Abnormal Returns around Mergers and Acquisitions in the Nepali Stock Market
Abstract
A merger includes two relatively equal entities that are combined to form one legal entity worth more than a sum of its two separate parts. In the last few years, many Nepali financial institutions have been consolidating through mergers and acquisitions. This paper aims to investigate how the stock market reacts when financial institutions announce mergers and acquisitions. This paper also examines the impact of cross-sectional variables on the abnormal returns obtained around merger announcements. The study covers 22 successful merger deals that occurred among 48 financial institutions over the period of 2004 to 2013. This paper used the event study method based on the market model to derive abnormal returns associated around the merger announcement date. The event dates are specified as the dates on which the mergers and acquisitions were announced. The results show that leaving a very few exceptional cases, none of the merged financial institutions received significant cumulative abnormal returns on the merger announcements, regardless of the use of different event periods. The cross-sectional regressions show that the pre-merger performance of target and relative market value are the significant influencing variables on acquirers' cumulative abnormal returns. The finding implies that Nepali financial institutions merge merely to increase their capital base without producing any synergistic effect. Therefore, they need strategic plans for choosing the right partner and achieving other benefits like synergy effect, economies of scale and cost reduction from mergers and acquisitions.
Penelitian ini menerapkan metode event study terhadap peristiwa penyerangan Rusia ke Ukraina, dengan fokus pada pembuktian empiris mengenai adanya kembalian tidak normal sekitar peristiwa tersebut, serta perbedaan kembalian tidak normal sebelum dan selama peristiwa. Riset ini bersifat sensus dengan melibatkan 45 saham yang tergabung di Indeks Liquid 45 sebagai populasi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui sumber sekunder, di antaranya harga saham penutupan secara harian dan IHSG secara harian. Analisis data berbasis pendekatan statistika parametriks, yaitu uji-t satu sampel dan uji-t sampel berpasangan. Secara statistika, penelitian ini menemukan bukti mengenai adanya kembalian tidak normal, meskipun tidak signifikan, di seputar peristiwa penyerangan Rusia ke Ukraina. Selain itu, terdapat anomali yang tidak signifikan antara kembalian abnormal sebelum dan selama peristiwa tersebut. Kesimpulan dari riset ini adalah bahwa capital market Indonesia dikatakan sebagai market efisien semi kuat secara informasi. Temuan ini dapat menjadi acuan investor dalam pengalokasian dana, bertujuan memperoleh portofolio yang optimal.
The paper compares the before and after merger position of long term profitability with respect to selected Indian banks for a period of 2003-04 to 2013-2014. The financial performance is evaluated on the basis of various variables. The study found a negative impact of merger on return on equity, return on assets, Net profit ratio, yield on advance and yield on investment. However, variables, namely, the Earnings per Share, Profit per employee and Business per employee have shown positive trend and grown after the merger. It has been observed that after the merger, the Assets, Equity, Investment and advances of all banks increases, but due to underutilization, their respective yield decreases. On a contrary, the business per employee and profit per employee have increased due to optimum utilization of human resources. By applying the Comparative Analysis, the paper also assesses the financial performance of acquiring bank with the banking industry. The Bank of Baroda and Oriental bank of commerce has found decreases in Yield on Advances and yield on investment as compared to average of all banks in the postmerger period. State bank of India & IDBI Bank has higher business per employee and profit per employee as compared to industry average.
ABSTRACT
Mergers and Acquisitions have become the most widely used business strategy of restructuring and strengthening bank to achieve competitiveness, to ensure long term existence with considerable profitability, to forge entering in new markets, and to ascertain the capital base etc. Specially, the merger law policy-2011 and monetary policy-2015 issued by Nepal Rastra Bank, the regulatory body of banks in Nepal, have been experienced as the most effective weapons for merger and acquisition in Nepalese Banking industry. The present paper evaluates the effects of merger and acquisitions on employees through questionnaires and effects on shareholder by analyzing financial performance of the selected banks. To analyze the effectiveness of mergers and acquisitions on the banks, pre and post-merger comparison is conducted on selected variables. Three cases of merger and acquisitions have been taken randomly as sample for the study, first the merger of Machhapuchhre Bank Ltd; second, Global Bank Ltd; and third, NIC ASIA Bank Ltd. The results of the study indicate that mergers and acquisitions have positive impacts on human factors and financial performance of the selected banks.
Keywords: Banking, Financial Performance, Financial Ratio, Merger and Acquisition, Nepal Rastra Bank, Synergy
p>Merger and Acquisition is relatively new reorganization practice undertaken to strengthen the BFIs in the Nepalese financial market. This study makes an attempt to analyze the financial performance of merged banking and financial institutions relative to their pre-merger performance, and assess the perception of the stakeholders towards merger. Six banks and financial institutions are considered as sample to undertake this study along with 120 respondents for secondary and primary data respectively. The financial ratios comparison method along with t-test of changes in performance measures has been used. This study found that merger impacts performance positively when larger and stable parties such as commercial banks act as bidders as opposed to the merger between smaller BFIs mainly other than commercial banks as bidder. The loan quality significantly deteriorates after merger in most of the cases and profitability measured in terms of ROA and ROE is adversely affected in most of the cases after the merger. Therefore, the merger should not be considered as the definite solutions to overcome the challenges faced in the market; enough evaluation is needed to select the right partners before executing the merger.
Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research, Vol. 2, No. 1 & 2, pp. 47-68</p
p>This study aims to find the impact of mergers on operating performance of sample merged banks. To attain the research objective, this study has taken 8 independent variables; operating profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, return on equity, debt equity ratio, return on loan loss provision, return on staff expenses and return on operating expenses. Three cases have been taken for the study as a sample to examine whether merger has led to a profitable situation or not. Research mainly focuses on quarterly secondary data which is analyzed using paired sample t-test, correlation analysis, VIF test and regression analysis. From the analysis it is deduced that merger has no significant role in case of Nepal Bangladesh Bank and NIC Asia Bank in terms of various operational ratios, since many operational ratios have been found weaker in post-merger period than pre-merger period. But merger plays a significant role in case of Machhapuchchhre Bank where almost all operational ratios have improved in post-merger. While analyzing the situation of overall commercial banking sectors, with the help of sampled data, it is observed that largely the merger isn’t able to produce positive results for the merged entities. The study shows the reason for negative result of merger as the poor financial position of the target banks. Further the merger will somewhat act as a solution for the current problems of Nepalese BFIs. Merger will be a wise option to bring BFIs in strong and growing position and to meet the requirement of current paid up capital as per the latest NRB directive. But it also must be considered that merger in itself is not the ultimate solution to strengthen the financial position of BFIs. A lot of factors must be taken into account before finding the right partner to merge with and executing the merger.
Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research, Vol. 2, No. 1 & 2, pp. 85-107</p
Mergers and Acquisitions have become the most widely used business strategy of restructuring and strong financial institution to achieve competitiveness, to ensure long term existence with suitable profitability, to forge entering in new markets, and to ascertain the capital base etc. Specially, the merger law policy-2068 and monetary policy 2072 issued by Nepal Rastra Bank, the regulatory body of banks in Nepal, have been experienced as the most effective weapons for merger and acquisition in Nepalese Banking industry. This study makes an attempt to the latest Monetary Policy lays down measures meant to encourage banks to merge. By Shrawan 2076, commercial banks are required to maintain an average interest rate spread (the difference between rates on loans and deposits) of 4.4 percent from the current 4.5 percent; banks that complete mergers and acquisitions by that time will get a one-year extension. Also, by Shrawan 2076, commercial banks are required to float at least 25 percent of their paid-up capital in debentures; banks that decide to tie the knot by that deadline will get a one-year reprieve. A merged bank also does not have to seek Nepal Rastra Bank's approval to open new branches. Currently, the board of directors, CEOs and deputy CEOs are required to abide by a cooling-off period of six months during which they cannot join another bank. This restriction will not apply to executives of a merged bank. The argument for mergers and acquisitions go something like this. There are just too many banks and financial institutions in Nepal. As of Ashad 2076, there were 28 commercial banks (Class A), 32 development banks (Class B), 24 finance companies (Class C) and 91 micro-credit companies (Class D). Conceivably, larger banks should be able to fund large infrastructure projects individually. The existence of larger Nepali banks could also make it easier for them to branch into India. Bigger Nepali banks will be able to compete with foreign banks better on Nepali soil.
Events like merger and acquisition affect the value of merging firms and also generate a positive or negative wealth effect for shareholders of firms involved. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a merger announcement has generated wealth effects for the shareholders of bidding and target firms as well as it has aimed to assess the impact on overall banking sector. Two models; mean adjusted model and market risk adjusted model has been used in the study employing the ‘event study’ methodology to examine whether there is presence of abnormal return associated with merger announcement. In this method, 50 days premerger and 30 days post merger period is assumed as estimation period and (-15 and +15) days are taken as the window period. Fifteen financial institutions which entered into merger between years 2010 to 2012 are selected as sample. The findings of this study demonstrated that surrounding the announcement of merger proposals, the premerger abnormal return of individual firms is not significant to zero i.e. return is not affected by the merger announcement. Similarly, the abnormal return of bidding and target firms is not significant which indicates there is no impact of merger announcements on shareholder wealth in Nepalese capital market. Finally, the abnormal return during the premerger and post merger period of individual firms as well as the overall banking sector shows the same result, there is no significant difference on return before and after the merger announcement.
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) represent a substantial means to implement corporate and business unit strategy. However, capturing expected value proves to be very challenging. While previous studies on acquisition decision-making have identified a number of impediments to process, they lack a rich and theoretically grounded description of how to systematically mitigate those obstacles. Our research setting is four firms from the German industry sector. Using a multi-case inductive study, we analyze how serial strategic acquirers—all equipped with a dedicated M&A function—have designed their M&A decision-making process. We find that firms rely on group decision-making mechanisms, following three procedural strategies and one governance strategy.
As intrastate and interstate bank merger laws have relaxed, the number of bank mergers and acquisitions has risen sharply.1 The shareholders of acquired firms benefit from mergers because they are able to sell their stock at a higher price than would otherwise be the case. Whether the shareholders of the acquiring firm benefit from the transaction is less clear. Acquirers may have superior management or be able to obtain economies of scale or find other methods to increase expected profits and reduce risk to offset the premium paid to shareholders of the acquired organization. However, a recent study by Shome, Smith, and Heggestad (1986) suggests that bank managers are less concerned about maximizing shareholder wealth than managers of nonfinancial firms because the regulatory process for merger approval tends to protect managers from hostile takeovers. They suggest that banking organizations are maintaining suboptimal amounts of capital in order to achieve higher growth rates. If their analysis of bank capital decisions and managerial motives is correct, then it may also be true that some bank acquisitions are undertaken for reasons other than shareholder value.
A major revision of laws governing bank branching and bank mergers was passed by the New Hampshire Legislature and signed by the state’s governor in June 1979. This banking legislation, HB 777, opened the way for statewide branching and statewide merger by New Hampshire banks. Since its passage, there have been numerous bank mergers and acquisitions resulting in the emergence of a number of relatively large banking organizations throughout the state.
The study investigates the informational value of merger announcement to the shareholders to earn abnormal return. An Event Study was conducted to find out the abnormal return gained by the 97 companies listed in Bombay Stock Exchange which enter into merger activity during the year 2010. The behavior of Abnormal Returns (ARs), Average Abnormal Returns (AARs) and Cumulative Average Abnormal Returns (CAARs) were computed for 10 days before and after the event day by comparing the closing share price of the Acquiring Companies. The study found that the impact of the announcement of merger does not hold any significant difference on the movements of the share price and no significant abnormal return is gained during the event window of 21 days (i.e., -10 to +10) by the Acquiring companies' shareholders. Therefore the study concluded that a merger announcement does not hold important information to the Indian stock market during the study period.