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(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
Vol. 12, No. 5, 2021
Design of Multi-band Microstrip Patch Antennas for
Mid-band 5G Wireless Communication
Karima Mazen1
Department of Electronics and Computer
Thebes Higher Institute for Engineering
Maaddi, Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed Emran2, Ahmed S. Shalaby3, Ahmed Yahya4
Department of Electrical Engineering
Al-Azhar University, Nasr City
Cairo-11371, Egypt
Abstract—Recently, the best antenna structures have
considered microstrip patch antenna due to their simple
construction, low cost, minimum weight, and the fact that
they can be effortlessly integrated with circuits. To achieve multi-
band operation an antenna is designed with an etching rectangle
and circle slot on the surface of the patch to achieve multi-band
frequency capabilities in mid-band 5G applications. Inset-fed
structure type of fed of all antenna printed and fabricated on the
brow of the Rogers RT5880 substrate. Then, prototype structures
of the microstrip patch antenna were acquired during the design
process until achieving the desired antennas. The antenna_1
achieved tri-band characteristics covering the WiMAX band
including 2.51 – 2.55 GHz, WLAN, and S-band including 3.80 –
3.87 GHz and C-and X-band including 6.19 – 6.60 GHz. The
antenna_2 gives dual-band characteristics covering C-band and
X-band including (6.72 – 7.92 GHz) with a peak under -45 dB
suitable for mid-band 5G applications. High impedance
bandwidth increases between (70 MHz-1.25 GHz) for wireless
applications. The proposed microstrip patch antennas were
simulated using CST MWS-2015 and were experimentally tested
to verify the fundamental characteristics of the proposed design,
it offers multiple-band operation with high stable gain and good
directional radiation characteristics results.
Keywords—Band-width; microstrip; multi-band; notch slot;
rectangle slot; 5 G
I. INTRODUCTION
Generally, the microstrip patch antenna is an important
component of communication systems that require
characteristics such as compact size, lightweight, easy process
of fabrication, and wide bandwidth. The microstrip patch
antenna is primarily made of copper material or a perfect
electric conductor (PEC). There are various types of
geometries like a circular, rectangular, triangular, elliptical,
square, ring, cone, etc. Nevertheless, the most commonly used
shapes are rectangular and circular. The size of the patch
antenna depends upon the substrate constant dielectric
material (Ɛr). A Higher substrate dielectric constant leads to
the lower size of the antenna [1][2]. The 1G /2G/3G/4G and
Five generations (5G) introduce faster data rates, density
connection higher, low latency [3]. Compact patch feeds
square microstrip with right-angled isosceles Koch fractal
antenna geometry on the edges is suitable for U-wide
frequency band applications. The antenna is put on FR4-
epoxy, (Ɛr = 4.4) substrate with dimensions 60 x 55 x 1.59
mm3. The antenna works at 4.3, 5.0, 6.1, 7.4, 8.9, and 9.2
GHz, this design is limited in bandwidth and gain, therefore
required to strive to improve them [4]. Propose the patch
antenna in the form of a Sierpinski fractal antenna, which can
work in multi-band frequency, this design is limited in
bandwidth and gain, therefore required to strive to improve
them [5]. The designed microstrip antenna using CPW feeding
technique, the microstrip antenna operates resonates at this is
bands 0.45 GHz for GSM, 1.35, 1.92, 2.57 GHz for, WLAN,
WiMAX, Walkie-Talkie. The antenna dimension is
46.32×25×1.6 mm3, substrate type is FR4 with Ɛr=4.3. The
design is limited in bandwidth and gain, therefore required to
strive to improve them [6]. The proposed microstrip is
fabricated using an FR-4, the height of the substrate is 1.6
mm, and Ɛr =4.4. The ground plane and substrate dimension
are the same, i.e. (70×60 mm2), the proposed microstrip
antenna operates at desired frequencies 5.73, 1.8, 3.6, and 4.53
GHz, which can be used for many applications of the wireless
[7]. Design patch antenna for satellite applications and
operating frequency at 15 GHz with diverse slots cutting on
microstrip antenna. The antenna achieving bandwidth
frequency at 1.14 GHz, with S11 of -30.6 dB. The gain and
directivity are 3.488, and 3.544 dB respectively. The RT
duroid material size 9.5 x 8 x 1.6 mm3 to design microstrip
antenna with Ɛr =2.2 have loss tangent 0.0009 [8]. The
microstrip patch is fabricated and tested on substrate FR-4
with size 70×70×1.6mm3, Ɛr= 4.4. The choice bands are
designed at 2.478, 2.313, and 2.396 GHz, and they have −10
dB impedance bandwidths of 2.42, 2.14, and 2.50%,
respectively [9]. The microstrip patch antenna in the shape of
the rectangle there is an array of L-slots and inverted them slot
for multiband frequency is considered. The microstrip was
designed for TM010 mode of frequency operation at 2.1 GHz.
The configuration produced the best results at Penta frequency
bands:1.48, 1.25, 1.8, 2.25, and 2.9 GHz. And they have -10
dB impedance bandwidth 3.4%, 3.2%, 3.33%, 4.3%, and
3.1%, respectively [10] All the design there is limited in
bandwidth and gain, therefore required to strive to improve
them. Design a simple microstrip antenna (UWB) for the
wireless satellite. The design process is achieved in three
steps. Firstly, a conventional antenna for 2.4 GHz FR4
substrate with Ɛr = 4.4 has been defined with dimensions of 50
× 55 × 1.6 mm3. Bandwidth is achieving between (2- 9.7
GHz) for different wireless applications [11]. Design
microstrip a slotted pentagonal for multi-band applications.
Designed on substrate material textile type with a dielectric
constant is 4.4. Dimension size is 50 × 50 mm2 and thickness
(h= 1 mm). The resonate frequency at 4 GHz with S11 is -
31.84 dB. The antenna is achieved more directivity of 2.932
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Vol. 12, No. 5, 2021
dBi and bandwidth from 2.85 to 9.30 GHz [12]. Simulated and
fabricated a rectangular patch is introduce designed for 915
MHz band applications includes ZigBee and Bluetooth. A
printed antenna on FR-4 epoxy substrate with a small size 60
× 30 × 1.6 mm3, with Ɛr =4.4. Achieving bandwidth from 902
MHz to 925 MHz for the ZigBee band applications. The
results of the simulation are radiation pattern directivity is
2.83 dBm, the gain is 2.73 dBm, and return loss is -35 dB
[13]. Design a novel broadband microstrip antenna printed on
the FR-4 substrate with Ɛr =4.4. The simulated result of the
patch gives four resonance frequencies at 1.59, 1.71, 1.81, and
1.986 GHz respectively, achieve a bandwidth of 29.6 % [14].
The microstrip U patch antennas on substrate Alumina 60 × 60
× 12.5 mm3 with dielectric constant Ɛr = 9.6 for wireless
communication. The improvement in antenna bandwidth is
recorded at 20 MHz, and efficiency 99.6%. The antenna
operating frequency of the antenna is 3.8 GHz (3.06 –5 GHz),
the antenna operates at single-band [15]. Design of a two-band
patch using substrate PTFE, with a thickness of 0.8 mm, the
dielectric constancy is 2.55. The patch antenna works at dual-
band 9.96 GHz –12.84 GHz and the bandwidth of the antenna
is 270 and 550 MHz respectively. The simulation result gives
less value of S11 at f1 = 9.96 GHz and f2 = 12.84 is -33.6 and
-39.1dB respectively. The bandwidth of the patch is 9.83 GHz
and 12.57 GHz respectively [16]. Design of packaging of
single antenna fed asymmetric slot-loaded triple-band patch
antenna with LHCP and RHCP at two bands at (1.77645 GHz)
for GPS L5 and (SDARS) at (2.320-2.345 GHz). The
dimensions of the designed antenna 51 × 52 × 1.6 mm3 with
substrate FR-4 material, and Ɛr = 4.4 [17]. Design a monopole
antenna and implement them to operate at multi-band for 5G
wireless communications and service. The antenna substrate
dimension is 43 × 38 ×1.588 mm3 with dielectric constancy
4.4. The S11 parameter of the patch antenna is high than -20
dB, and VSWR is < 2 [18]. The design of the microstrip
antenna is based on substrate RT/Duroid 5880 material with
relative permittivity Ɛr =2.2. The patch designed and
fabricated to operate in X-band is (8-12 GHz) and 60 GHz
frequencies. The microstrip antenna was printed on two
substrate heights (0.75- 1.57 mm) operate at 10 GHz and,
(0.127 - 0.254 mm) for frequency band 60 GHz. Designing
approach satisfied wideband and high gain antenna The
antenna work at dual-band, but required to improve in
bandwidth and achieve best reflection coefficient (S11) [19].
The microstrip patch was put on Duroid 5870 substrate h=
1.575 mm, a Ɛr of 2.33, and a dielectric loss of 0.0012, dual-
band to cover K-band applications [20]. Design patch antenna
printed on Rogers RT5870 with Ɛr = 2.2, and operate at 2.4
GHz. The thickness of 0.787 mm for applications such as
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiFi, wireless USB.
Bandwidth achieved 25.5 MHz with return loss -22.5 dB. The
design is limited in operating at single band, bandwidth, and
gain, therefore required to strive to improve them [21].
In this work, a new design approach is objective to realize
tri-band and dual-band MPAs appropriate for 5G wireless
applications. Two Compressed simple microstrip patch
antennas (MPAs) have been designed to cover multiple
frequency bands for wireless applications. The design idea of
these microstrip patch antennas is almost based on rectangular
patch antenna and are namely rectangular patch etching two
rectangle slots antenna (antenna_1), and notch rectangle patch
etching circle slot (antenna_2). All these antennas are
fabricated on Roger RT5880 substrate and they are built the
model and analyzed by using the tool of the CST MWS
simulator [22]. The CST simulated result exposes that the
proposed microstrip antennas are designed to guarantee the
best performance results. In terms of resonant frequency bands
and directional patterns as well as high gains, improvement
impedance bandwidth, and total radiations efficiencies. The
rest content of this work is orderly as follows. In section II,
discussion the configurations of the proposed patch and the
analysis process for designing these microstrip patches are
offered in detail. Section III and IV are review discussion the
performance of the experimental and simulated results along
with the features of the designed patch antennas and
parametric study. Conclusions and future work are drawn in
Section V and VI.
II. PROPOSED PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN AND
CONFIGURATION
The simulation models of the two proposed
design microstrip antenna structures are in Fig. 1(b) and Fig.
2(b), this is antennas, called the rectangular antenna etching
two rectangle slots (antenna_1) etching on the reference
(conventional) antenna (RA), and notch rectangle antenna
with circle slot (antenna_2) by etching rectangle notch on
corner of reference antenna and cutting circle slot on the
middle of the patch antenna. The slot on the microstrip
antenna is analyzed. The slot on the microstrip patch can be
firm by using a duplicity relationship between the dipole and
the slot [23] [24] [25]. The fabricated antennas are printed on
the front side of the Roger RT5880 substrate. The height hs of
3.18 mm, relative permittivity Ɛr=2.2. The constant Ɛr of
microstrip material should be between 2.2 and 12 for antenna
designing [1]. The height of the substrate, h ˂˂ λ0 (where, λ0
equal operating wavelength) [1]. The resonant frequency
fr=2.4 GHz. The total substrate size (Ws x Ls) of all antennas
is (94 × 78mm2). Each patch structure of these antennas size
of patch (Wp) x length (Lp) of (47 × 38 mm2). The inset
feeding type is used for the design because of its ease of
fabrication in the PCB form, and easy matching with the
existing system. The proposed microstrip antennas are
configured to improve impedance bandwidth outcomes due to
changes in substrate height and dielectric constancy. If the
substrate height is increased the bandwidth of the antenna is
also increased. This is because the bandwidth of the antenna is
directly proportional to the substrate height. The feed width wf
and length Lf, while the characteristic impedance is 50 Ω. A
full ground plane is on the backside of the substrate material.
Copper is used as the conducting material for patches and
ground. The dimensions of the proposed microstrip
antenna are calculated by using the well-known microstrip
patch antenna formulas using this equation from (1) -(5) [1].
The width of the microstrip patch antenna (
w
P) is given
by the following equation [1].
2
1
2+
=
ε
r
r
P
f
w
c
(1)
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(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
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Sub. Ɛr=2.2, c=3x108m/sec, fr= 2.45GHz
The effective dielectric constant Ɛreff:
2
1
121
21
21
−
+
−
+
+
=
p
rr
reff
w
h
εε
ε
(2)
Effective length due to fringing effects:
( )
()
h
h
h
hL
w
w
p
reff
p
r
+−
++
=
∆
8.03.2680.
0
264
.0
3.0
412.
0
ε
ε
(3)
The effective length of the patch (
L
eff
):
ε
reff
eff f
L
c
0
2
=
(4)
The actual length of the patch:
L
LL
effp∆−= 2
(5)
To determine the ground plane dimensions length (
L
g
) and
width of the ground plane (
w
g
)
l
L
p
g
h+= 6
(6)
ww
p
g
h+= 6
(7)
Where Wp the width of the microstrip patch, fr = 2.45GHz
is the resonant frequency, Ɛr =2.2 is the dielectric constant of
the substrate material, hs =3.18 mm is the height of substrate
material. The patch antenna Lp= 38 is the length of the patch
and wp= 47 mm is the width of the patch. After many series of
optimization by using CST simulator, then, the final
parameters and the optimized value of the parameters are
illustrated in Table I.
Reign successively conventional patch antenna (MPA) was
designed founded and based on the equations (1) -(5) for
resonating frequency at the proposed frequency. Initially,
MPA is designed with the same geometrical parameters. The
obtained CST simulated reflection coefficient(S11) and
radiation pattern realized gain of reference antenna (RA)
shown in Fig. 1(a) or 2(a) and 3, an antenna is resonating at fr
= 2.45 GHz with -10 dB S11 impedance bandwidth 70 MHz
ranging from (2.43 – 2.50 GHz) for (WiFi), return loss is -23
dB, and radiation pattern of the antenna. It is demonstrated
from observations in Fig. 4 that the RA inset-feeding
technique with a full ground plane has a better gain of 7.31 dB
and, a boresight directional radiation pattern suitable for
wireless communication application.
TABLE I. DIMENSIONS OF PROPOSED ANTENNAS
Dimension Ws Ls Lf f1 h G w1
mm 94 78 32 12.7 3.18 1.0 3.4
Dimension t l1 l2 D l3 w2 w3
mm 0.07 17.5 25.20 18.4 9.60 19 7.35
Fig. 1. The Proposed Microstrip Patch Structures, (a) AR (b) Antenna_1.
Fig. 2. The Proposed Microstrip Antenna Structures, (a) RA (b) Antenna_2.
Fig. 3. S11 Plot and Radiation Pattern for the Reference Antenna.
Fig. 4. Far-field Realized Gain Radiation Pattern of RA at 2.45 GHz. (a) 3D.
(b) 2D in yz- and xz-plane.
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(a)
b
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TABLE II. MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA (MPA) PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS
Parameter Inset-feed with full ground plane
fr (GHz) 2.45
fL (GHz) 2.43
fH (GHz) 2.5
BW(MHz) 70
Gain(dB) 7.31
Table II summarizes the main performance parameters of
this reference antenna, lower and higher-frequencies,
resonance frequency, bandwidth, and gain.
III. DISCUSSION OF SIMULATION RESULTS
After that, the procedure for microstrip patch antenna
structures in the previous section is suggested for the proposed
antennas for operating in the wireless communication WLAN,
WiMAX, C- band, and -X band frequency ranges for mid-
band 5G wireless applications [27]. The proposed design
concept will be Verified by the main performance parameter
results concluded to gain, reflection coefficient (S11), and
current distribution on the patch as well as the radiation
pattern directivity and realized gain.
A. Reflection Coefficient
The proposed microstrip patch antenna structures are
realized in simulated of the CST Microwave Studio ver. 2015.
Its time-domain solver is used to obtain these results. The
reflection coefficient (S11) for the proposed microstrip
antennas, antenna_1 and antenna_2 is discussed and
investigated in detail. The results of the return loss of the
whole prototype proposed antenna structures have been
recapped in Fig. 5 and 6, shows the S11 plot for intermediate
antennas that belong to each type of the two proposed
antennas. Observed that the antenna_1 covers tri-band
characteristics, whereas the antenna_2 gives dual-band. The
frequency bands of the proposed antennas can be summarized
as follows:
1) Antenna_1: Cover WiMAX band 2.53 GHz (2.51 –
2.55 GHz, 1.5%) and WLAN/C-band and S band 3.86 GHz
(3.80 – 3.87 GHz, 2%). C-band 6.45 GHz (6.19 – 6.60 GHz,
6%) for 5G application [26].
2) Antenna_2: Cover C band and X band for mid-band 5G
service [27], 6.92 and 7.707 GHz (6.72 – 7.92 GHz, 17.5%).
Thus, these microstrip antennas cover the helpful
frequency bands that useful for wireless communication.
VSWR results proposed microstrip antenna have been
shown in Fig. 7. Their quantitative analysis in terms of fr, fl,
and fh, between RA and their proposed antennas, is listed in
Table III. The realized gain respect to frequency for the
proposed microstrip patch antennas at desired frequency bands
is observed in the experimental result in section 3. Then the
gain of antenna_1 at the lower frequency band is the less one
whereas it is the greater one in the high band.
Fig. 5. Simulated Return Losses S11 Curves for Antenna_1 at 2.53, 3.86 and
6.45 GHz.
Fig. 6. Simulate Return Loss S11 Curve for Antenna_2 at 6.93 GHz and
7.707 GHz.
Fig. 7. Simulation VSWR for the Proposed Antennas
TABLE III. THE PROPOSED ANTENNAS TO RA COMPARISON FROM THE
BANDWIDTH, (FL- FH), FR PERSPECTIVE IN (GHZ)
Antenna Band 1 Band _2 Band 3 B.W
(MHz)
RA (2.43– 2.50),
2.45 GHz ------ ------- 70
antenna_1
(Tri-band) (2.51–2.55 ),
2.53 GHz (3.80 3 .87),
3.86 GHz (6.19-6.60 ),
6.45 GHz 50,70,410
antenna_2
(Dual-band) ------ (6.75-7.92 ),
6.92 GHz (6.71-7.94 ),
7.707 GHz 1250
B. 2-D and 3-D Radiation Pattern
Fig. 8 shows the 2-D radiation pattern in terms of E- or yz-
plane and H-or xz -plane at band 1, band 2, and band 3
observed at Table III. It is observed from this figure that all
antennas have a directive radiation pattern in H-plane and E-
plane at the lower band (2.53 GHz), and near to
omnidirectional at all other middle and higher frequencies
(3.86 GHz & 6.45 GHz) bands. The radiation pattern in E-plan
shown in Fig. 8(a) at 2.53 GHz shows close to bidirectional
nature with angular width (3) of 75.0 deg., and main lob
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directional 1.0 deg. Whereas, the radiation pattern at 3.87,
6.45 GHz shown in Fig. 8(b) and Fig. 8(c) shows close to
omnidirectional nature with greater angular widths 59.2 and
31.6 degrees respectively. Besides, the main lob directional
4.0 and -5.0 degrees respectively. Therefore, the radiation
pattern is changed from bidirectional to omnidirectional when
the angular width is reduced.
Fig. 9 shows the 3-D radiation pattern for tri-band
frequency (a) for 2.53 GHz, (b) 3.86 GHz, (c) 6.45 GHz.
Fig. 10 shows the 3-D radiation pattern for dual-band
frequency (a) for 6.92 GHz, (b) 7.707 GHz.
The simulated results verified that the proposed antennas
are achieved multi-band antennas. Table IV shows the
simulation results of proposed antennas that have a good
radiating element antenna, return loss less than -20 dB, good
realized gain, VSWR is less than 2, and good impedance
bandwidth.
Fig. 8. Simulated E and H-plane for Antenna_1 at (a) 2.53 GHz, (b) 3.87
and (c) 6.45 GHz.
Fig. 9. 3D Radiation Pattern Gains of Proposed Antenna_1at (a) 2.53 GHz,
(b) 3.86 GHz, (c) 6.45 GHz.
Fig. 10. 3D Radiation Patterns Gain of the Proposed Antenna_2 at (a) 6.92
GHz, (b) 7.707 GHz.
TABLE IV. SIMULATED MULTIBAND ANTENNAS -10 DB BANDWIDTH,
GAIN, VSWR, DIRECTIVITY AND IMPEDANCE BANDWIDTH
Results antenna_1 antenna_2
Frequency
fr(GHz) 2.53 3.86 6.45 6.92 7.707
S11
dB -13.38 -23.86 -24.26 -16.92 -55
VSWR 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4
Dir
(dBi) 8.34 8.22 10.73 6.38 7.28
Gain
dB 8.18 7.97 10.6 5.56 6.22
B/W MHz 50 70 410 1250
C. Surface Current
To analyze the effectiveness, of the proposed microstrip
patch antenna, the higher modes make nulls and some side
effects lobes this is due to the effect of the vertical and
horizontal distributions current on the surface slotted
microstrip antenna, as the operating band frequency increases.
The surface current of antenna_1 shows in Fig. 11, and
analyzed at frequency band in Fig. 11(a) shows the surface
current distributed have mainly flowed throw feed line part
and in a horizontal line on the patch at a lower frequency.
However, the path and the direction of the density are entirely
changed with the insertion of two rectangle slots. As shown in
Fig. 11(b) the current distribution along with two rectangle
slot more concentrated interior slot and exterior of two
rectangle slot, mainly flows along feed line part. Thus, two
rectangle slots modify the surface current distribution to
generate resonance at 3.86 GHz. Fig. 11(c) shows the
distribution mainly on the feed line part and inside two
rectangle slots of the patch in relatively higher frequency (6.45
GHz). From Fig. 11(d), it can be observed the surface current
distribution the path, and the direction of the current are
entirely changed with the insert of the circle slots. The current
distributed concentrated throw feed line under an arc of the
circle and its below. The current distributed interior edge of
the circle and outside of circle slot, and less current density
throw the notch.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
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Fig. 11. Simulated the Current Distribution on Antenna_1 at, (a) 2.53 GHz, (b)
3.86 GHz, (c) 6.45 GHz (d) The Surface Current on Antena_2 at 7.707 GHz.
D. Parametric Study
To reach up with a final design of acceptable performance
worked at in-demand frequencies; dense simulations to test the
insight of each antenna dimension and slots on its
performance have been done using parametric sweep –time-
domain solver CST simulator. The antenna_1 is optimized to
operate at triple-frequency bands.
Fig. 12 shows the effects of variation on S11
characteristics, it indicates that the second resonant at 3.86
GHz is the most affected resonant, and its value increased -
29.30 dB as w1 increased. While the first and third resonance
for the patch itself; is not nearly affected. The rectangle
length-shaped slot of antenna_1 is l1 changed in two rectangle
slots to find its effect on antenna_1.
Fig. 13 shows the effects of variation in l1 on S11
characteristics. The center frequency of the second resonance
is increased return loss is -35.29 dB at 3.86 GHz as l1
increased while decreasing when the value l1 decreases and
the center frequency of the third frequency varies to change
according to change the value of l1. But first band resonance
for the patch itself; is not nearly affected.
It can be observed that the impedance fractional bandwidth
is wider for the third frequency band at a different value of l1.
Bandwidth 440 MHz (6.17 - 6.61GHz, 6.87%) is resonating at
6.45 GHz achieving a return loss of −27.19 dB is obtained
when (l1 = 18 mm). The effects result of variation in l1 for
impedance bandwidth and S11 are tabulated in Table V.
Fig. 12. Simulated S11 for Antenna_1 with Variation of width of slot (w1).
Fig. 13. Simulated S11 for Antenna_1 with Variation of l1=16 -18 MM.
TABLE V. COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF ANTENNA_1 VARIED LENGTH L1=
16 - 18 MM
l1(mm) Return
loss (dB)
Triple
resonant
freq. (GHz)
Bandwidth
MHz
l1=18
-14.13
-35.29
-27.19
2.53
3.81
6.41
(2.50-2.55 GHz) is 50 MHz
(3.77-3.83 GHz) is 60 MHz
(6.17-6.61GHz) is 440 MHz
l1=17.2
-14.13
-17.97
-24.93
2.53
3.87
6.44
(2.50-2.55GHz) is 50 MHz
(3.82-3.91GHz) is 90 MHz
(6.25-6.61GHz) is 360 MHz
l1=16 -14.13
-11.63
-22.87
2.53
3.94
6.49
(2.50-2.55GHz) is 50 MHz
(3.90-3.91GHz) is 100 MHz
(6.35-6.63GHz) is 280 MHz
From Fig. 14, it can be observed the circle slot parameter
sweep has also its influences on the antenna_2 performances.
The radius slot of the circle (r = D/2) is selected to be
presented the effects of variation in r on S11 shown in Fig. 14.
The first frequency band at 6.92 and 7.707 GHz resonances
are which respond to any change in the dimensions of the slots
by shifting up/down or degrading/ improving the return losses.
The analysis reveals that as the radius of a circle (r =9.2 and
9.25 mm), the wideband characteristic of the antenna
represents dual-band at 6.933 and 7.707 GHz the fractional
bandwidth increases. While radius value (r = 8.5 and 10 mm)
the bandwidth decreases. The maximum bandwidth (1.25
GHz) of 16% (from 6.72 – 7.94 GHz) resonating frequency at
7.707 GHz, given reflection confections, return loss of -55 dB
is obtained when r = 9.2 mm and -16.92 dB at 6.93 GHz. After
the optimization, the parameter of the proposed antennas has
the best bandwidth and return loss for a radius value of r = 9.2
mm. The effects of variation in r on impedance bandwidth and
S11 are tabulated in Table VI.
Fig. 14. Simulated S11 for Antenna_ 2 for Variation of r.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
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TABLE VI. COMPARATIVE RESULTS OF THE RADIUS OF A CIRCLE(R) FOR
ANTENNA_2
Radius of circle Return
loss(dB) Resonant
freq.(GHz) Bandwidth(MHz), %
r= 8.5 mm -18.60
-12 7.68
6.83 450 MHz, 6%
260 MHz, 5%
r =9.2 mm -55
-16.92 7.707
6.93 1250 MHz, 16%
r=9.25 mm -39.60
-16.92 7.69
6.933 1170 MHz, 16%
r= 10 mm -23.72
-25.50 2.99
4.53 50 MHz, 2%
50 MHz, 2%
Continue to study the effected of reflection coefficient
(S11 ) concerning frequency for proposed microstrip patch
antennas with the different substrate material will be shown in
Fig. 15. Observed from this figure, the return loss vs
frequency response is verified by applied different substrate
materials Roger RT5880, FR-4, and Roger RT5870, without
changing the dimensions of slots. Whereas, after optimization
and from a results acts comparison between them, it is that
Roger RT5880 material realized best results of reflection
coefficient (dB) and better wider impedance bandwidth
respect to these of the other substrate materials used.
E. Comparison with other Studies
From Table VII, it can be observed analysis comparison
between the proposed multiband rectangular microstrip patch
and other rectangular antenna structures over previous
multiband patch antenna design, such as [4], [5], [6], [7], [8],
[9], [10], [15], [19] and [21]. The design recorded in [4-5-6-7-
9-10] the patch antenna work in multi-band frequency, but
band-width and gain less than compared with the proposed
design. Reference [8-21] in this works antenna operates in
single-band therefore, bandwidth, gain and reflection
coefficient (S11) less than comparing with multiband
frequency proposed antenna. The design recorded in [19] the
patch operates in dual-band compared with proposed multi-
band antenna. The objective of this work to design a
microstrip patch antenna that operates at multi-band realized
high gain and enhanced bandwidth for wireless applications.
Fig. 15. Simulated S11 for Various Substrate Materials for given Microstrip
Antennas (a) Antenna_1, (b) Antenna_2.
TABLE VII. A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PROPOSED ANTENNAS WITH OTHER REFERENCE ANTENNAS
Ref. No. of bands Sizes(mm) Resonant frequency(GHz) Bandwidth (MHZ) Gain (dB)
[4] Multi-band 60 × 55 ×1.59 4.3, 5.0, 6.1, 7.4, 8.9, 9.2 68.6, 126.7, 132, 124.3,
191.2, 530.6 1.08, 3.23, 3.36, 2.77, 3.07,
4.87
[5] Multi-band 70×70×1.58
1.75, 3.65, 4.12, 5.55, 6.5,
7.77
170, 60, 110, 120, 140 7.2, 11.2, 11.3, 7,
[6] Multi-band 46.32×25×1.6 0.45, 1.35, 1.92, 2.57 185, 151, 77, 218 4.484, 2.59, 3.27, 4.39
[7] Multi-band 70×60×1.6 1.81, 3.6, 4.53, 5.73 70, 290, 680 5.71, 5.54, 5.01, 5.32
[8] Single-band 9.5 × 8 × 1.6 15 1140 3.44
[9] Multi-band 70×70×1.6 2.313, 2.396, 2.478 50, 60, 60 1,1.2,0.7
[10] Multi-band 33.7×33.7×1.6 1.25, 1.48, 1.8, 2.25, 2.9 3.2%, 3.4%, 3.33%, 4.5%,
3.1% 1.1, 1.12, 1.15, 1.39, 1.4
[15] Single-band 60×50× 5 3.8 UWB ---------------
[19] Dual-band 29.52×34.35×1.57 10 , 60 384 13.5, 13
[21] Single-band 47×39×0.787 2.4 25.5 6.65
Proposed
antennas Multi-band 47×38×3.18 2.45, 2.53, 3.86, 6.45
6.93, 7.707 70, 60, 70, 410
1420 7.31, 8.18, 7.97, 10.6, 5.56,
6.22
(b)
(a)
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Vol. 12, No. 5, 2021
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The fabricated prototype of two proposed antennas, the
first antenna has a tri-band and the second has dual-band
frequencies. The proposed patch antennas are fabricated and
measured to verify the performance of the proposed multi-
band microstrip antenna printed on the dielectric constant of
2.2 of Rogers RT5880 substrate with a loss tangent of 0.025
and a 3.18 mm thickness. a copper layer thick of 0.07mm on
each side for the patch and ground plane for the proposed
microstrip antennas. The front side view and measurement of
the proposed antennas are shown in Fig. 16.
The prototype model structure is fabricated at the national
telecommunication institute (NTI) Cairo Egypt, while the
experimental verification of the S11 results and the far-field
measurements are carried out using the anechoic chamber at
Microwave lab, Ain-Shams University, Cairo Egypt.
The measured return loss(S11 ), VSWR, realized gain,
directivity, and far-field results of antenna_1 and antenna_2
are realized in good agreement with simulation results
illustrated in Fig. 17. Fig. 17(a) shows the measured return
loss(S11) exhibits good tri-band frequency response, and
experimental results verified multi-band frequency. The
measured S11 and impedance bandwidth is shown in
Table VIII.
The measured impedance bandwidths for antenna_1 are
shown in Fig. 17 (a) as (2.36 -2.477 GHz, 5%) at the 2.402
GHz, (6.32-6.63 GHz, 4%) at the 6.55 GHz band, and (7.077-
7.387 GHz, 4.5%) at the 7.25 GHz band.
Fig. 17(b) shows S11 of antenna_2 which exhibits a good
dual-band frequency response. The measured S11 impedance
bandwidth is 1.42 GHz (6.518-7.949 GHz, 20%) at 7.707
GHz, which is better than the simulated bandwidth (1.25 GHz)
valid for C-band and X-band for 4G, and suitable for mid-
band 5G wireless applications. The measured results and
simulated S11 microstrip are comparisons presented in
Table VIII.
The experimental results return loss (S11 ) is in close with
its simulation result. However, there, exist some slight
discrepancies caused during the implementation of the
microstrip patch antenna precision and interface deviation due
to loss material, Rogers RT5880 plate for the manufacture of
the antenna prototype which is not typical in each country.
The fabricated method and measurement techniques generate
the differences between simulated and measurement results.
Also, S11 levels are accredited to tolerance during the
fabricated and measurement steps.
Fig. 16. Fabrication and Measurement for Proposed Microstrip Patch
Antennas, (a) Fabricated Antenna_1 (b) Fabricated Antenna_2 (c) The
Proposed Microstrip Patch Antennas Measurement on Network Analyzer (d)
Experimental Test which was set up of Proposed Antennas in an Anechoic
Chamber.
Fig. 17. Measured and Simulated of Reflection Coefficient S11 for (a)
antenna_1, (b) antenna_2.
TABLE VIII. THE EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATED COMPARISON RESULTS, TRI-BAND OF ANTENNA_1, AND A DUAL-BAND OF ANTENNA_2
antenna_1 Resonant
freq.
(GHz)
Directivity
(dBi) Realized
Gain (dB) Bandwidth
(MHz) antenna_2 Resonant
freq. (GHz) Directivity
(dBi) Realized
Gain (dB) Bandwidth
(MHz)
Measured
7.25
6.45
2.40
12
8.5
8.9
9
6.5
7.2
310
240
50 Measured 7.44
6.80 8.5
6.9 6.5
5 1420
Simulated 6.45
3.86
2.53
10.62
8.22
8.34
10.5
7.97
8.18
410
70
50 Simulated 7.707
6.93
7
6.9
6.22
5.56 1250
(c)
Top view
Back view
(b)
(d)
Top view
Back view
(a)
i
(a)
(b)
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Illustrates the performance of measured VSWR from Fig.
18, for the proposed patch antennas, which verified value less
than 1.5 at all resonant frequencies compared with simulated
results. At all frequencies, minimum reflected power is
inferior to -20 dB. The conclusion derived from the analysis of
both Fig. 17 and 18, measured results of return loss and
VSWR respectively, confirms that the designed multi-band
microstrip patch antenna ensures obtaining good performance.
From Fig. 19, it can be observed realized gain plots vs
frequency measured and simulated for the antenna_1 and
antenna_2. The simulated gain is 10.6 dB at high frequency
(6.45 GHz) and 8 dB at low frequency (2.53 GHz). The
measured gain of 7.2 dB at 2.402 GHz frequency, while 6.5
dB at 6.55 GHz frequency is shown in Fig. 19(a).
Fig. 19(b) shows the experimental and simulated result
realized gain of antenna_2. The measured gain is 5 dB at 6.8
GHz, 5.6 dB at 7.44 GHz, while the simulated realized gain is
5.56, and 6.22 dB at 6.93, 7.707 GHz, respectively.
Fig. 20 shows the measured and simulated directivity
against frequency for the antenna_1 and antenna_2.
Fig. 18. VSWR Measured and Simulated for (a) Antenna_1 (b) Antenna_2.
Fig. 19. Measured and Simulated Realized Gain of (a) for Antenna_1, and (b)
for antenna_2.
Fig. 20. Measured and Simulated Directivity for (a) Antenna_1, and (b)
Antenna_2.
The realized gain, directivity, and impedance bandwidth of
proposed antennas are tabulated in Table VIII.
Fig. 21(a), (b) display the experimental measurement and
simulation radiation patterns for the antenna_1 along with two
elevation cuts (xz and yz planes) exhibit dual-polarization, E
and H-plane co and cross-polarization at frequency bands 2.53
and 6.45 GHz.
Fig. 22 displays the experimental measurement and
simulated radiation patterns for an antenna_2 along with two
elevation cuts (xz and yz planes) exhibits dual-polarization, E
and H-plane co, and cross-polarization at 7.707 GHz. The
deviation of the measured results from the simulated results
may be attributed to fabrication imprecision and measurement
errors. Besides, the dielectric slab will be cause-effect, with
little differences in the side lobes of the radiation patterns
between measurements and simulation results.
From Fig. 21 and 22 discussions of co-polarization and
cross-polarization between measurement and simulated for
proposed antennas. Co-polarization is defined as the
polarization the antenna was intended to radiate, while Cross
its perpendicular pair [1].
The cross-polar and co-polar in E and H-plane for
antenna_1 have been shown in Fig. 21(a) and Fig. 21(b) at
2.53, 6.45 GHz respectively, which is close to omnidirectional
nature. Fig. 21(a) has shown radiation pattern in E-plane,
simulated co-polar radiation angular width 27.3 deg. has been
measured with an angular width (3) of 25.3 degrees at 6.5
GHz. But simulated cross-polar 39.7 deg. and measured 35.5
deg. at 6.5 GHz. While the measured co-polar in E-plane
angular width of 68.8 degrees at 2.5 GHz and simulated
angular width of 75.0 GHz at 2.53 GHz. But radiation pattern
in E-plane the measured cross-polar angular width about 58.8
degrees at 2.5 GHz and simulated 76.2 degrees at 2.53 GHz.
Fig. 21(b) shows simulated co-polar in H-plane of 68.5
degrees and measured 75.2 degrees at 2.53 GHz whereas, the
simulated cross-polar in H-plane angular width 68.8 degrees at
2.5 GHz, and measured angular width of 63.4 degrees at 2.5
GHz.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
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Fig. 21. Measured and Simulated Co-polar and Cross-polar of Antenna_1 at 2.5 and 6.45 GHz.
The simulated cross-polar in H-plane angular width of
58.0 degrees at 6.45 GHz and measured 59.8 degrees at 6.5
GHz. Whereas, simulated co-polar in H-plane of 41.8 degrees
at 6.45 GHz and measured of 58.3 degrees at 6.5 GHz. It is
possible to omission the far-field radiation in E-plane,
compared to H-plane at frequency band 2.53 GHz, whereas, it
is noted that the cross-polarization of the E-plane is lower than
the cross-polar in the H-plane. Similarly, the cross-polar in
far-field at 6.45 GHz band in the E-plane is lower than the
cross-polar in H-plane. Therefore, the angular-width is
reduced when the far-field radiation pattern is changed from
Omni-to-bidirectional.
Fig. 22 has shown co-polar and cross-polar in the H-and E
plane. Fig. 22(a) illustrated measured a co-polar 74.5 degree
and simulated 70.1 degrees at 7.707 GHz. Also, a measured
cross-polar angular width of 49.7 degrees and simulated
angular width of 51.0 degrees at 7.707 GHz has been shown.
Fig. 22(b) shows measured co-polar in H-plane angular
width of 54.8 degrees and simulated 58.3 degrees. Also, the
cross-polar angular width of 35.2 and 38.3 degrees was
measured and simulated respectively at 7.707 GHz.
Fig. 22. Measured and Simulated Co-polar and Cross-polar for Microstrip
Antenna_2 at 7.707 GHz, (a) E-plane, (b) H-plane.
V. CONCLUSION
In this work, we design and fabricate two proposed
microstrip antenna covers multi-band microstrip patch
antennas. These proposed antennas cover the useful frequency
band of modern wireless communication systems. Antenna_1
covers tri-band frequency, for WiMAX band 2.53 GHz (2.51 –
2.55 GHz), WLAN/C-band band 3.86 GHz (3.80 – 3.87 GHz),
and C-band 6.45 GHz (6.19 – 6.60 GHz) which has potential
for C- band in 5G services. Antenna_2 covers dual-band for
C- band, and X-band 6.92/ 7.707 GHz (6.72 – 7.92 GHz, 1420
MHz) which is serving for C- band and suitable for mid-band
5G application. The proposed design of microstrip patch
antennas is characterized as simple structures to be
manufactured (94 × 76 × 3.18 mm3). Besides, Experimental
results verified good conformity with simulation results such
as return loss, gain, bandwidth, and radiation pattern of these
antennas.
VI. FUTURE WORK
Simulation the antenna on another simulator and compare
the simulation results obtained with two simulators:
Improvement the bandwidth and radiation pattern; Fabricated
microstrip antennas with other material is low cost.
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