Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic Concentrator

Abstract

The aim of this work is to use the PV solar concentrator in order to lessen the amount of expensive solar cell by depressed cost optical materials. A compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) with two opposite paraboloid mirrors has been fabricated. Each mirror connected to two steel bars from both sides and these bars fixed on aluminum base. The two mirrors can be moved horizontally in order to change the aperture area of the concentrator, in addition to vertical motion in order to change the height of the concentrator. The aluminum base connected with a circular wheel to change the tilt angle of CPV. Three types of reflectors have been used. Concave mirrors, aluminum sheets and nickel plaster sheet. The latter two types are fixed with different curves to get two focal lengths (a = 0.1m) and A=0.3m) in order to study the effect of the radius of curvature on the concentration ratio and the collecting energy for the solar cell. The results show that the maximum output power at 12PM is about 1.067 W and the concentration ratio is about 2.28 for the CPC with focal length 0.3m, while it is about 0.933 W and 1.99 for the CPC with focal length 0.1m which indicated that the performance CPC with focal length 0.3m is better than CPC with focal length 2458 Hayder K. Mahdi et al 0.1m during the day. The concentration ratio increase from 2.2 to 2.6 for concentrator height 13 and 43, respectively. It is also found that the concentration ratio reaches to 3.47 at tilt angle 30o for nickel plate reflector, however, it is about 2.42 for mirror reflector at the same tilt angle.

Full text

Journal of Green Engineering (JGE)
Volume-11, Issue-3, March 2021
Fabrication and Evaluation the
Performance of Compound Parabolic
Photovoltaic Concentrator
1Hayder K. Mahdi , 1Alaa H. Shneishil , 2Emad j. Mahdi
1Mustansiriyah University, College of Education, Department of Physics,Iraq
2Ministry of Science and Technology, Renewable Energy Directorate,Iraq
Abstract
The aim of this work is to use the PV solar concentrator in order to lessen the
amount of expensive solar cell by depressed cost optical materials. A
compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) with two opposite paraboloid
mirrors has been fabricated. Each mirror connected to two steel bars from
both sides and these bars fixed on aluminum base. The two mirrors can be
moved horizontally in order to change the aperture area of the concentrator,
in addition to vertical motion in order to change the height of the
concentrator. The aluminum base connected with a circular wheel to change
the tilt angle of CPV. Three types of reflectors have been used. Concave
mirrors, aluminum sheets and nickel plaster sheet. The latter two types are
fixed with different curves to get two focal lengths (a = 0.1m) and A=0.3m)
in order to study the effect of the radius of curvature on the concentration
ratio and the collecting energy for the solar cell. The results show that the
maximum output power at 12PM is about 1.067 W and the concentration
ratio is about 2.28 for the CPC with focal length 0.3m, while it is about 0.933
W and 1.99 for the CPC with focal length 0.1m which indicated that the
performance CPC with focal length 0.3m is better than CPC with focal length
Journal of Green Engineering, Vol. 11_3, 2457- 2473
© 2021 Alpha Publishers. All rights reserved

2458 Hayder K. Mahdi et al
0.1m during the day. The concentration ratio increase from 2.2 to 2.6 for
concentrator height 13 and 43, respectively. It is also found that the
concentration ratio reaches to 3.47 at tilt angle 30o for nickel plate reflector,
however, it is about 2.42 for mirror reflector at the same tilt angle.
Keywords: solar concentrators, compound parabolic solar
concentrator, concentrating photovoltaic systems
1. Introduction
The significance of energy in the evolution of economic side is widely
acknowledged in the world. Furthermore, historical facts prove that there is a
powerful link between the level of economic activity and the availability of
energy. The current energy request has prompted research into different
technologies in order to close the gap between the request and equipping [1].
The gathering and conversion of solar radiation into beneficial power is a
prospect solution to the current problems correlating with energy production
from fossil fuel. Burning of fossil fuels has led to release pollutants and
greenhouse gases into the ambience which participate to environment change
[2]. The utilize of solar systems for generating electricity (PV systems) has
not been so widespread due to their exceptionally high capital cost, they are
not suitable for commercial use. In spite of different modern research
activities objected at decreasing the cost of electrical energy generation using
PV system applications, this cost remains large in comparison to traditional
power generation systems [3]. Concentrating solar radiation has been used
to significantly decrease the PV electricity cost. This system is recognized as
concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) technology and consists in redirecting the
solar radiation onto a solar cell with a small surface area out of optical
devices, simultaneously, the intensity of light on the device growing by the
same ratio. Of course, the replacement of the expensive solar cells by
minimal expensive optical material (mirrors or lenses) may lead to
photovoltaic system costs savings [4]. Due to the advantages of non-tracking,
low cost, and high liability, a vast research potential has been made in the
past decades to improve various types of solar concentrators with low
concentration ratio for PV implementation. The compound parabolic
concentrator (CPC) is possibly the most well-known and original of the
various types of low concentration solar concentrators. Winston suggested
the CPC in 1976, and Welford and Winston advanced it in 1989, all of which
took place in the 1970s. Reflection in mirrors or total internal reflection in a
solid dielectric material can all be used in a CPC. A symmetric or
asymmetric type is possible for CPC [5].
In 2013, Li Guiqiang et al. designed and fabricated concentrating PV
system with lens walled CPC to show the flux distribution and the
performance of concentrator and compare it with mirror CPCs with the same

Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic
Concentrator 2459
geometric concentration ratio (4X). The empirical results revealed that at an
angle of incidence greater than 15o, the this system has a significant amount
of short circuit current (Isc), and the filling factor (FF) declines more slowly
than that of mirror CPC PV, indicating that it has a higher acceptance angle.
It also has a more consistent flow distribution than the mirror CPC. The
deduction from the experimental results was confirmed by a theoretical
simulation [6].
Haitham et al in 2014 used Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
theoretical program and experimental procedures to compare between two
plane PV string and two unglazed CPC photovoltaic systems which have
concentration ratios of 2.3X. The results indicated that the CPC photovoltaic
system has about (39%) and (23%) output power greater than that of the
conventional PV with and without cooling, respectively [7].
The CPC-PV system had been compared with traditional flat hybrid
photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) systems by Amin et al in 2015. They showed
that the yearly heat profit was 1% larger for flat PVT (F) in comparison to
flat PVT (UF). Furthermore, Flat-PVT (F) yearly power gain is 3% larger
than Flat-PVT (UF). There were 8% electrical and 3% thermal gain by using
CPC-PVT (F) in comparison to CPC-PVT (UF) [8].
A symmetric reflective compound parabolic concentrator has been
designed using Ray tracing simulations and tested experimentally by Garry
in 2016. He illustrated that the maximum optical efficiency of the system was
about 94% and it has a more uniform density distribution of absorption.
Furthermore, electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency were 15% and 47%
respectively, and a thermal transport coefficient of 54.29W/m2K which give
62% system efficiency [1].
Ahed Hameed Jaaz et al in 2017 showed the effect of water jet collision
on the PVT and CPC on the electrical and thermal efficiencies of a
Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system. The results showed an improvement of
7% in electric efficiency when using CPC and jet collision cooling in the
Photovoltaic thermal solar concentration. In addition to, the output power
enhanced by 36% and 20% when using jet collision cooling with CPC and
without CPC in the PV module, respectively. The PV module Isc enhanced
approximately 28% when using jet collision cooling with CPC, and 11.7%
without CPC [9].
Meng Tiana et al in 2018 offered a systematic review of recent CPC
design research principles and concept. The reviewed literature
fundamentally covers the time since 2000 and was classified according to
applications and structures. Simulation methods fit for CPC design were
shown. A pair of diagrams and tables were used to accord an overview of
that literature on CPC and to provide a clear summary of those researches
[10].
Homan Hadavinia et al in 2019 presented a ray tracing modeling with
COMSOL Multiphysics. They used ray tracing method to simulate the
optical efficiency of CPC system and V-trough system under the effect of V-
trough side and CPC truncation. The results showed that the CPC

2460 Hayder K. Mahdi et al
concentrator have 2.4% higher output power in comparison to V-tough
concentrator [11].
The effects of truncation positions of a CPC on the performance of
concentrating photovoltaic and thermal (CPV/T) was studied by Gaoming
Zhanga et al in 2020. They illustrated that the electrical efficiency was
12.45%, while the thermal efficiency was 61.23% and these led to total
energy efficiencies 73.68% [12].
Chuan Jiang et al in 2020 presented the tubular absorber CPC. It was
the subject of a rigorous review of recent scientific progress and advances.
The concept and design principles have been submitted, as well as recent
alterations and analysis on two-dimensional profile types and new design
ideas and upgrades to the CPC structure [13].
The present work aim to replace the expensive solar cells by
inexpensive concentrator materials where power generation per square meter
is higher which lead to decrease the price of the electricity production.
Compound parabolic concentrator with low cost reflector materials such as
aluminum or steel will be used.
2 Theoretical Part
2.1 Physics of Concentrating Photovoltaic System
The Photoelectric solar concentrator's main goal is to reduce the amount
of costly solar cells by using low-cost optical material. CPV is commonly
classified into three types according to the concentration ratio; low
photovoltaic concentration (LCPV), medium photovoltaic (MCPV), and high
photovoltaic (HCPV) as shown in Fig. 1 [14]. Technologies offered in
medium and high concentration ratios can produce higher output power
which depends extremely on a solar energy tracking system with the costliest
of application. LCPV have preferable characteristics of half acceptance angle
that can receive the solar radiation at taller hours without using tracking
system, in addition to its ability to focus diffuse sunlight and beam sunlight
making it more appropriate for northern regions. Nonetheless, the product of
that concentrators is completely low in comparison to medium and high
concentrators. In addition to, this property permit such systems to obtain a
preferable response in a cloudy environment from HCPV. The LCPV
systems use silicon PV cells that are the same used in flat plate PV modules
and it is not necessary to use high efficiency solar cells [15]. The most
appropriate LCPV evolution is reviewed to show its noteworthy evolution,
especially over the past eight years [16].

Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic
Concentrator 2461
Figure (1): Geometrical concentration ratio [16].
2.2. Concentration Ratio
The concentrator geometrical concentration ratio is known as the
proportion of the entry aperture area (A1) to the exit aperture area (A2) [17]:
  
 (1)
2.3. Optical Performance
It is known as the proportion of the incident solar irradiance on the
surface of solar cell to the irradiance incident on the entry aperture. It
evaluates for all possible transmission and reflection losses on the hatch
cover of aperture. It is calculated using the following equation [18]:
  


 
 (2)
Where C represent the geometric concentration ratio and Isc is the short
circuit current.
2.4. Two Dimension Compound Parabolic Concentrator
The idea beyond a CPC is to concentrate the incident sunlight onto
the absorber or over reflection or total internal reflection [16], where
comprised of two parabolic reflectors and a PV string make up the PV–CPC.
The incident solar energy is directed by the two parabolic reflectors. On the
PV string with radiation the photovoltaic (PV) string is situated between the
distances between the two parabolas' focal points [19].
Shown in Fig. 2, the component CPC will have an inlet hole which is the
parabolic portion of the CPC where the reflection and total internal reflection
occur and the absorption or exit hole where the solar PV will be located. The
acceptance angle of CPC is the essential parameter that overrides the solar

2462 Hayder K. Mahdi et al
tracking system requirement. The acceptance angle is defined as the angle at
which 90% of the rays reaching the concentrator aperture exit the solar cell.
Additionally, the CPC is able to concentrate both the beam and scattered
sunlight through a broad acceptance angle [16].
If the concentration ratio is less than the acceptance angle, it eliminates
the requirement of any sun tracking system. Furthermore, when acceptance
angle decreases the concentration ratio increase, that leading to demand of
sun tracking system. Equation 3 illustrates the relation between acceptance
angle (θmax) and concentration ratio [20]
 
  (3)
When designing a CPC, it must take into account the type of CPC
geometry, the latitude or longitude, the thermal service required, the size of
the collector, the aperture area, the acceptance angle, and the performance
[21].
Figure (2): Section of the CPC-PV system [8].
3. Experimental Apparatus and Procedures
3.1. Solar Cell Preparation
A commercial polycrystalline solar cell with dimensions (10*7 cm) has
been used as shown in Fig.3, it has Voc =5volt and Isc = 0.2A.

Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic
Concentrator 2463
Figure (3): commercial polycrystalline solar cells
3.2. Compound Parabolic Concentrator
Three types of reflectors have been used as Compound Parabolic
Concentrator. Concave mirrors, aluminum sheets and nickel plaster sheet.
The latter two types are fixed with different curves to get two focal lengths (a
= 0.1m) and (a=0.3m) in order to investigate the radius's effect of curvature
on the concentration ratio and the collecting energy on the solar cell. Fig. 4
shows these three types of solar reflectors.
Figure (4): Materials used as reflectors (a) concave mirror (b) Aluminum
sheet (c) nickel plaster sheet

2464 Hayder K. Mahdi et al
3.3. Assembling of CPV System
The reflector is designed to concentrate solar irradiance on the
surface of the solar cell. There are two opposite paraboloid mirrors. Each
mirror connected to two steel bars from both sides and these bars fixed on
aluminum base. The two mirrors can be moved horizontally in order to
change the aperture area of the concentrator, in addition to vertical motion in
order to change the height of concentrator. The aluminum base connected
with a circular wheel to change the tilt angle of CPV. The assembly of solar
cell and cooling system has been installed in the focal plane of the
concentrator. The assembly structure of compound parabolic solar
photovoltaic concentrator is shown in Fig. 5.
Figure (5): Structure of compound parabolic solar photovoltaic concentrator
.
Another structure is a system consisting of reflectors with different
radius of curvatures in order to study the influence of the radius of curvatures
on the collecting energy of the solar cell and thus its output power as shown
in Fig. 6 where the available curves are focal length (a = 0.1m) and (a=0.3m).

Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic
Concentrator 2465
Figure (6): compound parabolic CPV with different radius of curvatures
3.4. Method of Measurements
The measurements are recorded at the home in Baghdad Al-Mashtal city.
The practical procedures are summarized as follows:
1. In the first case the solar cell characteristics have been tested by the
testing instrument in Al-Mansour Company under standard test conditions
(solar radiation=1000 W/m2 , AM=1.5, solar cell temperature=25o ) without
using a concentrator
2. The compound parabolic concentrator is placed at a specific tilt angle,
aperture width, and height reflector from the solar cell. The set-up was
placed on the manual tracker structure. The voltage, current, solar cell
temperature, ambient temperature and the value of concentrated solar
radiation has been measured and compared with flat solar cell without
concentrator.
3. The factors affecting the performance of the Compound Parabolic
Photovoltaic Concentrator have been studied separately, such as (tilt angle
tracer effect, Concentrator aperture width, and Concentrator height, radius of
curvature, reflecting materials and temperature increase).
4. The concentration ratio is calculated by the ratio of output power of solar
cell with concentrator to that without a concentrator. These are the done in
two cases, one without cooling system and the other with the cooling system.

2466 Hayder K. Mahdi et al
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Effect of Concentrator curvature on Solar Cells Output Power
Two CPC with different curvatures and the same height (18cm) and
aperture width (21cm) has been designed and install on the same base to
guarantee both Concentrators have the same direction towards the south and
angle of inclination of 20o. One of these have focal length 0.3 m and the
other have focal length 0.1 m. Nickel plate is used as reflective material of
the concentrator. Multi-crystalline solar cells with dimensions (7 * 10cm) are
fixed on the focal center of the CPC and the focal area is adjusted to the area
of the solar cell. The experimental measurement is done on 2020/4/11. Fig.
(7 a, b) illustrates the effect of time from the day on the output power and
concentration ratio for two CPC with different curvatures, respectively. The
results indicated that the maximum output power at 12PM is about 1.067 W
for CPC with focal length 0.3m, while it is about 0.933 W for CPC with focal
length 0.1m as shown in Fig. 7a. On the other hand the concentration ratio as
indicated in Fig. 7b is about 2.28 and 1.99 which indicated that the
performance CPC with focal length 0.3m is better than CPC with focal length
0.1m during the day.
Figure (7): (a) Effect of time on CPV output power (b) Effect of time on
CPV concentration ratio for two different CPC curvature
4.2. Effect of CPC Height on the Concentration Ratio and Solar
Radiation Intensity
Fig. (8 a, b) shows the relation between the CPC height on both
concentration ratio and solar radiation intensity. The process is done on
2020/4/2 for commercial multicrystalline solar cell with dimensions
(7*10cm) and aperture width of the Concentrator about 35cm. All the system
tracked in two dimensions in order to face the sun all time. It can be seen
from Fig. 8a that the solar radiation intensity is about 2345 W/m2 for height

Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic
Concentrator 2467
37cm and increase to 2392 W/m2 for height 43cm. Fig. 8b shows the
concentration ratio as a function of concentrator height. It is clear from this
Fig. that the concentration ratio increase from 2.2 to 2.6 for concentrator
height 13 and 43, respectively. These results because of increasing the height
of the Concentrator leads to an increase in the number of reflections of
radiation inside the Concentrator which lead to the large amount of radiation
reaches the solar cell.
Figure (8): Effect of CPC height on (a) solar radiation intensity (b)
concentration ratio
4.3. Effect of Reflector Type on Solar Radiation Intensity and
Concentration Ratio
In this section, two types of reflectors which are mirror and nickel
plate has been used with the same dimensions and solar cell type. The goal of
this section is to show how the performance of CPV has been enhanced by
using different type of reflectors. The system is projected toward south or
CPV azimuth angle is zero ( AZm=0o) and the tilt angle of CPV is variable
from 0o to 90o. In order to maintain a similar temperature of the two solar
cells, deception between one reading and another is used, noting that all the
two systems have the same dimensions and work is done at the same time.
The experimental procedures are conducted on 2020/8/15. The relation
between the CPV tilt angle and solar radiation intensity and concentration
ratio are shown in Fig. 9a, b. The experimental results revealed that the solar
radiation intensity for a nickel plate reflector is larger than that of mirror
reflector when the tilt angle between 0o-50o and has reached to a maximum
value which about 3549 W/m2 at a tilt angle 30o in comparison to mirror
reflector that reach to 2385 W/m2 because of the defects of mirrors
represented by a small percentage of transmittance and its thickness that
allows internal reflections, while they give the same value of solar radiation
intensity when the tilt angle between 50o-90o, see Fig. 9a. other results,
shown in Fig. 9b, it is found that the concentration ratio reaches to 3.47 at tilt

2468 Hayder K. Mahdi et al
angle 30o for nickel plate reflector, however, it is about 2.42 for mirror
reflector at the same tilt angle. These results indicated that nickel plate
reflector is preferred than mirror reflector due to its high concentration ratio
which lead to give larger solar radiation intensity and thus the larger output
power of CPV system.
Figure (9): Effect of CPV tilt angle on (a) solar radiation intensity (b)
concentration ratio for nickel plate and mirror reflectors
4.4. Effect of Aperture Width on Solar Radiation Intensity and
Concentration Ratio
The change in the of the Concentrator aperture width leads to a
change in the focal area formed. The system includes mirrors as a reflective
material with a concentrator height of 43cm and a commercial
polycrystalline solar cell with dimensions of 7 x 10 cm, all the system is
tracking the movement of the sun on 3/4/2020. From Fig. 10a, it is seen that
the smaller the Concentrator aperture width, the higher the value of the solar
radiation intensity because of the smaller Concentrator aperture width leads
to smaller the focal area and thus larger solar radiation intensity falling per
unit area. The value of the solar radiation intensity reached to 2775 W/m2
with a focal width of 4 cm where the aperture width 25cm and decrease to
2070 W/m2 for 40cm aperture width. It is noticed that where the focal width
became smaller than the solar cell width cause to the delusion part of the
solar cell and the other part exposed to the high solar radiation intensity, on
the other hand the concentration ratio reaches optimum value when the
formed focal area equal to the solar cell area. This explains the reason for the
rise and fall of the concentration ratio in Fig. 10b. According to this
explanation the best concentration ratio is 2.61 when the Concentrator
aperture width 35cm that give 7cm focal width which equal to the solar cell.
This section of the process enabled us to calculate the best width of the
Concentrator opening by using only visible in the remaining parts of the
work.

Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic
Concentrator 2469
Figure (10): Effect of CPC aperture width on (a) the solar radiation intensity
(b) concentration ratio
4.5. Effect of Tracking on Concentration Ratio
The CPC favors other collectors because CPC does not need tracking and
the ability to collect some diffuse radiation. Another design to reduce the
losses caused by shading due to the variation of the sun's position is
performed practically by using fixed CPV at a 25o tilt angle facing south, the
system consists of nickel plate reflector bending with a focal length of 0.3m,
Concentrator height 42cm, concentrator aperture width 35cm, commercial
multi-crystalline solar cell with dimensions of 7 * 10 cm. The experimental
test is done on 29/08/2020. Fig. 11 shows the effect of the solar tracker on
the concentration ratio of CPV for three different cases throughout the day,
system tracking in two dimensions, system tracking in one dimension, and
system fixed without tracking. It is observed that the maximum value of the
concentration ratio for all tracking cases is obtained at solar noon (12:00
PM), then the concentration ratio have the same value which about 3.59 at
this time. It can easily notice that the effect of the tracker in increasing the
concentration ratio throughout the day. The two-dimensional tracking from 9
am to 4 pm needs the movement of the horizontal axis of the system ranging
from 25o to 60o and the vertical axis movement of the system is
approximately 90o. While one dimension tracking need to move the system
around the vertical axis between 10o to 32o. The most important result
indicated from Fig. is that the concentration ratio for fixed CPV is larger than
one throughout the day which indicated that CPC concentrator can be used
without using the tracking system.

2470 Hayder K. Mahdi et al
Figure (11): The effect of tracking on the concentration ratio around time
from day
5. Conclusions
It is concluded from this research that:
1. The output power is directly affected by the height of the concentrator,
but the system is more affected by environmental conditions such as strong
winds and dust.
2. The best width of the concentrator aperture is when it has a focal width
equal to the width of the solar cell.
3. When the tracker is excluded, there is a profit, but by using the tracker,
the profit is better.
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Biographies
Hayder K. Mahdi , Mustansiriyah University, College of Education,
Department of Physics,Iraq

Fabrication and Evaluation the Performance of Compound Parabolic Photovoltaic
Concentrator 2473
Alaa H. Shneishil, Mustansiriyah University, College of Education,
Department of Physics,Iraq
Emad j. Mahdi, Ministry of Science and Technology, Renewable Energy
Directorate,Iraq