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THE LICHEN GENUS LEPRARIA ACH. (STEREOCAULACEAE, LICHENIZED
ASCOMYCOTA) IN ROMANIA
Florin CRISAN
s-
Napoca
Corresponding author: Florin Crisan, e-mail: florin.crisan@ubbcluj.ro
DOI: 10.38045/ohrm.2021.1.07
CZU: 582.29(498)
Key words: liche-
nized fungi, Lepraria,
key, biodiversity.
Introduction. The genus Lepraria includes diffuse or indefinitely delimited species, al-
ways sterile, Lendemer (1) naming it „the most unusual member of the sterile lichen
crusts”. According to Tonsberg (2), the leprarioid state appeared as an adaptation to a
substrate characterized by dry surfaces, in sites with high humidity and low illumination.
The thallus is leprose with an entirely sorediate surface. The lack of fruiting bodies has
made the lichens from this group among the least known and studied for a long time. The
increase in the number of studies on sterile crustose lichens in recent period has led to an
increase in the number of accepted species of the genus Lepraria. The information on the
genus Lepraria is not uniformly distributed, the current checklist describes only two spe-
cies, L. caesioalba and L. finkii in Romania. The recent appearance of several studies that
indicate the presence in Romania of other species of the genus mentioned, created the
motivation of this study.
Material and methods. This study is based on material from the Babes-Bolyai University
(CL) herbaria in Cluj-Napoca, Romania and literature data. For 13 species, specimens
have been examined.
Results. The key for the species of genus Lepraria is proposed, adapted from Wirth (3).
The species distribution maps in Romania are given.
Conclusions. Fifteen Romanian species are revised, Lepraria eburnea, L. ecorticata, L.
umbricola were reported from two locations, L. neglecta was found only in one location.
Most widely distributed species in Romania seems to be L. finkii and L. membranacea.
Cuvinte cheie: ciu-
perci lichenizate,
Lepraria, cheie de de-
terminare, biodiversi-
tate.
GENUL DE LICHENI LEPRARIA ACH. (STEREOCAULACEAE, ASCOMICETE
LICHENIZATE) ÎN ROMÂNIA
Introducere. Genul Lepraria include specii cu tal difuz sau delimitat nedefinit,
întotdeauna sterile, Lendemer (1) numindu-l „cel mai neobișnuit membru al lichenilor
crustoși sterili”. După Tonsberg (2), starea leprarioidă a apărut ca o adaptare la un sub-
strat caracterizat prin suprafețe uscate, în stațiuni cu umiditate ridicată și iluminare re-
dusă. Talul este lepros cu o suprafață în întregime sorediată. Lipsa corpurilor de fructifi-
cație a făcut ca, pentru multă vreme, lichenii din acest grup să fie printre cei mai puțin
cunoscuți și studiați. Creșterea numărului de studii asupra lichenilor crustoși sterili în ul-
tima perioadă, a dus la creșterea numărului de specii din genul Lepraria acceptate. In-
formațiile despre genul Lepraria nu sunt distribuite uniform, lista actuală descrie doar
două specii, L. caesioalba și L. finkii în România. Apariția recentă a mai multor studii care
menționează prezența în România a altor specii din genul menționat, a creat motivația
acestui studiu.
Material si metode. Acest studiu se bazează pe materialul lichenic din Herbarul Univer-
sității Babeș-Bolyai (CL Herbarium) din Cluj-Napoca, România și datele din literatura de
specialitate. Pentru 13 specii, au fost examinate eșantioane.
Rezultate. Cheia pe care o propunem este adaptată după Wirth (3). Deasemenea, sunt
date hărțile de distribuție a speciilor în România.
Concluzii. Cincisprezece specii din România sunt revizuite, Lepraria eburnea, L. ecorti-
cata, L. umbricola au fost raportate din două locații, L. neglecta a fost găsită doar într-o
singură locație. Cele mai răspândite specii din România se consideră a fi L. finkii și L. mem-
branacea.
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INTRODUCTION
The genus Lepraria includes diffuse or indefini-
tely delimited species, always sterile, Lendemer
(1) naming it
. The thallus is leprose with
an entirely sorediate surface (4). Molecular stu-
dies indicates gender affiliation to Stereocau-
laceae familly (4). The lack of fruiting bodies
makes lichens in this group among the least
known and studied (1). The leprarioid state ap-
peared as an adaptation to a substrate character-
rized by dry surfaces, in sites with high humidity
and low illumination (2). However, since 2000
there was an increase in the number of studies on
sterile crustose lichens (5), which also increased
the number of taxa of the genus Lepraria ac-
cepted. Thus, Lendemer (1) documents the exist-
ence of 57 species and 2 varieties worldwide. The
information on the genus Lepraria is not uni-
scribes only two species of the genus Lepraria in
Romania, respectively L. caesioalba and L. finkii.
The recent appearance in Romania of several doc-
toral thesis (7, 8, 9) and scientific articles that
mention the presence of other species of the ge-
nus mentioned above, create the motivation of
this study. We established a list of 15 species, for
which we made a key attempt.
In Romania, Lepraria taxa stands in beech forests,
coniferous and mixed forest, dwarf mountain
pine shrubs and alpine meadows. Species of
Lepraria can inhabit bark, wood, soil or rock, and
frequently in sheltered sites where they are pro-
tected from direct sunlight.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study is based on material from the Babes-
Bolyai University (CL) herbaria in Cluj-Napoca,
Romania and literature data. For 13 species, spe-
cimens have been examined by specialists from:
Lepraria caesioalba Department of Botany, In-
stitute of Botany, Academy of Sciences Pruhonice
(10), Lepraria lobificans
Swiss Federal Research In-
stitute WSL (11); L. nivalis Herbarium Hunga-
rian Natural History Museum (BP) and Swiss Fe-
deral Research Institute WSL (11); L. jackii, L.
rigidula, L. vouauxii Department of Botany, Insti-
tute of Botany, Academy of Sciences Pruhonice
(10), Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (11);
Lepraria eburnea, L. ecorticata, L. elobata, L. mem-
branacea, L. negelecta, L. toensbergiana, L. umbri-
cola Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (11).
The key we propose is adapted from Wirth (3).
The species distribution maps in Romania are
given.
RESULTS
Lepraria species distribution in Romania
1. Lepraria caesioalba (de Lesd.) J.R. Laundon var. caesioalba (fig. 1)
Lichenologist 24: 324 (1992); Crocynia caesioalba de Lesd., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: 84 (1914); Lepro-
loma caesioalba (de Lesd.) M. Choisy, Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon II 19: 12 (1950) Crocynia henrici de
Lesd., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: 84 (1914).
Alba County: Detunata Mt. (12).
Arges County: Iezer-Papusa Mts., Riusorul to Zanoaga Mt. (9).
Brasov County: Tampa Mt. (12).
Hunedoara County: Retezat Mts., alpine zone around the lake Bucura (10).
2. L. eburnea J.R. Laundon (fig. 2)
Lichenologist 24: 331 (1992); Lepraria frigida J.R. Laundon, The Lichenologist 24: 332 (1992).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Borsa (CL) 664515; Rodnei Mts., Repedea Valley (CL) 664494, 664518.
3. L. ecorticata (J.R. Laundon) Kukwa (fig. 3)
Mycotaxon 97: 64 (2006); type: United Kingdom, England, Devon, Ilfracombe, Torrs Walks, 1. Sept. 1971,
J. R. Laundon 2851 (BMholotypus). Lecanora ecorticata J.R. Laundon, Nova Hedwigia 76: 100 (2003).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Pietrosul Mare Nature Reserve (CL) 664498; Rodnei Mts., Repedea
Valley (11).
4. L. elobata Tonsberg (fig. 4)
Sommerfeltia 14: 197 (1992)
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Cascada Cailor (CL) 664508; Rodnei Mts., Izvorul lui Dragos Valley,
Pietrosul Mare Nature Reserve, Repedea Valley (11).
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Figure 1. Distribution of Lepraria caesioalba
var. caesioalba in Romania.
Figure 2. Distribution of Lepraria eburnea
in Romania.
Figure 3. Distribution of Lepraria ecorticata
in Romania.
Figure 4. Distribution of Lepraria elobata
in Romania.
5. L. finkii (Hue) R.C. Harris (1985) (fig. 5)
Crocynia finkii B. de Lesd., in Hue, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 71: 334 (1924); Crocynia aliciae Hue, Bull. Soc. bot.
Fr. 71: 333 (1924); Crocynia americana de Lesd., Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 71: 333 (1924).
Arges County: Iezer-Papusa Mts., Riusorul to Zanoaga Mt. (9).
Bacau County: Casin River Basin, Casin Monastery, Halos Ciubotaru Forest (13).
Bihor County: Bihorului Mts., Rachita Peak (14).
Bistrita-Nasaud County: Rodnei Mts., the upper basin of the Rebra Valley (15); forests near Arcalia Sci-
entific Resort (16); Nasaudului Hills, Satului Valley (17).
Botosani County: Dorohoi surroundings (18).
Cluj County: Gilau-Muntele Mare Mts., Huza Valley (17); Iara Valley (15); Vladeasa Mts., Racad Valley
(15); Nonei Valley (19).
Harghita County: Bicazului Gorge (20).
Hunedoara County: Retezat National Park (22), Zlatuia Valley (21).
Ilfov County: Bucharest, Mogosoaia Forest (12).
Maramures County: Barjaba (19).
Prahova County: Ciucas Mts. (23).
Suceava County: Calimani Mts., Draglele Valley (12); Rarau Mts., Pietrele Doamnei (12); Codrul Secular
Slatioara (12).
6. L. incana (L.) Ach. (fig. 6)
Meth. Lich.: 4 (1803); type: United Kingdom, drawing in Dillenius, Hist. Musc.: tab. I fig. 3 (1742) (holo-
typus); typotypus: herb Hist. Musc.: tab. I no 3 (OXF). Byssus incana L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1169 (1753).
Alba County: Trascau Mt., Detunata (24); Aiud Bichis, Raristi, Lopadea, Valisoara Forest (25).
Arad County: Zarandului Mts., Slatina de Mures, Barzava, Milova (26).
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Cluj County: Vladeasa Mts., Poienita, Capra, (24); Gilau Mt., Baisoara (24); Marisel, Feleac (27).
Maramures County: Barjaba (24).
Suceava County: Rotunda Pass (11).
Figure 5. Distribution of Lepraria finkii
in Romania.
Figure 6. Distribution of Lepraria incana
in Romania.
7. L. jackii Tonsberg (fig. 7)
Sommerfeltia 14: 200 (1992); type: Norway (BG holotype; BM isotype); Lepraria toensbergiana Slav.-
Bay & Kukwa, Bryologist 108: 132 (2005).
Hunedoara County: Retezat Mts., camping site Pietrele (10).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Cascada Cailor (CL) 664492, 664501; Rodnei Mts., Repedea Valley, Pie-
trosul Mare Nature Reserve, Borsa (11).
8. L. lobificans Nyl. (fig. 8)
Flora 56: 196 (1873); type: France (H lectotype; BM topotype).
Bihor County: Padurea Craiului Mts., Sighiles Valley (1996), between Calatele and Varciorog, (CL)
655943.
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Repedea Valley (CL) 664511; Rodnei Mts., Pietrosul Mare Nature Re-
serve, Borsa (11).
Suceava County: Calimani Mts., Driglele (28); Calimani Mts, Calimani National Park, Haitii Peak, valley
of the stream Tarnita (BP) 93460 (29).
9. L. membranacea (Dicks.) Vain. (fig. 9)
Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 49(2): 265 (1921); type: United Kingdom, Scotland, J. Dickson (BM ex K
ex D Turner holotypus). Lichen membranaceus Dicks., Fasc. Pl. Crypt. Brit. 2: 21 (1790). Leproloma
membranaceum
Alba County: near Campeni, Detunata Mt. (12).
Brasov County: Racatau Valley, Racota Valley, Persani Mts., Dopcei Cave, Bogatii Cave (12).
Cluj County: near Turda (12), Fantanele Dam, Somesului Cald Valley, between Fantanele Dam and
Tarnita (30), Vladeasa Mts., Nonei valley, Preluca Rabului (19).
Dambovita County: Bucegi Mts., Zanoagei Gorge (12), Leaota Mts., Cheii Valley (31).
Harghita County: Harghita Mts., Sfanta Ana Lake (12).
Hunedoara County: Retezat Mts., Raul Mare Valley (12), Rausor Valley, Stanisoara Valley, Valeriasca
Valley, (12), Retezat National Park, Gemenea Lake, Taul Negru, Zlatuia Valley (21); Cetatea de Boli, near
Petrosani, Sureanului Mts., Auselul Mt. (12).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Repedea Valley (11).
Prahova County: Busteni, Urlatoarea Mare, Ialomitei Valley, Sinaia (12).
Sibiu County: Fagaras Mts., Arpas Mt., Cartisoara Mt., (12).
Suceava County: Codrul Secular Slatioara (12).
Valcea County: Lotrului Mts., Calinesti Valley (32), Defileul Cozia (Oltului Valley between Proeni and
Calinesti) (33).
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Figure 7. Distribution of Lepraria jackii in
Romania.
Figure 8. Distribution of Lepraria lobificans
in Romania.
10. L. neglecta (Nyl.) Erichsen (fig. 10)
Erichsen, in Lettau, Feddes Repert. 61: 127 (1958); Lecidea neglecta
.
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Pietrosul Mare Nature Reserve (CL) 664498.
Figure 9. Distribution of Lepraria membra-
nacea in Romania.
Figure 10. Distribution of Lepraria neglecta
in Romania.
11. L. nivalis J.R. Laundon (fig. 11)
Lichenologist 24: 327 (1992); Crocynia murorum de Lesd., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 95:199 (1948).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Pietrosul Mare Nature Reserve (CL) 664482; Rodnei Mts., Borsa,
Repedea Valley, Batrana (11).
Bihor County: Bihor Mts., Zgurasti Cave System (Avenul Zgurasti), 1,5 km NE of Garda de Sus village,
between V. Garda Saca and V. Ordancusa (CL) 658547, 658546.
12. L. rigidula (de Lesd.) Tonsberg (fig. 12)
Sommerfeltia 14: 205 (1992); type: United Kingdom, Scotland, Perth, Pitlachry, byside of R. Tummel,
Jun. 1914, J. McAndrew (E holotypus). Crocynia rigidula de Lesd., in Hue, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 331
(1924).
Hunedoara County: Retezat Mts., alpine zone around the lake Bucura (10).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Cascada Cailor (CL) 664502; Rodnei Mts., Repedea Valley, Borsa (11).
13. L. toensbergiana Bayerova & Kukwa (fig. 13)
Bryologist 108(1): 132 (2005); type: Poland, Western Carpathians, Eastern Tatra Mts, Dolina Roztoki
ho
isotypus).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Repedea Valley (CL) 664517; Rodnei Mts., Pietrosul Mare Nature Re-
serve, Izvorul lui Dragos Valley (11).
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Figure 11. Distribution of Lepraria nivalis
in Romania.
Figure 12. Distribution of Lepraria rigidula
in Romania.
14. L. umbricola Tonsberg (fig. 14)
Sommerfeltia 14: 206 (1992); type: Norway, Hordaland, Bergen, Milde, Brandaneset, 25. Sept. 1990, T.
Tonsberg 13635 (BG holotypus).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Izvorul lui Dragos Valley (CL) 664496; Rodnei Mts., Repedea Valley
(11).
15. L. vouauxii (Hue) R.C. Harris (fig. 15)
Harris, in Egan, The Bryologist 90: 163 (1987); Crocynia vouauxii Hue, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 392
(1924); Leproloma vouauxii (Hue) J.R. Laundon, The Lichenologist 21: 13 (1989) Crocynia arctica Lynge,
Skr. om Svalbard og Ishavet 81: 19 (1940); Lepraria arctica (Lynge) Wetmore, Publs Mich. St. Univ. Mus.,
biol. ser., 3: 440 (1968).
Hunedoara County: Campu lui Neag, Cheile Butii, in the gorge Cheile Scorota (10).
Maramures County: Rodnei Mts., Borsa (CL) 664495; Repedea Valley (11).
Figure 13. Distribution of Lepraria toensber-
giana in Romania.
Figure 14. Distribution of Lepraria umbricola
in Romania.
Figure. 15. Distribution of Lepraria vouauxii in Romania.
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Key to the species of Lepraria in Romania
1 Thallus sharply bordered at the margin, coherent, in the case of well-developed rounded rosettes,
appearing lobed or with radial folds ................................................................................................................................2
1* Thallus not rounded rosetted and lobed or with radial folds ...............................................................................9
2 On limestone, soil, mosses.....................................................................................................................................................3
2* On silicate rock, acidophytic mosses, soil, very rarely on bark..
3 Thallus whitish, cream colored, gray-white, pale greenish, folded skin-like, often regularly rounded,
often with radially aligned cracks, almost somewhat lobed, in the center often breaking
up.....................................................................................................................................................................................L. nivalis
3* Thallus greenish white, blue-greenish white, thick, coherent, sometimes producing a lobed thallus, at
times loosening itself and easily breaking away......................................................................L. lobificans
4 Thallus sharply delimited, at least at the margin pale yellowish, spongy-pliant, of thick coalescing
soredia-like, cottony to rather compact granules, with age often undifferentiated leprose. Pannaric
acid, roccellic acid ................................................................................................................................. L. membranacea
4* Thallus relatively unclearly margined, not yellowish at the margin, not spongy-pliant, on rain ex-
posed habitats on mosses, rarely directly on silicate rock, of relatively compact granules, without
pannaric acid ............................................................................................................................................................................5
5 Atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid or stictic acid complex. ....... L. caesioalba var. caesioalba
5* Atranorin, alectorialic or angardianic acid.....................................................................................................................6
6 Thallus of coarsely granular, non-powdery soredia containing alectorialic acid ......................L. neglecta
6* Thallus of fine, powdery soredia or with long projecting hyphae, not coarsely granular, containing
atranorin acid, rangiformic and angardianic acids always absent, other fatty acids present .....7
7 Thallus of soredia with long projecting hyphae, containing atranorin, nephrosteranic acid
.........................................................................................................................................................................................L.rigidula
7* Thallus of finer soredia without any or only with short projecting hyphae, containing atranorin and
fatty acids other than nephrosteranic acid ....................................................................................................................8
8 Thallus containing atranorin, jackinic acid, and roccellic acid; from lowlands to montane belt
.............................................................................................................................................................................................L. jackii
8* Thallus containing atranorin and toensbergianic acid; montane, rare at low elevations ...........................
..................................................................................................................................................................L. toensbergiana
9* Thallus greenish...................................
10 Thallus white to light grey, often creamy or slightly greenish, with alectorialic acid, KC+ fleeting! Red-
tion needle)...... L. eburnea
10* Thallus whitish-cream colored, often slightly yellowish, without Alectorialic acid, not KC+ reddish.
With Pannaric acid-6- L. vouauxii
L. elobata
11* 12
12 With divaricatic acid.................................................................................................................................................L. incana
12* Without divaricatic acid......................................................................................................................................................13
13 Soredia well separated from each-L. ecorticata
13* Soredia ...........................14
14 0,1
L.finkii
14* Soredia L. umbricola
DISCUSSION
Lepraria caesioalba var. caesioalba was found in
Romania on mosses growing on smooth bark
(Betula, Alnus) and on rocks. It belongs to the L.
neglecta group, being differentiated by the fact
that it rarely develops directly on rocks (2).
Distribution: Europe, North and South America,
Asia, Australasia, Antarctica, Greenland (5).
Lepraria eburnea was found in Romania on dead
wood and spruce bark, usually it grows on stone,
rarelly on bark (34). Specimens of L. eburnea may
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be morphologically similar to L. finkii, but differ
chemically (30). Distribution: in Europe, North
America, Asia and Australia (34).
Lepraria ecorticata was found in Romania in Pinus
mugo shrubs, on bark of P. mugo; Kukwa (34) in-
dicates that it prefers rocks. Rare species, re-
ported from Europe, Asia, South America (34).
Lepraria elobata in Romania was identified on
dead wood, generally it is found on soil, siliceous
rocks and mosses (5). Chemical similarity with L.
lobificans, which differs morphologically by thal-
lus lobate (2) and cottony appearance (5). Similar
chemistry with L. finkii which has a wooly, thick
thallus (34). Distribution: Europe, North America,
Greenland (5).
Lepraria finkii is in Romania a corticolous species,
found in coniferous and broadleaf or mixed for-
ests. Similar chemistry with L. elobata, species
from which it differs morphologically by its
wooly, thick thallus (34). Distribution: in all con-
tinents, except Antarctica (34).
Lepraria incana is also corticolous in Romania,
found in orchards and mixed forests. A species
variable morphologically, sometimes similar to L.
elobata, which differs chemically, lacking diva-
ricatic acid (5). Distribution: all continents, except
Antarctica, Arctic regions and North America
(34).
Lepraria jackii was found in Romania on spruce
bark; it shows in our country similar ecology with
specimens growing in Belarus and Poland (34).
Distribution: Europe, North America, Asia, Aus-
tralia (5).
Lepraria lobificans grows in Romania on beech
and spruce bark, also on acid soil. For chemically
similar species see the discussion under L. elo-
bata. Distributed worldwide (5).
Lepraria membranacea was found in Romania on
beech and spruce bark. Might be confused with L.
vouauxii which has pannaric acid 6-methylester
(4). Distributed worlwide.
Lepraria neglecta was found in Romania on the
soil of alpine pastures. L. eburnea has similar
chemistry with L. neglecta, but has different mor-
phology thallus granular and coarse and eco-
logy, living in exposed places to sun and rain (34).
Distribution: Europe, North and South America,
Australasia, Antarctica, Greenland (5).
Lepraria nivalis was identified on soil and on lime-
stone; in Europe is common in Mediterranean ar-
eas and south of the continent (5). It was found
also in North America, Australasia, Antarctica,
Greenland (5).
Lepraria rigidula in Romania was identified on
beech bark. Some specimens could have a green-
ish colour resembling L. jackii (34), which has a
different chemistry atranorin, zeorin and fatty
acids (5). Distribution: Europe, North America,
Asia, North of Africa (35).
Lepraria toensbergiana was found in Romania on
deadwood. Close in morphology to L. jackii
(which contains jackinic acid), chemically similar
to L. rigidula, whose soredia have long hyphal
projections. Also, distribution differs from L.
jackii and L. rigidula, L. toensbergiana being com-
mon in mountain areas (36).
Lepraria umbricola was found in Romania on
deadwood. May be found on bark, rock, mosses
and soil, especially on acidic substrate. Similar to
green coloured L. ecorticata, differs by producing
thamnolic acid (5). Distribution: Europe, Maca-
ronesia (35).
Lepraria vouauxii in Romania was discovered on
deadwood. Occurring worldwide in natural and
urban habitats (34).
CONCLUSIONS
Lepraria eburnea, L. ecorticata, L. umbricola
L. neglecta
L. finkiiL. membranacea
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
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Date of receipt of the manuscript: 18/07/2020
Date of acceptance for publication: 19/12/2020
Florin CRISAN, Web of Science ID researche V-1240-2017
