wrinkled scape and an almost parallel cuticular ridge of the lateral margins are presented.
NAUMOVA ET AL.
234 · Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
FIGURES 4A–B. Gnaphosa rufula, female. A Habitus, dorsal. B Epigyne, ventral. CR—cuticular ridge of lateral margins,
S—spermatheca, Sc—scape.
FIGURES 5A–H. Haplodrassus orientalis, male (A–E) and female (F–H). A–D Left palp (A prolateral, B ventral, C dorsal, D
retrolateral). E–F Habitus, dorsal. G Epigyne, ventral. H Vulva, dorsal. CR—cuticular ridge (‘areola’ in Bosmans et al. 2018),
EA—embolar apophysis, Em—embolus, Ho—hood of scape, MA—median apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis,
S—spermatheca.
NEW BULGARIAN SPIDERS Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 235
Haplodrassus orientalis (L. Koch, 1866)
Figs 5A–H, BOLD:AAL7075
Material. 1♂, 1 ♀ (CBG), GenBank: HQ975115, HQ975126, SampleID: 10BGSPI02-D03, 10BGSPI02-E02,
Slavyanka Mts, Nova Lovcha village, N 41.415˚, E 23.711˚, 790 m, 05.11.2009, M. Naumova leg., under stones in
open habitat with low grass and scattered shrubs.
Remarks. Distributed in Greece, Ukraine, European Russia and Kazakhstan (Bosmans et al. 2018). Here, we
provide new photographs of the male and female habitus (Figs 5E–F), male palp (Figs 5A–D) and female genitalia
(Figs 5G–H) that correspond well with the ones in the description of the species.
Leptodrassus albidus Simon, 1914
Figs 6A–C
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), North Black Sea Coast, Balchik, N 43.3969˚, E 28.1017˚, 218 m, 12–13.06.2018, Moericke
trap, T. Ljubomirov leg., grassland.
Remarks. Distributed in the Azores, Canary Islands, and from Spain to Greece, Turkey and Israel (World
Spider Catalog 2021). The specimen from Bulgaria fits well with the original description by Simon (1914) and we
provide new photographs of the male habitus (Fig. 6A) and palp (Figs 6B–C) for comparison.
FIGURES 6A–C. Leptodrassus albidus, male. A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Left palp (B ventral, C retrolateral). C—conductor,
Em—embolus, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
Leptopilos memorialis (Spassky, 1940)
Figs 7A–E
Material. 1 ♀ (IBER), Western Stara Planina Mts, Sofia (Kremikovtsi ward), near Utaynika Bog, N 42.7882˚, E
23.4812˚, 1–3.06.2017, 645 m, M. Naumova leg., under stone in open habitat with scarce vegetation; 2 ♂♂ (IBER),
Besapari hills, Sinitovo village, N 42.1255˚, E 24.3761˚, 301 m, 29–30.05.2020, Moericke trap, T. Ljubomirov leg.,
open rocky habitat with scarce vegetation.
Remarks. Rare species known from Greece, Ukraine, Russia (Europe to Central Asia), Kazakhstan, Pakistan
and Mongolia (World Spider Catalog 2021). First record of the genus in Bulgaria. New photographs of the male palp
(Figs 7A–C) with the specific complex of tegular apophyses and the female genitalia (Figs 7D–E) are provided.
NAUMOVA ET AL.
236 · Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
FIGURES 7A–E. Leptopilos memorialis, male (A–C) and female (D–E). A–C Left palp (A prolateral, B ventral, C retrolateral).
D Epigyne, macerated, ventral. E Vulva, dorsal. C—conductor, CO—copulatory opening, Em—embolus, FD—fertilization
duct, Ho—hood of scape, MA—median apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, S—spermatheca
Scotophaeus peninsularis Roewer, 1928
Material. 1 ♀ (NMNHS), North Black Sea coast, Goritsa village, N 42.9057˚, E 27.8371˚, 127 m, 09.07.1993, C.
Deltshev leg., deciduous forest.
Remarks. Until now, this species was known only from Greece and Israel (Bosmans & Chatzaki 2005, Levy
1999). After the records in Greece, this is the second Balkan country where it occurs.
Sernokorba tescorum (Simon, 1914)
Figs 8A–C
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Slavyanka Mts, near Goleshevo village, N 41.4108˚, E 23.6021˚, 1230 m, 19.05.2009, M.
Naumova leg., sieving leaf litter in a mixed forest edge of Fagus sylvatica L. and Pinus heldreichii Christ.
Remarks. Known only from France and Spain (Simon 1914; Branco et al. 2019). New species and genus for
the Balkans (see also Discussion). Our specimen is identical both in habitus (Fig. 8A) and structures of the palp
(Figs 8B–C) and corresponds completely with the descriptions and all available drawings published so far.
NEW BULGARIAN SPIDERS Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 237
FIGURES 8A–C. Sernokorba tescorum, male. A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Left palp (B ventral, C retrolateral). C—conductor,
Em—embolus, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
Hahniidae
Iberina difficilis (Harm, 1966)
Figs 9A–C
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, near Shabran Peak, N 41.3896˚, E 23.6080, 2000 m, 05.07–10.08.2006,
1 ♂ (NMNHS), 17.10.2006–09.06.2007, 1 ♂ (NMNHS), 10.06–02.07.2007, soil traps, N. Simov & M. Langourov
leg., coniferous forest (Pinus heldreichii with undergrowth of Juniperus communis ssp. nana Syme).
Remarks. Known from France, Italy, Central Europe and Romania (Nentwig et al. 2021; World Spider Catalog
2021). First record from the Balkans. All palps of the specimens from Bulgaria were twisted and expanded due
to the soil trapping, but the shape (Figs 9A–C) of the palpal structures (Em, ED and RTA) fits well to the original
description by Harm (1966).
FIGURES 9A–C. Iberina difficilis, male. A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Left palp (B ventral, C retrolateral). Em—embolus, ED—em-
bolar duct, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
NAUMOVA ET AL.
238 · Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
Linyphiidae
Agyneta affinis (Kulczyński, 1898)
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Western Rhodopes Mts, Krastava village, N 41.9400˚, E 23.8636˚, 1192 m, 27.07–27.08.2015,
soil trap, T. Ljubomirov leg., rivershores.
Remarks. Distributed in Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East) and China (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Agyneta mollis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871)
Figs 10A–B, BOLD:AAU3261
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), GenBank: JN310180, SampleID: BIOUG00529-B02, Sofia plain, Dolna Malina village,
N 42.6813˚, E 23.6625˚, 558 m, 01.12.2010, S. Lazarov leg.
Remarks. Transholarctic (World Spider Catalog 2021). New photographs of the male palp are presented (Figs
10A–B), showing the shape of the lamella characteristica and the paracymbium.
FIGURES 10A–B. Agyneta mollis, left male palp (A prolateral, B retrolateral). LC—lamella characteristica, PC—paracym-
bium.
Canariphantes nanus (Kulczyński, 1898)
Material. 1 ♀ (NMNHS), North Black Sea coast, Varna (Asparuhovo ward), N 43.1861˚, E 27.8823˚, 10 m,
03.11.1944, A. Valkanov leg.
Remarks. Known from Central to Eastern Europe and Israel. Second record for the Balkans after North Mace-
donia (Nentwig et al. 2021; World Spider Catalog 2021).
Ceratinella wideri (Thorell, 1871)
Material. 2 ♂♂ (IBER), Western Rhodopes Mts, Krastava village, N 41.9400˚, E 23.8636˚, 1192 m, 23.04–
25.05.2015, soil traps, T. Ljubomirov leg., rivershores.
NEW BULGARIAN SPIDERS Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 239
Remarks. Widespread from France to Far East and Central Asia (World Spider Catalog 2021). New for the
Balkans, with only one close locality: Retezat National Park in Romania (Urák & Fetyko 2006).
Erigonella subelevata (L. Koch, 1869)
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Mladezhko village, N 42.1499˚, E 27.3641˚, 270 m, 14.07.1976, C. Deltshev leg.
Remarks. Known from Europe (France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia and Poland)
(World Spider Catalog 2021).
Hypomma fulvum (Bösenberg, 1902)
Figs 11A–D, BOLD:AAY5090
Material. 2 ♀♀ (IBER), GenBank: MW698692, MW698689, SampleID: BIOUG31825-B04, BIOUG31825-B05,
East Danubian plain, Kalimok place, N 44.0232˚, E 26.5053˚, 12 m, 22–23.05.2014, M. Naumova leg., grassland
near drainage canal; 1 ♀ (IBER), Central Danubian plain, Belene island, N 43.6662˚, E 25.2326˚, 20 m, 20.05.2014,
M. Naumova leg., grass on a marsh shore.
Remarks. European species (World Spider Catalog 2021). Second record in the Balkans after Danube Delta
Biosphere Reserve in Romania (Weiss et al. 1998). New photographs of the female habitus (Fig. 11A), epigyne
(Figs 11B–C) and vulva (Fig. 11D) are presented.
FIGURES 11A–D. Hypomma fulvum, female. A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Epigyne (B ventral, not macerated; C postero-ventral,
macerated). D Vulva, dorsal.
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Hypsocephalus pusillus (Menge, 1869)
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, near Shabran Peak, N 41.3896˚, E 23.6080˚, 2000 m, 18.10.2007–
16.05.2008, soil trap, M. Langourov & O. Ignatov leg., coniferous forest (Pinus heldreichii with undergrowth of
Juniperus communis ssp. nana).
Remarks. Distributed in Europe (Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, North Macedonia,
Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine) (Grbic et al. 2021; Nentwig et al. 2021;
World Spider Catalog 2021).
Leptorhoptrum robustum (Westring, 1851)
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Vitosha Mts, Aleko hut, N 42.5792˚, E 23.2870˚, 2000 m, 29.09.1985, C. Deltshev leg.
Remarks. Transholarctic (World Spider Catalog 2021). First record for the Balkans.
Linyphia tenuipalpis Simon, 1884
Figs 12A–D, BOLD:AAF5224
FIGURES 12A–D. Linyphia tenuipalpis, female. A Habitus, lateral. B–C Epigyne (B ventral, in situ; C posteroventral, dis-
sected). D Vulva, dorsal, macerated.
Material. 1 ♀ (CBG), Slavyanka Mts, Nova Lovcha village, N 41.4190˚, E 23.7190˚, 730 m, 07.09.2009, M.
Naumova leg., pasture with shrubs; 3♀ (CBG), GenBank: HM416955D, HM416956, HM416957, SampleID: BG-
SPI-01-E10, BGSPI-01-E11, BGSPI-01-E12, Nova Lovcha village, Slavyanka Mt, N 41.419˚, E 23.719˚, 730 m,
07.09.2009, hand collecting, M. Naumova leg.
Remarks. Reported from Algeria, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus and European Russia to South Siberia (World
Spider Catalog 2021). New species for the Balkans. The only relatively closely known locality is in Marmara region
in Anatolian Turkey (Topçu et al. 2005). New photographs of the female habitus (Fig. 12A), epigyne (Figs 12B–C)
and vulva (Fig. 12D) are presented.
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Microlinyphia impigra (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871)
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Thracian lowland, Yagodovo village, N 42.1107˚, E 24.8510˚, 159 m, 23.08.2019, V. Genchev
leg., in a backyard.
Remarks. Transholarctic (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Minicia marginella (Wider, 1834)
Figs 13A–D, BOLD:ACA5135
Material. 1 ♀ (CBG), GenBank: MW698693, SampleID: BIOUG14960-H03, Western Stara Planina Mts, Godech,
N 43.009˚, N 23.058˚, 725m, 09.05.2012, I. Iliev leg.
Remarks. Transpalearctic (World Spider Catalog 2021). Second record from the Balkans after North Mace-
donia (Nentwig et al. 2021). New photographs of the female habitus (Fig. 13A), epigyne (Figs 13B–C) and vulva
(Fig.13D) are presented.
FIGURES 13A–D. Minicia marginella, female. A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Epigyne, ventral (B in situ, C dissected and macerated).
D Vulva, macerated, dorsal.
Oryphantes angulatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881)
Material. 3 ♂♂ (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, Suhoto Ezero place, near Gotsev Vrah peak, N 41.3804˚, E 23.6138˚,
2065 m, 18.10.2007–16.05.2008, N. Simov & M. Langourov leg., alpine acidophilic grassland.
Remarks. Distributed from Europe to West Siberia (World Spider Catalog 2021). New species and genus for
the Balkans.
Pelecopsis loksai Szinetár & Samu, 2003
Material. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (IBER), Kresna gorge, Sheitan Dere place, N 41.7606˚, E 23.1545˚, 197 m, 16.08.2019, M.
Naumova leg., under stone in xerothermic grassland.
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Remarks. Recently described species known from Hungary, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovakia (Nentwig
et al. 2021).
Pelecopsis radicicola (L. Koch, 1872)
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Vitosha Mts, Bistritsa village-Aleko hut, N 42.5844˚, E 23.2979˚, 1700 m, 03.07.1982,
L. Penev leg.
Remarks. Distributed in Europe, the Mediterranean excepted (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Sintula corniger (Blackwall, 1856)
Material. 2 ♂♂ (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, near Govedarnika place, N 41.4158˚, E 23.6138˚, 1560 m, 26.03–
16.05.2008, M. Langourov & N. Simov leg.
Remarks. Known from Europe, Turkey, Caucasus and Iran (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Syedra gracilis (Menge, 1869)
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Sashtinska Sredna Gora Mts, St. Ivan place, N 42.5174˚, E 24.1955˚, 600 m, 29.04.2006,
MSS trap, S. Lazarov leg., vineyard overgrown with scattered Prunus sp. and blackberries near forest of Pinus nigra
J.F.Arnold.
Remarks. Syedra gracilis is rarely found in most of the European countries (Nentwig et al. 2021; World Spider
Catalog 2021). New species for Bulgaria due to misidentification (see above).
Trichoncus vasconicus Denis, 1944
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Struma valley, Strumyani village, N 41.6184˚, E 23.2269˚, 167 m, 05.05.1987, C. Delt-
shev leg.
Remarks. Distributed in Europe, Russia and Kazakhstan (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Lycosidae
Acantholycosa lignaria (Clerck, 1757)
Material. 1♀ (ZMB), Rila Mts, Sitnykovo residence, N 42.2454˚, E 23.6153˚, 1749 m, 06.1917, V. Boetticher leg.
Remarks. Distributed in Europe, Russia and China (World Spider Catalog 2021). New species and genus for
the Balkans.
Oxyopidae
Oxyopes nigripalpis Kulczyński, 1891
Figs 14A–D
Material. 2 ♂, 1 ♀ imm (CBG), Slavyanka Mts, near Izvora hut, N 41.4127˚, E 23.5600˚, 725 m, 13.06.2017, M.
Naumova leg., grassland.
Remarks. Mediterranean (World Spider Catalog 2021; but see in Discussion). Photographs of the male palp
(Figs 14A–B) and the habitus of both sexes (Figs 14C–D) are presented.
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FIGURES 14A–D. Oxyopes nigripalpis, male (A–C) and immature female (D). A–B Left palp (A ventral, B retrolateral). C–D
Habitus, dorsal. DTI—distal tibial incision, VTA—ventral tibial apophysis.
Oxyopes globifer Simon, 1876
Figs 15A–C
Material. 1♂ (NMNHS), Rupite place, N 41.4595 ˚, E 23.2592 ˚, 90 m, 06–07.07.1995, G. Tsonev leg.
Remarks. Reported from North Africa, Spain, Greece and Turkey to Central Asia (Nentwig et al. 2021; World
Spider Catalog 2021). Second record in the Balkans after Attika in Southern Greece (Bosmans & Chatzaki 2005).
Photographs of the male palp (Figs15A–C) are provided for the first time.
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FIGURES 15A–C. Oxyopes globifer, left male palp (A prolateral, B ventral, C retrolateral). VTA—ventral tibial apophysis.
Philodromidae
Pulchellodromus pulchellus (Lucas, 1846)
Figs 16A–C, BOLD:AAO3211
Material. 1 ♀ (NMNHS), South Black Sea coast, Arkutino resort, N 42.3500˚, E 27.7211˚, 2 m, 12.05.2018, S.
Indzhov leg., white dunes; 1♀ (CBG), GenBank: JF886286, SampleID: BIOUG00160-H05, South Black Sea coast,
Sinemorets village, N 42.0213˚, E 28.0114˚, 31 m, 22.06.2010, hand collecting, S. Lazarov leg.
Remarks. Mediterranean (World Spider Catalog 2021). New photographs of the female habitus (Fig. 16A),
epigyne (Fig. 16B) and vulva (Fig. 16C) are presented.
FIGURES 16A–C. Pulchellodromus pulchellus, female. A Habitus, dorsal. B Epigyne, ventral (in situ). C Vulva, dorsal (macer-
ated). CD—copulatory duct, S—spermatheca.
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Pulchellodromus ruficapillus (Simon, 1885)
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), South Black Sea coast, Arkutino resort, N 42.3500˚, E 27.7211˚, 2 m, 12.05.2018, S.
Indzhov leg., white dunes.
Remarks. Distributed in Mediterranean to Kazakhstan (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Salticidae
Afraflacilla epiblemoides (Chyzer, 1891)
Figs 17A–D
FIGURES 17A–D. Afraflacilla epiblemoides, copulatory organs. A–B Left male palp (A ventral, B ventro-retrolateral). C–D
Female genitalia, macerated (C epigyne, ventral; D vulva, dorsal). CD—copulatory duct, CO—copulatory opening, EB—em-
bolar base, Em—embolus, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, S –spermatheca.
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Material. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (IBER), Thracian lowland, Yagodovo village, N 42.1234˚, E 24.8527˚, 159 m, 05.08.2020, 1 ♂
(IBER), 17.08.2020, 1 ♂, 2 imm (IBER), 09.09.2020, V. Genchev leg., on the trunk of an old hybrid black poplar
(Populus x nigra).
Remarks. Rare species reported from Central and Eastern Europe and Turkey (Nentwig et al. 2021; World
Spider Catalog 2021). New photographs of copulatory organs (Figs 17A–D) are presented.
Ballus rufipes (Simon, 1868)
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), North Black Sea coast, Krapets village, N 43.6335˚, E 28.5756˚, 4 m, 18.05.2016, M. Nau-
mova leg., gravel beach.
Remarks. Reported from several European countries, Algeria, Cyprus and Turkey (Nentwig et al. 2021; World
Spider Catalog 2021).
Heliophanus dampfi Schenkel, 1923
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Vitosha Mts, Aleko hut, N 42.5792˚, E 23.2870˚, 2000 m, 29.09.1985, C. Deltshev leg.
Remarks. Distributed in Europe (Nentwig et al. 2021), but may be a junior synonym of H. camtschadalicus
Kulczyński, 1885 (Kuzmin & Azarkina 2016, Logunov & Marusik 2000) with known distribution range from Swe-
den to Russian Far East.
Icius hamatus (C. L. Koch, 1846)
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), South Black Sea coast, Primorsko resort, N 42.2652˚, E 27.7555˚, 5 m, 04.05.2019, S. Ind-
zhov leg., in a building; 1 ♀, South Black Sea coast, Burgas, N 42.515˚, E 27.466˚, 15 m, 22.08.2020, observed &
photo M. Mihaylov, on a building wall; 1 ♀ (IBER), Thracian lowland, Plovdiv, N 42.1395˚, E 24.7559˚, 160 m,
28.05.2020, V. Genchev leg., on a building wall.
Remarks. Distributed in Atlantic Islands, North Africa, South Europe, Turkey and China and introduced to
Central Europe (World Spider Catalog 2021).
Leptorchestes sikorskii Prószyński, 2000
Figs 18A–B
Material. 1 ♂, 1 imm ♂ (IBER), Thracian lowland, Yagodovo village, N 42.1160˚, E 24.8496˚, 158 m, 18.05.2019,
1 imm ♂ (IBER), 01.08.2020, V. Genchev leg., on a wall and fences.
Remarks. Known from Israel, Lebanon, Greece and Turkey, (Coşar et al. 2014, Metzner 1999, Prószyński
2003, Wesołowska & Szeremeta 2001). Second record for the Balkans, after Greece (Metzner 1999 sub L. berolin-
ensis (C. L. Koch, 1846)). Photographs of the male palp (Figs18A–B) are provided for the first time.
Pellenes allegrii Caporiacco, 1935
Figs 19A–B
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Thracian lowland, Yagodovo village, N 42.1107˚, E 24.8510˚, 160 m, 05.03.2019, V. Genchev
leg., in a backyard.
Remarks. Known from Albania, Ukraine, European Russia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and India (Deltshev et al.
2011; Nentwig et al. 2021; World Spider Catalog 2021). Our specimen fits well available descriptions and drawings
(Caporiacco 1935; Logunov et al. 1999), both in the somatic traits and in the copulatory structures. Photographs of
the male palp (Figs 19A–B) are provided for the first time.
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FIGURES 18A–B. Leptorchestes sikorskii, left male palp (A ventral, B retrolateral). ED—embolar duct, Em—embolus, RTA—
retrolateral tibial apophysis.
FIGURES 19A–B. Pellenes allegrii, left male palp (A ventral, B retrolateral). C—conductor (compound terminal apophysis),
Em—embolus, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
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Phlegra cinereofasciata (Simon, 1868)
Figs 20A–C
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Central Predbalkan, Lovech, N 43.1346˚, E 24.7318˚, 314 m, 21.04–21.05.2016, soil trap,
M. Naumova, S. Zidarova & E. Chechlarov leg., open rocky habitat with scarce vegetation.
Remarks. Distributed from Portugal to Central Asia and China (World Spider Catalog 2021). New photographs
of the male habitus and palp (Figs 20A–C) with characteristic embolus and robust tibial apophysis with two unequal
processes are presented.
FIGURES 20A–C. Phlegra cinereofasciata, male. A habitus, dorsal. B–C Left palp (B ventral, C retrolateral). Em—embolus,
RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis with two processes.
Pseudeuophrys vafra (Blackwall, 1867)
Material. 1 ♀ (NMNHS), Sofia, N 42.6950˚, E 23.3123˚, 559 m, 18.05.2019, S. Indzhov leg., between stones in a
garden.
Remarks. Distributed in the Azores, Madeira and the European mainland, from Portugal to Russia (World
Spider Catalog 2021).
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnatha shoshone Levi, 1981
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Sofia plain, Chepintsi village, N 42.7497˚, E 23.4294˚, 517 m, 30.08.1994, C. Deltshev
leg., on the reeds around a marsh.
Remarks. Known from USA, Canada, Europe, Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia and China (World Spider Catalog
2021).
Theridiidae
Cryptachaea riparia (Blackwall, 1834)
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Material. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (IBER), Thracian lowland, Yagodovo village, N 42.1284˚, E 24.8556˚, 152 m, 28.05–08.06.2019,
1 ♂, (IBER), 14.05.2020, 1 ♀ (IBER), 23.07.2020, 1 ♂, (IBER), 03.07.2020, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (IBER), 10.08.2020, V.
Genchev leg., in a yard on a grass and shrub branches.
Remarks. Distributed in Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), China, Korea and Japan
(World Spider Catalog 2021). In the Balkans, it was reported from Serbia (the surroundings of Belgrade) and Slo-
venia (Bresjančeva 1907; Kostanjšek & Kuntner, 2015).
Rugathodes instabilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871)
Material. 1 ♀ (NMNHS), Beloslav, N 43.1863˚, E 27.6990˚, 84 m, 03.09.1942, A. Valkanov leg.
Remarks. Known from Europe and Russia to West Siberia (World Spider Catalog 2021). New species for the Bal-
kans.
Thomisidae
Heriaeus zhalosni Komnenov, 2017
Figs 21A–G
Material. 1 ♀, 1 imm (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, near Petrovo village, N 41.4082˚, E 23.5257˚, 1100 m, 28.06.1937,
1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 imm (NMNHS), 11.06.1938, Y. Tsonkov leg.; 1 ♀ (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, Tsarev Vrah Peak, above
Paril village, N 41.4144˚, E 23.6656˚, 1100 m, 29.06.1937, P. Drensky leg.; 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, moun-
tain ridge, N 41.3849˚, E 23.5904˚, 1730 m, 14.07.1971, C. Deltshev leg.; 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Slavyanka Mts, Parilski
Dol place, N 41.4070 ˚, E 23.6553 ˚, 1000–1400 m, 07–10.06.1988, M. Todorov leg.; 1 ♂ (IBER), Slavyanka Mts,
Lehovo village, N 41.4081˚, E 23.4936˚, 531 m, 13.06.2017, M. Naumova leg.
Remarks. Known only from Greece and North Macedonia (Helsdingen et al. 2018, Nentwig et al. 2021). Here
we provide new photographs of the male habitus and palp (Figs 21A–D) and the female habitus, epigyne and vulva
(Figs. 21E–G) that correspond well with the ones in the original description of the species.
Monaeses israeliensis Levy, 1973
Figs 22A–G
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Struma valley, Strumyani village, N 41.6184˚, E 23.2269˚, 167 m, 29.05.2017, M. Naumova
leg., loose grasses on sandstones; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (IBER), Struma valley, Kresna gorge, Tisata Reserve, N 41.7686˚, E
23.1518˚, 230 m, 15.05.2020, M. Naumova leg., dry grassland.
Remarks. Known from Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Central Asia and China (Bosmans et al.
2019; Yuan et al. 2019). Our material fits quite well to the original description and the available figures of the spe-
cies both in habitus (Figs 22D–E) and genital structures (Figs 22A–C, F–G). Only the shape of spermathecae and
copulatory ducts (Fig. 22G) fit less to the figure in Levy (1973), but quite well to the photos in Yuan et al. (2019).
Xysticus kaznakovi Utochkin, 1968
Figs 23A–C
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Slavyanka Mts, Lehovo village, N 41.4111˚, E 23.4986˚, 544 m, 18.05.2009, M. Naumova
leg., dry meadow.
Remarks. Known from Greece, North Macedonia, Turkey, Caucasus (Russia and Azerbaijan), Iran, Turkmeni-
stan and Tajikistan (World Spider Catalog 2021). New photographs of the male habitus (Fig. 23A) and palp (Figs
23B–C) are presented.
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FIGURES 21A–G. Heriaeus zhalosni, male (A–C) and female (D–G). A, D Habitus, dorsal. B–C Left palp (B ventral, C ret-
rolateral). E–F Epigyne, ventral (E in situ, F macerated). G Vulva, macerated, dorsal. CD—copulatory duct, CO—copulatory
opening, Em—embolus, Ho—hood, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, S –spermatheca, VTA—ventral tibial apophysis.
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FIGURES 22A–G. Monaeses israeliensis, male (A–D) and female (E–G). A–C Left palp (A prolateral, B ventral, C retrola-
teral). D–E Habitus (D dorsal, E lateral, in situ). F Epigyne, ventral. D Vulva, dorsal (both macerated). CD—copulatory duct,
CO—copulatory opening, Em—embolus, Ho—hood, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, S –spermatheca, VTA—ventral tibial
apophysis.
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FIGURES 23A–C. Xysticus kaznakovi, male. A Habitus, dorsal. B–C Left palp (B ventral, C retrolateral). Em—embolus,
RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, VTA—ventral tibial apophysis.
Xysticus pseudolanio Wunderlich, 1995
Figs 24A–C
Material. 1 ♂ (NMNHS), Western Rhodopes Mts, Batak dam, N 41.9561˚, E 24.2137˚, 1150 m, 23.06.2017, S.
Indzhov leg., path near Pinus sp. forest edge.
Remarks. Known from three localities in Turkey (Artvin, Bolu and Kayseri provinces) and one in Georgia
(Caucasus: Lagodekhi Reserve) (Demir & Seyyar 2019; Otto & Japoshvili 2018; Wunderlich 1995). New species
for the Balkans. Photographs of the male palp (Figs 24A–C) are provided for the first time (see also Discussion).
FIGURES 24A–C. Xysticus pseudolanio, left male palp (A prolateral, B ventral, C retrolateral). Em—embolus, LTA—lateral
tegular apophysis, MTA—median tegular apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, VTA—ventral tibial apophysis.
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Xysticus thessalicus Simon, 1916
Figs 25A–C
Material. 1 ♀ (IBER), Slavyanka Mts, Lehovo village, N 41.4111˚, E 23.4986˚, 544 m, 18.05.2009, M. Naumova
leg., dry meadow.
Remarks. Reported from Albania, Croatia, Greece, Israel and Turkey (World Spider Catalog 2021). New pho-
tographs of the female habitus (Fig. 25A), epigyne (Fig. 25B) and vulva (Fig. 25C) are presented.
FIGURES 25A–C. Xysticus thessalicus, female. A Habitus, dorsal. B Epigyne, ventral. C Vulva, dorsal (both macerated).
CD—copulatory duct, CO—copulatory opening, S—spermatheca.
Trachelidae
Trachelas minor O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872
Material. 1 ♂ (IBER), Thracian lowland, Yagodovo village, N 42.1107˚, E 24.8510˚, 159 m, 21–26.10.2018, 1 ♀
(IBER), 25.04–05.05.2019; 1 ♂, 4 ♀ (IBER), 04–12.10.2019; 1 ♂ (IBER), 13.03.2020; 1 ♀ (IBER), 10.08.2020 V.
Genchev leg., in a backyard.
Remarks. Distributed across the Mediterranean to Central Asia, Western Africa and Cyprus (Bosmans et al.
2019).
Discussion
In the last few years, the number of the Bulgarian spider species has increased significantly, both with newly de-
scribed species (Deltshev et al. 2016; Deltshev & Lazarov 2018; Dimitrov et al. 2017, 2019; Indzhov 2020; Laz-
arov & Dimitrov 2018; Naumova 2019) and species newly recorded for the country (Dimitrov & Naumova 2021;
Naumova & Deltshev 2021; Naumova et al. 2017). Obviously, a part of the historical reports based on material that
cannot be located (probably lost), should be approached very carefully and with scepticism of their identification,
especially to species with known current range limited to small areas or located far from the Balkans. On the other
hand, some of the reports in the present work show that the distribution of spiders cannot be predicted definitively,
especially in groups of poorly mobile, stenotopic species that inhabit specific habitats such as leaf litter, the subal-
pine zone in mountains, mesovoid shallow substratum, etc. Most of the species represented in this article, occur in
neighbouring countries and regions, so they can be defined as expected in Bulgaria, but several records should be
discussed in detail.
Undoubtedly, the record of Sernokorba tescorum deserves more attention. The Palearctic genus Sernokorba Ka-
mura, 1992 includes only three, very rarely found and small sized species. The type species S. pallidipatellis (Bösenberg
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& Strand, 1906) has a wider distribution, but is restricted to East China, Korea, Japan and easternmost part of Russia
(Maritime Province). One species (S. fanjing Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004) is known as being endemic to China. The
species S. tescorum has been described from France and was known for more than a century only from several locali-
ties there. It is recently reported also from Spain (Hernández-Corral et al. 2017; Breitling 2018). Finding a specimen
in Bulgaria shows that the species is more widespread, but its lifestyle, small size and low abundance make it cryptic.
Oxyopes nigripalpis is another interesting record. According to the descriptions and drawings provided by Kulczyński
(in Chyzer & Kulczyński 1891), Kulczyński (1907) and Weiss (1989), the most certain diagnostic trait of the males of
Oxyopes nigripalpis is the shape of the deep incision (DTI) on the palpal tibia, which is clearly visible on Figs 14A–B.
So there is no doubt about the correct identification here, but the known distribution of the species in the Mediterra-
nean (World Spider Catalog 2021), is probably based on erroneous reports, and possibly concerns other sibling spe-
cies. In general, the revision of the European lynx spiders of the genus Oxyopes Latreille, 1804 is urgently needed.
The crab spider Xysticus pseudolanio is very poorly known and its female is still undiscovered. Together with the
single present record, not more than seven male specimens from the same number of localities (three of which are
closely situated to each other) are known (Demir & Seyyar 2019; Otto & Japoshvili 2018; Wunderlich 1995). Our
specimen (see Fig. 24) fits well in original description and drawings and also in elevations (980–1100 m) in the
type localities (Wunderlich 1995) and 1150 m in the present record. There are no differences between our specimen
and the Turkish ones (Demir & Seyyar 2019; Wunderlich 1995), but the drawings from Georgia (Otto & Japoshvili
2018) show some minor differences such as shorter median tegular apophysis with an underdeveloped retrolateral
branch, and closer median (MTA) and lateral (LTA) tegular apophyses. These differences are probably due to intra-
specific variation in detached parts of the range, but it is quite possible that they indicate undescribed species.
The data we provide have essential taxonomic and faunal value. It would be appropriate in the future to supple-
ment the information on these species with environmental research data using a consistent methodology. After this
study, the number of Bulgarian spiders grew to 1090 species, but in our opinion this number is not yet final.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Peter Jäger (Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany), Peter J. van
Helsdingen (European Invertebrate Survey, Leiden, Netherlands), and Robert Bosmans (Terrestrial Ecology Unit,
Gent, Belgium) for their valuable comments on the manuscript. We are extremely grateful to the following col-
leagues who provided us with material for this study (alphabetically): Evgeni Chehlarov, Ilian Iliev, Lyubomir
Penev, Mario Langourov, Nikolay Karaivanov, Nikolay Simov, Ognian Ignatov, Simeon Indzhov, Sirma Zidarova,
Stoyan Lazarov, Teodora Teofilova, Toshko Ljubomirov, Vasil Genchev, Vasil Popov, and also to Jason Dunlop for
providing access to museum (ZMB) material. Thanks go to prof. Ophelia Pamukchieva (University of National and
World Economy, Sofia), who kindly checked the English of an advanced draft. Sequence and data analysis was sup-
ported by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund through its support for the Food From Thought project at the
University of Guelph and by grants from Genome Canada through Ontario Genomics in support of the International
Barcode of Life (iBOL) project. This study was partially supported by the projects “Mapping and assessment of
sparsely vegetated land ecosystem services in Bulgaria, SPA-EcoServices”, “ANIDIV 4” (funded by the Institute
of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) and “Cybertaxonomic approach to phy-
logenetic studies of model invertebrate genera (Invertebrata, Arachnida, Insecta) clarifying the problems of origin,
formation and conservation of the Invertebrate Fauna of the Balkan Peninsula” – National Science Fund, Ministry
of Education, Youth and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria, Grant KP-06-Н21/1-17.12.2018.
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