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Five new leptonetid spiders from China (Araneae: Leptonetidae)

Authors:
Wenhui Zhu
Wenhui Zhu
Shuqiang Li at Chinese Academy of Sciences
Shuqiang Li
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Abstract and Figures

Four new species belonging to Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978 and one new species belonging to Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007 are described from China: Leptonetela martensi spec. nov. (Guizhou; male, female), L. taixu spec. nov. (Guizhou; male, female), L. xianwu spec. nov. (Hubei; male, female), L. xinglong spec. nov. (Guizhou; male, female), and Rhyssoleptoneta aosen spec. nov. (Beijing; male, female). These new species bring the total number of Leptonetela to 117 species and Rhyssoleptoneta to 2 species worldwide.
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ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Accepted by P. Jäger: 4 May 2021; published: 10 Jun. 2021 281
Zootaxa 4984 (1): 281–299
https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press Article
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.21
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3A7BBA30-3D9D-4AA7-9632-96BD5CA587B3
Five new leptonetid spiders from China (Araneae: Leptonetidae)
WENHUI ZHU1 & SHUQIANG LI2
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
1
�
zhuwh1016@outlook.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-1670
2
�
lisq@ioz.ac.cn; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-5416; corresponding author
Abstract
Four new species belonging to Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978 and one new species belonging to Rhyssoleptoneta Tong
& Li, 2007 are described from China: Leptonetela martensi spec. nov. (Guizhou; male, female), L. taixu spec. nov.
(Guizhou; male, female), L. xianwu spec. nov. (Hubei; male, female), L. xinglong spec. nov. (Guizhou; male, female),
and Rhyssoleptoneta aosen spec. nov. (Beijing; male, female). These new species bring the total number of Leptonetela
to 117 species and Rhyssoleptoneta to 2 species worldwide.
Key words: Morphology, taxonomy, Leptonetela, Rhyssoleptoneta
Introduction
Leptonetidae Simon, 1890 includes 360 species in 20 genera from North America, the Mediterranean, and East and
Southeast Asia (World Spider Catalog 2021, Ledford et al. 2021). The members of this family are tiny spiders that
mostly live in the leaf litter or under rocks. The family is represented in China by 123 species belonging to five gen-
era: Falcileptoneta Komatsu, 1970 (6 spp.), Jingneta Wang & Li, 2020 (9 spp.), Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978 (101
spp.), Longileptoneta Seo, 2015 (6 spp.) and Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007, with the single species R. latitarsa
Tong & Li, 2007 (Li 2020, Wang et al. 2020).
Leptonetela is the largest genus of Leptonetidae, with 113 species (World Spider Catalog 2021). Males can be
distinguished from those of other genera of the family by the palp having the femur without strong spines and the
tibia with a row of strong spines (Wang et al. 2020). Some large bodies of work have been published about this
genus. Lin and Li (2010) reported 23 new species and one new combination from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and
Wang and colleagues described 56 new species from China (Wang and Li 2011; Wang et al. 2017, 2020).
Rhyssoleptoneta was described by Tong and Li (2007) based on the male of R. latitarsa from Hebei, China as
the type species. In 2012, Wang et al. (2012) reported the then unknown female of this species from Hebei, China.
Rhyssoleptoneta can be distinguished from other genera of Leptonetidae by the male palpal femur and tibia without
strong spines and the cymbium with an apophysis (Wang et al. 2020).
In this paper, we describe four new species of Leptonetela and one new species of Rhyssoleptoneta from China.
These new species bring the total number of Leptonetela to 117, and the total number of Rhyssoleptoneta to 2
worldwide.
Material and methods
The type material is deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing, China
(Curator: Jun Chen). Specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol and were examined, measured, and documented
with a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope equipped with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapix-
els). The images were assembled using Helicon Focus 3.10.3 image stacking software (Khmelik et al. 2005). Details
were studied with an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. The left male palp was illustrated. Internal genitalia of
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females were removed and treated in lactic acid before illustration. All measurements are given in millimetres. Leg
measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus), missing data are coded as ‘–’.
Leg segments were measured on their dorsal side. The distribution map was generated with ArcMap software 10.2
(ESRI 2002). Terminology and taxonomic descriptions follow Wang et al. (2012, 2020).
Abbreviations used in the text: ALE—anterior lateral eyes, PLE—posterior lateral eyes, PME—posterior me-
dian eyes.
Taxonomy
Family Leptonetidae Simon, 1890
Genus Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978
Type species. Sulcia kanellisi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971 from Greece.
Diagnosis and description. See Wang et al. (2020).
Leptonetela martensi spec. nov.
Figs 1–2, 11A, 14
Type material. CHINA: Guizhou: Holotype: male, Qiannan, Sandu County, Sandong Township, Banmen Village,
San Cave, 25°43’00.12”N, 107°55’47.76”E, ca. 500 m elevation, Jincheng Liu and Huifeng Zhao leg. 20.3.2013
(IZCAS-Ar42301). Paratype: 1 female, with same data as for holotype (IZCAS-Ar42302).
Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honouring Prof. Dr Jochen Martens (Mainz, Germany) for his
zoological studies in Pan-Himalaya; name in the genitive case.
Diagnosis. This species resembles L. dao Wang & Li, 2017 (see Wang et al. 2017: 335, figs 6–7, 97) with a
similar shape of the conductor, but the males can be distinguished by three long setae on the prolateral surface of
the palpal tibia (Fig. 1C), (vs five setae in L. dao), six spines on the retrolateral surface of the palpal tibia (Fig. 1D),
(vs five spines in L. dao), and the median apophysis with the presence of four tooth-shaped apophyses distally (vs
median apophysis divided into two pine needle like structures in L. dao, Fig 11B). Females can be distinguished by
the rectangular atrium (vs atrium triangular in L. dao).
Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.20 (Fig. 1A). Carapace 0.95 long, 0.75 wide. Opisthosoma 1.25
long, 0.85 wide. Carapace yellowish. Ocular area with a pair of long setae. Six eyes. Eye sizes: ALE 0.08, PLE 0.07,
PME 0.05. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.13, PLE-PLE 0.10, PLE-PME 0.08. Median groove needle-shaped,
cervical grooves and radial furrows distinct. Clypeus 0.75 high. Opisthosoma gray, ovoid. Leg measurements: I
10.23 (2.85, 0.51, 2.91, 2.35, 1.61); II – (2.34, 0.35, –, –, –); III 6.75 (2.01, 0.25, 1.76, 1.61, 1.12); IV 7.18 (2.48,
0.41, 2.41, 1.25, 0.63). Male pedipalp (Figs 1C–D): tibia with 3 long setae prolaterally and 7 spines retrolaterally,
tibia I spine longest. Cymbium constricted medially, attached to a small earlobe-shaped process retrolaterally. Em-
bolus semicircular, prolateral lobe oval. Median apophysis long and thin, with 4 small teeth distally. Conductor
triangular (Figs 1B, 11A).
Female (paratype): Similar to male in color and general features, but larger and with shorter legs. Total length
2.21 (Figs 2A–B). Carapace 0.81 long, 0.85 wide. Opisthosoma 1.40 long, 1.10 wide. Clypeus 0.50 high. Six eyes.
Eye sizes: ALE 0.08, PLE 0.08, PME 0.04. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.12, PLE-PLE 0.10, PLE-PME 0.08.
Leg measurements: I 8.65 (2.52, 0.44, 2.54, 1.91, 1.24); II 7.10 (2.25, 0.34, 1.96, 1.62, 0.93); III 5.76 (1.74, 0.34,
1.51, 1.25, 0.92); IV 7.17 (2.26, 0.40, 2.06, 1.35, 1.10). Vulva (Fig. 2C): spermathecae coiled, atrium rectangular.
Distribution. Guizhou, China (Fig. 14).
FIVE NEW LEPTONETID SPIDERS FROM CHINA Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 283
FIGURES 1A–D. Leptonetela martensi spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Palpal bulb, ventral. C–D Left palp (C
prolateral, D retrolateral). C—conductor, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, PL—prolateral lobe.
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FIGURES 2A–C. Leptonetela martensi spec. nov., paratype female. A–B Habitus (A dorsal, B ventral). C Internal genitalia,
dorsal. At—atrium, SP—spermathecae. SS—stalk of spermathecae.
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FIGURES 3A–D. Leptonetela taixu spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Palpal bulb, ventral. C–D Left palp (C
prolateral, D retrolateral). C—conductor, E—embolus, PL—prolateral lobe.
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FIGURES 4A–C. Leptonetela taixu spec. nov., paratype female. A–B Habitus (A dorsal, B ventral). C Internal genitalia, dorsal.
At—atrium, SP—spermathecae. SS—stalk of spermathecae.
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FIGURES 5A–D. Leptonetela xianwu spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Palpal bulb, ventral. C–D Left palp (C
prolateral, D retrolateral). C—conductor, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, PL—prolateral lobe.
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FIGURES 6A–C. Leptonetela xianwu spec. nov., paratype female. A–B Habitus (A dorsal, B ventral). C Internal genitalia,
dorsal. At—atrium, SP—spermathecae. SS—stalk of spermathecae.
FIVE NEW LEPTONETID SPIDERS FROM CHINA Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 289
Leptonetela taixu spec. nov.
Figs 3–4, 11C, 14
Type material. CHINA: Guizhou: Holotype: male, Shiqian County, Tongren, Taixu Cave, 27°29’43.50”N,
108°12’33.18”E, ca. 640 m elevation, Huifeng Zhao leg. 12.8.2012 (IZCAS-Ar42303). Paratypes: 2 females, with
same data as for holotype (IZCAS-Ar42304–Ar42305).
Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality and is a noun in apposition.
Diagnosis. The male of this species resembles L. chenjia Wang & Li, 2017 (see Wang et al. 2017: 340, figs 12–
13, 97) by having a similarly shaped embolus and by the absence of a median apophysis, but it can be distinguished
by the presence of six spines on the retrolateral surface of the palpal tibia, with the strongest spine bifurcated distally
(Fig. 3D) (vs five spines in L. chenjia), by having a broad, semicircular conductor (vs reduced in L. xianren, Fig.
11D), and the cymbium is 1.5 times the length of the bulb (Figs 3C–D) (vs twice the length in L. chenjia). Females
can be distinguished from L. chenjia by the presence of six eyes.
Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.25 (Fig. 3A). Carapace 1.00 long, 0.80 wide. Opisthosoma 1.25
long, 0.80 wide. Carapace yellowish. Ocular area with a pair of long setae. Six eyes. Eye sizes: ALE 0.09, PLE 0.08,
PME 0.07. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.09, PLE-PLE 0.09, PLE-PME 0.07. Median groove needle shaped,
cervical grooves and radial furrows distinct. Clypeus 0.60 high. Opisthosoma grey, ovoid. Leg measurements: I 7.86
(2.30, 0.41, 2.15, 1.75, 1.25); II 6.22 (1.81, 0.30, 1.75, 1.35, 1.01); III – (1.51, 0.30, –, –, –); IV – (2.01, 0.35, –, –,
–). Male palp (Figs 3C–D): basal part of tibia swollen slightly, tibia with 1 seta and 5 spines retrolaterally, with spine
I strongest, asymmetrically bifurcated and located at the base of tibia, spines I and II of equal length. Cymbium
constricted medially, attached to a small, earlobe-shaped process retrolaterally. Embolus triangular, prolateral lobe
oval. Median apophysis absent. Conductor broad, semicircular in ventral view (Figs 3B, 11C).
Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar42304): Similar to male in colour and general features but larger and with shorter
legs. Total length 2.45 (Figs 4A–B). Carapace 1.15 long, 0.80 wide. Opisthosoma 1.30 long, 0.95 wide. Clypeus
0.75 high. Six eyes. Eye sizes: ALE 0.07, PLE 0.07, PME 0.03. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.11, PLE-PLE
0.07, PLE-PME 0.09. Leg measurements: I 7.77 (2.10, 0.40, 2.21, 1.74, 1.32); II 5.98 (1.75, 0.40, 1.63, 1.31, 0.89);
III 5.22 (1.51, 0.35, 1.36, 1.22, 0.78); IV 6.83 (2.06, 0.40, 1.96, 1.51, 0.90). Vulva (Fig. 4C): spermathecae coiled,
atrium trapezoidal.
Distribution. Guizhou, China (Fig. 14).
Leptonetela xianwu spec. nov.
Figs 5–6, 12A, 14
Type material. CHINA. Hubei: Holotype: male, Enshi, Xuanen County, Zhushan Town, Xiejiaba Village, Xianwu
Cave, 29°57’03.67”N, 109°29’29.69”E, ca. 850 m elevation, Yunchun Li & Zhigang Chen leg. 14.12.2014 (IZCAS-
Ar42306). Paratype: 1 female, with same data as for holotype (IZCAS-Ar42307).
Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality and is a noun in apposition.
Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from L. xianren Wang & Li, 2017 (see Wang et al. 2017: 379, figs
42–43, 97) by the presence of six eyes. Males of L. xianwu spec. nov. resemble L. xianren by having a triangular
embolus, but they can be distinguished by the presence of four spines on the retrolateral surface of the palpal tibia
(Fig. 5D) (vs five spines in L. xianren), and by having a bifurcate median apophysis (vs triangular in L. xianren, Fig.
12B) on the palpal bulb.
Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.60 (Fig. 5A). Carapace 0.60 long, 0.55 wide. Opisthosoma 1.00
long, 0.75 wide. Carapace yellowish. Ocular area with 3 long setae. Six eyes. Eye sizes: ALE 0.07, PLE 0.07, PME
0.05. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.10, PLE-PLE 0.07, PLE-PME 0.02. Median groove, cervical grooves,
and radial furrows distinct. Clypeus 0.45 high. Opisthosoma grey, ovoid. Leg measurements: I 6.16 (1.76, 0.41,
2.11, 1.53, 0.35); II 4.70 (1.44, 0.25, 1.27, 1.44, 0.30); III 2.84 (1.26, 0.25, 1.02, 0.91, 0.45); IV – (1.52, 0.30, 1.07,
–, –). Male palp (Figs 5C–D): basal part of tibia swollen slightly, tibia with 2 setae and 4 spines retrolaterally, with
spine I absent and spines II and III of equal length. Cymbium constricted medially, earlobe-shaped process absent.
Embolus triangular, prolateral lobe rectangular. Median apophysis small and bifurcated. Conductor semicircular in
ventral view (Figs 5B, 12A).
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FIGURES 7A–D. Leptonetela xinglong spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Palpal bulb, ventral. C–D Left palp (C
prolateral, D retrolateral). C—conductor, E—embolus, PL—prolateral lobe.
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FIGURES 8A–C. Leptonetela xinglong spec. nov., paratype female. A–B Habitus (A dorsal, B ventral). C Internal genitalia,
dorsal. At—atrium, SP—spermathecae. SS—stalk of spermathecae.
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FIGURES 9A–D. Rhyssoleptoneta aosen spec. nov., holotype male. A Habitus, dorsal. B Palpal bulb, ventral, arrow points at
three teeth shaped projections. C–D Left palp (C prolateral, D retrolateral). C—conductor, E—embolus, MA—median apophy-
sis.
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FIGURES 10A–C. Rhyssoleptoneta aosen spec. nov., paratype female A–B Habitus (A dorsal, B ventral). C Internal genitalia,
dorsal. SP—spermathecae. SS— stalk of spermathecae.
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FIGURES 11A–D. Leptonetela spp., male palpal bulb, ventral (A L. martensi spec. nov., B L. dao, C L. taixu spec. nov., D L.
chenjia). C—conductor, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis.
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FIGURES 12A–D. Leptonetela spp., male palpal bulb, ventral (A L. xianwu spec. nov., B L. xianren, C L. xinglong spec. nov.,
D L. liangfeng). C—conductor, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis, PL—prolateral lobe.
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Female (paratype): Similar to male in colour and general features but larger and with shorter legs. Total length
1.75 (Figs 6A–B). Carapace 0.75 long, 0.75 wide. Opisthosoma 1.00 long, 0.70 wide. Clypeus 0.55 high. Six eyes.
Eye sizes: ALE 0.07, PLE 0.07, PME 0.06. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.11, PLE-PLE 0.07, PLE-PME 0.03.
Leg measurements: I 5.30 (1.41, 0.25, 1.62, 1.26, 0.76); II 3.84 (1.12, 0.25, 1.00, 0.81, 0.66); III 3.12 (0.93, 0.30,
0.83, 0.62, 0.44); IV 4.40 (1.24, 0.25, 1.18, 1.02, 0.71). Vulva (Fig. 6C): spermathecae coiled, atrium fusiform.
Distribution. Hubei, China (Fig. 14).
Leptonetela xinglong spec. nov.
Figs 7–8, 12C, 14
Type material. CHINA: Guizhou: Holotype: male, Bijie, Jinsha County, Xinhua Town, Xinglong Village, Chuan
Cave, 27°23’47.82”N, 106°06’24.06”E, ca. 1380 m elevation, Yucheng Lin & Qingyuan Zhao leg. 30.4.2010 (IZ-
CAS-Ar42308). Paratypes: 1 male (IZCAS-Ar42309), 2 females (IZCAS-Ar42310–Ar42311), with same data as
for holotype.
Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality and is a noun in apposition.
Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from L. liangfeng Wang & Li, 2017 (see Wang et al. 2017: 345,
figs 14–15, 97) by the presence of six eyes. Males of L. xinglong spec. nov. resemble L. liangfeng by the semicircu-
lar shape of the embolus, the presence of five spines on the retrolateral surface of the palpal tibia, and the absence of
a median apophysis. Males can be distinguished by the spine-shaped conductor (vs triangular in L. liangfeng, Fig.
12D), and the palpal cymbium is twice the length of the bulb (Figs 7C–D) (vs 1.5 times the length in L. liangfeng).
Females can be distinguished by the nearly oval atrium (Fig. 8C) (vs triangular in L. liangfeng).
Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.00 (Fig. 7A). Carapace 0.90 long, 0.95 wide. Opisthosoma 1.10
long, 0.85 wide. Carapace yellowish. Ocular area with a pair of long setae. Six eyes. Eye sizes: ALE 0.07, PLE 0.07,
PME 0.04. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.12, PLE-PLE 0.08, PLE-PME 0.07. Median groove needle shaped,
cervical grooves and radial furrows distinct. Clypeus 0.80 high. Opisthosoma grey, ovoid. Leg measurements: I
10.51 (2.90, 0.45, 3.25, 2.45, 1.41); II – (2.25, 0.34, –, –, –); III 6.36 (1.74, 0.42, 1.75, 1.40, 1.05); IV – (2.51, –, –,
–, –). Male palp (Figs 7C–D): tibia with 2 setae prolaterally, 5 spines retrolaterally, spine II strongest, longest, and
bifurcated. Cymbium constricted medially, attached to a small earlobe-shaped process retrolaterally. Embolus semi-
circular, prolateral lobe oval. Median apophysis absent. Conductor long and spine in ventral view (Figs 7B, 12C).
Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar42310): Similar to male in colour and general features, but larger and with shorter
legs. Total length 2.50 (Figs 8A–B). Carapace 1.00 long, 0.94 wide. Opisthosoma 1.50 long, 1.50 wide. Clypeus
0.55 high. Six eyes. Eye sizes: ALE 0.07, PLE 0.07, PME 0.03. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.12, PLE-PLE
0.08, PLE-PME 0.07. Leg measurements: I 8.51 (2.25, 0.35, 2.52, 2.00, 1.39); II 6.37 (1.81, 0.35, 1.91, 1.25, 1.05);
III 5.54 (1.52, 0.30, 1.51, 1.21, 1.00); IV 6.87 (2.01, 0.35, 2.00, 1.51, 1.00). Vulva (Fig. 8C): spermathecae coiled,
atrium nearly oval.
Distribution. Guizhou, China (Fig. 14).
Genus Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007
Type species. Rhyssoleptoneta latitarsa Tong & Li, 2007 from China
Generic diagnosis and description. See Tong and Li (2007) and Wang et al. (2012).
Rhyssoleptoneta aosen spec. nov.
Figs 9–10, 13A, 14
Type material. CHINA: Beijing: Holotype: male, Chaoyang District, Aosen (short name in Chinese for Olympic
Forest Park), 40°00’38.88”N, 116°23’32.16”E, ca. 40 m elevation, Tongyao Jiang leg. 8.11.2019 (IZCAS-Ar42312).
Paratypes: 1 male (IZCAS-Ar42313), 2 females (IZCAS-Ar42314–Ar42315), with same data as for holotype.
Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality and is a noun in apposition.
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Diagnosis. This species resembles R. latitarsa Tong & Li, 2007 (see Wang et al. 2012: 870, figs 1–10, Tong &
Li, 2007: 35, figs 1–6), but males are distinguished by having a rectangular embolus (vs triangular in R. latitarsa), a
median apophysis without a distal branch, and by the presence of three tooth-shaped projections horizontally (rows
of tooth-shaped projections vertical in R. latitarsa, Fig. 13B) on the palpal bulb. Females are distinguished from R.
latitarsa by lacking a long scape in the genital area.
Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.90 (Fig. 9A). Carapace 1.05 long, 0.60 wide. Opisthosoma 0.85
long, 0.60 wide. Carapace yellow. Six eyes. Eye sizes: ALE 0.07, PLE 0.07, PME 0.03. Distance between eyes:
ALE-PME 0.12, PLE-PLE 0.08, PLE-PME 0.07. Median groove needle-shaped, cervical grooves and radial fur-
rows distinct. Clypeus 0.38 high. Chelicera light brown, with seven teeth on promargin of fang furrow and three
small teeth on retromargin. Opisthosoma pale yellow, ovoid. Leg measurements: I 3.69 (0.95, 0.31, 1.24, 0.65,
0.54); II 2.90 (0.81, 0.24, 0.87, 0.54, 0.44); III 2.39 (0.76, 0.15, 0.56, 0.51, 0.41); IV 4.08 (1.01, 0.36, 1.33, 0.74,
0.64). Male palp (Figs 9C–D): femur without long spines; tibia with one long trichobothrium on the dorsal surface
and without a special projection. Palpal tarsus wide, not branched distally, with a short projection on dorsal surface.
Bulb complex, wrinkled on prolateral surface and with three 3 tooth-shaped projections on ventral surface (arrow in
Figs 9B, 13A). Embolus rectangular. Median apophysis long. Conductor triangular (Fig. 9B).
Female (paratype, IZCAS-Ar42314): Similar to male in colour and general features but larger. Total length 2.15
(Figs 10A–B). Carapace 0.90 long, 0.65 wide. Opisthosoma 1.25 long, 0.70 wide. Clypeus 0.43 high. Six eyes. Eye
sizes: ALE 0.07, PLE 0.07, PME 0.03. Distance between eyes: ALE-PME 0.12, PLE-PLE 0.08, PLE-PME 0.07.
Chelicera light brown, with seven teeth on promargin of fang furrow and four small teeth on retromargin. Leg mea-
surements: I 4.08 (1.01, 0.40, 1.32, 0.86, 0.49); II 3.51 (0.99, 0.35, 0.94, 0.74, 0.49); III 2.88 (0.85, 0.21, 0.76, 0.62,
0.44); IV 4.36 (1.02, 0.41, 1.46, 0.93, 0.54). Genital area (Fig. 10B) without a scape on the posterior edge. Internal
genitalia (Fig. 10C) with a pair of coiled spermathecae and sperm ducts.
Distribution. Beijing, China (Fig. 14).
FIGURES 13A–B. Rhyssoleptoneta spp., male palpal bulb, ventral (arrow points at same structures as in photos of each spe-
cies) (A R. aosen spec. nov., B R. latitarsa). C—conductor, E—embolus, MA—median apophysis
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298 · Zootaxa 4984 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
FIGURE 14. Distribution records of five new species and their relatives of leptonetid spiders from China. 1 Leptonetela mar-
tensi spec. nov., 2 L. dao, 3 L. taixu spec. nov., 4 L. chenjia, 5 L. xianwu spec. nov., 6 L. xianren, 7 L. xinglong spec. nov., 8 L.
liangfeng, 9 Rhyssoleptoneta aosen spec. nov., 10 R. latitarsa.
Acknowledgments
The second author is grateful to Prof. Dr. Jochen Martens (Mainz, Germany) for his support in science and more
than 20 years of friendship. The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Peter Jäger (Frankfurt am Main,
Germany), Joel Ledford (Davis, USA), and an anonymous reviewer. Sarah Crews (San Francisco, USA) checked
English of the final draft.
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... Most records and descriptions of this family from China were contributed by the Chinese arachnologist Shu-Qiang Li and his team, such as of the genera Jingneta Wang & Li, 2020, Leptonetela, Longileptoneta Seo, 2015, Pararana Lin & Li, 2022and Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007(Wang and Li 2011Wang et al. 2017Wang et al. , 2020Lan et al. 2021;Zhu and Li 2021;Lin et al. 2022). In addition, many more genera have been recorded or described from China by other authors with eight species from northern provinces (Tong and Li 2008;Wang et al. 2020;Zhu and Li 2021;Liu and Zhang 2022), and the remaining species from the southern provinces of China. ...
... Most records and descriptions of this family from China were contributed by the Chinese arachnologist Shu-Qiang Li and his team, such as of the genera Jingneta Wang & Li, 2020, Leptonetela, Longileptoneta Seo, 2015, Pararana Lin & Li, 2022and Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007(Wang and Li 2011Wang et al. 2017Wang et al. , 2020Lan et al. 2021;Zhu and Li 2021;Lin et al. 2022). In addition, many more genera have been recorded or described from China by other authors with eight species from northern provinces (Tong and Li 2008;Wang et al. 2020;Zhu and Li 2021;Liu and Zhang 2022), and the remaining species from the southern provinces of China. Despite advances in the taxonomic knowledge of the family, there are still many more genera and species to discover from southern China that have unusual morphological characteristics. ...
Midget cave spiders (Araneae, Leptonetidae) from Jiangxi and Fujian Province, China
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Eleven leptonetid species belonging to four genera collected in Jiangxi and Fujian Provinces, China are presented. Ten new species of midget cave spiders from southern China are diagnosed, described, and illustrated: Leptonetela dawu Yao & Liu, sp. nov. , L. yuanhaoi Yao & Liu, sp. nov. and L. zuojiashanensis Yao & Liu, sp. nov. from Jiangxi; Longileptoneta guadunensis Yao & Liu, sp. nov. , L. huboliao Yao & Liu, sp. nov. , L. jiaxiani Yao & Liu, sp. nov. , L. letuensis Yao & Liu, sp. nov. , L. renzhouensis Yao & Liu, sp. nov. , L. tianmenensis Yao & Liu, sp. nov. , and Pararana mingxuani Yao & Liu, sp. nov. from Fujian. Furthermore, Falcileptoneta monodactyla (Yin, Wang & Wang, 1984) is recorded from Jiangxi province for the first time. Distributions records are given for all investigated species.
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... Leptonetidae is represented in China by 132 species belonging to six genera: Falcileptoneta Komatsu, 1970 (9 spp.), Jingneta Wang & Li, 2020 (9 spp.), Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978 (105 spp.), Longileptoneta Seo, 2015 (6 spp.), Masirana Kishida, 1942 (1 sp.) and Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007 (2 spp.) (Wang et al. 2020, Zhu and Li 2021, WSC 2022. ...
A new genus and species of leptonetid spiders (Araneae, Leptonetidae) from Guangdong Province, China
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
The spider family Leptonetidae Simon, 1890 includes 20 genera and 366 species from North America, the Mediterranean Region and Asia. Currently, 132 species belonging to six genera have been recorded in China. A new genus and species of leptonetid spiders, Yueleptoneta dongxing gen. et sp. n., is described from Guangdong Province, China. Yueleptoneta gen. n. is distinct from the other genera in the chelicerae having the stridulatory file on the lateral margin and the male palp having a tarsal spur, lacking strong spines or apophyses on the femur and tibia.
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New spider taxa of the world in 2021
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Aim: Spiders are the most common and abundant predators in terrestrial ecosystems. Regularly summarizing the new taxa of the Araneae will help disseminate recent achievements in the field of spider diversity. The aim of this paper is to provide a global tally of new spider taxa published in 2021. Progresses: A total of 975 new taxa (including species in amber) were described in 2021, including 47 new genera and 928 new species. They belong to 81 families, with type localities spanning across 81 countries. The new taxa were reported by 304 arachnologists in 254 papers, published in the 64 journals. China is the country where the most new species have been discovered, accounting for 28.7% of the worldwide. The most productive arachnologist is Shuqiang Li from China, who has discovered the most new taxa (21.8%) of the worldwide. Digital images have become the most predominant means of illustration, with 95.2% of publications using photomicroscopy images. New species published with both sexes described (60.3%) outnumbered those described based on specimens described from either a holotype male or female. The contribution of Chinese arachnologists took up a lion’s share of the new taxa of spiders described in 2021 in the world. Altogether, they described a total of 330 new taxa, comprising 13 new genera and 317 new species belonging to 39 families, from 15 countries, including China, Myanmar, etc. These new taxa described by Chinese arachnologists made up 33.8% of the 2021 global aggregate, an improvement over the Chinese output during the 2016–2020 period, which averaged at 28.1% within that time frame.
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Phylogenomics and biogeography of leptonetid spiders (Araneae:Leptonetidae)
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Full-text available
  • May 2021
Leptonetidae are rarely encountered spiders, usually associated with caves and mesic habitats, and are disjunctly distributed across the Holarctic. Data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) were used in concatenated and coalescent-based analyses to estimate the phylogenetic history of the family. Our taxon sample included close outgroups, and 90% of described leptonetid genera, with denser sampling in North America and Mediterranean Europe. Two data matrices were assembled and analysed; the first ‘relaxed’ matrix includes the maximum number of loci and the second ‘strict’ matrix is limited to the same set of core orthologs but with flanking introns mostly removed. A molecular dating analysis incorporating fossil and geological calibration points was used to estimate divergence times, and dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis analysis (DEC) was used to infer ancestral distributions. Analysis of both data matrices using maximum likelihood and coalescent-based methods supports the monophyly of Archoleptonetinae and Leptonetinae. However, relationships among Archoleptonetinae, Leptonetinae, and Austrochiloidea are poorly supported and remain unresolved. Archoleptonetinae is elevated to family rank Archoleptonetidae (new rank) and Leptonetidae (new status) is restricted to include only members of the subfamily Leptonetinae; a taxonomic review with morphological diagnoses is provided for both families. Four well supported lineages within Leptonetidae (new status) are recovered: (1) the Calileptoneta group, (2) the Leptoneta group, (3) the Paraleptoneta group, and (4) the Protoleptoneta group. Most genera within Leptonetidae are monophyletic, although Barusia, Cataleptoneta, and Leptoneta include misplaced species and require taxonomic revision. The origin of Archoleptonetidae (new rank), Leptonetidae, and the four main lineages within Leptonetidae date to the Cretaceous. DEC analysis infers the Leptoneta and Paraleptoneta groups to have ancestral distributions restricted to Mediterranean Europe, whereas the Calileptoneta and Protoleptoneta groups include genera with ancestral distributions spanning eastern and western North America, Mediterranean Europe, and east Asia. Based on a combination of biology, estimated divergence times, and inferred ancestral distributions we hypothesise that Leptonetidae was once widespread across the Holarctic and their present distributions are largely the result of vicariance. Given the wide disjunctions between taxa, we broadly interpret the family as a Holarctic relict fauna and hypothesise that they were once part of the Boreotropical forest ecosystem.
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Five new species of the genera Falcileptoneta and Longileptoneta (Araneae, Leptonetidae) from South Korea
Article
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S (2021) Five new species of the genera Falcileptoneta and Longileptoneta (Araneae, Leptonetidae) from South Abstract Five new leptonetid species belonging to Falcileptoneta Komatsu, 1970 and Longileptoneta Seo, 2015 are newly described from South Korea: F. dolsan sp. nov. (Jeollanam-do), F. naejangsan sp. nov. (Jeollabuk-do), L. buyongsan sp. nov. (Chungcheongbuk-do), L. byeonsanbando sp. nov. (Jeollabuk-do) and L. jirisan sp. nov. (Gyeongsangnam-do). All new species are found in leaf litter and described from both male and female specimens.
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Taxonomic notes on Leptonetidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from China, with descriptions of one new genus and eight new species
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2020
  • Zool Res
Species of the spider family Leptonetidae Simon, 1890 from China are revised based on molecular and morphological data analyses. A new genus, Jingneta Wang & Li gen. nov., is erected, with Leptoneta cornea Tong & Li, 2008 as the type species. Twenty-two Chinese species previously assigned to the genus Leptoneta Simon, 1872 are revised, with eight transferred to Falcileptoneta Komatsu, 1970, seven transferred to Jingneta gen. nov., five transferred to Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978, and one species each transferred to Longileptoneta Seo, 2015 and Masirana Kishida, 1942. Eight new species are described: i.e., Falcileptoneta shuanglong Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂), Jingneta caoxian Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂♀), J. jingdong Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂♀), Longileptoneta gutan Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂♀), L. huangshan Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂♀), L. shenxian Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂♀), L. yeren Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂), and L. zhuxian Wang & Li sp. nov. (♂♀). In total, 127 leptonetid species from six genera are documented from China: nine species of Falcileptoneta, nine species of Jingneta gen. nov., 101 species of Leptonetela, six species of Longileptoneta, one species of Masirana, and one species of Rhyssoleptoneta Tong & Li, 2007.
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Spider taxonomy for an advanced China
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2020
This paper summarizes the advances and challenges in spider taxonomy of China. A table comparing the number of valid genera and species in China, Europe and the world is provided. To date, the Chinese spider fauna is represented by 5,084 species, under 809 genera in 69 spider families. An "All Species Inventory" of spiders in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden provides an example of China's spider species richness, with more than 782 species recorded within a small area. Intensified research in recent years has grown the national catalog of Chinese spiders from 1,050 species in 1983 to 5,084 species today. There are reasons to believe that spider species richness in China will far exceed this grand total. With enhanced support and investment in spider taxonomic research, many more new species will be discovered and described in China.
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Integrative taxonomy of Leptonetela spiders (Araneae, Leptonetidae), with descriptions of 46 new species
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2017
Extreme environments, such as subterranean habitats, are suspected to be responsible for morphologically inseparable cryptic or sibling species and can bias biodiversity assessment. A DNA barcode is a short, standardized DNA sequence used for taxonomic purposes and has the potential to lessen the challenges presented by a biotic inventory. Here, we investigate the diversity of the genus Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978 that is endemic to karst systems in Eurasia using DNA barcoding. We analyzed 624 specimens using one mitochondrial gene fragment (COI). The results show that DNA barcoding is an efficient and rapid species identification method in this genus. DNA barcoding gap and automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) analyses indicated the existence of 90 species, a result consistent with previous taxonomic hypotheses, and supported the existence of extreme male pedipalpal tibial spine and median apophysis polymorphism in Leptonetela species, with direct implications for the taxonomy of the group and its diversity. Based on the molecular and morphological evidence, we delimit and diagnose 90 Leptonetela species, including the type species Leptonetela kanellisi(Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971). Forty-six of them are previously undescribed. The female of Leptonetela zhai Wang & Li, 2011 is reported for the first time. Leptonetela tianxinensis (Tong & Li, 2008) comb. nov. is transferred from the genus Leptoneta Simon, 1872;the genus Guineta Lin & Li, 2010 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Leptonetela;Leptonetela gigachela(Lin & Li, 2010) comb. nov. is transferred from Guineta. The genus Sinoneta Lin & Li, 2010 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Leptonetela;Leptonetela notabilis(Lin & Li, 2010) comb. nov. and Leptonetela sexdigiti(Lin & Li, 2010) comb. nov. are transferred from Sinoneta;Leptonetela sanchahe Wang & Li nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Sinoneta palmata(Chen et al., 2010) because Leptonetela palmata is preoccupied.
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Integrative taxonomy of Leptonetela spiders (Araneae, Leptonetidae), with descriptions of 46 new species
Article
  • Nov 2017
  • Zool Res
Extreme environments, such as subterranean habitats, are suspected to be responsible for morphologically inseparable cryptic or sibling species and can bias biodiversity assessment. A DNA barcode is a short, standardized DNA sequence used for taxonomic purposes and has the potential to lessen the challenges presented by a biotic inventory. Here, we investigate the diversity of the genus Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978 that is endemic to karst systems in Eurasia using DNA barcoding. We analyzed 624 specimens using one mitochondrial gene fragment (COI). The results show that DNA barcoding is an efficient and rapid species identification method in this genus. DNA barcoding gap and automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) analyses indicated the existence of 90 species, a result consistent with previous taxonomic hypotheses, and supported the existence of extreme male pedipalpal tibial spine and median apophysis polymorphism in Leptonetela species, with direct implications for the taxonomy of the group and its diversity. Based on the molecular and morphological evidence, we delimit and diagnose 90 Leptonetela species, including the type species Leptonetela kanellisi (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971). Forty-six of them are previously undescribed. The female of Leptonetela zhai Wang & Li, 2011 is reported for the first time. Leptonetela tianxinensis (Tong & Li, 2008) comb. nov. is transferred from the genus Leptoneta Simon, 1872; the genus Guineta Lin & Li, 2010 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Leptonetela; Leptonetela gigachela (Lin & Li, 2010) comb. nov. is transferred from Guineta. The genus Sinoneta Lin & Li, 2010 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Leptonetela; Leptonetela notabilis (Lin & Li, 2010) comb. nov. and Leptonetela sexdigiti (Lin & Li, 2010) comb. nov. are transferred from Sinoneta; Leptonetela sanchahe Wang & Li nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Sinoneta palmata (Chen et al., 2010) because Leptonetela palmata is preoccupied.本次完成了90种小弱蛛的分类研究，记述了46新种。弱蛛科小弱蛛属（Leptonetela）蜘蛛欧亚大陆分布，目前已知54种，其中一种在越南生活在森林落叶层中，其53种都生活在洞穴内， 包括42种分布于我国西南喀斯特地貌区，11种分布于希腊半岛及周边地区。这些洞穴物种表现出不同程度的洞穴适应性，如眼睛退化、体色变浅等。李枢强实验室在过去10多年时间里，持续对我国西南地区、欧洲以及东南亚国家4000多个洞开展洞穴蜘蛛调查。其中李枢强研究员本人在希腊采集洞穴小弱蛛属蜘蛛的时间就将近90天。虽然可以欣赏希腊的美景，但每2天换一个旅馆，天天在饭馆吃饭的日子也让他吃了不少苦头。由于弱蛛科蜘蛛个体小仅2-3毫米，生殖器结构简单，可用于物种鉴定的特征较少，随着采集标本的增加，物种鉴定越来越困难。最终通过DNA条形码数据分析和形态学比较研究，完成了小弱蛛属90个种的分类研究，证明了小弱蛛属蜘蛛的雄性触肢胫节刺和中突的形态在分类鉴定中的重要性，并记述了我国西南地区46新种。首次报道雌性Leptonetela zhai；首次发现Guineta和Sinoneta两个属是小弱蛛属的新异名。本项研究不仅大大扩充了小弱蛛属蜘蛛的种类，使得该属蜘蛛由原来的54中增加到105种，完成了我国弱蛛科蜘蛛的部分修订，并进一步用数据证明了我国西南地区的洞穴生物多样性，为洞穴生态系统的保护提供了相关的科学依据。文章以Integrative taxonomy of Leptonetela spiders (Araneae, Leptonetidae), with descriptions of 46 new species为题发表于zoological Research第38卷第6期。研究得到国家自然科学基金和东南亚中心项目资助。
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A further study on the species of the spider genus Leptonetela (Araneae: Leptonetidae)
Article
  • Apr 2011
The present paper gives a further study of the spider genus Leptonetela Kratochvíl, 1978. A total of twenty-seven species are reported, including seven known species, thirteen new species, seven new combinations and four new synonyms. Leptonetela kanellisi (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971), type species for genus, is redescribed based on the specimens from Greece. The new species are: Leptonetela chiosensis sp. nov., L. gittenbergeri sp. nov. from Greece; L. flabellaris sp. nov., L. lineata sp. nov., L. mengzongensis sp. nov., L. mita sp. nov., L. parlonga sp. nov., L. rudicula sp. nov., L. sexdentata sp. nov., L. tianxingensis sp. nov., L. yaoi sp. nov. and L. zhai sp. nov. from China; L. pungitia sp. nov. from Vietnam. The new combinations are: Leptonetela hangzhouensis (Chen et al., 1984) comb. nov. and Leptonetela microdonta (Xu & Song, 1983) comb. nov. transferred from Leptoneta; Leptonetela identica (Chen et al., 2010) comb. nov., Leptonetela lophacantha (Chen et al., 2010) comb. nov., Leptonetela megaloda (Chen et al., 2010) comb. nov., Leptonetela nuda (Chen et al., 2010) comb. nov. and Leptonetela robustispina (Chen et al., 2010) comb. nov. transferred from Qianleptoneta. The new synonyms are: Qianleptoneta lycotropa Chen et al., 2010 is a junior synonym of Leptonetela danxia Lin & Li, 2010; Qianleptoneta triangula Chen et al., 2010 is a junior synonym of Leptonetela digitata Lin & Li, 2010; Qianleptoneta sublunata Chen et al., 2010 is a junior synonym of Leptonetela reticulopecta Lin & Li, 2010 and Qianleptoneta multiseta Chen et al., 2010 is a junior synonym of Leptonetela tetracantha Lin & Li, 2010. In addition, Qianleptoneta palmata Chen et al., 2010 is tranferred to the genus Sinoneta, i.e. Sinoneta palmata (Chen et al., 2010) comb. nov.
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