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Pages 40-46 in Permo-Carboniferous Vertebrate Paleontolo gy,
Lithostratigraphy, and Depositional Environments of North-Central Texas,
edited by R.W. Hook. Field Trip Guidebook No. 2, 49th Annual Meeting of the
Sociery of Vertebrate Paleontology. Austin, Texas, 1989.
AN OVERVIEW OF VERTEBRATE COLLECTING IN THE
PERMIAN SYSTEM OF NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS
Kenneth W. Craddockl and Robert W. Hook2
t711 Emery Street, Denton, Texas 76201
2Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, Balcones Research Center
10100 Burnett Road, Austin, Texas 78756
ABSTRACT --Since the late 1870s, when the fossil vertebrate collections of naturalist Jacob Boll attracted
the attention of E. D. Cope, the collecting of vertebrate fossils in the Permian of North-Central Texas has
contributed greatly to our understanding of Late Paleozoic terrestrial faunas. The pioneering efforts of Boll,
W. F. Cummins, and C. H. Sternberg resulted in the description of distinct Wichita and Clear Fork
assemblages by Cope and Broili. During the early 1900s, E. C. Case and S. W. Williston conducted
extensive field work in these beds and combined revisions of previously collected taxa with descriptions of
new forms. Case reported also on paleoenvironmental settings and sought to integrate the Texas
assemblages with other Permo-Carboniferous faunas in a comprehensive view of Late Paleozoic vertebrate
evolution. In the 1930s and 1940s, the collecting effors of A. S. Romer and of field crews sponsored by
the Work hojecs Administration extended the range of several Wichita-Clear Fork taxa into the older
deposits of the lowermost Permian and uppermost Carboniferous of the Bowie Group. Subsequent work by
E. C. Olson established the taxonomic composition of the upper Clear Fork Group and revealed a
dramatically different vertebrate assemblage in the overlying Pease River Group. Continued field
investigations have resulted in reports on marine to freshwater vertebrate assemblages in the upper Wichita
Group and on the paleoenvironmental conditions responsible for the preservation of vertebrate remains in the
lower Wichita and upper Bowie Groups.
INTRODUCTION
The vertebrate-bearing Lower Permian
beds of North-Central Texas have attracted
fossil collectors for over 100 years. Although
colorful n:uratives recount some of the efforts
of early workers, field activities have gener-
ally not been considered in a broader context
of their notable scientific contributions. In
summarizing the history of vertebrate collect-
ing, the following review traces the growth of
paleontologic knowledge that resulted directly
from field work in this region.
EARLY WORKERS
Jacob Boll was the first collector of
Permian vefiebrates in North-Central Texas.
Born and educated in Switzerland, Boll ar-
rived in Dallas in 1869 and, within a year,
collected a wide variety of extant zoological
specimens for his friend and countryman
Louis Agassiz of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology (MCZ) at Harvard College (Geiser,
1948). During this period, he also collected
vertebrate fossils and forwarded at least one
specimen to Harvard, where it languished for
over 50 years (Romer, L945).
Boll's fossil-collecting talents were recog-
nized in 1877 when E. D. Cope visited
Dallas and acquired a skull of the
then-unknown temnospondyl Eryops that
Boll had collected from eastern Archer
County. Impressed with the new material,
Cope hired Boll to explore for additional
remains during the winter of 1877-1878.
With the assistance of J. C. Isaac, who had
worked for Cope in South Dakota the
previous year, Boll prospected south of the
Wichita River in Wichita County and along the
drainage of the Little Wichita River in Archer
County. Boll continued to collect for Cope
during the next two years but died of
peritonitis while camped in northern Wilbarger
County near the Red River in September,
1880.
Boll's germinal collections were described
by Cope in a series of papers that documented
a diverse veftebrate assemblage (Cope, 1877,
1878, 1880, 1888). These collections, which
40
CRADDOCK AND HOOK --
are held by the American Museum of Natural
History, include the first-known specimens of
many Wichita genera, such as
Ectosteorhachis, Spermatodus, Pantylus,
Eryops, P ariory s, Trimerorhac his, Diadectes,
B o lo s aurus, and D imetro do n.
Soon after Boll's death, Cope employed
W. F. Cummins to continue the search for
Permian vertebrates. Cummins" a Methodist
minister who later became the State Geologist
of Texas, spent much of his 1881 field season
in western Archer County where he obtained
numerous specimens from an area referred to
as Headquarters. These very productive mid-
dle Wichita exposures included localities that
are known today as Rattlesnake Canyon. His
major contribution, however, ctune a year later
when he discovered the richly fossiliferous
deposits of the lower Clear Fork Group in
western Baylor County. From 1882 to 1884,
he collected extensively in the drainage area of
Coffee Creek and of other tributaries of the
Wichita River north of Seymour. These col-
lections, which are also part of the Cope Col-
lection in New York. introduced the distinc-
tive Clear Fork assemblage and include sig-
nificant specimens of G nat hor hiza, I sode cte s,
Acheloma, Captorhinus, and Edaphosaurus
(Cope, 1882, 1883, 1884). Of comparable
importance was a subsequent effort by
Cummins to provide localiry and stratigraphic
data for vertebrate specimens of the Cope
Collection from the Texas Permian deposits
(Cummins, 1908).
In t 882, the IN{CZ engaged
C. H. Sternberg to collect in North-Central
Texas. After failing to obtain directions from
Cummins on where to collect, Sternberg spent
several unsuccessful weeks in nonproductive
Clear Fork exposures (Sternberg, 1909). He
eventually assembled a small but significant
collection that included a suite of Seymouria
specimens and a nearly complete Diadectes
from the lower Clear Fork of the Coffee Creek
area (White, 1939; Romer, 1944). Upon his
return to Baylor County in 1895 for the first
of three consecutive seasons of collecting for
Cope, Sternberg located several highly pro-
ductive sites in the lower Clear Fork. This
material, which was the last to be added to
Cope's Texas collection before his death in
1897, includes the type specimens of
D is s orop hus multicinc tus and Labidosaurus
hamatus (Cope, 1895, 1896a, 1896b, 1896c).
Sternberg continued to exploit the Clear
Fork deposits of Baylor County in 1901 when
VERTEBRATE COLLECTING 41
he was hired to collect for the Alte Akademie
of Munich. The resulting collections, as well
as specimens purchased previously from
Sternberg in 1895, were described by
Ferdinand Broili (1899, l9OZ, 1904a, 1904b,
1903). Of particular note are the types of
Seymouria bay lorensis and V aranos aurus
acutirostris, both of which are represented by
less complete specimens in Sternberg's
previously acquired American Museum
collections. In comparison to Cope's brief
descriptions that often lacked adequate
specimen illustrations, the lavishly illustrated,
comprehensive work of Broili established a
new standard for the study of Permian
vertebrates from Texas.
E. C. CASE AND S. W. WILLISTON:
COLLECTING IN THE 19OOS
With the exception of Broili's brief 1901
visit to Baylor County with the Sternberg field
pilty, E, C" Case was the first field worker
in North-Central Texas to be affrliated with an
academic institution. Case completed a field
season in 1895 before receiving his Ph.D.
from the University of Chicago and returned
in 1901 and 1903 to obtain additional verte-
brates from both the Wichita and Clear Fork
Groups for the Walker Museum. These col-
lections were transfered later to the Field
Museum of Natural History. While collecting
for the American Museum in 1906 and 1908,
Case found important specimens in middle
Wichita exposures in the vicinity of the
Archer-Baylor county line. The results of
these efforts, along with findings based on
study of type specimens from the Cope
Collection and with exhaustive review of
Cope's work, were presented in a series of
papers from 1899 to 1910 and were summa-
rized in three monographs published by the
Carnegie Institution of Washington (Case,
1907b, 1911a, 1911b).
Beyond a prodigious output during his
first decade of work in Texas, Case's most
significant contribution was the discovery in
I9I2 of a remarkably rich deposit that he
named the Brier (or Briar) Creek bonebed
(Case, 1915). This deposit, located in middle
Wichita exposures of western Archer County,
has yielded more than 2000 specimens of
aquatic to terrestrial tetrapods but virtually no
fishes or sharks. Through the next 28 years
of his career at the University of Michigan,
Case and his students returned routinely to
A1 N O RT H -C ENTRAL T EXAS GU I D EB O O K
Texas, and he continued to report on signifi-
cant finds (Case, 1929,1935a, 1935b).
In addition to his description of new
materials, Case addressed the occurrence of
Permian vertebrates in paleoenvironmental and
paleoecological contexts. His field observa-
tions, augmented by published geological in-
formation, formed the basis of a series of pa-
pers that suggests that the global development
of vertebrate faunas during the Permo-Car-
boniferous was controlled by climatically
influenced environmental factors (Case,
1907a,1915). Case was also the fust to trace
convincingly the antiquity of the Texas
Permian vertebrate complex to its roots in
Upper Carboniferous faunas and to compare
the Texas assemblages with other Permian
records in North America, Europe, and Africa
(Case, 1908, 1918, 1926).
The collections that Case provided the
Walker Museum attracted S. W. Williston to
the Texas Permian. From his first trip to the
region in 1908 until his last in 1918, Williston
was joined by Paul Miller, preparator and
vertebrate curator at the Walker Museum.
Besides important discoveries in the upper
Wichita near Mitchell Creek in Baylor County,
Miller found a unique concenration of gener-
ally articulated tetrapods in lower Clear Fork
exposures near Indian Creek during the 1909
season. This small deposit, known as the
Cacops bonebed, yielded nearly all the known
specimens of Cacops, Casea, and Varanops
(Williston, 1910a, 1911). In the same year,
another member of Williston's party discov-
ered a second prolific Clear Fork site, the
Craddock bonebed (Williston, 1910b, 1911).
This channel-fill deposit has produced
hundreds of specimens, including important
materials of Dimetrodon, Secodontosaurus,
and Araeoscelis (Romer, 1927; Romer and
Price, 1940: Vaughn, 1955). Following
Miller's 1910 excavation of the Craddock
bonebed, a l9l7 Sternberg field party blasted
additional overburden and obtained specimens
that were acquired by the U. S. National
Museum (Gilmore, 1919).
LOWER WTCTUTE AND BOWIE
COLLECTIONS: A. S. ROMER
AND THE WPA
In the late 1920s, Paul Miller accompanied
A. S. Romer on the latter's first of many
collecting trips to North-Central Texas. After
four seasons of rather modest returns in
Bavlor and western Archer counties, Romer
distovered an exceptional concentration of
well-preserved tetrapods in the lower Wichita
exposures of central Archer County during the
1932 season. Named the Geraldine bonebed,
this deposit was excavated by several field
parties over a ten-year period and produced
virtually complete specimens of Archeria,
Eryops, and Edaphosaurus (Sander, 1987).
Early in his career, Romer also provided an
invaluable synopsis of locality and taxonomic
data culled from collections and the first-hand
recollections of early collectors (Romer,
1928).
Because Romer recognized a need for the
collection and study of older fossils that
would span the interval between known
Permian and Carboniferous tetrapod assem-
blages, he turned his attention in 1934 to the
lowermost Texas Permian sequence. Starting
from the lowest sections collected by
Cummins and Boll in eastern and southern
Archer County, Romer and L. I. Price
worked into nearby areas of Clay, Jack, and
Young Counties and located some 20 verte-
brate-bearing deposits (Romer, 1935) in what
is regarded now as the upperrnost Bowie
Group (see Hentz, 1988, 1989). Aithough
the oldest beds produced little more than frag-
mentary remains of xenacanth sharks, Eryops,
Archeria, Diadectes, Edaphosaurus,
Ophiacodon, and Dimetrodon, Price was
especially successful in finding skulls of small
protorothyridid and captorhinid reptiles in the
uppermost Bowie beds of Archer County
(Price, 1937; Clark and Carroll, 1973). A
very fossiliferous, roughly coeval deposit that
came to be known as the Archer Ciry bonebed
was discovered two years later by
R. V. Witter, who collected for the MCZ
from 1936 to 1942 and, later, for the
American Museum of Natural History and the
Princeton Museum of Natural History (col-
lection now at the Peabody Museum of
Natural History, Yale University).
Exploration of the Bowie Group continued
during 1940 and 1941 under the auspices of
the Work Projects Administration, or WPA.
Headed in the field by Henrietta resident
A. H. Witte, crews of about a dozen workers
opened quarries at two Clay County sites. In
less than ayear, Witte found new vertebrate
deposits in Clay, Montague, Archer, and Jack
Counties. The WPA collections, which in-
clude specimens of rarely occurring taxa, such
as Panrylw, Seymouria, and Stereophallodon,
CRADDOCK AND HOOK -- VERTEBRATE COLLECTING 43
are part of the Texas Memorial Museum
holdings reposited at the Vertebrate Paleon-
tology Laboratory of the Balcones Research
Center in Austin.
Romer returned to Texas after World
War II and resumed his nearly annual recon-
noitering of previously collected Wichita ex-
posures and, aided by Witte, his exploration
of older deposits to the southeast. Usually
accompanied by R. H. Romer, N" E.
Wright, S. J. Olsen, A. D. Lewis, and
various graduate students from Harvard,
Romer's parties collected hundreds of speci-
mens for the N4CZ- During his last two field
seasons (1972,1973), Romer's crew quarried
the Briar Creek bonebed, which had received
only cursory attention since Case's time.
E. C. OLSON AND TTM, UPPER CLEAR
FORK AND LOWER PEASE RTVER
COLLECTIONS
Aside form Sternberg's unproductive ef-
forts in northwestern Baylor County, no early
collectors are known to have prospected above
the extraordinarily fossiliferous deposits of the
lower Clear Fork in the region of present-day
Lake Kemp. E. C. Olson, a student of
Romer at the University of Chicago in the
1930s, initiated the first systematic search for
vertebrates in the middle to upper Clear Fork
beds of Baylor, Knox, and Wilbarger
Counties. Like Romer's efforts to acquire
materials from the lowermost Permian,
Olson's work during the 1940s in these
uppernost l.ower Permian deposits produced
assemblages of generally fragmentary but
identifiable vertebrate remains that extended
the range of several common tetrapod taxa
(Olson, 1958). R. J. Seltin, who was
introduced to the Texas Permian as an Olson
graduate student in the middle 1950s,
continued to collect in the middle Clear Fork
during the late 1950s and early 1960s for
Michigan S tate University.
In 1949, Olson and his field crew of
Chicago graduate students prospected the
overlying lower Pease River Group of
Hardeman and Foard Counties. The Late
Permian fossils collected during this and
following years revealed a vertebrate
assembiage that contrasted sharply with the
well-known assemblages of the Clear Fork
(Olson, 1962). As the single most important
Pease River locality, the Kahn Quarry in
western Knox County produced remains of
nearly 100 individual tetrapods, the most
common being the huge caseid pelycosaur
C oty lor hy nc hus hanc o c ki.
Olson also collected data on the preserva-
tional circumstances and sedimentary condi-
tions associated with fossil occulrences in the
Clear Fork and Pease River Groups.
Combined with his analysis of vertebrate dis-
tributions, this paleoenvironmental informa-
tion formed the basis of paleoecological inter-
pretations and the chronofauna concept
(Olson, 1952,1976).
RECENT WORK
A fairly comprehensive understanding of
tetrapod assemblages from the Bowie,
Wichita, Clear Fork, and Pease River Groups
had emerged by the early 1960s (Romer,
1958; Olson, 1962)" Conspicuously absent,
however, was a complementary knowledge of
fish remains that occur less frequently in
various deposits of Archer and Baylor Coun-
ties. As if to fill this gap, W. W. Dalquest
and D. S Berman investigated the upperrnost
Wichita exposures of the Lake Kemp area and
acquired significant fish and tetrapod remains
(Berman, L97A; Dalquest and Kocurko, 1986,
1988). More recently, Dalquest and
M. J. Kocurko have amassed large col-
lections dominated by marine acanthodians
from carbonate-rich upper Wichita sequences
in southern Baylor County (Dalquest et al.,
1988). G. D. Johnson and P. A. Murry
have also provided details of aquatic as-
semblages within the region by employing
bulk-sampling techniques (Johnson, 1981,
1987; Murry and Johnson, 1987).
Several recent field studies have addressed
paleoenvironmental factors responsible for
particular fossil deposits in the Wichita and
Bowie Groups (Parrish, 1978; Sander, 1987,
1989). During the past 13 years, Nicholas
Hotton, III, and A. D. Lewis of the U. S.
National Museum have maintained a collecting
program primarily in the middle Wichita and
lower Clear Fork exposures of Archer and
Baylor Counties. In addition to numerous
vertebrate specimens, this work has yielded
paleoenvironmen tally significant invertebrate
fossils and sedimentologic data .
As paleontologists continue to find im-
portant specimens of known taxa or an occa-
sional new genus within drawers of incom-
pletely prepared or overlooked Texas material,
field workers today similarly find outstanding
44
specimens or remains of novel forms at classic
sites (e.g. Langston and Olson, 1986).
Although several bonebeds have been ex-
hausted and some gently sloping, fos-
sil-bearing localities have become gtassed
over, many productive areas have not been
prospected in recent years. Given the success
of past efforts and a tradition of cooperation
from generous land owners, we anticipate fu-
ture discoveries that will augment the existing
wealth of Permian vertebrates from
North-Central Texas.
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