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Cardiovascular System

May 2021

May 2021

DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-47314-3_12

In book: Examination Questions and Answers in Basic Anatomy and Physiology 2nd edition
Publisher: Springer

Authors:

Flinders University

Humans have between 4 and 7 L of blood. Fifty-five percent of this volume is plasma which is an aqueous solution of proteins, blood clotting factors, dissolved ions, wastes, dissolved gases, glucose and cholesterol. Blood also contains red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets and five types of white blood cells (leucocytes). They are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. In addition blood has three buffer systems: the phosphate, the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system and the protein buffer which maintains blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

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Chapter

Cardiovascular System

April 2018

Martin Caon

Humans have between 4 and 7 l of blood. Fifty five percent of this volume is plasma which is an aqueous solution of proteins, blood clotting factors, dissolved ions, wastes, dissolved gases, glucose and cholesterol. Blood also contains red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets and five types of white blood cells (leucocytes). They are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and ... [Show full abstract] basophils. In addition blood has three buffer systems: the phosphate, the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system and the protein buffer which maintains blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

Chapter

Full-text available

Cardiovascular System

October 2016

Martin Caon

Humans have between 4 and 7 litres of blood. Fifty five percent of this volume is plasma which is an aqueous solution of proteins, blood clotting factors, dissolved ions, wastes, dissolved gases, glucose and cholesterol. Blood also contains red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets and 5 types of white blood cells (leucocytes). They are: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and ... [Show full abstract] basophils. In addition blood has three buffer systems: the phosphate; the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system and the protein buffer which maintains blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

Article

Full-text available

The neutrophil percentage‐to‐albumin ratio is related to the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy

March 2022 · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis

Background Among patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR), no proof was available to confirm the prognostic significance of the neutrophil percentage‐to‐albumin ratio (NPAR). We hypothesized that NPAR plays a role in the incidence of DR in diabetic patients. Methods We extracted all diabetes mellitus (DM) data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database between ... [Show full abstract] 1999 and 2018, NPAR was expressed as neutrophil percentage/albumin. Multivariable logistic regression and generalized additive model were utilized for the purpose of examining the correction between NPAR levels and DR. Subgroup analysis of the associations between NPAR and DR was carried out to investigate if the impact of the NPAR varied among different subgroups. Results An aggregate of 5850 eligible participants were included in the present research. The relationship between NPAR levels and DR was positive linear. In the multivariate analysis, following the adjustment for confounders (gender, white blood cell, age, monocyte percent, red cell distribution width, eosinophils percent, bicarbonate, body mass index, iron, glucose, basophils percent, total bilirubin, creatinine, and chloride), higher NPAR was an independent risk factor for DR compared to lower NPAR (OR, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.00–1.39; 1.24, 1.04–1.48). For the purpose of sensitivity analysis, we found a trend of consistency (p for trend: 0.0190). The results of the subgroup analysis revealed that NPAR did not exert any statistically significant interactions with any of the other DR risk variables. Conclusions Elevated NPAR is associated with an elevated risk of occurrence of DR in diabetic patients.

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HAEMATOLOGY AND SERUM ELECTROLYTE INDICES OF HYLA RABBITS FED GRADED LEVELS OF WATERMELON WASTE WITH...

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This study was conducted to evaluate the haematology and serum electrolytes of Hyla rabbits fed graded levels of watermelon waste with wheat offal as absorbent. The results revealed significant difference (p<0.05) across the experimental diet on packed cell volume, white blood cell, platelet, haemoglobin concentration and, monocytes. However there was no significant difference of experimental ... [Show full abstract] diet on red blood cell, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Serum electrolytes of the rabbits showed that there were no significant (p<0.05) difference of the experimental diet on sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate.