ArticlePDF Available

AS BASES FISICALISTAS DO EVOLUCIONISMO NA TEORIA SINTÉTICA DA EVOLUÇÃO

Authors:

Abstract

A Teoria Sintética da Evolução contempla um conjunto de conceitos e princípios que representam pré-condições filosóficas a serem cumpridas para o entendimento de fenômenos evolucionistas. Esse arcabouço filosófico é heterogêneo: seus componentes derivam de diferentes linhagens de pensamento científico e histórias conceituais. Nós investigamos os pressupostos oriundos das ciências físicas que sustentam a tese evolucionista, especialmente a presença e uso da noção de causa e causalidade. São exploradas três dimensões: epistemológica, metodológica e formal. Por meio da análise epistemológica, conclui-se que a episteme evolucionista está, de fato, alicerçada em princípios fisicalistas, sobretudo na causalidade mecânica. O evolucionismo emprega explicações do mundo inorgânico para compreender fenômenos biológicos desde seus primórdios, sendo as descrições mais recentes da hereditariedade e da variação genéticas por meio de reações físico-químicas um reforço dessa influência. Mediante uma investigação metodológica, evidencia-se que o método experimental-quantitativo é apropriado ao estudo de fenômenos biológicos quando o objetivo é encontrar causas próximas (funcionais). Não obstante, ao lidar com as causas finais (evolucionistas), o método histórico-comparativo-observacional tende a se tornar o principal instrumento de investigação. Por meio da análise formal dos elementos lógicos e linguísticos do evolucionismo, delineiam-se os compromissos de sua estrutura argumentativa com os pressupostos naturalisto-nomológicos das ciências físicas. Existem regularidades apreensíveis nos fenômenos biológicos. O conceito de lei biológica, entretanto, precisa ser matizado pela descrição de seus elementos peculiares, como o caráter probabilístico inerente a sua aplicação a fenômenos repetitivos e o poder limitado de generalização de regras de funcionamento que tratam de eventos singulares.
AS BASES FISICALISTAS DO EVOLUCIONISMO
NA TEORIA SINTÉTICA DA EVOLUÇÃO




  ! 
"

#$%&
&'(#$%
!) )
* 

+,&-&./
&'
!) )
Resumo
0",1 
234 5
5%5
'6,5
 )%75
$8,'5
737%5
  %,  5
$'345
,95
 1
1$8%9
%  ' &    :
%954,5
:9 '9 35
9)5
; < , 
;'65
)%%9
Abstract
"7  =7  "7=  '  ,  5
'5
77)'5
,=7
"7  77  '>?    75
8 ,' @
'7775
 A,77=B
  7    7  ,=
79=7'7
' =  "75
8975
9 ' "77 75
=9>77,5
=9'9)7=5
9=75
=  ,'7
>)75
' "7
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
ECFC
7
,1   
'3543   '    M$
,1%9,5
54545
,'6)5
%4 )2, 
%-'/  1 )9
-,/9
7%5,5),
,1
&:'%5
3,95
5
,5%5
 $'3  5
3,'6)%  <
)%99
J15
9:))3
1'6,5
J1'5
4, 
'7=,
777=57'
7M "777 5
,9      ,  7  7  5
54,7'
=)7>77)5
2,-'/5
 ,79>7>775
-,=/9775
,5),  7    
) 7    ,  
"777'='7
 ',9> 5
    ,  B  5
  >7  7  5  5
'77= "7
,)7
N>,97')>
))=7'5
977))75
  7          ,
797>5
J>75
,
Palavras-chave8",1
, # 0:5
%
Keywords: =7  "7=  '  ,
, #= 
=
1 Introdução
,-EOPF/9#7>5
J9 ,,
) 0,
),,$'$3Q'
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
ECFG
9',729,5
J5
37:1 '6
1$:'1
94',,134
7),,$1,,
))9:)
9177R,9%)5
24J94,14
945
)S)94'
'S6 ,4
11:,T:94
47$15
94
,7 44  1 
09 , 4 1
    9    1    ,9    1
-0A(9EO.D9 EH/ E
3UU9))V9
,Q'$35
,,'Q>9
E W

 
 !

"#
$%
"&X-0A(9EO.D9 EH/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
ECFP
4",19)73
,1 0)):'()*
-EFCK/9 3 $ 79  +    ,  *
-EFCD/9*N=9)5
3,171 5
UU9",115
3,)%-00"9DKEO/
<1",1
2339455
%45
'6)%, 99')5
%3,1971'5
91S,,9,S
:'14$-1$5
,,/1 ,94
W,X9W,X
,9':9'J'$
43",1
<)%,9
39997$85
,'739'7%
-0Y9EFOD/ 09:5
,)42,J5
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
ECFH
    9  9  '    ) ,  "7
)J7?=-EF.C/9W)-,#*+".+%
X 9%,4
,94JQ5
1 &9',
$941949M$%9
%'$'3)%,
2 Causalidade mecânica e episteme evolucionista
1'::%)3,5
,39
;4'$
'3UZ(UZ((
39%'3
);94''2)'3
4)7V9>9-Y05
[(09EFFG/D 01')2'65
1'94$5
;5
D 0M)993:
'9,9)V
99)
&1'9,#)-EFPF9,D/ 
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
ECF.
-N&\9EFHH9 PK/ ;5
539)1:,
99''69C 5
14:,2'5
 
4'3)
)'69:5
,5
4'3
1 04$45
;'1944
 2J4: ,
'6S9'S9''
N-EFHH/
,J4,,1,,
'39413,:
$)%1,:
1'6'3 95
 ,'6)%Q
;$'3
C )3;
]-DKDK/ &))95
9,) -DKKF/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
ECFO
0$5
'3)%9,,'815
,9%')915
4$85
3%-0Y9EFOD/
3,4'
 1'5
 )3)5
41'3,'
-%199/199'5
3,-9/ &
=-EFOD9 HE/9
^L_4
3,43,)75
4'45
')33, G
&4$  1  39 
4S'S'6)%5

<%9,J9
^L_4'$
-74/
G W^L_"

X-0Y9EFOD9 HE/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
ECFF
'5
$-0Y9EFOD9 HD/ P
0,)
'34'95
=-EFOD9 PD/4
^L_4,$'3
,,991
'475
'3 H
",31:
,,
Z)M$$'3"
,19'4,:
;7:5
N-DKKG/4,'3Q)5
3 <%>7,
4'6;)'6
,,9V9)%%#)9
'JJ4>
P W^L_&/"
&0
1-MAYR, 1982, p.62).
H W^L_"23"" %
2
1-0Y9EFOD9 PD/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKK
^L_7'6J;4
J;T99444
,4,45
4JR9,
^L_,11^ _'5
'1J;)5
1444J5
;S29)'39,:5
,-<09EOFC9 GKDN<V<9DKKG9 EOE/ .
99697%)2
;>94:'7
)'3:,$, 0
'6,19>11
8
,5
1,9')35
,;Q';
R4,, `
4,9
4)1a
91;9,J4
)599
  1  '     7)      -0A(9
EO.D9 EH/ O
. W^L_#!
##4
5"^L_^L_%
"%
6%
X-<09EOFC9 GKDN<V<9DKKG9 EOE/
O W)    "  
#
7"
89
%
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKE
)9);)15
))2'678
04719975
TJ4'5
,39'99Q,5
J979Q,J91T4'4b5
)3,6,%95
T 4  '4b 
 )9 9
91,9
-0A(9EO.D9 DC/ F
Z':)3,5
,394
>))'35434'
'6,179,J5
1)4)7%'65
7 M$4
=) );9
'7:
,('-(-EFOD/9=4
W),-/95
$%-)/9
&X-0A(9EO.D9 EH/
F W(#!%
::
!%
!5""
""#"X-0A(9EO.D9 DC/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKD
  -,:/9        7%  X  -0Y9  EFHE9 
0Y9EFOD9 H./ 415
Q41'6)%91
Q414
,,9 0
,11W%X-'/1WX-,:/
=7,4)%
09=-EFOD/'
)) ,
4S:9,5
69%S9'5
8
`494)25
945
4$      '39          c:c
-0Y9EFOD9 GF/ EK
^L_0)$'
1    '6 %
%4,
1Q1c5
6c-0Y9EFOD9 GO/ EE
^L_,4>'
47%1^19
_1 +95
EK W        &  
2;<X-0Y9EFOD9 GF/
EE W^L_(""
% %
;<X-0Y9EFOD9 GO/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKC
97:,1%-W
X/%14,1
1  0 , 
4%-0Y9EFOD9 GF/ ED
^L_#),,,^ _90%5
6,
18$-/% ,J
41$42
-,/9',
)3% WN:%91944
JX ^ _9
94)5
195 5
4$2,-0Y9EFOD9 PK/ EC
<4=
 0111
'15
-\<9DKEE/ 0J4
$,) 05
99$4:5
1'68335
 \,193,49
ED W^L_= %
 ># ? "
/@%10%

1-0Y9EFOD9 GF/
EC W^L_^L_#%
A/0*%
  B5 /0%
: ;(
 )< ^L_     
C
X-0Y9EFOD9 PK/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKG
=9)14'
 &:93,9945
,=)'6)%15
940%
1=
953,9,9)J5
1'-:9,65
9%/,14
'11 9M5
=)11139:
7,
195:%945
2%')9:135
 44$%-5
:9,6/
'1J15

07 ,12:199'6)
)4394;395
3 54
:6 
4$9,8
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKP
<9)29
2'94
 0$15
1,3T,5
,115
J-0Y9
EFOD9 HO/ EG
,J49/=-EFOD9 HO/9W44'6)%
,^_XT)/
4:6T
/4:61
'3543);T93,J9
=94;,9,,95
)1'6)% 
3 O método experimental
1,,:,%4
,9,,9)9;5
3'6)5
%
EG W : 
D"%
!
X-0Y9EFOD9 HO/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKH
9$,'5
4-/'35
9J54'$35
 #4)9
'J&-EF.F/,CT9
9$'1) 35
199)$ 039
,J91M'399
43' <)5
7,5,J1
949935

0,1#395
,,;$ (:9%'
9&194,915
9)9)92EP
UZ(((9,92:J0%
E-0("<"\9EFFE9D9 DG/7'9
)M$*7
\? &,9$'3)39
2J:,94)25
EP <,1$ 9)5
9'J9
J
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGK.
,9)2,9'&-DKKD/94)9)9
),119%J5
J, 
07$M$5
4$'3,$9M$5
41%
4W1X)78),1
9143,91%
J4J:,99,4
%:5':5
0U(U975,595
9)$3 &
=-EFOD9 DO/9
^_949,J,1,5
'4J45
,%''15
 EH
<'54,5
'6)%)2,%9
:6 95
R,'6
:)'9) 9
EH W*# %
&
X-0Y9EFOD9 DO/
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKO
4-,,/9
,5),-0Y9EFOD/ 3
9'E.993,5
9J19),,)5
J19),1-1/7%
,R-41)%/
$),,7%55
,5),,1
394,'2 5
91%$,-"%/
7,%1)5
2'6JR
:,9'6)% Q5
J139,,5
'937%
4')15
,3,,5
1 
#'9$7%5,5),5
1,$)% V95
991$'34) 05
E. 090#13, 
33991,
)2),-99: /
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGKF
9,J99$)%4
99 , % )
'6 01$'3)%95
91% \91,1%
9  9    1        '6
;-'3/1),'6;
-)%/ 0),,43,5
4'645
79)4'Q15
3 
4 Bases naturalisto-nomológicas do evolucionismo
1:),
,3'-%3/
01:J);9
,
0Q',95
WX (09%
57 
(91)8W
4,,',19
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGEK
)1X-0Y9EFOD9 DD/ 395
M(2%'14:
$3
4'J195
9)'$
4J39
: #)=-EFOD/9$
175
%$'3
9$7;
;39J5
1J91%)5
9,:3,95
5 <,) 75
5%$'3 )>9,91,
4,,179)
')J5
94,,'43 >
613W\Z1X9
-EOPF/8
;,1' 0
)44J14
47, 43
195
J',95
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGEE
'$ #5
J,)M9Q,J
',T'5
'9)175
,$)-0A(9EO.D9 EHG/ EO
+  :,  4        '6 )%  4
')35
5%$'3 <WX995
3$)% 9)%5
94'6,91))3915
3 (4)%$,'
,9199,
,94,1
))3-3/-\<9DKEE/ 
91J11
)%93EF +4,5
EO W)
-
:
:C
 B  &:!
#3
X-0A(9EO.D9 EHG/
EF 0'3947WX91,5
 &4794U(U
0,9'999
,>924',
924'Q,1 <);`;5
94,6)6 0$&3
";&3,S)S
,
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGED
)1'47cc9
,Jcc8
^L_1))3,,5
13,13945
J4
:-0Y9EFOD9 CO/ DK
,9%),5
J:,91:,Q3#;94
'69R3,7:45
J1R59'6)%
5 Conclusão
),%95
%5%4)5
",1911

&:%9'3,41
',:35
9); <,9
>9;'5
DK W"7))J?=>77,>=
'7,7)=>7)
7X-0Y9EFOD9 CO/ 
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGEC
'6,, 095
",1)
=4'6)%,5
 
J19':6
4''35435
94;$'3:9,,5
91'6)% #5
,'J91;,5
9))%44
3%
4',1%91
454,'
'6)%4)2,%5
 1)9-,/975
%5,5),
%'),1
")3,49%
3,95
,5%5,5
 '6)% <)%5
99J15
9:))31'65
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGEG
,J1'4
,
<),99
:897:395
>9:,'
'6T94%'5
))39:,'6T5
99:,'6R
:7%9J,3 
954,15
%,74
$'3944'65
'64;8";9,5
)34,S$3
";S9;39)5
))3
Referências
00"9& # - / $&^6_ 9*8
&&V(\5*9DKEO
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGEP
0("<"\ " A0("<"\ (C7# )=
* 0 &8&,=&9EFFE Z E 
9N ("#C <'8<',=
&9DKKF
#<(90 ,+,* 708Z5
U(((# Z ( >Y?8)=07?9EFPF
#<(90  ,+ , * 7\
0    =    "8  U(((5UZ((  #  Z  ((  >  Y?8
)=07?9EFPF
0A(9# %
                 H7  &)9EO.D
3,8 7d8II>>> ')? I)?ICKEPI5755'55
H75 08CKJ DKDK
<eN0[Y9" 7)=?77',5
 (-(9, HO9 E9 EDP5F9EF.C
N&\9# V D '77=
&5N( 9EFHH
N<V<9V  >9#=7 F+%
,9, EE9 D9 E.P5FG9DKKG
NU\Y9* +,* N])79EFGD
\<9* (    C  04=  7& > *=8
"&)79DKEE
0Y9 #@= *ECG9 EPKE5H9EFHE
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
  0"009 "(<9 * (<90)L
EGEH
0Y9 ('-(A,=9,(7
#)97d8"7? & ' N,,=&9
EFOD
&<&&9[  GA 0,=07<'8<'
,=&9EF.F
&<&&9[ (.*&= \8#9DKKD
(<9 ]0"0090  #9=="(,)=
A0\090 ]<9 -< / "*D)
D* E \)8&)5
9DKDK9 EKP5DD
Y0[(09 .'HG &8&,9
EFFG
):)#,#0)1S1#G K(
 ) , C  D ' C  ECFD5EGEH 2 IJ DKDK
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Book
The Oxford Handbook of Causation provides an overview of topics related to causation, as well as the history of the causation debate from the ancient Greeks to the logical empiricists. Causation is a central topic in many areas of philosophy. In metaphysics, philosophers want to know what causation is, and how it is related to laws of nature, probability, action, and freedom of will. In epistemology, philosophers investigate how causal claims can be inferred from statistical data, and how causation is related to perception, knowledge, and explanation. In the philosophy of mind, philosophers want to know whether and how the mind can be said to have causal efficacy, and in ethics, whether there is a moral distinction between acts and omissions and whether the moral value of an act can be judged according to its consequences. In addition, causation is a contested concept in other fields of enquiry, such as biology, physics, and the law. The articles, which are all written by leading experts in the field of causation, provide surveys of contemporary debates, while often also advancing novel and controversial claims.
Article
• In considering the Origin of Species, it is quite conceivable that a naturalist, reflecting on the mutual affinities of organic beings, on their embryological relations, their geographical distribution, geological succession, and other such facts, might come to the conclusion that each species had not been independently created, but had descended, like varieties, from other species. Nevertheless, such a conclusion, even if well founded, would be unsatisfactory, until it could be shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified, so as to acquire that perfection of structure and coadaptation which most justly excites our admiration. Naturalists continually refer to external conditions, such as climate, food, &c, as the only possible cause of variation. In one very limited sense, as we shall hereafter see, this may be true; but it is preposterous to attribute to mere external conditions, the structure, for instance, of the woodpecker, with its feet, tail, beak, and tongue, so admirably adapted to catch insects under the bark of trees. In the case of the misseltoe, which draws its nourishment from certain trees, which has seeds that must be transported by certain birds, and which has flowers with separate sexes absolutely requiring the agency of certain insects to bring pollen from one flower to the other, it is equally preposterous to account for the structure of this parasite, with its relations to several distinct organic beings, by the effects of external conditions, or of habit, or of the volition of the plant itself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) • In considering the Origin of Species, it is quite conceivable that a naturalist, reflecting on the mutual affinities of organic beings, on their embryological relations, their geographical distribution, geological succession, and other such facts, might come to the conclusion that each species had not been independently created, but had descended, like varieties, from other species. Nevertheless, such a conclusion, even if well founded, would be unsatisfactory, until it could be shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified, so as to acquire that perfection of structure and coadaptation which most justly excites our admiration. Naturalists continually refer to external conditions, such as climate, food, &c, as the only possible cause of variation. In one very limited sense, as we shall hereafter see, this may be true; but it is preposterous to attribute to mere external conditions, the structure, for instance, of the woodpecker, with its feet, tail, beak, and tongue, so admirably adapted to catch insects under the bark of trees. In the case of the misseltoe, which draws its nourishment from certain trees, which has seeds that must be transported by certain birds, and which has flowers with separate sexes absolutely requiring the agency of certain insects to bring pollen from one flower to the other, it is equally preposterous to account for the structure of this parasite, with its relations to several distinct organic beings, by the effects of external conditions, or of habit, or of the volition of the plant itself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Kinds of causes, predictability, and teleology are viewed by a practicing biologist.
In: ARISTOTLE. The Complete Works of Aristotle
  • Aristotle Topics
ARISTOTLE. Topics. In: ARISTOTLE. The Complete Works of Aristotle. Edited by J. BARNES. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Vol. 1.
Medieval and Early Modern Science
  • A Crombie
CROMBIE, A. Medieval and Early Modern Science. Science in the Middle Ages: V-XIII Centuries. Vol. I. New York: Doubledey Anchor Books, 1959.