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Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
www.scielo.br/bn
Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta): richness of species and distribution in Brazil
Valéria Cid Maia1
1Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
*Corresponding author: maiavcid@acd.ufrj.br
MAIA, V.C. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta): richness of species and distribution in Brazil.
Biota Neotropica 21(2): e20201038. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038
Abstract: Most Neotropical species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) have been described from Brazil, but a list of species
with occurrence in the country has never been published. Little is known about their distribution and richness in
the Brazilian phytogeographic domains. Additionally, a list of host plant species has never been gathered. The
present study aims to ll these knowledge gaps and provides an overview of this family in Brazil. For this, data
were obtained mainly from the literature, but also from the Cecidomyiidae collection of Museu Nacional and two
herbaria (RB and R). Based on the site “Flora do Brasil 2020”, botanical names were updated and plant species
origin and distribution were veried. A total of 265 gall midge species have been recorded in Brazil, most from
the Atlantic Forest (183), followed by Cerrado (60), and Amazon Forest (29). The other phytogeographic domains
shelter from ve to ten species. Phytophagous gall midges occur on 128 plant species of 52 families, almost all
native, being 43 endemic to Brazil (21 endemic to Atlantic Forest, ve to Cerrado, and one to Amazon). Although,
the taxonomical knowledge is focused on the Atlantic Forest, each domain has its own fauna composition and these
informations can be useful for environmental conservational purposes. About 58% of the Brazilian fauna are known
only from the type-locality. In order to ll these gaps, it is necessary and important to collect in uninvestigated areas.
Keywords: Phytogeographic domains; host plants; endemism; taxonomical knowledge.
Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta): riqueza de espécies e distribuição no Brasil
Resumo: A maioria das espécies neotropicais de Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) foi descrita do Brasil, mas uma lista das
espécies com ocorrência no país nunca foi publicada. Pouco se sabe sobre sua distribuição e riqueza nos domínios
togeográcos brasileiros. Adicionalmente, uma lista das espécies de plantas hospedeiras nunca foi elaborada.
O presente estudo visa preencher estas lacunas de informação e fornecer um panorama geral desta família no
Brasil. Para tal, dados foram obtidos principalmente da literatura, mas também da coleção de Cecidomyiidae
do Museu Nacional e de dois herbários (RB e R). Com base no site “Flora do Brasil 2020”, os nomes botânicos
foram atualizados e a origem e distribuição das espécies vegetais foram vericadas. Um total de 265 espécies de
cecidomiídeos é assinalado para o Brasil, a maioria da Mata Atlântica (183), seguida pelo Cerrado (60) e Floresta
Amazônica (29). Os outros domínios togeográcos abrigam de cinco a dez espécies. Os cecidomiídeos tófagos
estão associados a 128 espécies de plantas de 52 famílias, quase todas nativas, sendo 43 endêmicas do Brasil (21
endêmicas da Mata Atlântica, cinco do Cerrado e uma da Floresta Amazônica). Embora o conhecimento taxonômico
se concentre na Mata Atlântica, cada domínio tem sua própria composição faunística e estas informações podem
ser úteis para a conservação ambiental. Cerca de 58% da fauna brasileira é conhecida apenas da localidade-tipo.
Para preencher estas lacunas, é necessário e importante coletar em áreas não investigadas.
Palavras-chave: Domínios togeográcos; plantas hospedeiras; endemismo; conhecimento taxonômico.
ISSN 1676-0611 (online edition)
Thematic Review
https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038 http://www.scielo.br/bn
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Maia, V.C. . et al.
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
http://www.scielo.br/bn https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038
Introduction
Cecidomyiidae are one of the most speciose families of Diptera,
with more than 6,500 species. They are cosmopolitan and known
mainly as gall-inducers (Gagné & Jascho 2017). Most species have
been described from the Holarctic Region, while the Neotropical fauna
comprises less than 10% of the known species. This low richness reects
the scarcity of taxonomic studies in this region. Most species have
been described from Brazil. Nevertheless, a list of Brazilian species
has never been published.
Brazil comprises six phytogeographic domains: Amazon Forest,
Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampa, and Pantanal, which greatly
dier from each other in ora composition, and consequently they
shelter dierent assemblages of gall-inducing species. The richness of
cecidomyiid species by domain is still unknown, as well as the number
of gall-inducing, predaceous, inquilinous, fungivorous, and free-
living phytophagous species. Most of them appear to have a restricted
distribution, but there are several locality records scattered in the literature.
Additionally, a list of host plant species has never been elaborated
and many botanical names need to be updated. The main goals of the
this study are: 1) to present a general overview of the richness of this
family in Brazil, 2) to provide for the rst time a list of gall midges
species with occurrence in Brazil as well as in each phytogeographic
domain, 3) to ll a knowledge gap about the distribution of this group,
and 4) to provide for the rst time a list of host plant species in Brazil.
Materials and Methods
The last version of the world catalog of Cecidomyiidae written by
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017 was used as starting point. Using the nd tool,
all species with records in Brazil were retrieved. Papers with the original
description of each species were consulted to obtain more detailed
data on its occurrence localities. Furthermore, a literature survey was
performed on the database “Web of Science” using “Cecidomyiidae”
and “Brazil/Brasil” as key words in order to verify the gall midge
species described after 2017. Based on the site “Flora do Brasil 2020”,
botanical names were updated and plant species origin and distribution
were veried. Synonyms were provided in brackets after the correct
names to allow linking of retrieved data to the original publications.
Additionally, all insect gall inventories of Brazil were also consulted
to recover information about locality records of the gall midge species,
based on host plant species and gall morphology, whenever possible, or
on gall-inducer identication. Data on phytogeographic domains were
obtained using maps of IBGE 2004 or directly from the literature. In
some cases, domains were not determined because data on localities
were insucient. When gall midge species were recorded in localities
occupied by two dierent domains, both were considered as part of
their distributional area.
Besides, the Collection of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of Museu
Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) was examined
to aggregate unpublished data of species occurrence. Simultaneously,
the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro herbarium (RB) and the Museu
Nacional herbarium (R) were consulted in a search of galled exsiccates.
This procedure was adopted since galls are extended phenotypes of the
gall-inducing insects (Stone & Schönrogge 2003), so their presence on
the host plants indicates the gall-inducing species’ presence. Data on
localities were retrieved from labels and new records were established
by comparison with the literature. The geographic distribution of all
gall-inducing species was updated. Data on Brazilian localities were
detailed, including states and municipalities. To discriminating Rio
de Janeiro and São Paulo states from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo
municipalities, the word “state” was used whenever necessary.
Results
In Brazil, 265 species of Cecidomyiidae of 93 genera have been
recorded. It corresponds to about 43% of the Neotropical fauna
richness; 226 are gall-inducing (about 85%), 15 are predaceous, 11 are
fungivorous, nine are inquilinous, three are free-living species, and
one is kleptoparasite in spider webs. Phytophagous gall midges are
collectivelly associated with 52 plant families, 105 genera, and 128
determined species. Among these hosts, only ve are exotic, one is
naturalized and all others are native to Brazil (Table 1). Futhermore,
ten gall midge species are associated with hosts identied only in
family, totaling six families, and 37 with hosts identied only in genus,
totaling 35 genera. Additionally, host plants of six cecidomyiid species
are unknown. Besides, the identication of some hosts are doubtful,
e.g.: “Mikania cf. biformis”, “? Smilax sp.”, “Guarea sp. poss. guidonia
(L.)”, “Guapira pernambucensis (Casar.) Lundell (possibly Guapira
opposita (Vell.) Reitz”, “poss Smilax sp.”, and the record of Youngomyia
pouteriae on Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. (Sapotaceae) corresponds
to a misidentication of the gall-inducing species.
Three incongruities were also observed between the host plant and
gall-inducing species geographic distributions, namely: 1) Kielmeyera
rosea Mart. & Zucc. (Calophyllaceae) x Arcivena kielmeyerae Gagné,
1984, 2) Guapira pernambucensis (Casar.) Lundell (Nyctaginaceae)
x Bruggmannia chapadensis Proença & Maia, 2018 and 3) Urvillea
uniloba Radlk. (Sapindaceae) x Neolasioptera urvilleae (Tavares, 1909).
Finally, 27 botanical names were uptaded.
Most gall-inducing species are monophagous (about 90%),
but oligophagous and polyphagous species have been reported.
Oligophagous species are represented by at least 15 gall midge species,
11 of them occur on two or three plant species of the same genus and
four on two or three genera of the same family. The number of hosts of
some gall midge species could not be determined, since the level of plant
identication does not allow it. This is the case of ve gall midge species,
four of them have been associated with an identied plant species plus a
non identied congeneric host, and the other with an identied species
plus a morphospecies of the same plant family. A single cecidomyiid
species is polyphagous, occurring in plants of dierent families.
Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Myrtaceae are the plant families with
the greatest richness of gall midge species (28, 26 and 25), followed
by Nyctaginaceae (16). They together host about 36% of the Brazilian
fauna richness. Among these families, Myrtaceae exhibit the highest
average of gall midge species by host plant species, 1.8, while Fabaceae
have a similar value to Asteraceae (1.2 and 1.3, respectively). The
average number in Nyctaginaceae was not stablished, because most
plants were not identied in species (Table 2). All other families shelter
from nine to one gall midge species, but most of them (23) (about 44%)
shelter a single gall-inducer. The average of gall midge species by host
plant species was 1.0 in 33 families. This is the most frequent value
(Table 2). Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) and Mikania Wild. (Asteraceae)
host 13 and 12 gall midge species, respectively, followed by Guapira
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Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta) in Brazil
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
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Family Species Origin
Number of
gall midge
species
Amaranthaceae Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. + A. aquatica (D.
Parodi) Chodat
native to Brazil
native to Brazil 1
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. exotic
(cultivated plant) 1
Annonaceae Duguetia furfuraceae (A.St.-Hil.) Sa. native to Brazil 1
Araliaceae Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch native to Brazil 1
Asclepiadaceae Peplonia asteria (Vell.) Fontella & E. A. Schwarz endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. native to Brazil 1
Baccharis lateralis Baker (= B. schultzi Baker) + B.
dracunculifolia DC. + B. trinervis Pers.
endemic to Brazil native to
Brazil native to Brazil 1
Baccharis pseudomyriocephala Malag. endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Baccharis crispa Spreng. (= B. trimera (Less.) DC. ) native to Brazil 1
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. + Eupatorium
spp. native to Brazil 2
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist + Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex
Willd.
native to Brazil
exotic 1
Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish
(=Vanillosmopsis erythropappa (DC.) Sch. Bip.) endemic to Brazil 1
Eupatorium sp. - 1
Hypochaeris chillensis (Kunth) Britton native to Brazil 1
Lessingianthus warmingianus (Baker) H. Rob. endemic to Cerrado 1
Mikania guaco Kunth + M. glomerata Spreng. + Mikania cf
biformis
native to Brazil
native to Brazil 1
Mikania glomerata Spreng. native to Brazil 1
Mikania glomerata Spreng. + Mikania cf biformis DC native to Brazil 6
Mikania glomerata Spreng. + Mikania trinervis Hook. & Arn. +
Mikania cf biformis
native to Brazil
endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Mikania micrantha Kunth + M. cordifolia (L.f.) Willd. native to Brazil
native to Brazil 1
Mikania sp. - 2
Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Less.) G. Sancho (=Gochnatia
polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera) native to Brazil 1
Porophyllum sp. - 1
undetermined - 2
Bignoniaceae Fridericia conjugata (Vell.) L. G. Lohmann (=Arrabidaea
conjugata)native to Brazil 1
Boraginaceae Varronia curassavica Jacq. (= Cordia verbenacea DC. = Cordia
curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.) native to Brazil 1
Heliotropium angustiorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Govaerts
(=Tournefortia angustiora Ruiz & Pav.) + Myriopus volubilis
Small (=Tournefortia volubilis L. (Boraginaceae)
native to Brazil
native to Brazil 1
Burseraceae Protium brasiliense (Spreng.) Engl. endemic to Brazil 1
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand native to Brazil 4
Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand endemic to Atlantic Forest 2
Cactaceae Hylocereus setaceus (Salm-Dyck) R. Bauer (= Selenicereus
setaceus (Salm-Dyck) Berg) native to Brazil 1
Calophyllaceae Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. native to Brazil 5
Kielmeyera rosea Mart. & Zucc. endemic to Cerrado 1
Table 1. List of host plant species (organized by family), their origin and richness of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) by species in Brazil.
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Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. native to Brazil 1
Celastraceae Monteverdia obtusifolia (Mart.)
Biral (=Maytenus obtusifolia Mart.) endemic to Brazil 2
Chrysobalanaceae Couepia ovalifolia (Schott) Benth. ex Hook.f. endemic to Atlantic Forest 2
Clusiaceae Clusia uminensis Planch. & Triana endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Clusia hilariana Schltdl. endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Clusia lanceolata Cambess. endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Clusia sp. - 1
Combretaceae Combretum leprosum Mart. native to Brazil 1
Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia holosericea (Weinm.) O' Donell native to Brazil 1
Dilleniaceae Davilla rugosa Poir native to Brazil 1
Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. native to Brazil 1
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxyum ovalifolium Peyr. endemic to Atlantic Forest 3
Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil. native to Brazil 1
Euphorbiaceae Croton oribundus Spreng native to Brazil 2
Croton hemiargyreus Müll. Arg. endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Dalechampia cifolia Lam. endemic to Brazil 1
Manihot esculenta Crantz (= Manihot utilissima Pohl.) + Manihot
caerulescens + Manihot sp. native to Brazil 1
Manihot esculenta Crantz (= Manihot utilissima Pohl.) native to Brazil 1
Microstachys corniculata (Vahl) Griseb. (=Sebastiana glandulosa
(Mart.) Pax.) native to Brazil 2
Fabaceae Aeschynomene denticulata Rudd. native to Brazil 1
Aldina heterophylla Spruce ex Benth. endemic to Amazon Forest 1
Andira fraxinifolia Benth endemic to Brazil 1
Andira humilis Mart. ex Benth. endemic to Brazil 1
Andira vermifuga (Mart.) Benth. native to Brazil 1
Andira sp. - 1
Bauhinia brevipes Vogel native to Brazil 2
Bauhinia cupulata Benth. native to Brazil) 1
Bauhinia rufa (Bong.) Steud. native to Brazil 1
Dalbergia ecastophyllum (L.) Taub. + Dalbergia frutescens
(Vell.) Britton
native to Brazil
native to Brazil 1
Dalbergia sp. = 1
Inga edulis Mart. native to Brazil 2
Inga vera Will. (= Inga spuria Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) + Inga
punctata Will. (= Inga leptoloba Schltdl.)
native to Brazil
native to Brazil 1
Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld + Machaerium sp. + native to Brazil 1
Machaerium macaense C. V. Mendonça, A. M. G. Azevedo & H.
C. Lima endemic to Atlantic Forest) 1
Machaerium sp. - 2
Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. endemic to Brazil 1
Mimosa tenuiora (Willd.) Poir. (= Mimosa hostilis Benth.) native to Brazil 2
Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp. native to Brazil 1
Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. exotic 1
Swartzia langsdori Raddi endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Undetermined - 3
Lamiaceae Hyptis sp. - 1
Melissa ocinalis L. exotic 1
Lauraceae Ocotea pulchella (Nees & Mart) Mez native to Brazil 1
undetermined - 1
Loranthaceae Psittacanthus dichroos (Mart.) Mart. endemic to Brazil 1
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Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta) in Brazil
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Struthanthus taubatensis Eichler
(= S. maricensis Rizzini ex Proce endemic to Brazil 1
Struthanthus sp. - 1
Lythraceae Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J. F. Macbr native to Brazil 1
Malpighiaceae Banisteriopsis membranifolia (A. Juss.) B. Gates endemic to Brazil 1
Byrsonima sericea DC. native to Brazil 2
Diplopteryx pubipetala (A. Juss.) W. R. Anderson & C. C. Davis native to Brazil 1
Heteropterys nitida (Lam.) DC. native to Brazil 1
Heteropterys sp. - 1
Pterandra pyroidea A. Juss. endemic to Cerrado 1
Tetrapterys phlomoides (Spreng.) Nied. native to Brazil 1
Undetermined - 1
Malvaceae Undetermined - 1
Melastomataceae Clidemia sp. - 1
Leandra ionopogon (Mart.) Cogn. native to Brazil 1
Marcetia sp. - 1
Miconia cinnamomifolia (DC.) Naudin endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Miconia cf. cinnamomifolia - 1
Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. native to Brazil 1
Ossaea sp. - 1
Pleroma candolleanum (Mart. ex DC.) Triana (= Tibouchina
candolleana (Mart. ex DC.) Cogn.) endemic to Cerrado 1
Tibouchina sp. - 1
Meliaceae Guarea macrophylla Vahl native to Brazil 2
Guarea sp. poss. guidonia (L.) Sleumer (= Guarea trichilioides
L.) - 1
Moraceae Coussapoa sp. - 1
Ficus sp. - 2
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. (= Chlorophora tinctoria
(L.) Gaudich. ex B.D. Jackson|) (Moraceae) native to Brazil 1
Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W. C. Burger et al. (= Sorocea
ilicifolia Miq.) native to Brazil 1
Myrsinaceae Myrsine sp. - 1
Myrtaceae Eugenia astringens Cambess (=E. rotundifolia Casar = Eugenia
umbelliora O. Berg.) (Myrtaceae) endemic to Atlantic Forest 4
Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk. endemic to Atlantic Forest 3
Eugenia hiemalis Cambess. (=Eugenia multiora Cambess.) +
undetermined Myrtaceae native to Brazil 1
Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth.) DC. (= (E. ovalifolia Cambess.) +
Eugenia sp. endemic to Brazil 1
Eugenia uniora L. native to Brazil 4
Myrcia ovata Cambess. endemic to Atlantic Forest) 1
Myrcia retorta Cambess endemic to Brazil 1
Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O. Berg native to Brazil 1
Myrciaria oribunda (H. West ex Willd.) native to Brazil 2
Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O.Berg native to Brazil 1
Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. Silveira endemic to Atlantic Forest 3
Psidium cattleyanum Sabine endemic to Brazil 2
Undetermined - 1
Nyctaginaceae Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz native to Brazil 7
Guapira pernambucensis (Casar.) Lundell (possibly Guapira
opposita (Vell.) Reitz) endemic to Brazil 1
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Maia, V.C. . et al.
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
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Guapira sp. - 1
Neea spp. - 7
Ochnaceae Ouratea spectabilis (Mart) Engl. endemic to Cerrado 1
Olacaceae Heisteria acuminata (Humb. & Bonpl.) Engl. (=Heisteria
cyanocarpa Poepp.) native to Brazil 1
Ximenia americana L. native to Brazil 1
Onagraceae Ludwigia sp. - 1
Orchidaceae Cattleya spp. + Epidendrum spp. + Laelia spp. - 1
Piperaceae Piper sp. - 3
Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius native to Brazil 1
Polypodiaceae Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. native to Brazil 1
Pontederiaceae Q Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth native to Brazil 1
Ranunculaceae Clematis sp. = 1
Rosaceae Spiraea salicifolia L. exotic 1
Rubiaceae Borreria palustris (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral
(= Diodia gymnocephala (DC.) K.Schum.) native to Brazil 1
B. verticillata (L.) G.Mey + Borreria sp. native to Brazil 1
Psychotria sp. - 1
Rubia sp. - 1
Undetermined - 3
Rutaceae Citrus sp. - 1
Sapindaceae Matayba guianensis Aubl. native to Brazil 1
Paullinia weinmanniifolia Mart. endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Paullinia weinmanniifolia Mart. + Matayba guianensis Aubl. endemic to Atlantic Forest
native to Brazil 1
Serjania sp. - 1
Urvillea uniloba Radlk. native to Brazil 1
Sapotaceae Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard endemic to Atlantic Forest 1
Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk (=Pouteria caimito var.
laurifolia (Gomes) Baehni) native to Brazil 2
Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. native to Brazil 1
Pouteria venosa (Mart.) Baehni native to Brazil 1
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. and Schult.) T. D. Penn native to Brazil 1
Smilacaceae Smilax oblongifolia Pohl ex Griseb endemic to Brazil 1
Poss on Smilax sp. - 1
Smilax rufescens Griseb. endemic to Brazil) 1
?Smilax sp - 1
Solanaceae Physalis angulata L. native to Brazil 1
Solanum sp. - 1
Sterculiaceae Waltheria indica L. native to Brazil 1
Sterculia sp. - 1
Styracaceae Styrax sp. - 5
Urticaceae Cecropiae sp - 1
Verbenaceae Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.) Moldenke (= Aegiphila arborescens
(Aubl.) J. F. Gmel.) native to Brazil 1
Lantana camara L. naturalized 1
Lantana sp. - 3
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl. + Stachytarpheta sp. native to Brazil 1
Unknown - - 6
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Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta) in Brazil
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
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Table 2. Richness of host plant species and gall midge species (Diptera,
Cecidomyiidae) by vegetable family, and average of gall midge species
by host plant in each family in Brazil.
Family Number of
host species
Number of gall
midge species
Average
number
Amaranthaceae 2 1 0.5
Anacardiaceae 2 2 1.0
Annonaceae 1 1 1.0
Araliaceae 1 1 1.0
Asclepiadaceae 1 1 1.0
Asteraceae 21 26 1.3
Bignoniaceae 1 1 1.0
Boraginaceae 3 2 0.7
Burseraceae 3 7 2.3
Cactaceae 1 1 1.0
Calophyllaceae 2 6 3.0
Caryocaraceae 1 1 1.0
Celastraceae 1 2 2.0
Clusiaceae 4 4 1.0
Chrysobalanaceae 2 2 2.0
Combretaceae 1 1 1.0
Convolvulaceae 1 1 1.0
Dilleniaceae 2 2 1.0
Erythroxylaceae 2 4 2.0
Euphorbiaceae 7 8 1.1
Fabaceae 24 28 1.2
Lamiaceae 2 2 1.0
Lauraceae 2 2 1.0
Lythraceae 1 1 1.0
Loranthaceae 3 3 1.0
Malpighiaceae ?8?
Malvaceae 1 1 1.0
Melastomataceae 9 9 1.0
Meliaceae 2 3 1.5
Moraceae 4 5 1.2
Myrsinaceae 1 1 1.0
Myrtaceae 14 25 1.8
Nyctaginaceae ?16 ?
Ochnaceae 1 1 1.0
Olacaceae 2 2 1.0
Onagraceae 1 1 1.0
Orchidaceae ?1?
Piperaceae 1 1 1.0
Poaceae 1 1 1.0
Polypodiaceae 1 1 1.0
Ponteridaceae 1 1 1.0
Ranunculaceae 1 1 1.0
Rosaceae 1 1 1.0
Rubiaceae 6 7 1.2
Rutaceae 1 1 1.0
Sapindaceae 4 5 1.2
Sapotaceae 5 6 1.2
Smilacaceae 4 4 1.0
Solanaceae 2 2 1.0
Sterculiaceae 2 2 1.0
Styracaceae ?5?
Urticaceae 1 1 1.0
Verbenaceae 5 6 1.2
Aubl. (Nyctaginaceae) with 9. Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz,
Mikania glomerata Spreng., and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess
(Calophyllaceae) highlight as plant species with the greatest number
of gall midge species (seven, six and ve, respectively).
The gall-inducers are represented by 80 genera. Among
them, Lopesia Rübsaamen, 1909, Asphondylia Loew, 1850, and
Clinodiplosis Kieer 1895 are the most speciose, with 25, 23 and
20 species, respectively (Table 3). Predators are represented by four
genera, Aphidoletes Kieer, 1904, Diadiplosis Felt 1911, Feltiella
Rübsaamen, 1910, and Lestodiplosis Kieer, 1894, being Diadiplosis
the most speciose, with ten species, while the others comprise three
(Lestodiplosis) or one species (Aphidoletes and Feltiella). The rst genus
feeds on aphids, the second on scale insects (Coccoidea), the third on
mites and the fourth mostly on other cecidomyiids, but also on mites.
They have been used as biological control agents of some plant pests.
Fungivorous species are represented by ve genera, Dichodiplosis
Rübsaamen, 1910, Haplusia Karsch, 1877, Mycodiplosis Rübsaamen,
1895, Stomatosema Kieer, 1904, and Termitomastus Silvestri, 1901.
Three of them comprise a single species, while Haplusia comprises
two and Stomatosema six. Inquilines are represented by six genera,
Clinodiplosis Kieer, 1894, Contarinia Rondani, 1860, Dialeria Tavares
1918, Meunieriella Kieer, 1909, Neolasioptera Felt, 1908 and Trotteria
Kieer, 1902. Among them, Dialeria and Trotteria include exclusively
inquilinous species. Five of them comprise a single inquilinous species
in Brazil, while Meunieriella comprises four. All were recorded in
galls of other Cecidomyiidae. Although these cecidomyiids have been
reported as inquilines, they are probably kleptoparasites, according
to Luz and Mendonça-Júnior (2019). Free-living species are less
common, being represented by three genera, Clinodiplosis, Lopesia,
and Prodiplosis Felt, 1908, each with a single species. Their larvae
feed on plant reproductive organs. And only one species, Didactylomyia
longimana (Felt, 1908), is reported as the kleptoparasite in literature.
Most species of gall midges (about 90%) have been recorded
exclusively in Brazil, while only 26 (about 10%) occur in other
countries. The Atlantic Forest is the phytogeographic domain with the
greatest richness of species, 183, followed by Cerrado (60 species),
Amazon (29 species), Pampa (10 species), Caatinga (8 species), and
Pantanal (5 species) (Table 3). These values correspond to about 69%,
23%, 11%, 4%, 3%, and 2% of the Brazilian fauna of Cecidomyiidae.
Fourty-one cecidomyiid species are associated with 43 endemic
Brazilian plant species. Among them, 21 hosts are endemic to Atlantic
Forest, ve to Cerrado, and one to Amazon. No hosts were endemic
to Caatinga, Pampa and Pantanal (Table 4). Two-hundred thirty ve
gall midge species (235) are known from a single domain: 157 from
Atlantic Forest, 35 from Cerrado, 17 from Amazon Forest, 8 from
Pampa, 4 from Caatinga, and 3 from Pantanal. The others have been
reported in two (23 species) or three domains (seven species). One-
hundred and thirty-seven species (about 52% of the Brazilian fauna)
are known only from the type-locality.
A list of gall midge species with occurrence in Brazil is presented
below in alphabetical order. Data on their food habit, geographic
distribution and host plant are added. Botanical names were updated
(synomyms found in publications are given in brackets). The origin of
each host plant and its occurrence in Brazilian phytogeographic domains
are also provided. These last two informations are restricted to hosts
identied at specic level. References are added in chronological order.
8
Maia, V.C. . et al.
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
http://www.scielo.br/bn https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038
Genera
(n=93)
Number of gall midge species
Brazil Amazon Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Pampa Pantanal
Alexomyia 1100000
Alycaulus 4120100
Anadiplosis 4041000
Anasphondylia 1010000
Andirodiplosis 1010100
Anisodiplosis 1010100
Aphidoletes 1000000
Apodiplosis 1010000
Arcivena 1000100
Arrabidaeamyia 1010000
Asphondylia 23 2 15 0 7 2 0
Asteromyia 1010000
Autodiplosis 1010000
Baccharomyia 2020000
Brethesiamyia 1000100
Brugmannia 14 2 11 0 1 1 0
Bruggmanniella 11 080410
Burseramyia 1010000
Cerciplanus 2000200
Cleitodiplosis 1010000
Clinodiplosis 20 2 14 0 3 0 0
Clusiamyia 2020000
Compsodiplosis 2010010
Contarinia 2120100
Contodiplosis 3030000
Cordiamyia 1010000
Costadiplosis 1010000
Couridiplosis 1010100
Dactylodiplosis 4130000
Dasineura 11 090200
Diadiplosis 10 0 7 0 1 0 0
Dialeria 1011000
Dichodiplosis 1010000
Didactylomyia 1000100
Elachypalpus 1000010
Epihormomyia 1010000
Eugeniamyia 2020010
Feltiella 1001000
Fernandesia 1010000
Frauenfeldiella 1110000
Geraldesia 1010000
Gnesiodiplosis 1010000
Guareamyia 1010000
Guarephila 1000010
Haplopalpus 1100000
Haplusia* 2100000
Table 3. Richness of gall midge species (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) by Brazilian phytogeo-graphic domain.
Continue...
9
Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta) in Brazil
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038 http://www.scielo.br/bn
Houardodiplosis 1011000
Iatrophobia 1110000
Jorgenseniella 1010000
Lestodiplosis 3030000
Liodiplosis 3030000
Lopesia 26 7 18 2 14 0 0
Machaeriobia 2020100
Macroporpa 2200000
Manilkaramyia 1010000
Mayteniella 1010000
Megaulus 1100000
Metasphondylia 1010000
Meunieriella 4030100
Mikaniadiplosis 1010000
Mycodiplosis 1000000
Myrciamyia 2010100
Myrciariamyia 3010200
Neolasioptera 9070011
Neomitranthella 1010000
Novocalmonia 2020000
Ouradiplosis 1100000
Parametasphondylia 1000100
Parazalepidota 1010000
Parkiamyia 1100000
Paulliniamyia 1010000
Perasphondylia 2110000
Pisphondylia 1010000
Primadiplosis 1010000
Proasphondylia 3030000
Procontarinia 1010000
Prodiplosis 1000000
Rhoasphondylia 1010000
Rochadiplosis 1010100
Schismatodiplosis 1110000
Schizomyia 8031400
Smilasioptera 1010000
Sphaeramyia 1010000
Sphaerodiplosis 1000000
Stephomyia 6060100
Stomatosema 6000404
Styraxdiplosis 2021000
Termitomastus 1000100
Trotteria 1010000
Uleella 1010000
Uleia 1100000
Youngomyia 2010100
Zalepidota 3020010
Total 261 29 178 8 57 10 5
Continuation...
10
Maia, V.C. . et al.
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
http://www.scielo.br/bn https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038
Table 4. Richness of gall midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) by endemic plant species in Brazilian phytogeographic domains. There is no
endemic host plants in the Caatinga, Pampa and Pantanal until the current moment.
Host Plant
Species
Endemic to
Brazil
Endemic to
Amazon Forest
Endemic to
Atlantic Forest Endemic to Cerrado Number of gall
midge species
Aldina heterophylla X X - - 1
Andira humilis X - - - 1
Andira fraxinifolia X - - - 1
Baccharis lateralis X - - - 1
Baccharis
pseudomyriocephala X - X - 1
Banisteriopsis
membranifolia X - - - 1
Clusia uminensis X - X - 1
Clusia hilariana X - X - 1
Clusia lanceolata X - - - 1
Couepia ovalifolia X - X - 2
Croton hemiargyreus X - X - 1
Dalechampia cifolia X - - - 1
Eremanthus
erythropappus X - - - 1
Erythroxylum
ovalifolium X - X - 3
Eugenia astringens X - X - 4
Eugenia
copacabanensis X - X - 3
Eugenia punicifolia X 1
Guapira
pernambucensis X - X - 1
Kielmeyera rosea X - - X 1
Lessingianthus
warmingianus X - - X 1
Machaeriobia
machaeri X X 1
Manilkara subsericea X - X - 1
Miconia
cinnamomifolia X - X - 1
Mikania trinervis X - X - 1
Mimosa
caesalpiniifolia X - - - 1
Monteverdia
obtusifolia X - - - 2
Myrcia ovata X - X - 1
Myrcia retorta X - - - 1
Neomitranthes obscura X - X - 3
Ocotea notata X - - - 1
Ouratea spectabilis X - - X 1
Peplonia asteria X - X - 1
Paullinia
weinmanniifolia X - X - 2
Pleroma candolleanum X - - x 1
Protium brasiliense X - - - 1
Protium icicariba X - X - 2
Psidium cattleyanum X - - - 2
Psittacanthus dichroos X - - - 1
Pterandra pyroidea X - - x 1
Smilax oblongifolia X - - - 1
Smilax rufescens X - - - 1
Struthanthus
taubatensis X----
Swartzia langsdori X - X - 1
11
Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta) in Brazil
Biota Neotrop., 21(2): e20201038, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038 http://www.scielo.br/bn
Table 5. Richness of gall midge species (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) by vegetable family in Brazilian phytogeographic domains.
Family Number of gall midge species
Amazon Forest Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Pampa Pantanal
Amaranthaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anacardiaceae 0 2 0 0 0 0
Annonaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0
Araliaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0
Asclepiadaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Asteraceae 3 19 0 6 1 0
Bignoniaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Boraginaceae 1 2 0 1 0 0
Burseraceae 2 4 0 4 0 0
Cactaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Calophyllaceae 5 5 0 6 0 0
Caryocaraceae 0 0 0 0 0 0
Celastraceae 0 2 0 0 0 0
Chrysobalanaceae 0 2 0 0 0 0
Clusiaceae 1 3 0 0 0 0
Combretaceae 0 1 1 0 0 0
Convolvulaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Dilleniaceae 0 1 0 1 0 0
Erythroxylaceae 0 4 0 1 0 0
Euphorbiaceae 1 4 0 2 0 0
Fabaceae 2 15 4 10 0 1
Lamiaceae 0 2 0 1 0 0
Lauraceae 1 2 0 0 0 0
Loranthaceae 0 3 0 0 0 0
Lythraceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Malpighiaceae 1 4 0 5 0 0
Malvaceae 0 2 0 0 0 0
Melastomataceae 0 7 0 3 0 0
Meliaceae 0 2 0 0 1 0
Moraceae 1 3 0 0 1 0
Myrsinaceae 0 0 0 0 1 0
Myrtaceae 0 21 0 3 1 0
Nyctaginaceae 1 14 0 2 0 0
Ochnaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0
Olacaceae 1 1 0 0 0 0
Onagraceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Orchidaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0
Piperaceae 0 1 0 1 1 0
Poaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Polypodiaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0
Pontederiaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0
Ranunculaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rosaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rubiaceae 0 8 0 0 0 0
Rutaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sapindaceae 1 2 0 1 1 0
Sapotaceae 0 5 0 1 0 0
Smilacaceae 0 1 0 1 1 0
Solanaceae 1 0 0 0 0 0
Sterculiaceae 1 0 0 1 0 0
Styracaceae 0 2 1 0 0 0
Urticaceae 1 0 0 0 0 0
Verbenaceae 1 5 0 0 9 0
12
Maia, V.C. . et al.
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http://www.scielo.br/bn https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038
New records are indicated by an asterisk. The number in brackets after
the locality represents the voucher number of the plant species.
1. Alexomyia ciliata Felt, 1921a (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil:
Pará (Amazon Forest). Host plant: unkown. Refs.: Felt 1921a, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
2. Alycaulus globulus Gagné, 2001 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Poço das Antas, Rio de Janeiro (Grumari),
Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Reserva Biológica União; São Paulo state:
Bertioga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Mikania glomerata Spreng.
(native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest) and Mikania cf biformis
DC. (Asteraceae). Refs.: Gagné et al. 2001, Oliveira & Maia 2005,
Maia et al. 2008, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Mascarenhas 2017,
Maia & Siqueira 2020.
3. Alycaulus hexadentatus Urso-Guimarães, 2018a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Altinópolis (Cerrado). Host
plant: Smilax oblongifolia Pohl ex Griseb (Smilacaceae) (endemic
to Brazil) (Caatinga and Cerrado). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães 2018a,
Ribeiro et al. 2019.
4. Alycaulus mikaniae Rübsaamen, 1915 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Amazon (Amazon Forest). Host plant: Mikania sp. (Asteraceae).
Refs.: Rübsaamen 1915, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
5. Alycaulus trilobatus Möhn, 1964a (gall-inducer). Distribution: El
Salvador; Colombia; Brazil: São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest).
Host plants: Mikania micrantha Kunth (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa) and M. cordifolia (L.f.)
Willd. (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic
Forest, and Pampa) (Asteraceae). Refs.: Möhn 1964a, Gagné 1994,
Maia et al. 2008, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
6. Anadiplosis caetetensis Tavares, 1920a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Caetité (Atlantic Forest, Caatinga). Host
plant: undetermined Fabaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1920a, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
7. Anadiplosis procera Tavares, 1920a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Itaparica) (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
undetermined Fabaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1920a, Gagné 1994, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017.
8. Anadiplosis pulchra Tavares, 1916 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Machaerium sp. (Fabaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1916, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
9. Anadiplosis venusta Tavares, 1916 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Machaerium sp. (Fabaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1916, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
10. Anasphondylia myrtacea Tavares, 1920b (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: undetermined Myrtaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1920b,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
11. Andirodiplosis bahiensis Tavares, 1920c (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo
state: Luiz Antônio (Cerrado). Host plant: Andira sp. (Fabaceae). Refs.
Tavares 1920c, Gagné 1994, Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017.
12. Anisodiplosis waltheriae Maia, 2005 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Aimorés (Atlantic Forest); Mato Grosso:
Chapada dos Guimarães (Cerrado). Host plant: Waltheria indica L.
(Sterculiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.: Maia & Fernandes, 2005a,
Almeida et al. 2006, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017. Proença & Maia 2020.
13. Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani, 1847) (predator of aphids:
Hemiptera). Distribution: Widespread Palearctic, Hawaii, widespread
Nearctic, Chile, New Zealand, and Brazil (unstated locality). Refs.:
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
14. Apodiplosis praecox Tavares, 1922 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1922, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
15. Arcivena kielmeyerae Gagné, 1984 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: São Paulo state: Mogi Guaçu (Cerrado). Host plant: Kielmeyera
rosea Mart. & Zucc. (Calophyllaceae) (endemic to Cerrado). Refs.:
Gagné 1984, 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
16. Arrabiadaeamyia serrata Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de
Janeiro (Grumari, Mangaratiba), Reserva Biológica União, Maricá,
Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Fridericia conjugata (Vell.) L. G. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae)
(=Arrabidaea conjugata Mart.) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994,
Maia 2001a, b, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-
Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017,
Maia & Siqueira 2020.
17. Asphondylia bahiensis Tavares, 1917a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
undetermined Rubiaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné 1994, Gagné
& Jaschhof 2017.
18. Asphondylia borreriae Rübsaamen, 1905a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro,
Maricá, Saquarema, Cabo Frio, Carapebus, Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plants: Borreria sp. and B. verticillata (L.) G. Mey.
(Rubiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and
Atlantic Forest). Refs. Rübsaamen 1905a, Gagné 1994, Monteiro et al.
1994, Maia 2001b, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al.
2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
19. Asphondylia canastrae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Delnópolis (Cerrado).
Host plant: Hyptis sp. (Lamiaceae). Refs. Urso-Guimarães & Amorim
2002, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
20. Asphondylia cipo Urso-Guimarães, 2018b (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Santana do Riacho (Cerrado). Host
plant: Lessingianthus warmingianus (Baker) H. Rob. (Asteraceae)
(endemic to Cerrado). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães, 2018b
21. Asphondylia communis Maia & Couri, 1992 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Maricá,
Arraial do Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio), São João da Barra (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) (native to
Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.
Maia & Couri 1992, Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 1999a, Maia 2001b,
Maia & Souza 2013, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et
al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
22. Asphondylia cordiae Möhn, 1959 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
El Salvador and Brazil: Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa (Cerrado); Espírito
Santo: Anchieta-Piúma (Atlantic Forest) Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de
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Cecidomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta) in Brazil
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https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038 http://www.scielo.br/bn
Janeiro, Maricá, Reserva Biológica União, Saquarema, Araruama,
Arraial do Cabo, Quissamã, Carapebus, Campos de Goitacazes, São João
da Barra (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga, Ubatuba (Atlantic
Forest); Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest); Rio Grande do Sul:
Porto Alegre (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Cordia dentata Poir. (exotic)
(no records in Brazil), C. alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. (exotic) (no
records in Brazil), and Varronia curassavica Jacq. (= Cordia verbenacea
DC. = Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.) (Boraginaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest,
and Pampa). Refs.: Möhn 1959, Gagné 1994, Maia 2001b, Maia et al.
2008, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Melo-
Júnior et al. 2018, Maia & Siqueira 2020, Maia & Flor 2020.
23. Asphondylia fructicola Maia, 2009 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Pará: Oriximiná (Porto Trombetas) (Amazon Forest). Host
plant: Solanum sp. (Solanaceae). Refs.: Maia et al. 2009, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017.
24. Asphondylia glomeratae Gagné, 2001 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro, Parque
Nacional do Itatiaia, Valença (Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais: Viçosa
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest). Host
plants: Mikania glomerata Spreng. (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and
Atlantic Forest) and Mikania cf biformis (Asteraceae). Refs.: Gagné
et al. 2001, Maia et al. 2008, Proença & Maia 2012, Maia & Proença
2016, Maia & Mascarenhas 2017, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
25. Asphondylia gochnatiae Maia, 2008 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Luz (Cerrado). Host plant: Moquiniastrum
polymorphum (Less.) G. Sancho (=Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.)
Cabrera) (Asteraceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia et al. 2008, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
26. Asphondylia maricensis Maia & Couri, 1992 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Struthanthus taubatensis Eichler (= S. maricensis Rizzini
ex Proce (Loranthaceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Maia & Couri 1992, Maia 2001b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
27. Asphondylia microcapillata Maia, 2005 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Três Marias (Cerrado). Host
plant: Bauhinia brevipes Vogel (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia & Fernandes,
2005b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
28. Asphondylia moehni Skuhravá, 1989 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa), Canela, Santa Tereza
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Ubatuba, Bertioga (Atlantic Forest);
Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Grumari), Parque Nacional do
Itatiaia (Atlantic Forest). Host plants: Mikania guaco Kunth (native to
Brazil) (Amazon), M. glomerata Spreng. (native to Brazil) (Cerrado
and Atlantic Forest), and Mikania cf biformis (Asteraceae). Refs.: Möhn
1973, Gagné 1994, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Maia et al. 2008, Maia &
Mascarenhas 2017, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Goetz et al. 2018.
29. Asphondylia parva Tavares, 1917a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Madre de Deus (Atlantic Forest). Hos plant: undetermined
Rubiaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
30. Asphondylia peploniae Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Carapebus (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Peplonia asteria (Vell.) Fontella & E. A. Schwarz (Asclepiadaceae)
(endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
31. Asphondylia rochae Tavares, 1918a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Ceará: Fortaleza (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Ludwigia
sp. (Onagraceae). Refs.: Tavares 1918a, Gagné 1994, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017.
32. Asphondylia sanctipetri Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Ribeirão Preto (Cerrado);
Minas Gerais: Delfinópolis (Cerrado). Host plant: Didymopanax
morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch (Araliaceae) (native to Brazil) (all
Brazilian biomes). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães & Amorim 2002, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017., Proença & Maia in print.
33. Asphondylia sennae Maia & Couri, 1992 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state, Maricá (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae) (exotic). Refs.: Maia
& Couri 1992, Maia 2001b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
34. Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Tiradentes (Cerrado), Serra do Ibitipoca (Atlantic
Forest), Serra Azul de Minas (Cerrado), Serra do Cabral (Cerrado),
São Tomé das Letras (Atlantic Forest and Cerrado), Serra do Caparaó
(Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (Atlantic Forest); Rio
de Janeiro state: Petrópolis, Nova Friburgo (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (= Vanillosmopsis
erythropappa (DC.) Sch. Bip.) (Asteraceae) (endemic to Brazil)
(Cerrado and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2004a, Maia 2011, 2013,
Coelho et al. 2013, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Flor 2020.
35. Asphondylia stachytarpheta Barnes, 1932 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Trinidad and Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba
(Atlantic Forest). Host plants: Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl.
(native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest,
Pampa, and Pantanal) and Stachytarpheta sp. (Verbenaceae). Refs.:
Barnes 1932, Gagné 1994, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
36. Asphondylia struthanthi Rübsaamen, 1915 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Ceará: Serra do Baturité (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Struthanthus sp. (Loranthaceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1915, Möhn
1973, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
37. Asphondylia sulphurea Tavares, 1909 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa). Host
plant: Poss on Smilax sp. (Smilacaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1909, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
38. Asphondylia tournefortiae Rübsaamen, 1915 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: El Salvador; Brazil: Amazonas: Auristela and São
Francisco on Acre River (Amazon Forest). Host plants: Heliotropium
angustiorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Govaerts (=Tournefortia angustiora Ruiz
& Pav.) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest) and Myriopus volubilis
Small (=Tournefortia volubilis L.) (Boraginaceae) (native) (Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1915, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
39. Asphondylia ulei Rübsaamen, 1908a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Palmeiras (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Mikania sp. (Asteraceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1908a, Möhn 1973, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
40. Asteromyia modesta (Felt, 1907a) (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Widespread eastern Nearctic, Argentina, and Brazil: Minas Gerais
(unstated municipality), Rio de Janeiro state (Atlantic Forest). Host
plants: Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal) and
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. (Asteraceae) (exotic). Refs.: Felt
1907a, Gagné 1968, 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
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41. Autodiplosis parva (Tavares, 1916) (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: undetermined
Fabaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1916, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
42. Baccharomyia magna Maia, 2012 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Baccharis pseudomyriocephala Malag. (Asteraceae)
(endemic to Atlantic Forest); HT; ♂; MNRJ. Distr.: Brazil (Minas
Gerais). Refs.: Maia 2012, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
43. Baccharomyia ramosina Tavares, 1917a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Baccharis crispa Spreng. (= B. trimera (Less.) DC.
(Asteraceae) (native to Brazil) (Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and
Pampa). Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
44. Brethesiamyia retorta Maia, 2009 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Três Marias (Cerrado). Host plant: Myrcia retorta
Cambess (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia et al. 2009, 2010a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
45. Bruggmannia acaudata Maia, 2004b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state:
Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Mangaratiba, Maricá, Carapebus, Arraial do
Cabo; São Francisco de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest); Bahia: Porto Seguro-
Trancoso (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz
(Nyctaginaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001b, 2004b, 2014,
Maia & Oliveira 2010, Maia et al. 2014, Rodrigues & Maia 2014, Maia &
Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
46. Bruggmannia braziliensis Tavares, 1906 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa). Host
plant: Myrsine sp. (Myrsinaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1906, Möhn 1962,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
47. Bruggmannia chapadensis Proença & Maia, 2018 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso: Parque Nacional da Chapada dos
Guimarães (Cerrado). Host plant: Guapira pernambucensis (Casar.)
Lundell (Nyctaginaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Proença
& Maia 2018
48. Brugmannia depressa (Kieffer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Pará: Belém; Acre: Juruá Mirim (Amazon Forest);
Rio de Janeiro state: Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro (Floresta da Tijuca)
(Atlantic Forest); Santa Catarina (unstated municipality); Minas Gerais
(unstated municipality). Host plant: Neea sp. (Nyctaginaceae). Refs.:
Kieer 1913, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
49. Bruggmannia elongata Maia & Couri, 1993 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Porto Seguro-Trancoso (Atlantic Forest);
Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, Guarapari (Atlantic Forest); Rio de
Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro
(Marambaia), Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Carapebus, Arraial do
Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio), Cabo Frio, São João da Barra, São Francisco
de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic
Forest); Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest); Rio Grande do
Sul: Canela (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz
(Nyctaginaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia & Couri 1993, Monteiro et al. 1994.
Maia 2001b, 2014, Maia et al. 2008, Maia & Oliveira 2010, Maia &
Souza 2013, Rodrigues & Maia 2014, Arriola et al. 2015, Carvalho-
Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Maia & Silva
2016, Goetz et al. 2018, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018, Maia 2020a.
50. Bruggmannia globulifex (Kieffer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Serra dos Órgãos (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Neea sp. (Nyctaginaceae). Refs.: Kieer 1913,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
51. Bruggmannia lignicola (Kieffer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Serra do Macaé (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Neea sp. (Nyctaginaceae). Refs.: Kieer 1913,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
52. Bruggmannia longicauda (Kieffer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Neea sp. (Nyctaginaceae). Refs.: Kieer 1913,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
53. Brugmannia longiseta (Kieffer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Amazonas: Barcelos (Marari), Juruá (Amazon
Forest). Host plant: Neea sp. (Nyctaginaceae). Refs.: Kieer 1913,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
54. Bruggmannia micrura (Kieffer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Santa Catarina (unstated municipality) (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Neea sp. (Nyctaginaceae). Refs.: Kieer 1913,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
55. Bruggmannia monteiroi Maia & Couri, 1993 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae) (native to
Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.:
Maia & Couri 1993, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
57. Bruggmannia robusta Maia & Couri, 1993 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Rio
de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Mangaratiba, Reserva
Biológica União, Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo,
Cabo Frio, Carapebus, São João da Barra, São Francisco de Itabapoana
(Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Santa Tereza, Conceição da Barra
(Atlantic Forest); Bahia: Porto Seguro-Trancoso (Atlantic Forest);
Rio Grande do Sul: Canela (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Guapira
opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia & Couri
1993, Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001b, 2014, Maia et al. 2008, Maia
& Oliveira 2010, Maia et al. 2014, Rodrigues & Maia 2014, Maia &
Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017, Goetz et al. 2018, Maia & Siqueira 2020, Maia 2020a.
58. Bruggmannia ruebsaameni (Kieer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Santa Catarina: Pedras Grandes (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Neea sp. (Nyctaginaceae). Refs.: Kieer 1913, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
59. Bruggmanniella braziliensis Tavares, 1909 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa).
Host plant: Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W. C. Burger et al. (=
Sorocea ilicifolia Miq.) (Moraceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado,
Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.: Tavares 1909, Möhn 1963,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
60. Bruggmanniella byrsonimae (Maia & Couri, 1992) (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Viçosa (Atlantic Forest); Espírito
Santo: Linhares (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio
de Janeiro (Marambaia), Maricá, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, Carapebus,
São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Byrsonima sericea DC.
(Malpighiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia & Couri 1992, Maia 1999a, Maia
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2001b, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia &
Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Flor 2020.
61. Bruggmanniella doliocarpi Maia, 2010 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Venezuela: Santa Lucia; Brazil: Pernambuco: Recife
(Atlantic Forest); D.F.: Planaltina (Cerrado); Minas Gerais: Dores do
Indaiá (Cerrado). Host plant: Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl.
(Dilleniaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.: Maia et al. 2010a, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Flor 2020.
62. Bruggmanniella duguetiae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2005
(gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: São Carlos, Luiz
Antônio (Cerrado). Host plant: Duguetia furfuraceae (A.St.-Hil.) Sa.
(Annonaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães & Amorim 2005, Saito &
Urso-Guimarães 2012, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
63. Bruggmanniella ingae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2005 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: between São José do Rio
Preto (Atlantic Forest and Cerrado) and Tapiratiba (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Inga edulis Mart. (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães
& Amorim 2005, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
64. Bruggmanniella maytenuse (Maia & Couri, 1992) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, São João da Barra,
São Francisco de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Monteverdia
obtusifolia (Mart.) Biral (=Maytenus obtusifolia Mart.) (Celastraceae)
(endemic to Brazil) (Amazon Forest and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia &
Couri 1992, Maia 1999a, Maia 2001b, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016,
Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
65. Bruggmanniella miconiae Carvalho-Fernandes, Maia &
Rodrigues, 2020 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais:
Dores do Indaiá (Cerrado). Host plant: Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.)
Cogn. (Melastomataceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Rodrigues et al. 2020
66. Bruggmanniella miconia Garcia, Lamas and Urso-
Guimarães, 2020 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state:
Sorocaba (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Miconia cf. cinnamomifolia
(Melastomataceae). Refs.: Garcia et al. 2020.
67. Bruggmanniella notatae Rodrigues & Maia, 2020 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba (Ilha
da Marambaia) (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Ocotea notata (Nees and
Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Rodrigues et al. 2020.
68. Bruggmanniella oblita Tavares, 1920d (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Schinus sp. (Anacardiaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1920d,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
69. Bruggmanniella sideroxyli Rodrigues & Maia, 2020 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba (Ilha da Marambaia)
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. and Schult.)
T. D. Penn. (Sapotaceae) (native to Brazil) (Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic
Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.: Rodrigues & Maia 2020.
70. Burseramyia braziliensis Maia & Fonseca, 2012 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Espírito
Santo: Santa Teresa (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Swartzia langsdori
Raddi (Fabaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia et al. 2008,
Maia & Fonseca 2012, Maia 2014, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
71. Cerciplanus cipo Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2020 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó (Cerrado).
Host plant: Heteropterys sp. (Malpighiaceae). Ref: Garcia et al. 2020.
72. Cerciplanus tocantinensis Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2020
(gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Tocantins: Araguaína (Cerrado).
Host plant: Ouratea spectabilis (Mart.) Engl. (Ochnaceae) (endemic
to Cerrado). Ref.: Garcia et al. 2020.
73. Cleitodiplosis graminis (Tavares, 1916) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia (unstated municipality); Rio de Janeiro
state (unstated municipality) (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Paspalum
conjugatum P. J. Bergius (Poaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal). Refs.: Tavares
1916, 1921, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
74. Clinodiplosis agerati Maia, 2016 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Dores de Indaiá (Cerrado). Host plant: Ageratum
conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga,
Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal). Refs.: Maia & Oliveira
2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
75. Clinodiplosis alternantherae Gagné, 2004 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil (unstated locality), Host
plant: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and
Pantanal) and A. aquatica (D. Parodi) Chodat (Amaranthaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and
Pantanal). Refs.: Gagné et al. 2004, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
76. Clinodiplosis bahiensis (Tavares, 1917a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Salvador, Madre de Deus (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: undetermined Asteraceae. Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné
2004, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
77. Clinodiplosis bellum Urso-Guimarães & Carmo-Neto, 2015
(gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Altinopólis
(Cerrado). Host plant: Diplopteryx pubipetala (A. Juss.) W. R. Anderson
& C. C. Davis (Malpighiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães &
Carmo-Neto 2015, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Ribeiro et al. 2019.
78. Clinodiplosis cattleyae Felt, 1908 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Western Europe, immigr: Hawaii, USA, Mexico, Jamaica, Ecuador,
and Brazil (unstated locality). Host plants: Cattleya spp., Epidendrum
spp., and Laelia spp. (Orchidaceae). Refs.: Felt 1908, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
79. Clinodiplosis cearensis (Tavares, 1917a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Ceará: Fortaleza (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
undetermined Asteraceae. Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné 1994, Gagné
& Jaschhof 2017.
80. Clinodiplosis cecropiae Proença & Maia, 2020 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rondônia: Monte Negro (Amazon Forest). Host
plant: Cecropiae sp. (Urticaceae). Refs.: Proença & Maia 2020.
81. Clinodiplosis chlorophorae Rübsaamen, 1905a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Fábrica (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. (= Chlorophora tinctoria
(L.) Gaudich. ex B.D. Jackson|) (Moraceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal). Refs.:
Rübsaamen 1905a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
82. Clinodiplosis conica Oliveira & Maia, 2008 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Carapebus, Arraial
do Cabo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Microstachys corniculata (Vahl)
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Griseb. (=Sebastiania glandulosa (Mart.) Pax.) (Euphorbiaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia 2001b, Oliveira & Maia 2008, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
83. Clinodiplosis costai Maia, 2005 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Carapebus, Arraial do Cabo
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Paullinia weinmanniifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae) (endemic to Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001b, 2005, Maia et al. 2008, Carvalho-Fernandes
et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
84. Clinodiplosis diodiae Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Carapebus, Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Borreria palustris (Cham. & Schltdl.) Bacigalupo
& E. L. Cabral (= Diodia gymnocephala (DC.) K.Schum.) (Rubiaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia
2001a,b, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
85. Clinodiplosis eupatorii (Felt, 1911a) (gall-inducer). Distribution:
St. Vincent, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Brazil: Pará (unstated locality) (Amazon
Forest). Host plant: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. (native
to Brazil) (all phytogeographic domains) and Eupatorium spp. (Asteraceae).
Refs.: Felt 1911a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
86. Clinodiplosis oricola Novo-Guedes & Maia, 2008 (free living
phytophagous). Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Rio de
Janeiro (Marambaia) (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Heteropterys nitida
(Lam.) DC. (Malpighiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001b, Novo-Guedes & Maia 2008, Maia & Silva
2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
87. Clinodiplosis iheringi (Tavares, 1925) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Santa Catarina: Joinville (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.) Moldenke (= Aegiphila arborescens
(Aubl.) J. F. Gmel.) (Verbenaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Tavares 1925, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
88. Clinodiplosis marcetiae (Tavares, 1917b) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plan t: Marcetia sp. (Melastomataceae). Refs.: Tavares
1917b, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
89. Clinodiplosis maricaensis Fernandes & Maia, 2011 (inquiline).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Carapebus (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erythroxylaceae)
(endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001b, Maia & Fernandes
2011, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
90. Clinodiplosis melissae Maia, 1993a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Melissa ocinalis L. (Lamiaceae) (exotic) (cultived plant). Refs.: Maia
1993a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
91. Clinodiplosis profusa Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia,
Grumari), Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo (Ilha
do Cabo Frio), São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest); Rio Grande do Sul: Santa
Tereza (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Eugenia uniora L. (Myrtaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994,
Maia 2001a, b, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Maia 2008, Silva & Rodrigues 2011,
Rodrigues & Maia 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Silva,
2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Goetz et al. 2018.
92. Clinodiplosis pulchra (Tavares, 1917a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Salvador, Madre de Deus (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Lantana sp. (Verbenaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
93. Clinodiplosis quartelensis Maia & Oliveira 2019 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Quartel São João (Cerrado). Host plant:
Banisteriopsis membranifolia (A. Juss.) B. Gates (Malpighiaceae) (endemic
to Brazil) (Amazon and Atlantic Forests). Ref.: Maia & Oliveira 2019
94. Clinodiplosis rubiae (Tavares, 1918a) (gall-inducer). Rio de Janeiro
state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Rubia sp. (Rubiaceae).
Refs.: Tavares 1918a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
95. Clusiamyia granulosa Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Casimiro de Abreu, Carapebus, Arraial do
Cabo (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Guarapari (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Clusia hilariana Schltdl. (Clusiaceae) (endemic to Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001a, b, Bregonci et al. 2010, Carvalho-Fernandes
et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
96. Clusiamyia nitida Maia, 1997 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Maricá, Silva Jardim,
Quissamã, Macaé, Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Clusia
lanceolata Cambess. (Clusiaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.:
Maia 1997, 2001b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
97. Compsodiplosis itaparicana Tavares, 1922 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Itaparica) (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: unknown. Refs.: Tavares 1922, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
98. Compsodiplosis luteoalbida (Tavares, 1909) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa). Host
plant: ?Smilax sp. (Smilacaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1909, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
99. Contarinia gemmae Maia, 2003 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Amazonas: Amanã (Amazon Forest); Bahia: Sebastião
Laranjeiras (Cerrado); Goiás: Pirenópolis, Teresina de Goiás,
Cavalcante (Cerrado); Minas Gerais: Januária (Cerrado), São Tomé
das Letras (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado); Rio de Janeiro state: Carapebus
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Calophyllaceae) (native to
Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.:
Madeira et al. 2003, Maia et al. 2008, Arriola et al. 2015, Proença &
Maia 2015, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2019a.
100. Contarinia ubiquita Gagné, 2001 (inquiline). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Reserva Biológica de Poço das Antas
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Mikania glomerata Spreng. (Asteraceae)
(native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Gagné et al.
2001, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
101. Contodiplosis friburgensis (Tavares, 1915) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Styrax sp. (Styracaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1915, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
102. Contodiplosis humilis (Tavares, 1915) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Styrax sp. (Styracaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1915, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
103. Contodiplosis tristis (Tavares, 1915) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Styrax sp. (Styracaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1915, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
104. Cordiamyia globosa Maia, 1996a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Reserva Biológica União,
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Saquarema, Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo, São João da Barra, São
Francisco de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Guarapari,
Conceição da Barra, Itaúnas (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga
(Atlantic Forest); Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Varronia curassavica Jacq. (= Cordia verbenacea DC.) (= Cordia
curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.) (Boraginaceae) (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa). Refs.:
Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 1996a, 2001b, Maia et al. 2008, Bregonci
et al. 2010, Arriola et al. 2015, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia
& Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Melo-Júnior et
al. 2018, Maia & Siqueira 2020, Maia 2020a.
105. Costadiplosis maricaensis Viceconte & Maia, 2009 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Bahia*: Porto Seguro (RB557173)
(Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Psittacanthus dichroos (Mart.) Mart. (Loranthaceae) (endemic
to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia 2001b, Viceconte & Maia 2009, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
106. Couridiplosis vena Maia, 2004a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Bahia*: Ilhéus (RB732206) (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo*: Santa
Leopoldina (RB440351) (Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais: Tiradentes
(Cerrado); São Paulo state*: Bananal (RB511509) (Atlantic Forest);
Paraná*: Diamante do Norte (RB460265) (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Croton oribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae) (native) (Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia 2004a, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
107. Dactylodiplosis heisteriae Rübsaamen, 1915a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Acre: Auristela, São Francisco (Amazon Forest).
Host plant: Heisteria acuminata (Humb. & Bonpl.) Engl. (=Heisteria
cyanocarpa Poepp.) (Olacaceae) (native) (Amazon Forest). Refs.:
Rübsaamen 1915a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
108. Dactylodiplosis heptaphylli Maia, 2004 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia*: Conde (RB37968), Caravelas (RB507605)
(Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo*: Linhares (RB252596, RB34113),
Guarapari (RB535217) (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state,
Carapebus, Macaé* (RB393518), São João da Barra, São Francisco
de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais: São Tomé das Letras
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand
(Burseraceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Narahara et al. 2004, Maia 2001b, 2013,
Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes 2016,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
109. Dactylodiplosis icicaribae Maia, 2002 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Carapebus
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand
(Burseraceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia et al. 2002,
Rodrigues et al. 2014, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
110. Dactylodiplosis petibaurum Maia, 2021 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Parque Nacional da Restinga
de Jurubatiba (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Ocotea pulchella (Nees &
Mart) Mez (Lauraceae) (native) (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Pampa).
111. Dasineura braziliensis (Tavares, 1922) (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Mato Grosso*: Fazenda Palmeiras (RB 314383) (Cerrado); Piauí:
Piracuruca (Parque Nacional das Sete Cidades) (RB181551) (Cerrado);
Bahia (unstated); MG*: Carrancas (RB560635) (Cerrado). Host plant:
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae) (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Tavares
1922, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
112. Dasineura byrsonimae Maia, 2010b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia),
Reserva Biológica União, Maricá, Saquarema, Carapebus, Araruama,
Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio, São João da Barra, São Francisco de Itabapoana
(Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001b, Maia
2008, 2010b, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia
& Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Maia & Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017,
Maia & Siqueira 2020, Maia 2020a.
113. Dasineura copacabanensis Maia, 1993b (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial
do Cabo, Cabo Frio, São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk. (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Maia 1993b, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné
& Jaschhof 2017.
114. Dasineura couepiae Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro, Maricá, Araruama, Arraial
do Cabo, Cabo Frio (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Guarapari, São
Mateus (Atlantic Forest); Bahia: Caravelas, Conde, Porto Seguro
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Couepia ovalifolia (Schott) Benth.
ex Hook.f. (Chrysobalanaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.:
Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001a, b, Bregonci et al. 2010, Carvalho-
Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Cruz, 2020.
115. Dasineura gigantea Angelo & Maia, 1999 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Paraná: Piraquara, Pontal do Paraná (Atlantic
Forest); Santa Catarina: Babitonga, Itapoá (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo
state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Host plant: Psidium cattleyanum
Sabine (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Angelo & Maia 1999, Maia et al. 2008, Gagné & Jaschhof
2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018.
116. Dasineura globosa Maia, 1996b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Grumari,
Marambaia), Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, Cabo
Frio, São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Eugenia astringens
Cambess. (= Eugenia rotundifolia Casar) (Myrtaceae) (endemic to
Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1996b, 2001b, Oliveira & Maia 2005,
Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Silva
2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
117. Dasineura marginalis Maia, 2005 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Saquarema, Macaé, Araruama,
Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Eugenia
astringens Cambess (= Eugenia umbelliora O. Berg., E. rotundifolia
Casar) (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001b,
Maia et al. 2005, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
118. Dasineura myrciariae Maia, 1996b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia), Maricá,
Carapebus, São Francisco de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest); Espírito
Santo: Guarapari, Santa Teresa (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Myrciaria
oribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O.Berg (Myrtaceae (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia
1996b, Bregonci et al. 2010, Maia 2001b, Maia et al. 2014, Maia &
Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Maia & Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
119. Dasineura occulta Pereira-Colavite & Urso-Guimarães,
2013 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: São Carlos
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(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Hypochaeris chillensis (Kunth) Britton
(Asteraceae) (native to Brazil) (Atlantic Forest and Pampa). Refs.:
Pereira-Colavite & Urso-Guimarães 2013, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
120. Dasineura ovalifoliae Fernandes & Maia, 2011 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Grumari,
Marambaia), Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, Cabo
Frio, Carapebus (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erythroxylaceae)
(endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001b, Maia & Fernandes
2011, Maia et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Silva
2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
121. Dasineura tavaresi Maia, 1996b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: State of de Janeiro: Maricá, Araruama, Carapebus, Arraial do
Cabo, Cabo Frio, São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. Silveira (Myrtaceae) (endemic to
Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1996b, 2001b, Carvalho-Fernandes et al.
2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
122. Diadiplosis abacaxii Culik & Ventura, 2013a (predator of
Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, 1893 Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
Distribution: Brazil: Espírito Santo: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Culik & Ventura 2013a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
123. Diadiplosis bellingeri Culik & Ventura, 2012 (predator of
Pseudococcidae and Coccidae: Hemiptera). Distribution: Brazil:
Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins (Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Culik &
Ventura 2012, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
124. Diadiplosis coccidivora (Felt, 1911b) (predator of Pulvinaria
urbicola (Cockrell, 1893) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Alichtensia sp.,
Coccus sp., Pulvinaria spp., Saissetia spp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), and
Eriococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae). Distribution: USA (Florida);
Bermuda; Jamaica; Guadeloupe, Panama, Guyana, Argentina, Brazil:
São Paulo state (unstated municipality). Refs.: Felt 1911b, Borgmeier
1931, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
125. Diadiplosis oridana (Felt, 1915a) (predator of Pseudococcidae).
Distribution: USA (Florida), Cuba, Paraguay, Brazil: Espírito Santo*:
Domingos Martins, Sooretama, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (material of
MNRJ) (Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Felt 1915a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
126. Diadiplosis jamboi Culik & Ventura, 2013b (predator
of Planococcus halli Ezzat & McConnell, 1956 (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae). Distribution: Brazil: Espírito Santo: Vitória (Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Culik & Ventura 2013b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
127. Diadiplosis martinsensis Culik & Ventura, 2013b (predator
of Pseudococcus cf. jackbeardsleyi (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
Distribution: Brazil: Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins (Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Culik & Ventura 2013b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
128. Diadiplosis multila (Felt, 1907b) (predator of scale insects;
Ferrisia sp., Planococcus citri Risso, 1813, Phenacoccus solani Ferris,
1918 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Icerya montserratensis Riley
& Howard, 1890 (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). Distribution: West Indies
(Dominican Republic to Trinidad), Brazil: Espírito Santo*: Vitória
(material of MNRJ) (Atlantic Forest), Fiji, Israel. Refs.: Felt 1907b,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
129. Diadiplosis pseudococci Felt, 1921b (predator of Pseudococcus
bromeliae Hempel 1912; Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockrell 1893 and D.
neobrevipes Beardsley 1959 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Distribution:
Hawaii, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Guyana, and Brazil
(unstated locality). Refs.: Felt 1921b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
130. Diadiplosis saccharum Urso-Guimarães, 2020 (predador of
Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockrell, 1895) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae).
Distribution: Brazil: Jaboticabal, São Carlos (Cerrado). Ref.: Urso-
Guimarães et al. 2020.
131. Diadiplosis vaupedis (Harris, 1968) (predator of undetermined
coccoid; Planococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Distribution:
Colombia, Guadeloupe, Brazil: Espírito Santo*: Domingos
Martins (material of MNRJ) (Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Harris 1968,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
132. Dialeria styracis Tavares, 1918a (inquiline). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Caetité (Atlantic Forest, Caatinga). Host plant:
Styrax sp. (Styracaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1918a, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
133. Dichodiplosis triangularis (Felt, 1908) (fungivorous).
Distribution: USA (widespread), Costa Rica, and Brazil: Bahia: Salvador
(Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Felt 1908, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
134. Didactylomyia longimana (Felt, 1908) (kleptoparasite in spider
web). Distribution: Sri Lanka, USA, Colombia, Dominican Republic,
Mexico, and Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul: Aquidauana (Cerrado). Refs.:
Felt, 1908, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Carmo-Neto et al. 2019.
135. Elachypalpus psidii Maia & Nava, 2011 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas (Pampa) (cultived
area). Host plant: Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (Myrtaceae) (endemic
to Brazil) (Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia & Nava
2011, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
136. Epihormomyia miconiae Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Espírito Santo*: Santa Teresa (RB493591) (Atlantic
Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Carapebus (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Miconia cinnamomifolia (DC.) Naudin (Melastomataceae) (endemic
to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001a, b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
137. Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça & Romanowski,
1997 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas
(Pampa), Porto Alegre (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Eugenia uniora L. (Myrtaceae) (native to
Brazil) (Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa). Refs.: Maia, Mendonça
& Romanowski 1997, Maia et al. 1997, 2008, Bierhals et al. 2012,
Mendonça & Romanowski 2012, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
138. Eugeniamyia triangularis Maia & Nava, 2011 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Eugenia uniora L. (Myrtaceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado, Atlantic
Forest, and Pampa). Refs.: Maia & Nava 2011, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
139. Feltiella curtistylus Gagné, 1984 (predator of Tetranychus
evansi Baker & Pritchard, 1960 (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Distribution:
Brazil: Pernambuco: Petrolina (Caatinga); USA: Florida. Refs.: Gagné
1984, 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
140. Fernandesia meridionalis Rodrigues & Maia, 2013 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de
Paula (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O.Berg
(Myrtaceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa).
Refs.: Rodrigues et al. 2013, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
141. Frauenfeldiella coussapoae Rübsaamen, 1905b (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Acre: Juruá Mirim (Amazon Forest); Rio de Janeiro
state: Rio de Janeiro (Gávea) (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Coussapoa sp.
(Moraceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1905b, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
142. Geraldesia eupatorii Tavares, 1917a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state (Atlantic Forest). Host
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plant: Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae). Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
143. Gnesiodiplosis itaparicae Tavares, 1917a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: undetermined Rubiaceae. Refs.: Tavares, 1917a, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
144. Guareamyia purpura Maia, 2007a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Guarea
macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2007a, Maia et
al. 2008, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
145. Guarephila albida Tavares, 1909 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa). Host plant: Guarea
sp. poss. guidonia (L.) Sleumer (Meliaceae) (Guarea guidonia =
G. trichilioides L.) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga,
Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Tavares 1909, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
146. Haplopalpus serjaneae Rübsaamen, 1915a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Acre, Auristela (Amazon Forest). Host plant:
Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1915a, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
147. Haplusia braziliensis (Felt, 1915b) (Fungivorous species).
Distribution: Brazil: Pará, Igarapé Açu (Amazon Forest). Refs.: Felt
1915b, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
148. Haplusia plumipes Karsch, 1877 (Fungivorous species).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia (unstated locality). Refs.: Karsch 1877,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
149. Houardodiplosis rochae Tavares, 1925 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Ceará: Fortaleza (Atlantic Forest, Caatinga),
Aracati (Caatinga). Host plant: Combretum leprosum Mart.
(Combretaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Tavares 1925, Gagné 1994, Maia 2002,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
150. Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Rübsaamen, 1908a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Trinidad and
Tobago, Guyana, Surinam, and Brazil: Amazonas: Fortaleza, Juruá
Mirim (Amazon Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Mauá, Palmeiras, São
Francisco do Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga
(Atlantic Forest); Santa Catarina: Tubarão (Atlantic Forest). Host plants:
Manihot esculenta Crantz (= Manihot utilissima Pohl.) (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest and Cerrado), Manihot caerulescens (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest) and Manihot
sp. (Euphorbiaceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1908a, Gagné 1994, Maia et
al. 2008, Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
151. Jorgenseniella eugeniae Maia, 2005 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Eugenia astringens Cambess. (= E. umbelliora O.
Berg. = E. rotundifolia Casar) (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia et al. 2005, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
152. Lestodiplosis braziliensis (Tavares, 1920b) (predator).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Tavares 1920b, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
153. Lestodiplosis oricola (Rodrigues & Maia, 2010a) (predator).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest). On
Jacquemonita holosericea (Weinm) O`Donell (Convolvulaceae). Refs.:
Rodrigues & Maia 2010a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
154. Lestodiplosis maricaensis Santos & Maia, 2009 (predator).
Distribution: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Maricá, Carapebus
(Atlantic Forest). On Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. (Fabaceae)
(native to Brazil) (all phytogeographic domains). Refs.: Maia 2001b,
Santos & Maia 2009, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
155. Liodiplosis conica Gagné, 2001 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Silva Jardim,
Reserva Biológica União, Rio de Janeiro (Parque Nacional da Tijuca,
Grumari), Valença, Angra dos Reis (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state:
Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Rio Grande do Sul: Canela (Atlantic Forest).
Host plants: Mikania glomerata Spreng. (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and
Atlantic Forest) and Mikania cf biformis (Asteraceae). Refs.: Gagné et
al. 2001, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Maia et al. 2008, Maia & Oliveira 2010,
Proença & Maia 2012, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Mascarenhas
2017, Goetz et al. 2018, Maia & Siqueira 2020.
156. Liodiplosis cylindrica Gagné, 2001 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Distr.:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Paraty, Mangaratiba,
Silva Jardim, Valença, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Atlantic Forest); Minas
Gerais: Viçosa (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest);
Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest); Rio Grande do Sul: Canela
(Atlantic Forest). Host plants: Mikania glomerata Spreng. (native to Brazil)
(Cerrado and Atlantic Forest), Mikania cf biformis, Mikania trinervis Hook. &
Arn. (endemic to Atlantic Forest) (Asteraceae). Refs.: Gagné et al. 2001, Maia
et al. 2008, Maia & Oliveira 2010, Carvalho-Fernandes & Maia 2011, Proença
& Maia 2012, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Maia & Proença 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof
2017, Maia & Mascarenhas 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018, Goetz et al. 2018.
157. Liodiplosis spherica Gagné, 2001 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Paraty,
Mangaratiba, Valença, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Poço das Antas
(Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais: Viçosa (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo
state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Rio Grande do Sul: Canela (Atlantic
Forest). Host plants: Mikania glomerata Spreng. (native to Brazil)
(Cerrado and Atlantic Forest) and Mikania cf biformis (Asteraceae).
Refs.: Gagné et al. 2001, Maia et al. 2008, Maia & Oliveira 2010,
Carvalho-Fernandes & Maia 2011, Proença & Maia 2012, Rodrigues
et al. 2014, Maia & Proença 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia &
Mascarenhas 2017, Goetz et al. 2018.
158. Lopesia aldinae Fernandes & Maia, 2010 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Amazonas: Manaus (Amazon Forest). Host plant:
Aldina heterophylla Spruce ex Benth. (Fabaceae) (endemic to Amazon
Forest). Refs.: Fernandes et al. 2010, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
159. Lopesia andirae Garcia, Lima, Calado & Urso-Guimarães,
2017 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães
(Cerrado); Bahia: Barreiras (Cerrado); São Paulo state: Luiz Antônio
(Cerrado). Host plant: Andira humilis Mart. ex Benth. (Fabaceae)
(endemic to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado). Refs.:
Garcia et al. 2017, Lima & Calado 2018.
160. Lopesia bilobata Maia, 2004a (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil:
Minas Gerais: Tiradentes (Cerrado). Host plant: Guapira sp. (Nyctaginaceae).
Refs.: Maia 2004a, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
161. Lopesia brasiliensis Rübsaamen, 1908b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Fábrica (Atlantic Forest); Santa Catarina:
Tubarão (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Ossaea sp. (Melastomataceae). Refs.:
Rübsaamen 1908b, Gagné 1994, Maia 2007b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
162. Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Amazonas: Amanã; Amapá: Oiapoque (Amazon Forest);
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Bahia: São Sebastião (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos
Reis, Carapebus (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic
Forest); Minas Gerais: São Tomé das Letras (Atlantic Forest) Januária
(Atlantic Forest, Cerrado); Goiás: Pirenópolis, Cavalcante (Cerrado);
Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Calophyllum
brasiliense Cambess. (Calophyllaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Madeira et al.
2003, Maia 2013, 2008, Arriola et al. 2015, Proença & Maia 2015,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018, Maia 2019a.
163. Lopesia chapadensis Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2018 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães
(Cerrado). Host plant: Andira vermifuga (Mart.) Benth. (Fabaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic
Forest). Ref.: Garcia & Urso-Guimarães 2018.
164. Lopesia conspicua Maia, 2003 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Amazonas: Amaná (Amazon Forest); Amapá: Oiapoque
(Amazon Forest); Goiás: Pirenópolis (Cerrado); Rio Grande do Norte:
Canguaretama (Atlantic Forest); Bahia: Sebastião Laranjeiras (Caatinga,
Cerrado); Minas Gerais: São Tomé das Letras (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado);
Januária (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado); Rio de Janeiro state: Carapebus
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Santa
Catarina: São Francisco do Sul (Atlantic Forest); Paraná: Paranaguá
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.
(Calophyllaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Madeira et al. 2003, Maia 2013, Arriola et
al. 2015, Proença & Maia 2015, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
165. Lopesia davillae Maia & Monteiro, 2017 (free living phytophagous).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Teresópolis (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Davilla rugosa Poir (Dilleniaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest
and Atlantic Forest). Ref.: Maia & Monteiro 2017.
166. Lopesia eichhorniae Urso-Guimarães, 2015 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Luiz Antônio (Cerrado). Host
plant: Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) (native to Brazil)
(all Brazilian phytogeographic domains). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães et al.
2015, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
167. Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Bolivia,
Guyana, Peru, and Brazil: Amazonas: Amanã (Amazon Forest);
Amapá: Oiapoque (Amazon Forest); Pará: Moju (Amazon Forest);
Tocantis: Formoso do Araguaia (Cerrado); Rondônia: Chupinguaia
(Amazon Forest); Goiás: Pirenópolis (Cerrado); Mato Grosso: Santa
Terezinha (Cerrado); Rio Grande do Norte: Canguaretama (Atlantic
Forest); Maranhão: São Luís (Amazon Forest); Pernambuco: Rio
Preto (Cerrado); Bahia: Sebastião Laranjeiras (Caatinga, Cerrado);
Rio de Janeiro state: Carapebus (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state:
Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais: São Tomé das Letras (Atlantic
Forest, Cerrado); Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest); Paraná:
Paranaguá (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Calophyllum brasiliense
Cambess. (Calophyllaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga,
Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Madeira et al. 2003, Maia et al.
2008, Maia 2013, Arriola et al. 2015, Proença & Maia 2015, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018.
168. Lopesia erythroxyli Rodrigues & Maia, 2010b (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha
Grande), Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Grumari, Marambaia), Maricá,
Carapebus, Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio, São
João da Barra (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (Atlantic
Forest); São Paulo state: Itanhaém (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erythroxylaceae) (endemic to Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001b, Rodrigues & Maia
2010b, Fernandes & Maia 2011, Maia et al. 2014, Maia & Silva 2016,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2021.
169. Lopesia grandis Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil:
Paraíba: Mataraca (Atlantic Forest); Bahia: Camamu, Porto Seguro-Trancoso,
Santa Cruz de Cabrália, Itacaré, Nova Viçosa, Uma, Ilhéus, Valença, Belmonte
(Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Aracruz, Conceição da Barra, Guarapari;
Presidente Kennedy, São Mateus (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Angra
dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Paraty, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia),
Carapebus, Maricá, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, São Francisco de Itabapoana
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga, Ubatuba, Cananeia (Atlantic
Forest); Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest). Host plants: Dalbergia
ecastophyllum (L.) Taub. (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest and Atlantic
Forest) and Dalbergia frutescens (Vell.) Britton (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado) (Fabaceae). Refs.: Maia
2001a, b, 2015, Maia et al. 2008, Maia & Oliveira 2010, Rodrigues et al.
2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof
2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018, Maia 2020ª, Maia 2021.
170. Lopesia indaiensis Maia & Oliveira, 2018 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Pernambuco: Tamandaré; Rio de Janeiro state:
Mangaratiba (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic
Forest); Minas Gerais: Dores do Indaiá (Cerrado). Host plant: Andira
fraxinifolia Benth (Fabaceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia et al. 2008, Santos et al. 2012,
Rodrigues et al. 2014, Maia & Oliveira 2018.
171. Lopesia leandrae Maia, 2019b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Leandra
ionopogon (Mart.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia et al. 2008, Maia, 2019b.
172. Lopesia linearis Maia 2003 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Mexico,
Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Bolivia,
Paraguay, Brazil: Amazonas: Amanã (Amazon Forest); Pará: Moju
(Amazon Forest); Rondônia: Chipinguaia (Amazon Forest); Roraima:
Caracaraí (Amazon Forest); Rio Grande do Norte: Canguaretama (Atlantic
Forest); Mato Grosso: Santa Terezinha (Amazon Forest and Cerrado),
Corumbá (Cerrado); Minas Gerais: São Tomé das Letras (Atlantic
Forest); Espírito Santo: Linhares (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state:
Carapebus (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest);
Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest); Paraná: Paranaguá (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Calophyllaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Madeira et al. 2003, Maia et al. 2008, Maia 2013, Arriola et al. 2015,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018.
173. Lopesia marginalis Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Caravelas, Conde (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Alto
Limoeiro, São Mateus, Linhares, Itaguaçu, Itarana (Atlantic Forest); Rio
de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, Casimiro de Abreu, Araruama,
Carapebus, Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Couepia ovalifolia (Schott) Benth. ex Hook.f. (Chrysobalanaceae)
(endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001a,
b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Cruz 2020, Maia 2021.
174. Lopesia maricaensis Rodrigues & Maia, 2010b (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Peru: Iquitos (Amazon Forest); Brazil:
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Amazonas (Amazon Forest), Paraíba: Caaporã (Atlantic Forest);
Minas Gerais: Diamantina, Lagoa Santa, Serra do Cipó, Santa Rita
do Riacho, Jaboticatubas (Cerrado); Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de
Janeiro, Mangaratiba, Niterói, Maricá, Casimiro de Abreu, Cabo Frio;
Carapebus (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Protium brasiliense (Spreng.)
Engl. (Burseraceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia 2001b, Rodrigues & Maia 2010b, Rodrigues et al. 2014,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2021.
175. Lopesia mataybae Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2018 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães
(Cerrado). Host plant: Matayba guianensis Aubl. (Sapindaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Ref.:
Garcia & Urso-Guimarães2018.
176. Lopesia mimosae Maia, 2010 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Pernambuco, Parnamirim (Caatinga). Host plant: Mimosa
tenuiora (Willd.) Poir. (= Mimosa hostilis Benth. (Mimosaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Caatinga and Cerrado). Refs.: Maia et al.
2010b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
177. Lopesia pernambucensis Maia, 2010 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Pernambuco, Parnamirim (Caatinga), Garanhuns*
(RB376469) (Caatinga); Bahia: Ibiassucê (Caatinga). Host plant:
Mimosa tenuiora (Willd.) Poir. (= Mimosa hostilis (Fabaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Caatinga and Cerrado). Refs.: Maia et al. 2010b, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017, Brito et al. 2018.
178. Lopesia similis Maia, 2004 (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil:
Pará: Serra do Cachimbo, Ponta da Pedra (Amazon Forest); Paraíba: João
Pessoa (Atlantic Forest); Distrito Federal: Brasília (Cerrado); Alagoas:
Maceió (Atlantic Forest); Sergipe: Itaporanga d`Ajuda (Atlantic Forest);
Bahia: Conde, Porto Seguro (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Conceição
da Barra (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Quissamã, Macaé, Arraial
do Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio), Macaé, São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest);
Minas Gerais: Perdizes (Cerrado), Itamonte (Atlantic Forest), São Tomé
das Letras (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado); Mato Grosso: Cocalino (Cerrado);
Mato Grosso do Sul: Aquidauana (Cerrado). Host plant: Protium
heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Narahara et al.
2004, Maia 2013, Maia & Souza 2013, Maia 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes
et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2020a, Maia 2021.
179. Lopesia simplex Maia, 2002 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte (Cerrado), Ouro Preto (Cerrado-
Atlantic Forest transition); Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de
Janeiro, Maricá, Carapebus, Macaé, Quissamã, Arraial do Cabo, São
João da Barra (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Guarapari, Vila Velha
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand
(Burseraceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001b, Maia
et al. 2002, Bregonci et al. 2010, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-
Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
180. Lopesia singularis Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Maricá, Rio de Janeiro (Grumari,
Marambaia), Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Pouteria venosa (Mart.) Baehni (Sapotaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Amazon and Atlantic Forest). Refs:. Monteiro et al. 1994,
Maia 2001a, b, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Maia et al. 2008, Rodrigues & Maia
2014, Maia & Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
181. Lopesia spinosa Maia, 2004a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Tiradentes and Delnópolis (Cerrado), São Paulo
state: Altinópolis and Jundiaí (Serra do Japi) (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Croton oribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae) (native to Brazil)
(Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2004a, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Gagné
& Jaschhof 2017, Ribeiro et al. 2019, Urso-Guimarães 2019a.
182. Lopesia tibouchinae Maia, 2004a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Tiradentes, Patrocínio (Cerrado); Rio de Janeiro
state: Santa Maria Madalena (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Pleroma
candolleanum (Mart. ex DC.) Triana (= Tibouchina candolleana (Mart.
ex DC.) Cogn.) (Melastomataceae) (endemic to Cerrado). Refs.: Maia
2004a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2021.
183. Lopesia ubatubensis Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2018 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Ubatuba (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Clidemia sp. (Melastomataceae). Ref.: Garcia &
Urso-Guimarães, 2018.
184. Machaeriobia gemmae Maia, 2016 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Rio de Janeiro state: Parque Nacional da Serra de Órgãos (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Machaerium macaense C. V. Mendonça, A. M. G.
Azevedo & H. C. Lima (Fabaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.:
Maia et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
185. Machaeriobia machaerii (Kieffer, 1913) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Ribeirão Preto (Cerrado); Santa
Catarina: Tubarão (Atlantic Forest). Host plants: Machaerium sp. and
Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil)
(Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.:
Kieer 1913, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
186. Macroporpa peruviana Rübsaamen, 1915a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Acre: Auristela (Amazon Forest). Host plant:
undetermined Malpighiaceae. Refs.: Rübsaamen 1915, Möhn 1962,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
187. Macroporpa ulei Rübsaamen, 1915a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Acre: São Francisco (Amazon Forest). Host plant:
undetermined Lauraceae. Refs.: Rübsaamen 1915a, Möhn 1962, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
188. Manilkaramyia notabilis Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Carapebus, Maricá (Atlantic
Forest); Espírito Santo: Guarapari (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard (Sapotaceae) (endemic to Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Maia 2001a, b, Bregonci et al. 2010, Maia & Silva 2016,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
189. Mayteniella distincta Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Espírito Santo: Guarapari, Presidente Kennedy* (RB311268,
RB311270) (Atlantic Forest); Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de
Janeiro (Marambaia, Grumari, Ilha das Folhas* R145329, Copacabana*
R74076, Jacarepaguá* RB159930, Cagarras), Maricá, Carapebus, Macaé*
(R209511, RB565802), Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, Cabo
Frio, São João da Barra, São Francisco de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest);
Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Monteverdia
obtusifolia (Mart.) Biral (= Maytenus obtusifolia Mart.) (Celastraceae)
(endemic to Brazil) (Amazon and Atlantic Forests). Refs.: Monteiro et al.
1994, Maia 2001a, b, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Maia
& Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia &
Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018, Maia 2020a.
190. Megaulus sterculiae Rübsaamen, 1915a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Bolívia and Brazil: Acre: São Francisco (Amazon Forest).
Host plant: Sterculia sp. (Sterculiaceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1915a,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
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191. Metasphondylia squamosa Tavares, 1918b (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: undetermined Malvaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1918b, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
192. Meunieriella dalechampiae Rübsaamen, 1905b (inquiline).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Palmeiras (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Dalechampia cifolia Lam. (Euphorbiaceae) (endemic to
Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1905b, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
193. Meunieriella insignis (Tavares, 1922) (inquiline). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Protium
heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae) (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Tavares
1922, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
194. Meunieriella lantanae (Tavares, 1918a) (inquiline).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Lantana sp. (Verbenaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1918a,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
195. Meunieriella spinosa Urso-Guimarães, 2018b (inquiline).
Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Delfinópolis (Cerrado). Host
plant: Inga edulis Mart. (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães 2018b.
196. Mikaniadiplosis annulipes Gagné, 2001 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Rio de Janeiro
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Rio Grande do
Sul: Santa Tereza (Atlantic Forest). Host plants: Mikania glomerata Spreng.
(Asteraceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest) and Mikania cf
biformis Refs.: Gagné et al. 2001, Maia et al. 2008, Maia & Oliveira 2010,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Goetz et al. 2018.
197. Mycodiplosis rubida (Felt, 1911c) (fungivorous). Distribution:
Jamaica, St. Vincent, Hawaii, and Brazil (unstated locality). Host
plants: Uromyces pisi (DC.) G.H. Otth (native to Brazil) (Rio Grade
do Sul) and Puccinia sp. (Pucciniales). Refs.: Felt 1911c, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
198. Myrciamyia maricaensis Maia, 1996c (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Carapebus, Cabo
Frio, Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Myrcia ovata
Cambess. (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Monteiro et
al. 1994, Maia 1996c, 2001b, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné
& Jaschhof 2017.
199. Myrciamyia pterandrae Maia & Flor, 2018 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Quartel São João (Cerrado). Host
plant: Pterandra pyroidea A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) (endemic to
Cerrado). Refs.: Maia et al. 2018.
200. Myrciariamyia admirabilis Maia, 2007 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Minas Gerais: Tiradentes, São Tomé das Letras (Cerrado); São Paulo
state: Ingaí (Cerrado); Goiás: Floresta Nacional de Silvânia (Cerrado),
Hidrolândia (Cerrado). Host plant: Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil.
(Erythroxylaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest and Cerrado). Refs.:
Maia & Fernandes 2007, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012, Maia 2013,
Bergamini et al. 2017, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Silva et al. 2018.
201 Myrciariamyia bivalva Maia, 1995 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Carapebus (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Myrciaria oribunda (H.West ex Willd.) (Myrtaceae) (native to
Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.:
Maia 1995, 2001b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
202. Myrciariamyia fernandesi Maia, 2004a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Minas Gerais: Tiradentes (Cerrado). Host plant: Myrciaria
tenella (DC.) O.Berg (Myrtaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 2004a, Maia &
Fernandes 2004, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
203. Neolasioptera cerei (Rübsaamen, 1905a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande),
Mangaratiba, Maricá, Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio),
São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Hylocereus setaceus (Salm-Dyck) R.
Bauer (= Selenicereus setaceus (Salm-Dyck) Berg (Cactaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Rübsaamen 1905a, Gagné 1994, Maia 1999b, Maia 2001b, Maia
& Oliveira 2010, Maia & Souza 2013, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-
Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2020a.
204. Neolasioptera cupheae Gagné, 1998 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Silva Jardim (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F.Macbr. (Lythraceae)
(native to Brazil) (all Brazilian phytogeographic domains). Refs.: Gagné
et al. 1998, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
205. Neolasioptera eugeniae Maia, 1993b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, Guarapari (Atlantic Forest);
Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande), Paraty, Mangaratiba,
Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia, Grumari), Maricá,
Saquarema, Araruama, Cabo Frio, Arraial do Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio),
São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais: Itamonte (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Eugenia uniora L. (Myrtaceae) (native to Brazil)
(Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa). Refs.: Maia 1993b, Monteiro et al.
1994, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Maia & Oliveira 2010, Silva & Rodrigues
2011, Carvalho-Fernandes & Maia 2011, Maia & Souza 2013, Maia 2014,
Rodrigues & Maia 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Silva
2016, Maia & Mascarenhas 2017, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2020a.
206. Neolasioptera fariae (Tavares, 1922) (inquiline). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: unknown. Refs.:
Tavares 1922, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
207. Neolasioptera ingae Möhn, 1964b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
El Salvador and Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia)
(Atlantic Forest). Host plants: Inga vera Will. (= Inga spuria Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd.) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Atlantic
Forest, and Pantanal) and Inga punctata Will. (= Inga leptoloba Schltdl.
(Fabaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest). Refs.: Möhn 1964b,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Silva 2016.
208. Neolasioptera lantanae (Tavares, 1922) (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Lantana sp.
(Verbenaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1922, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
209. Neolasioptera pantaneira Maia, 2017 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá (Pantanal). Host
plant: Aeschynomene denticulata Rudd. (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil)
(all Brazilian phytogeograc domains). Ref.: Maia et al. 2017.
210. Neolasioptera ramicola Maia, 2009 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Bento Gonçalves (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.: Maia
Maia et al. 2009, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
211. Neolasioptera urvilleae (Tavares, 1909) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa). Host
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plant: Urvillea uniloba Radlk. (Sapindaceae) (native to Brazil) (Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Tavares 1909, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
212. Neomitranthella robusta Maia, 1996c (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama,
Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio, Carapebus (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. Silveira (Myrtaceae) (endemic to
Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1996c, 2001b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
213. Novocalmonia ci Ozdikmen, 2009 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Itaparica and Santo Antonio da Barra (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Ficus sp. (Moraceae). Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
214. Novocalmonia urostigmatis (Tavares, 1917a) (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Ficus sp. (Moraceae). Refs.:
Tavares 1917a, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
215. Ouradiplosis aurata Felt, 1915b (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Pará: Igarapé-Açú (Amazon Forest). Host plant: unknown. Refs.:
Felt 1915b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
216. Parametasphondylia piperis Maia & Santos 2007 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Minas Gerais: Tiradentes (Cerrado). Host
plant: Piper sp. (Piperaceae). Refs.: Maia & Fernandes 2004, Maia &
Santos 2007, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
217. Parazalepidota clusiae Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Grumari), São
Gonçalo, Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio,
Quissamã, Macaé, Petrópolis, Mauá (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Clusia
uminensis Planch. & Triana (Clusiaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001a, b, Oliveira & Maia 2005,
Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2020b.
218. Parkiamyia paraensis Maia, 2006 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Pará: Oriximiná (Amazon Forest). Host plant: Parkia pendula
(Willd.) Benth. ex Walp. (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon and
Atlantic Forests). Refs.: Maia & Fernandes 2006, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
219. Paulliniamyia ampla Maia, 2001a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial
do Cabo, Cabo Frio, Carapebus, São João da Barra, São Francisco
de Itabapoana (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic
Forest). Host plants: Paullinia weinmanniifolia Mart. (endemic to
Atlantic Forest) and Matayba guianensis Aubl. (Sapindaceae) (native to
Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.:
Maia 2001a, b, Maia et al. 2008, Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes 2016,
Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
220. Perasphondylia mikaniae Gagné, 2001 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Paraty, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Silva Jardim
(Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest). Host plants:
Mikania glomerata Spreng. (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest)
and Mikania cf biformis (Asteraceae). Refs.: Gagné et al. 2001, Maia et
al. 2008, Carvalho-Fernandes & Maia 2011, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017,
Maia & Mascarenhas 2017.
221. Perasphondylia reticulata Möhn, 1960 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Mexico, El Salvador, Trinidad, Bolivia, and Brazil: Pará (Amazon Forest).
Host plants: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. (native to
Brazil) (all phytogeographic domains) and Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae).
Refs.: Möhn 1960, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
222. Pisphondylia brasiliensis Couri & Maia, 1992 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Bertioga; Rio de Janeiro state:
Maricá, Arraial do Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio), São João da Barra (Atlantic
Forest); Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa (Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais:
Brumadinho (Atlantic Forest); Bahia: Porto Seguro-Trancoso (Atlantic
Forest); Santa Catarina: Babitonga, São Francisco do Sul (Atlantic
Forest); Rio Grande do Sul: Porto Alegre (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz. (Nyctaginaceae) (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Couri
& Maia 1992, Maia 2001b, 2014, Maia et al. 2008, Maia 2010, Maia et
al. 2010, Maia & Souza 2013, Arriola et al. 2015, Carvalho-Fernandes
et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018.
223. Primadiplosis microgramma Maia, 2011 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel.
(Polypodiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest). Refs.:
Maia & Santos 2011, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
224. Proasphondylia brasiliensis Felt, 1915c (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Pernambuco: Bonito (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
unknown. Refs.: Felt 1915c, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
225. Proasphondylia formosa Maia, 1994 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest); Santa
Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Guapira opposita
(Vell.) Reitz. (Nyctaginaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1994, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018.
226. Proasphondylia guapirae Maia, 1994 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande),
Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia), Maricá, Carapebus, Arraial
do Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio) (Atlantic Forest); Espírito Santo: Santa
Teresa (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest);
Santa Catarina: Babitonga (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Guapira
opposita (Vell.) Reitz. (Nyctaginaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon
Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1994, 1999,
2001b, Maia et al. 2008, Maia & Oliveira 2010, Maia & Souza 2013,
Maia 2014, Rodrigues & Maia 2014, Arriola et al. 2015, Maia & Silva
2016, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018.
227. Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt, 1911d) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: India, China, Reunion, Iran, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent,
Trinidad, and Brazil: Bahia: Salvador (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) (exotic) (cultivated plant in all
Brazilian domains). Refs.: Felt 1911d, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
228. Prodiplosis oricola Felt, 1907b (free living phytophagous).
Distribution: USA, Colombia, and Brazil: São Paulo state (unstated
locality). Host plants: Spiraea salicifolia L. (Rosaceae) (native to the
temperate Northern Hemisphere), Clematis sp. (Ranunculaceae),
Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae) (native to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest), and Citrus
sp. (Rutaceae). Refs.: Felt 1907b, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
229. Rhoasphondylia friburgensis (Tavares, 1917a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Nova Friburgo (Atlantic Forest).
Host plants: Baccharis lateralis Baker (= B. schultzi Baker) (endemic to
Brazil) (Atlantic Forest and Cerrado), B. dracunculifolia DC. (native to Brazil)
(Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa), and B. trinervis Pers. (Asteraceae)
(native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and
Pampa). Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
230. Rochadiplosis tibouchinae Tavares, 1917b (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Petrópolis, Tijuca, and Nova
24
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Friburgo (Atlantic Forest); São Paulo state: Altinópolis (Cerrado). Host
plant: Tibouchina sp. (Melastomataceae). Refs.: Tavares 1917b, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Ribeiro et al. 2019.
231. Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Mexico, Veracruz, Tabasco, Quintana Roo, Trinidad, and
Brazil: Pará: Oriximiná (Amazon Forest); Rondônia: Campo Novo de
Rondônia (Amazon Forest); Minas Gerais: Aimorés (Atlantic Forest),
Vale do Rio Doce (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado); Rio de Janeiro state:
Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Valença, Mangaratiba, Casimiro de Abreu,
Reserva Biológica União, Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Cabo Frio,
Arraial do Cabo (Ilha do Cabo Frio), Rio das Ostras, São João da Barra
(Atlantic Forest); Santa Catarina: Tubarão (Atlantic Forest). Host plants:
Lantana camara L. (naturalized) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest), Lantana hispida (no records in Brazil) and L.
urticifolia (Verbenaceae) (no records in Brazil). Refs.: Rübsaamen
1908a, Gagné 1994, Maia 2001b, Maia & Souza 2013, Proença & Maia
2014, Rodrigues & Maia 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné
& Jaschhof 2017, Maia & Mascarenhas 2017, Maia & Siqueira 2020.
232. Schizomyia barreirensis Santos, Maia & Calado, 2019 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Barreiras (Cerrado). Host plant:
Bauhinia cupulata Benth. (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Caatinga, and Cerrado). Refs.: Santos et al. 2019.
233. Schizomyia macrocapillata Maia, 2005 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Goiás*: Hidrolândia (RB308777), Monte Alegre
(RB357341), Cavalcante (RB 466730) (Cerrado); Mato Grosso*:
Selvíria (RB295665) (Cerrado); Bahia: Barreiras (Cerrado) and Caetité
(Caatinga); Minas Gerais: Três Marias (Cerrado). Host plant: Bauhinia
brevipes Vogel (Fabaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Cerrado,
and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia & Fernandes 2005b, Costa et al. 2014,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Lima & Calado 2018.
234. Schizomyia manihoti Tavares, 1925 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Colombia and Brazil: Ceará (unstated locality). Host plant: Manihot
esculenta Crantz (= Manihot utilissima Pohl.) (Euphorbiaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Amazon Forest and Cerrado). Refs.: Tavares 1925, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
235. Schizomyia maricaensis Sousa & Maia, 2007 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest);
São Paulo state: Ribeirão Preto (Cerrado). Host plant: Tetrapterys
phlomoides (Spreng.) Nied. (Malpighiaceae) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado,
Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal). Refs.: Sousa & Maia 2007, Gagné &
Jaschhof 2017, Urso-Guimarães 2019b.
236. Schizomyia mimosae Tavares, 1925 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Ceará (unstated locality). Host plant: Mimosa caesalpiniifolia
Benth. (Fabaceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga,
Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Tavares 1925, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
237. Schizomyia santosi Maia & Araújo, 2009 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia)
and Maricá (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Jacquemontia holosericea
(Weinm.) O’ Donell (Convolvulaceae) (native to Brazil) (all Brazilian
phytogeographic domains). Refs.: Maia 2001b, Maia & Araújo 2009,
Maia & Silva 2016. Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
238. Schizomyia spherica Maia & Oliveira, 2007 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Carapebus, Arraial
do Cabo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Microstachys corniculata (Vahl)
Griseb. (= Sebastiania glandulosa (Mart.) Pax.) (Euphorbiaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001b, Maia & Oliveira
2007, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
239. Schizomyia tuiuiu Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Mato Grosso: Cuiabá (Cerrado); São Paulo state:
Ribeirão Preto (Cerrado). Host plant: Bauhinia holophylla (Fabaceae)
(as B. rufa (Bong.) Steud. in Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002) (native
to Brazil) (endemic to Cerrado). Refs.: Urso-Guimarães & Amorim
2002, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Urso-Guimarães 2019b.
240. Smilasioptera candelariae Möhn, 1975 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
El Salvador, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro
(Grumari, Marambaia), Maricá, Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo,
Cabo Frio, Carapebus, São João da Barra (Atlantic Forest). Host plants:
Smilax spinosa Mill. (= Smilax mexicana Griseb. ex Kunth.) (no records
in Brazil) and Smilax rufescens Griseb. (Smilacaceae) (endemic to Brazil)
(Amazon Forest, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Möhn 1975, Gagné
1994, Maia 2001b, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Rodrigues & Maia 2014,
Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Silva 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
241. Sphaeramyia ava Maia, 2007a (gall-inducer). Distribution: Brazil:
São Paulo state: Bertioga (Atlantic Forest); Santa Catarina: São Francisco
do Sul (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Guarea macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae)
(native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Maia 2007a, Maia et al. 2008, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018.
242. Sphaerodiplosis dubia Rübsaamen, 1915 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil (locality unstated). Host plant: unknown. Refs.:
Rübsaamen 1915, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
243. Stephomyia clavata (Tavares, 1920b) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Bahia: Madre de Deus (Atlantic Forest). Host
plant: undetermined Myrtaceae. Refs.: Tavares 1920b, Gagné 1994,
Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
Comments: Maia 2001b and Silva & Maia 2014 recorded
Stephomyia cf. clavata on Eugenia hiemalis Cambess. (=Eugenia
multiora Cambess.) (native to Brazil) (Cerrado, Atlantic Forest) in
the Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Marambaia) and Carapebus.
244. Stephomyia epeugeniae Gagné, 1994 (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Botanical
Garden) (Atlantic Forest); Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte (Cerrado); Host
plants: Eugenia sp. and Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth.) DC. (= Eugenia
ovalifolia Cambess.) (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Brazil) (Amazon Forest,
Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado). Refs.: Tavares 1916, Möhn 1962,
Gagné 1994, Fernandes et al. 1988, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
245. Stephomyia espiralis Maia, 1993c (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Maricá, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo,
Cabo Frio (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk.
(Myrtaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1993c, 1999a, 2001b,
Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
246. Stephomyia mina Maia, 1993c (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Araruama, Carapebus, Arraial do
Cabo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N.
Silveira (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1993c,
2001b, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
247. Stephomyia rotundifoliorum Maia, 1993c (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá (Atlantic Forest); Espírito
Santo: Conceição da Barra (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Eugenia astringens
Cambess. (= Eugenia rotundifolia Casar) (Myrtaceae) (endemic to Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Maia 1993c, 2001b, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017, Maia 2020a.
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248. Stephomyia tetralobae Maia, 1993c (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Eugenia capacabanensis Kiaersk. (Myrtaceae) (endemic
to Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Maia 1993c, 2001b, Carvalho-Fernandes et
al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
249. Stomatosema camilae Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019 (fungivorous). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá
(Pantanal). Refs.: Carmo-Neto et al. 2019.
250. Stomatosema paratudo Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-
Guimarães, 2019 (fungivorous). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso do
Sul: Corumbá (Pantanal). Refs.: Carmo-Neto et al. 2019.
251. Stomatosema pantaneirum Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-
Guimarães, 2019 (fungivorous). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul:
Corumbá (Pantanal), Bodoquena (Cerrado). Refs.: Carmo-Neto et al. 2019.
252. Stomatosema sisbiota Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães, 2019
(fungivorous). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá (Pantanal),
Bodoquena (Cerrado), Aquidauana (Cerrado). Refs.: Carmo-Neto et al. 2019.
253. Stomatosema terena Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019 (fungivorous). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul:
Aquidauana (Cerrado). Refs.: Carmo-Neto et al. 2019.
254. Stomatosema terere Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019 (fungivorous). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul:
Aquidauana (Cerrado). Refs.: Carmo-Neto et al. 2019.
255. Styraxdiplosis caetitensis Tavares, 1915 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Bahia: Caetité (Atlantic Forest, Caatinga). Host plant: Styrax sp.
(Styracaceae). Refs.: Tavares 1915, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
256. Styraxdiplosis cearensis Tavares, 1925 (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Ceará (unstated locality) (Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Croton
hemiargyreus Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) (endemic to Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Tavares 1925, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
257. Termitomastus leptoproctus Silvestri, 1901 (fungivorous).
Distribution: Argentina and Brazil: Mato Grosso: Cuiabá (Cerrado).
Refs.: Silvestri 1901, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
258. Trotteria quadridentata Maia, 2001c (inquiline). Distribution: Brazil:
Rio de Janeiro state: Maricá, Arraial do Cabo (Atlantic Forest). Host plant:
Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk (=Pouteria caimito var. laurifolia (Gomes)
Baehni (Sapotaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Cerrado, and Atlantic
Forest). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001b, c, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
259. Uleella dalbergiae Rübsaamen, 1908a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Jacarepaguá)
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Dalbergia sp. (Fabaceae). Refs.:
Rübsaamen, 1908a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
260. Uleia clusiae Rübsaamen, 1905a (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Amazonas: Santa Clara and Bonm on Juruá River (Amazon
Forest). Host plant: Clusia sp. (Clusiaceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen 1908a,
Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
261. Youngomyia matogrossensis Proença & Maia, 2019 (gall-
inducer). Distribution: Brazil: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães
(Cerrado); São Paulo state: Luiz Antônio and Santa Rita do Passa Quatro
(Cerrado). Host plant: Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. (Sapotaceae) (native
to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest).
Refs.: Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos 2006, Saito & Urso-Guimarães
2012, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2016, Proença & Maia 2019.
262. Youngomyia pouteriae Maia 2001c (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro (Grumari), Maricá,
Saquarema, Araruama, Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio, São João da Barra (Atlantic
Forest). Host plant: Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk (=Pouteria caimito
var. laurifolia) (Sapotaceae) (native to Brazil) (Amazon Forest, Cerrado, and
Atlantic Forest). Refs.: Monteiro et al. 1994, Maia 2001b, c, Rodrigues & Maia
2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
263. Zalepidota ituensis (Tavares, 1917a) (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: São Paulo state: Salto de Itú (Atlantic Forest).
Host plant: Porophyllum sp. (Asteraceae). Refs.: Tavares 1917a, Gagné
1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
264. Zalepidota piperis Rübsaamen, 1908a (gall-inducer).
Distribution: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro state: Rio de Janeiro (Tijuca)
(Atlantic Forest). Host plant: Piper sp. (Piperaceae). Refs.: Rübsaamen
1908a, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
265. Zalepidota tavaresi (Kieer, 1913) (gall-inducer). Distribution:
Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo (Pampa). Host plant: Piper sp.
(Piperaceae). Refs.: Kieer 1913, Gagné 1994, Gagné & Jaschhof 2017.
In order to provide the state of the art of the Cecidomyiidae fauna in
each Brazilian phytogeographic domain, data are presented separately.
AMAZON FOREST
Twenty-nine species of Cecidomyiidae of 19 genera have been
reported in the Amazon Forest, being 28 gall-inducers and one
fungivorous species. Among the former, 23 are monophagous, while
ve are oligophagous species: Asphondylia tournefortiae Rübsaamen,
1915, Clinodiplosis eupatorii (Felt, 1911a), Iatrophobia brasiliensis
(Rübsaamen, 1908a), Perasphondylia reticulata Möhn, 1960, and
Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908a).
Gall-inducers are associated with 17 plant families, 20 genera and 12
determined species. Callophylaceae is the plant families with the greatest
richness of gall midge species (ve), followed by Asteraceae with three,
and Asteraceae and Burseraceae, both with two. All other families (13)
shelter a single gall midge species (Table 5). Nine gall midge species
are associated with host plants identied only in genus: Cecropia sp.,
Clusia sp., Coussapoa sp., Mikania sp., Neea sp., Serjania sp., Solanum
sp., and Sterculia sp., and two gall midge species were obtained from
host plants identied only in family, one from Malpighiaceae and the
other from Lauraceae. Two cecidomyiids, Lopesia maricaensis and
Lopesia aldinae induce galls on Brazilian endemic plants, Protium
brasiliense (Burseraceae) and Aldina heterophylla (Fabaceae), being
the last endemic to Amazon Forest (Table 4). The remainder plants are
native to Brazil, except Lantana camara, a naturalized species.
The Amazonan fauna comprises 19 genera of Cecidomyiidae, 14
represented by one species, three (Asphondylia, Bruggmannia and
Clinodiplosis) by two species, and one, Lopesia, by ve species, being
the most speciose genera (Table 3).
Nineteen gall midge species are known only from the Amazon Forest, while
eight species occur in other domains. Twenty-two species have been recorded
only in Brazil, while seven occur in other countries too: Clinodiplosis eupatorii,
Iatrophobia brasiliensis, Perasphondylia reticulata, Schismatodiplosis
lantanae, Lopesia conspicua, Lopesia elliptica, and Lopesia linearis.
List of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) with occurrence in the Amazon
Forest (Brazil)
1. Alexomyia ciliata Felt, 1921
2. Alycaulus mikaniae Rübsaamen, 1915
3. Asphondylia fructicola Maia, 2009
4. Asphondylia tournefortiae Rübsaamen, 1915
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5. Brugmannia depressa (Kieer, 1913)
6. Brugmannia longiseta (Kieer, 1913)
7. Clinodiplosis cecropiae Proença & Maia, 2020
8. Clinodiplosis eupatorii (Felt, 1911)
9. Contarinia gemmae Maia, 2003
10. Dactylodiplosis heisteriae Rübsaamen, 1915
11. Frauenfeldiella coussapoae Rübsaamen, 1905
12. Haplopalpus serjaneae Rübsaamen, 1915
13. Haplusia braziliensis (Felt, 1915)
14. Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Rübsaamen, 1908)
15. Lopesia aldinae Fernandes & Maia, 2010
16. Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003
17. Lopesia conspicua Maia, 2003
18. Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003
19. Lopesia linearis Maia, 2003
20. Lopesia maricaensis Rodrigues & Maia, 2010
21. Lopesia similis Maia, 2004
22. Macroporpa peruviana Rübsaamen, 1915
23. Macroporpa ulei Rübsaamen, 1915
24. Megaulus sterculiae Rübsaamen, 1915
25. Ouradiplosis aurata Felt, 1915
26. Parkiamyia paraensis Maia, 2006
27. Perasphondylia reticulata Möhn, 1960
28. Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908)
29. Uleia clusiae Rübsaamen, 1905
ATLANTIC FOREST
A total of 183 species of Cecidomyiidae of 71 genera have been
recorded in the Atlantic Forest, 162 of them are gall-inducers, ten are
predators (Diadiplosis abacaxi, D. bellingeri, D. oridana, D. jamboi,
D. martinensis, D. multila. D. vaupedis, Lestodiplosis braziliensis,
L. oricola, and L. maricaensis), eight are probably kleptoparasites
(Clinodiplosis maricaensis, Contarinia ubiquita, Dialeria styracis,
Meunieriella dalechampiae, M. insignis, M. lantanae, N. fariae, and
Trotteria quadridentata), two are free-living species (Clinodiplosis
orícola and Lopesia davillae), and a single one has fungivorous larvae
(Dichodiplosis triangularis).
Sixteen gall-inducing species are oligophagous, while the others are
monophagous. Phytophagous species have been recorded on 38 plant
families, 73 genera and 82 determined species. Myrtaceae, Asteraceae,
Nyctaginaceae, and Fabaceae are the superhost families, which together
shelter 69 of the gall midge species (22, 19, 14, and 14, respectively).
This value corresponds to about 39% of the gall-inducing species
richness (Table 5). Thirty-eight gall midge species, when described,
were recorded on 21 host plants identied only in genus. Later, two
of them, Asphondylia stachytarpheta Barnes, 1932 and Machaeriobia
machaerii (Kieer, 1913) were obtained from identied plant species.
Eleven gall midge species have been recorded on ve host plants
identied only in family (Asteraceae: 2, Fabaceae: 3, Malvaceae:
1, Myrtaceae: 2, and Rubiaceae: 3). Fourty-eight gall midge species
induce galls on endemic plants to Brazil, 36 of them on endemic plants
to the Atlantic Forest (Table 4). The remainders are associated with
native plants, except Schismatodiplosis lantanae, Asphondylia sennae,
and Clinodiplosis melissae, inducers of galls on Lantana camara (a
naturalized plant), Senna bicapsularis and Melissa ocinalis, both exotic.
The most speciose genera in the Atlantic Forest are Lopesia
(with 18 species), Asphondylia (with 15), Clinodiplosis (with14), and
Bruggmannia (with 11). They together shelter about 32% of the species
richness. The other genera comprise from nine to one species, being the
majority (44 genera) represented by a single species (Table 3).
List of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) with occurrence in the Atlantic
Forest (Brazil)
1. Alycaulus globulus Gagné, 2001
2. Alycaulus trilobatus Möhn, 1964
3. Anadiplosis caetetensisTavares, 1920
4. Anadiplosis procera Tavares, 1920
5. Anadiplosis pulchra Tavares, 1916
6. Anadiplosis venusta Tavares, 1916
7. Anasphondylia myrtacea Tavares, 1920
8. Andirodiplosis bahiensis Tavares, 1920
9. Anisodiplosis waltheriae Maia, 2005
10. Apodiplosis praecox Tavares, 1922
11. Arrabiadaeamyia serrata Maia, 2001
12. Asphondylia bahiensis Tavares, 1917
13. Asphondylia borreriae Rübsaamen, 1905
14. Asphondylia communis Maia & Couri, 1992
15. Asphondylia cordiae Möhn, 1959
16. Asphondylia glomeratae Gagné, 2001
17. Asphondylia maricensis Maia & Couri, 1992
18. Asphondylia moehni Skuhravá, 1989
19. Asphondylia parva Tavares, 1917
20. Asphondylia peploniae Maia, 2001
21. Asphondylia rochae Tavares, 1918
22. Asphondylia sennae Maia & Couri, 1992
23. Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004
24. Asphondylia stachytarpheta Barnes, 1932
25. Asphondylia struthanthi Rübsaamen, 1915
26. Asphondylia ulei Rübsaamen, 1908
27. Asteromyia modesta (Felt, 1907)
28. Autodiplosis parva (Tavares, 1916)
29. Baccharomyia magna Maia, 2012
30. Baccharomyia ramosina Tavares, 1917
31. Bruggmannia acaudata Maia, 2004
32. Brugmannia depressa (Kieer, 1913)
33. Bruggmannia elongata Maia & Couri, 1993
34. Bruggmannia globulifex (Kieer, 1913)
35. Bruggmannia lignicola (Kieer, 1913)
36. Bruggmannia longicauda (Kieer, 1913)
37. Bruggmannia micrura (Kieer, 1913)
38. Bruggmannia monteiroi Maia & Couri, 1993
39. Bruggmannia neeana (Kieer, 1913)
40. Bruggmannia robusta Maia & Couri, 1993
41. Bruggmannia ruebsaameni (Kieer, 1913)
42. Bruggmanniella byrsonimae (Maia & Couri, 1992)
43. Bruggmanniella doliocarpi Maia, 2010
44. Bruggmanniella ingae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2005
45. Bruggmanniella maytenuse (Maia & Couri, 1992)
46. Bruggmanniella miconia Garcia, Lamas and Urso-
Guimarães, 2020
47. Bruggmanniella notatae Rodrigues & Maia, 2020
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48. Bruggmanniella oblita Tavares, 1920
49. Bruggmanniella sideroxyli Rodrigues & Maia, 2020
50. Burseramyia braziliensis Maia & Fonseca, 2012
51. Cleitodiplosis graminis (Tavares, 1916)
52. Clinodiplosis bahiensis (Tavares, 1917)
53. Clinodiplosis cearensis (Tavares, 1917)
54. Clinodiplosis chlorophorae Rübsaamen, 1905
55. Clinodiplosis conica Oliveira & Maia, 2008
56. Clinodiplosis costai Maia, 2005
57. Clinodiplosis diodiae Maia, 2001
58. Clinodiplosis oricola Novo-Guedes & Maia, 2008
59. Clinodiplosis iheringi (Tavares, 1925)
60. Clinodiplosis marcetiae (Tavares, 1917)
61. Clinodiplosis maricaensis Fernandes & Maia, 2011
62. Clinodiplosis melissae Maia, 1993
63. Clinodiplosis profusa Maia, 2001
64. Clinodiplosis pulchra (Tavares, 1917)
65. Clinodiplosis rubiae (Tavares, 1918)
66. Clusiamyia granulosa Maia, 2001
67. Clusiamyia nitida Maia, 1997
68. Compsodiplosis itaparicana Tavares, 1922
69. Contarinia gemmae Maia, 2003
70. Contarinia ubiquita Gagné, 2001
71. Contodiplosis friburgensis (Tavares, 1915)
72. Contodiplosis humilis (Tavares, 1915)
73. Contodiplosis tristis (Tavares, 1915)
74. Cordiamyia globosa Maia, 1996
75. Costadiplosis maricaensis Viceconte & Maia, 2009
76. Couridiplosis vena Maia, 2004
77. Dactylodiplosis heptaphylli Maia, 2004
78. Dactylodiplosis icicaribae Maia, 2002
79. Dactylodiplosis petibaurum Maia, 2021
80. Dasineura byrsonimae Maia, 2010
81. Dasineura copacabanensis Maia, 1993
82. Dasineura couepiae Maia, 2001
83. Dasineura gigantea Angelo & Maia, 1999
84. Dasineura globosa Maia, 1996
85. Dasineura marginalis Maia, 2005
86. Dasineura myrciariae Maia, 1996
87. Dasineura ovalifoliae Fernandes & Maia, 2011
88. Dasineura tavaresi Maia, 1996
89. Diadiplosis abacaxii Culik & Ventura, 2013
90. Diadiplosis bellingeri Culik & Ventura, 2012
91. Diadiplosis oridana (Felt, 1915)
92. Diadiplosis jamboi Culik & Ventura, 2013
93. Diadiplosis martinsensis Culik & Ventura, 2013
94. Diadiplosis multila (Felt, 1907)
95. Diadiplosis vaupedis (Harris, 1968)
96. Dialeria styracis Tavares, 1918
97. Dichodiplosis triangularis (Felt, 1908)
98. Epihormomyia miconiae Maia, 2001
99. Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça & Romanowski, 1997
100. Eugeniamyia triangularis Maia & Nava, 2011
101. Fernandesia meridionalis Rodrigues & Maia, 2013
102. Frauenfeldiella coussapoae Rübsaamen, 1905
103. Geraldesia eupatorii Tavares, 1917
104. Gnesiodiplosis itaparicae Tavares, 1917
105. Guareamyia purpura Maia, 2007
106. Houardodiplosis rochae Tavares, 1925
107. Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Rübsaamen, 1908)
108. Jorgenseniella eugeniae Maia, 2005
109. Lestodiplosis braziliensis (Tavares, 1920)
110. Lestodiplosis oricola (Rodrigues & Maia, 2010)
111. Lestodiplosis maricaensis Santos & Maia, 2009
112. Liodiplosis conica Gagné, 2001
113. Liodiplosis cylindrica Gagné, 2001
114. Liodiplosis spherica Gagné, 2001
115. Lopesia brasiliensis Rübsaamen, 1908
116. Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003
117. Lopesia conspicua Maia, 2003
118. Lopesia davillae Maia & Monteiro, 2017
119. Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003
120. Lopesia erythroxyli Rodrigues & Maia, 2010
121. Lopesia grandis Maia, 2001
122. Lopesia indaiensis Maia & Araújo, 2018
123. Lopesia leandrae Maia, 2019
124. Lopesia linearis Maia, 2003
125. Lopesia marginalis Maia, 2001
126. Lopesia maricaensis Rodrigues & Maia, 2010
127. Lopesia similis Maia, 2004
128. Lopesia simplex Maia, 2002
129. Lopesia singularis Maia, 2001
130. Lopesia spinosa Maia, 2004
131. Lopesia tibouchinae Maia, 2004
132. Lopesia ubatubensis Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2018
133. Machaeriobia gemmae Maia, 2016
134. Machaeriobia machaerii (Kieer, 1913)
135. Manilkaramyia notabilis Maia, 2001
136. Mayteniella distincta Maia, 2001
137. Metasphondylia squamosa Tavares, 1918
138. Meunieriella dalechampiae Rübsaamen, 1905
139. Meunieriella insignis (Tavares, 1922)
140. Meunieriella lantanae (Tavares, 1918)
141. Mikaniadiplosis annulipes Gagné, 2001
142. Myrciamyia maricaensis Maia, 1996
143. Myrciariamyia bivalva Maia, 1995
144. Neolasioptera cerei (Rübsaamen, 1905)
145. Neolasioptera cupheae Gagné, 1998
146. Neolasioptera eugeniae Maia, 1993
147. Neolasioptera fariae (Tavares, 1922)
148. Neolasioptera ingae Möhn, 1964
149. Neolasioptera lantanae (Tavares, 1922)
150. Neolasioptera ramicola Maia, 2009
151. Neomitranthella robusta Maia, 1996
152. Novocalmonia ci Ozdikmen, 2009
153. Novocalmonia urostigmatis (Tavares, 1917)
154. Parazalepidota clusiae Maia, 2001
155. Paulliniamyia ampla Maia, 2001
156. Perasphondylia mikaniae Gagné, 2001
157. Pisphondylia brasiliensis Couri & Maia, 1992
158. Primadiplosis microgramma Maia, 2011
159. Proasphondylia brasiliensis Felt, 1915
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160. Proasphondylia formosa Maia, 1994
161. Proasphondylia guapirae Maia, 1994
162. Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt, 1911)
163. Rhoasphondylia friburgensis (Tavares, 1917)
164. Rochadiplosis tibouchinae Tavares, 1917
165. Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908)
166. Schizomyia maricaensis Sousa & Maia, 2007
167. Schizomyia santosi Maia & Araújo, 2009
168. Schizomyia spherica Maia & Oliveira, 2007
169. Smilasioptera candelariae Möhn, 1975
170. Sphaeramyia ava Maia, 2007
171. Stephomyia clavata (Tavares, 1920)
172. Stephomyia epeugeniae Gagné, 1994
173. Stephomyia espiralis Maia, 1993
174. Stephomyia mina Maia, 1993
175. Stephomyia rotundifoliorum Maia, 1993
176. Stephomyia tetralobae Maia, 1993
177. Styraxdiplosis caetitensis Tavares, 1915
178. Styraxdiplosis cearensis Tavares, 1925
179. Trotteria quadridentata Maia, 2001
180. Uleella dalbergiae Rübsaamen, 1908
181. Youngomyia pouteriae Maia 2001
182. Zalepidota ituensis (Tavares, 1917)
183. Zalepidota piperis Rübsaamen, 1908
CAATINGA
Only eight gall midg species of seven genera have been reported
in the Caatinga, six of them are gall-inducers, one is predator, Feltiella
curtistylus, and one is probably kleptoparasite, Dialeria styracis. All
inducers are monophagous.The phytophagous species are associated
with three plant families, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, and Styracaceae,
four genera, Bauhinia L., Combretum Loe, Mimosa L., and Styrax L.,
and three determined species, Combretum leprosum, Mimosa tenuiora,
and Bauhinia brevipes. Fabaceae shelter the great richness of gall midge
species, four (Table 4). Three gall midge species occur on a host plant
identied only in genus, Styrax sp., and a single species occur in a plant
identied only in family (Fabaceae). All host plant species are native to
Brasil. None of them is endemic. All gall midge genera are represented
by a single species, except Lopesia, with two species (Table 3).
List of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) with occurrence in the
Caatinga (Brazil)
1. Anadiplosis caetetensis Tavares, 1920
2. Dialeria styracis Tavares, 1918
3. Feltiella curtistylus Gagné, 1984
4. Houardodiplosis rochae Tavares, 1925
5. Lopesia mimosae Maia, 2010
6. Lopesia pernambucensis Maia, 2010
7. Schizomyia macrocapillata Maia, 2005
8. Styraxdiplosis caetitensis Tavares, 1915 (possibly)
CERRADO
A total of 60 gall midge species of 25 genera have been recorded
in the Cerrado, 52 of them are gall-inducers, six are fungivorous,
Didactylomyia longimana, Stomatosema pantaneira, S. sisbiota, S.
terena, S. terere, and Termitomastus leptoproctus, one is inquiline,
Meunieriella spinosa, and one is predator, Diadiplosis saccharum.
All phytophagous species are monophagous. Phytophagous
gall midges have been recorded on 21 plant families, 37 genera and
37 determined species. Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Calophyllaceae
comprise the greatest richness of cecidomyiid species, ten, six and six,
respectively (Table 5). Seven gall midge species occur on host plants
identied only in genus, totaling seven plant genera. All host species are
native. Among them, eleven are endemic to Brazil, two being endemic
to Cerrado (Table 4). Lopesia, Asphondylia, and Bruggmanniella are
the best represented genera of Cecidomyiidae, with 14, 7, and 4 species,
respectively (Table 3).
List of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) with occurrence in the
Cerrado (Brazil)
1. Alycaulus hexadentatus Urso-Guimarães, 2018
2. Andirodiplosis bahiensis Tavares, 1920
3. Arcivena kielmeyerae Gagné, 1984
4. Asphondylia canastrae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002
5. Asphondylia cipo Urso-Guimarães, 2018
6. Asphondylia cordiae Möhn, 1959
7. Asphondylia gochnatiae Maia, 2008
8. Asphondylia microcapillata Maia, 2005
9. Asphondylia sanctipetri Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002
10. Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004
11. Asphondylia stachytarpheta Barnes, 1932
12. Brethesiamyia retorta Maia, 2009
13. Bruggmannia chapadensis Proença & Maia, 2018
14. Bruggmanniella doliocarpi Maia, 2010
15. Bruggmanniella duguetiae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2005
16. Bruggmanniella ingae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2005
17. Bruggmanniella miconiae Carvalho-Fernandes, Maia &
Rodrigues, 2020
18. Cerciplanus cipo Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2020
19. Cerciplanus tocantinensis Garcia & Urso-Guimarães 2020
20. Clinodiplosis agerati Maia, 2016
21. Clinodiplosis bellum Urso-Guimarães & Carmo-Neto, 2015
22. Clinodiplosis quartelensis Maia & Oliveira 2019
23. Contarinia gemmae Maia 2003
24. Couridiplosis vena Maia, 2004
25. Dasineura braziliensis (Tavares, 1922)
26. Dasineura occulta Pereira-Colavite & Urso-Guimarães, 2013
27. Diadiplosis saccharum Urso-Guimarães, 2020
28. Didactylomyia longimana (Felt, 1908)
29. Lopesia andirae Garcia, Lima, Calado & Urso-Guimarães,
2017
30. Lopesia bilobata Maia, 2004
31. Lopesia caulinaris Maia, 2003
32. Lopesia chapadensis Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2018
33. Lopesia conspicua Maia, 2003
34. Lopesia eichhorniae Urso-Guimarães, 2015
35. Lopesia elliptica Maia, 2003
36. Lopesia linearis Maia, 2003
37. Lopesia maricaensis Rodrigues & Maia, 2010
38. Lopesia mataybae Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2018
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39. Lopesia similis Maia, 2004
40. Lopesia simplex Maia, 2002
41. Lopesia spinosa Maia, 2004
42. Lopesia tibouchinae Maia, 2004
43. Machaeriobia machaerii (Kieer, 1913)
44. Meunieriella spinosa Urso-Guimarães, 2018
45. Myrciamyia pterandrae Maia & Flor, 2018
46. Myrciariamyia admirabilis Maia, 2007
47. Myrciariamyia fernandesi Maia, 2004
48. Parametasphondylia piperis Maia & Santos 2007
49. Rochadiplosis tibouchinae Tavares, 1917
50. Schizomyia barreirensis Santos, Maia & Calado, 2019
51. Schizomyia macrocapillata Maia, 2005
52. Schizomyia maricaensis Sousa & Maia, 2007
53. Schizomyia tuiuiu Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002
54. Stephomyia epeugeniae Gagné, 1994
55. Stomatosema pantaneirum Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-
Guimarães, 2019
56. Stomatosema sisbiota Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019
57. Stomatosema terena Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019
58. Stomatosema terere Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019
59. Termitomastus leptoproctus Silvestri, 1901
60. Youngomyia matogrossensis Proença & Maia, 2019
PAMPA
Only ten species of gall midges of nine genera have been recorded
in the Pampa (List 5), nine of them are gall-inducers and one was caught
in ight. One species is oligophagous, Asphondylia moehni, the other
inducers are monophagous. They are associated with eight plant families
distributed in eigth genera and six determined species. All families
shelter a single gall midge species, and there are two doubtful records
on Smilacaceae (Table 4). Three gall midge species occur on host plants
identied only in genus, totaling three plant genera. All host plants are
native, one of them being endemic to Brazil (Table 5).
List of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) with occurrence in the
Pampa (Brazil)
1. Asphondylia moehni Skuhravá, 1989
2. Asphondylia sulphurea Tavares, 1909
3. Bruggmannia braziliensis Tavares, 1906
4. Bruggmanniella braziliensis Tavares, 1909
5. Compsodiplosis luteoalbida (Tavares, 1909)
6. Elachypalpus psidii Maia & Nava, 2011
7. Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça & Romanowski, 1997
8. Guarephila albida Tavares, 1909
9. Neolasioptera urvilleae (Tavares, 1909)
10. Zalepidota tavaresi (Kieer, 1913)
PANTANAL
Only ve species of Cecidomyiidae of two genera have been
reported in the Pantanal, one is gall-inducers and the others are
fungivorous.The single gall-inducing species is monophagous and
occurs on a native, non endemic plant.
List of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) with occurrence in the
Pantanal (Brazil)
1. Neolasioptera pantaneira Maia, 2017
2. Stomatosema camilae Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019
3. Stomatosema paratudo Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-
Guimarães, 2019
4. Stomatosema pantaneirum Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-
Guimarães, 2019
5. Stomatosema sisbiota Carmo-Neto, Lamas & Urso-Guimarães,
2019
The phytogeographic domain of occurrence of ten species
(Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Clinodiplosis alternantherae, C. cattleyae,
Diadiplosis coccidivora, Diadiplosis pseudococci, Mycodiplosis rubida,
Prodiplosis oricola, Schizomyia manihoti, Schizomyia mimosa, and
Sphaerodiplosis dubia) was not determined, since data on its locality
was not enough detailed.
Discussion
Brazil shelters 265 gall midge species, about 43% of the diversity
of the Neotropical fauna. Brazil is the largest country in the Neotropics,
with 8, 515, 767. 049 km2 of extension (IBGE, 2012), has a peculiar
and diverse ora, with 46, 4922 species (Flora do Brasil, 2020), and
also its Cecidomyiidae fauna is the most taxonomically studied. These
facts together explained this high percentage.
Most species induce galls, since this is the predominant habit in this
family (Gagné 1994). The majority of the host plants are identied in
species, but 52 hosts are identied at supraespecic categories, what
dicults the establishement of the right number of host species.
Most hosts are native, but few are exotic, being represented by
introduced useful plants, as Melissa ocinalis L. (Lamiaceae), a
medicinal herb, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) with edible
fruits, Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae), Spiraea salicifolia
L. (Rosaceae), and Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. (Asteraceae),
ornamental plants. The gall midges associated with M. indica, S.
salicifolia, and E. strigosus are also exotic, but those associated with
M. ocinalis and S. bicapsularis were described from Brazil and they
have never been reported in other countries, suggesting that these hosts
were colonized by Brazilian gall midges.
Lantana camara is naturalized and its gall-inducing species was
described from Brazil, but it occurs in several Latin American countries.
Probably the midge was introduced together with its host.
Incongruities between the host plant and gall-inducing species
distributions were observed, suggesting a plant misidentication. In
this case, plant vouchers should be examined, but unfortunately the
number of vouchers are rare in the literature.
Twenty-seven botanical names were uptaded, but synonyms were
cited in brackets to allow their association with the original references.
This procedure is important to gather data on the same species, even
if under dierent names.
Most gall-inducing species are monophagous (about 90%), what
was expected, as most gall-inducing insects exhibit a high degree of
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http://www.scielo.br/bn https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1038
host-plant specicity (Abrahamson et al. 1998, Carneiro et al. 2009).
Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Myrtaceae are the plant families with the
greatest richness of gall midge species, as in several inventories of
insect galls in Brazil (e. g. Almada & Fernandes 2011, Maia 2013,
Araújo et al. 2015, Maia & Mascarenhas 2017, Ascendino & Maia
2018, Maia & Siqueira 2020). Among them, Myrtaceae exhibit the
highest average of gall midge species by host plant species, probably
because this family is one of the most diverse in the Atlantic Forest, the
most investigated biome, and their gall-inducing species are the most
studied (e. g. Oliveira & Maia 2005, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-
Fernandes et al. 2016). Eugenia (Myrtaceae) and Mikania (Asteraceae)
highlight among all other plant genera by sheltering the highest richness
of gall midges. Similarly, Guapira opposita, Mikania glomerata, and
Calophyllum brasiliense highlight among all other plant species. Their
richness has also been pointed out by other authors (Maia 2001b, Maia
& Mascarenhas 2017, Melo-Júnior et al. 2018).
The best represented gall midge genera are Lopesia, Asphondylia,
and Clinodiplosis. The rst is predominantly Neotropical while the
others are cosmopolitan, but well represented in the Neotropics (Gagné
& Jaschhof 2017). Species of Clinodiplosis, Contarinia, Dialeria,
Meunieriella, Neolasioptera and Trotteria have been reported as
inquilinous species in galls. But in fact, according to the ecological
concept, they should be considered kleptoparasites, since they do
not promote the production of new tissues, as inquilines do (Luz &
Mendonça-Júnior 2019).
Several gall midge species are associated with endemic hosts. This
information is very important, because it shows the peculiarities of the
Brazilian fauna, revealing species with exclusive occurrence in the
country. The high number of species known only from the type-locality
indicates how the geographic distribution of Brazilian fauna is still poor.
This scarcity of data is reinforced by the high number of species which
have never been collected again since their description.
Concerning phytogeographic domains, Atlantic Forest shelters the
highest richness of gall midge species, followed by Cerrado, Amazon
Forest, Pampa, Caatinga, and Pampa. Amazon Forest and Cerrado are
the largest, with an area of 2,196,943 and 2,036, 448 Km2, respectively,
followed by Atlantic Forest with 1,110,182 Km2 and Caatinga with
844.453 Km2. The two others are the smallest, Pampa with 176,469
and Pantanal with 150,355 Km2. They also dier in richness of ora.
Amazon Forest shelters about 50,000 plant species of Angiospermae,
Atlantic Forest 20,000, Cerrado 11,600, Caatinga 3,500, Pampa 3,000
and Pantanal only 900 (MMA, 2020). Considering these data, we should
expect the highest richness of gall midge species in the Amazon Forest,
according to the plant richness hypothesis (Southwood 1960, 1961),
since this domain oers quantitatively and qualitatively the greatest
amount of resources for the gall-inducers. Nevertheless, the highest
richness is reported in the Atlantic Forest, the most investigated domain.
This result is an eect of the strong sampling eorts in Atlantic Forest
areas, the poor knowledge of the Cecidomyiidae fauna of other Brazilian
biomes and the lack of taxonomists in our country.
Most gall midge species occur in a single domain, diering from
their host plants which can be found in more than one domain. This
suggests that the distribution of gall-inducing species can be wider
than that which we known today. Arriola et al. 2016 argued that the
distribution of the galling-insects is similar to that of the host plant.
So, collections in uninvestigated ou poorly investigated localities are
necessary to ll these geographic distribution gaps.
Nevertheless, several gall midge species are associated with plants
endemic of a specic phytogeographic domain, as Amazon Forest,
Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado. These data reveal the peculiarities of
each one and can be useful for the establishement of environmental
preservation areas.
Conclusion
This study is the rst dataset of gall midge species with occurrence
in Brazil. It totalize 265 species (43% of the Neotropical fauna); 85.6%
are gall-inducers. Phytophagous gall midges are associated with at least
128 host plant species. Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Myrtaceae shelter the
greatest richness of gall-inducing species. Lopesia, Asphondylia and
Clinodiplosis are the best represented cecidomyiid genera. Most species
(about 90%) are known only from Brazil. The Atlantic Forest as the most
investigated domain comprises the highest species richness. Several gall
midge species induce galls on plants endemic to Brazil. Each Brazilian
phytogeographic domain has its own species composition. There is a
high number of cecidomyiid species which are known only from the
type-locality. Data indicate that the Brazilian fauna is the most studied
in the Neotropical Region, conrm the greatest richness of gall midges
on plant families which are well represented in Brazil, reveal the most
diverse genera in the country, show the peculiarities of each domain and
highlight how the geographic distribution of most species is still poor.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks CNPq for nancial support (Proc. 301481/2017-
2) and Dr. Rafaela Forzza (Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro) for
providing access to the herbarium.
Conicts of Interest
The author declares that she has no conict of interest related to
the publication of this manuscript.
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Received: 15/11/2020
Revised: 19/02/2021
Accepted: 26/02/2021
Published online: 19/04/2021
