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Open Journal of Stomatology, 2021, 11, 166-178
https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojst
ISSN Online: 2160-8717
ISSN Print: 2160-8709
DOI:
10.4236/ojst.2021.114014 Apr. 26, 2021 166
Open Journal of Stomatology
Non-Surgical Endodontic Retreatment of
Anterior Tooth with a Large Periapical Lesion
and Extruded Guta Percha with 36 Months
Follow-Up: A Case Report
Hatice Sağlam
Faculty of Dentistry, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
Root canal treatment failure depends on many factors. Overfillings, insuffi-
cient fillings, missing canals, failure to provide a complete apical plug, and
impermeability of coronal restoration are some of them. Failed root canal
treatment may not always manifest itself immediately after treatment. Some-
times, root canal treatments, which have not been done well, can manifest
themselves with extensive lesions and severe pain in the apical after a long
time. Apical resection may be considered as a solution in lesions that are too
large to be treated, but retreatment without surgery should be attempted be-
forehand. Thus, the patient may have recovered from unnecessary surgical
procedures and treated with a more conservative method. This case presents
the non-surgical retreatment of a left lateral tooth with a large periapical le-
sion with extruded gutta percha followed by a 36-month follow-up.
Keywords
Overfilling, Retreatment, Root Canal Treatment
1. Introduction
A three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system after shaping and clean-
ing is important for successful endodontic therapy [1]. If there is a procedural
mistake about the apical border, it will lead to treatment failure. Overfilling is
also one of these mistakes and it may appear especially in immature cases, over
instrumented teeth or resorbed apices. Treatment failures following extruded gut-
ta-percha (GP) are due to factors such as persistent root canal infection, reinfec-
How to cite this paper:
Sağlam, H. (2021
)
Non
-
Surgical Endodontic Retreatment of
A
nterior Tooth with a Large Periapical Le-
sion and Extruded Guta Percha with 36
Months Follow
-Up: A Case Report.
Open
Journal of
Stomatology
,
11
, 166-178.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojst.2021.114014
Received:
January 15, 2021
Accepted:
April 23, 2021
Published:
April 26, 2021
Copyright © 20
21 by author(s) and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
H. Sağlam
DOI:
10.4236/ojst.2021.114014 167
Open Journal of Stomatology
tion resulting from apical transportation of bacteria during over instrumentation
and foreign body reaction elicited by the extruded material itself [2]. Root canal
treatment failure with overfilling material can be treated with non-surgical me-
thod, surgical method or both of them.
There are several methods of non-surgical treatment of periapical lesions such
as conservative root canal therapy without adjunctive therapy, decompression
technique, active nonsurgical decompression technique, aspiration and irriga-
tion technique, lesion sterilization and repair therapy, aspiration through the
root canal technique and apexum procedure. There are some points that should
be considered when root canal treatment will be performed in teeth with large le-
sion. In these cases, retreatment should be tried first with the conventional me-
thod. Even if it does not completely heal the lesion, it is aimed to reduce the size of
the lesion with the retreatment of the relevant tooth, thus protecting the adjacent
tissues as much as possible in case of a possible surgical treatment. In addition,
adjacent teeth may be damaged during the cleaning of the lesion area during sur-
gical treatment, and in the future, they may lose their vitality and require root
canal treatment. This situation can be prevented with non-surgical treatment.
Periradicular surgery is indicated in case of significant overextension of filling
material resulting in periradicular pathosis with symptoms, true periradicular
cysts with completely enclosed epithelium-lined cavities which are not expected
to resolve after nonsurgical dental treatment, persistent periradicular pathosis
and correction of deficiencies in previous treatment [3]. Endodontic surgery aims
to remove the periapical pathosis and to give the teeth its whole function. Sur-
gical treatment requires a second operation, patient cooperation and is less sa-
tisfactory in this respect. The root end procedures are associated with many draw-
backs such as limited accessibility, risk of perforation and fractures or cracks at
the root end and the need for high cost equipment such as ultrasonic systems
and surgical microscopes [4]. The process of root end resection and cavity prep-
aration often results in microcracks within dentin and weakens the remaining
root structure [5]. Apical resection also causes a decrease in crown root ratio. For
these reasons, nonsurgical retreatment should be tried before surgical treatment
and the tooth should be given a chance to activate its own healing mechanism.
This case report presents the non-surgical endodontic retreatment of anterior
tooth with a large periapical lesion and extruded gutta percha and its 36-month
follow-up period.
2. Case Report
A 17-year-old female patient was referred to our clinic with a chief complaint of
intermittent pain in the upper front region. She gave a history of mild pain and
occasional swelling. Radiographic examination revealed root canal treatment
performed in the upper left lateral (number 22) (Figure 1). The gutta percha was
extruded about four milimetres. There was also large periapical lesion at the
apical region of 22 and the lesion extended to 21 and 23. However the vitality
H. Sağlam
DOI:
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Open Journal of Stomatology
Figure 1. Preoperative radiography.
tests revealed that teeth 21 and 23 were vital. After the patient and her family
were informed about the treatment process, approval was obtained for the
treatment. Local anestesia was applied for the patient comfort. The access cavity
was opened. Gutta-percha in the coronal part was removed with gates glidden
burs. Then, the gutta-percha in the middle of the root was removed with H files.
The old canal filling in the middle trio was removed by using H files in ISO 15,
20 and 25 sizes up and down motion. Copius irrigation with sodyum hypoclorite
(%2.5) was performed between the files. H file was used again for the apical part.
In order to remove the extruded material in the apical part in one piece, it was
aimed to squeeze the gutta percha between root kanal wall and H file. When ISO
15, 20, 25 H files were used again at the apical part, it was observed that the ex-
truded material at the apical region did not get stuck in the foramen. In such a
state that the file size #25 could pass by the gutta and go out of the foramen, but
the file was still not large enough to squeeze the extruded material at the fora-
men against the canal wall. Then, the number 30 H file was introduced. File size
#30 was stuck at the apical, but it was used carefully to avoid deformation that
would cause the extruded material to break. When the radiograph is taken to see
the apical part; we saw that the extruded part was deformed enough to be consi-
dered broken in its place without leaving the apical region (Figure 2). After a
few trials with H file size #30, the extruded part came out with this file in one
piece. A radiograph was taken to confirm the gutta percha removal (Figure 3).
H. Sağlam
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Later, the apical diameter was prepared with K and H files up to size #50 in or-
der to clean the necrotic root structure. Copius irrigation was performed be-
tween each file. After the master apical diameter was prepared to size #50, root
canal preparation was completed with the step-back technique. Serous exudate
drained through the canal. After final irrigation the tooth closed with temporary
filling. Drainage did not stop and dressing was continued for the next three ses-
sions. The tooth was asymptomatic during the sessions. At the fifth appointment
the tooth was ready for obturation. There are various techniques used in filling
root canal systems. Cold lateral compaction, warm lateral compaction, conti-
nious wave compaction, thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection, carrier based
gutta percha, Mcspadden thermomecanical compaction can be counted as the
main ones. Another material that can be used in teeth with large apical diame-
ters is MTA. Clinically MTA is a biocompatible material with good sealing abili-
ty. However because of long setting time and being an expensive material, pa-
tient didn't accept to treatment with MTA. Furthermore, a conical shape was
given to the root canal with the step-back technique. There were no irregularities
in the root canal wall after preparation. There is a risk of vertical root fracture
and overfilling gutta percha or sealer that cannot be retrieved from the periradi-
cular tissues with the warm techniques. Therefore, cold lateral compaction tech-
nique was used in this case. After the esential adhesive steps, the final restoration
was made with composite resin (Z350, 3M ESPE, USA) (Figure 4). It was seen
that the root canal filling was a little extruded in the postoperative film. However,
Figure 4. Postoperative rvg.
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Open Journal of Stomatology
in order to wait for the lesion to become smaller, it was decided to follow up and
retreatment was not performed again. Then the follow up started. Control radio-
graphs were taken at 1. month (Figure 5), 3. month (Figure 6), 6. month (Figure
7), 1. year (Figure 8) and then at 2. year (Figure 9) and 36. month (Figure 10).
Figure 5. Postoperative rvg (1. month).
Figure 6. Postoperative rvg (3. month).
H. Sağlam
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At the first control session there was a little palpation and percussion sensitivity.
But at the other control sessions the clinical findings were normal and there was
no symptom. Radiographically, at the each control session we could see the
healing clearly. And at the 36 months follow up session the lesion was almost
completely healed and the lamina dura was visible.
3. Discussion
The most prevalent chronic inflammatory procedures observed in the jaws are
periapical lesions; they are result of a pulp infection due to trauma or caries
which causes tissue necrosis and invades the apical region [6]. Treatment of large
periapical lesions ranges from nonsurgical root canal procedure and/or apical
surgery to extraction. The occurence of the periradicular lesion in our case can
be attributed to overinstrumentation which resulting in trauma to the periapical
tissues, lack of apical seal, transportation of the intracanal bacteria and extrusion
of the gutta percha during the previous root canal treatment. Although failures
can appear after basic endodontic treatment, success rates after root canal ther-
apy were reported to be quite high (84% - 86%) [7] [8] Basic non surgical endo-
dontic treatment/retreatment is more simple than surgical treatment and also its
acceptability by the patient is higher.
In the present study, our aim was to investigate the clinical and radiographic
success rate of non-surgical endodontic therapy in maxillary anterior tooth with
large periapical lesion with periodic follow-up intervals.
In this case there was about 4 mm extruded guta percha at the apical region
and very large periapical lesion. Gutta percha is an inert material that is well to-
lerated by periapical tissues. [9]. In a 10-year clinical follow-up study on 775
endodontically treated teeth, Souza
et al
. reported a high success rate when ob-
turation material was filled 1 mm below the radiographic apex [10]. When we
decided to treatment there was another option like surgical treatment. A number
of clinical investigations have verified that basic non-surgical endodontic treat-
ment with adequate control of infection can provide the healing of large lesions
[11] [12]. Because of patient’s young age and our belief in the success of the
non-surgical procedure we tried the non-surgical treatment first. One of the
reasons we tried non-surgical treatment was to minimize the possibility of dam-
age to neighboring teeth and tissues during surgery because the lesion was too
large and too close to the adjacent teeth. The adjacent teeth were vital so we tried
our best option to maintain the vitality of the teeth.
In a case report published in 2013, a 16-year-old patient had retreatment in
the upper central tooth; Similar to our case, non-surgical treatment of extruded
material has been shown [13]. In a case report published in February 2021, it was
shown that the lesion at the apical region healed after 2-year follow-up with
non-surgical retreatment of a tooth with extruded material [14]. As in our case,
it has been observed that even large lesions can heal in the retreatments of the
overflowed root canal filling with adequate chemomechanical cleaning, infection
H. Sağlam
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Open Journal of Stomatology
control and correct obturation in these cases.
The main purpose of endodontic treatment is to prevent and eliminate the
formation of apical lesions by cleaning, shaping, disinfecting and obturation the
root canal system and keeping the tooth in function. Mechanical cleaning alone
does not completely remove microorganisms or their products from root canals.
Peters
et al
[15] showed that more than 35% of the root canal walls remained
untouched even with the use of a recent nickel-titanium rotary tool. Therefore;
elimination of microorganisms and biofilms is achieved by mechanical cleaning,
irrigation with tissue dissolving and antimicrobial agents, and application of an-
timicrobial drugs to the root canal between sessions. So, we used 2.5% NaOCl
and 17% EDTA combinations, because of being the most commonly used and
the most effective irrigation solutions in endodontic treatment [16].
Drainage is one of the necessary treatment approaches for effective treatment
in teeth with large periapical lesions. There are histological studies advocating
the necessity of drainage [17]. When direct and immediate drainage from loca-
lized swelling or abscesses or cysts is achieved, symptoms are reduced. In our
case there was no swelling but when we remove the extruded gutta percha the
drainage took place for four session. An assessment of radiographic results and
the existence or absence of clinical signs and symptoms of the treated tooth at
the time of control sessions are the basis for the achievement of endodontic
treatment. Some studies describe achievement based on radiographic healing
[18] while others consider the treatment successful if the tooth stays in the oral
cavity and functions [19].
The healing process depends on the structural and functional replacement of
the affected areas by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Studies evaluating the success
of endodontically treated teeth showed that overfills delayed the apical repair
process [20] [21] [22]; in our case, the patient was asymptomatic during the fol-
low-up period, the tooth was in function, and the lesion healed a little more in
each control radiography.
After root canal treatment, clinical and radiographic improvement should be
evaluated by performing a control examination periodically. Situations such as
absence of pain, swelling and other symptoms, no loss of function, absence of
sinus tract and radiological evidence of a normal periodontal ligament space
around the tooth indicate recovery. In our cases there is follow up for 36 months.
The first year of follow-up was completed: the first follow-up appointment was
at the end of the first month, the second one was at the end of the 3rd month,
then the third control was at the 6th month and the fourth control was at the 12th
month. Then, a control appointment was performed again at 24 and 36 months.
Despite about 4 mm of gutta-percha that were pushed into the periradiculer tis-
sues and the finally 1 mm overfill, there was healing of the periradiculer tissues
36 months after the completion of the root canal treatment and the patient re-
mained asymptomatic. The case was considered successful according to the cri-
teria for evaluating the success of endodontic treatment [23].
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Open Journal of Stomatology
Systematic reviews have shown that root canal preparation and obturation in-
ferior to the radiographic apex (root canal obturation at 1 - 2 mm inferior to the
apex) were associated with a better prognosis (higher success rates) [24].
In this case the healing of the lesion was attributed to the successful control of
infection during the root canal treatment process such as root canal preparation,
debridement and obturation. This healing process was not affected by the pres-
ence of filling material in the periapical tissues and it is also an agreement with
studies that report guta percha to be well-tolerated [25]. If the desired result could
not be achieved after retreatment, the patient was informed about apical resection.
Fortunately, after 36 months of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and al-
most completely healed radiographically. In addition, ın this case regeneration of
bone trabeculation and lamina dura remodeling were observed after 36 months of
follow-up.
4. Conclusion
Gutta-percha extrusion from the apical region is one of the complications that
can be encountered during root canal treatment. Failure to use proper material
during root canal treatment may be the reason for this complication. If this
complication is not resolved, extruded gutta percha may cause foreign body
reaction in the long term and result in lesion formation in the periapical area. In
such a case, nonsurgical retreatment should be the preferred choice as it is a
more conventional treatment and does not require a second surgical procedure.
if the desired result cannot be achieved with non-surgical retreatment; surgical
treatment can be offered to the patient as an alternative treatment option, con-
sidering its advantages and disadvantages.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.
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