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Technical Study of Developing Floating Photovoltaic 145 MWac Power
Plant Project In Cirata Reservoir
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ICIMECE 2020
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012120
1
Technical Study of Developing Floating Photovoltaic 145
MWac Power Plant Project In Cirata Reservoir
Toni Sukmawan1, Hanif Nursyahbani1, Hendras D Wahyudi1 , Trenindya
Gunawan1 and Adi A Wijaya1
1 Pembangkitan Jawa Bali Company (PT. PJB) Unit Pengembangan Usaha dan Pembangunan
Bidakara Tower 2,16th Floor Jl Jendral Gatot Subroto Kav. 71 – 73 Pancoran South Jakarta
12870 Indonesia
Abstract. This paper is concerning how the technical study of the 145 MWac Cirata solar
Floating construction was built on the cirata dam. The Cirata floating solar power plant
development plan starts with the Renewable Energy Mix target set by the Indonesian
government as stipulated in the National Electricity General Planning Document 2018-2037
with a target of 23% renewable energy by 2025. Technical aspects of the study are carried out
on several aspects such as availability land which will determine the type of PV Land Base or
floating. with some technical considerations while eventually floating technology was chosen
since has technical and financial advantages for the construction of solar power plants in this
location. Subsequently, an evaluation was carried out to determine the potential for irradiation
at the specific locationbju. After obtaining irradiation data and meteorological conditions, a
projection of energy production in the location is carried out using the performance ratio
parameters on several values to obtain the projection of annual energy production. An
evaluation of interconnection was also carried out to find out whether the construction of the
145 MWac floating solar was safe against the reliability of the 150 kV and 500 kV systems in
the West Java system.
1. Introduction
Based on Law no.16 of 2016 on the Ratification of the Paris Agreement, Governments of Indonesia
are committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For that purpose, Government of Indonesia set the
target for renewable energy mix minimum 23% from energy consumption in 2025 and 32 % in 2050.
This number based on target the Indonesian government's plan on electricity (RUKN) 2018-2037.
The plan has been included in the Indonesian government's plan to provide electricity compiled in
the RUPTL document. Currently, renewable energy power plant installed capacity is about 8.805 MW.
Which is 15% of 58 GW in term of installed capacity. As a part of government institution, PLN should
contribute to this target by diversify its power plant fleet to Renewable Energy based.
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012120
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Table 1. Construction Planned of a power plant in West Java province (RUPTL)
No
System
Type
Location / Name
Capacity
(MW)
COD
Target
Status
Developer
1
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cibuni
3,2
2020
Funding
IPP
2
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cibuni Mandiri
2,0
2020
Funding
IPP
3
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Ciberang
1,5
2020
Construction
IPP
4
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cikaengan -2
7,2
2020
Funding
IPP
5
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cikandang
6,0
2020
Funding
IPP
6
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Kerta Mukti
6,3
2020
Funding IPP
7
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Pesantren -1
1,8
2020
Funding
IPP
8
Jawa Bali
PLTS/B
Quota Spread
5,0
2020
Planning
Unallocated
9
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Quota Spread
6,5
2021
Planning
IPP
10
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cibanteng
4,2
2021
Construction
IPP
11
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cikaengan
5,1
2021
Construction
IPP
12
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cikaso – 3
9,9
2021
Planning
IPP
13
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cileunca
1,0
2021
Construction
IPP
14
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cimandiri
4,4
2021
Funding
IPP
15
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Cisomang
4,0
2021
Funding
IPP
16
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Jayamukti
2,3
2021
Funding
IPP
17
Jawa Bali
PLTM
Pareang
2,8
2021
Funding
IPP
18
Jawa Bali
PLTS
Quota Spread
145
2021
Planning
IPP
Photovoltaic Solar power plant is one of the most promising technology to provide economical,
clean and sustainable electricity today. Not only that, Photovoltaic power plant are ideal to rapidly
increase national energy mix due to its simplicity and fast development time compared with other
competing technology.
Based on sources from the RUPTL, Indonesia has a Solar energy potential of 207,898 MW (4.80
kWh / m2 / day) but currently, the installed capacity is only 78.5 MW with the utilization of 0.04%.
According to the data also the potential of solar energy in Indonesia is the largest renewable energy
potential when compared to the potential of Hydro energy of 75,091 MW with the utilization of 6.4%,
wind energy of 60,647 MW with the utilization of 0.01%, Bioenergy of 32,654 MW with the
utilization of 5.1% or from geothermal which has a potential of 29,544 MW with the utilization of
4.9%.
ICIMECE 2020
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012120
3
Figure 1. Photovoltaic Power Potential in Indonesia (World Bank Group)
Following RUPTL planning, it is necessary to evaluate the plan to build a Photovoltaic Power Plant
in the Cirata area which also considers development in floating or land areas. So that it can be
ascertained that the construction of the Photovoltaic Power Plant is technically feasible in the planned
area.
2. Data and Method
2.1. Land Availability
In addition to the Photovoltaic power plant technology that is commonly used in Ground Mounted
technology, there is also floating solar technology. Seeing the geographical conditions of Indonesia
which have a 54,716 km coastline with 521 natural lakes and more than 100 reservoirs, Indonesia has
the potential to develop floating photovoltaics.
The planning for the use of the area chosen for the study of the floating solar power plant is the
location of the cirata reservoir located in Cipeundeuy District - West Bandung Regency and Maniis
District - Purwakarta Regency, West Java Province, with a location of 125 km from the Capital City of
Jakarta. Following the plant development plan stated in RUPTL 2019 - 2028, PJB was assigned by
PLN to carry out the development of the Cirata 145 MWac Floating Solar Power Plant (PLTS)
targeted by COD in 2022. The Floating Solar Power Plant (PLTS) 145 MWac located above the Cirata
dam became the first Largest Floating Solar Power Plant project in Indonesia. In the implementation
of this project development assignment, PJB has conducted a process of selecting partners following
the provisions in force in the PJB and declared that the MASDAR Company has been selected and
approved by PLN as the shareholder of PT PJB. In Cirata reservoir there is the location of a
hydroelectric power plant owned by PT PJB that is planned for Floating PV, so that the use of land to
be a project in the location of the area becomes easier.
2.2. Floating PV Advantages
2.2.1. Efficiency
Commercial module Efficiency with monocrystalline modules are between 14 and 20%, and
polycrystalline modules are between 12 and 17% [1].The Floating solar photovoltaic installation opens
new opportunities to increase solar power generation capacity, especially in countries with high
populations limited land density and land use. Floating PV system include Conventional PV arrays as
well as concentrated PV arrays that benefit from surrounding water body to prevent overheating
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012120
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condition PV module [2] . On an average efficiency of floating type solar panels are 11% higher
compare to ground installed solar panel [3]. Output power depends on the solar irradiance and module
temperatur [4]. They has certain advantages over land-based systems, including the use of existing
electricity transmissions infrastructure at the location of a hydroelectric power plant, close to demand
centers (in terms of water supply reservoirs), and energy yields are increased cooling effect produced
by water and reduced dust. But important to review the effects of weather conditions such as wind,
water flow and floating matters such as fog that can reduce generation efficiency [5].
On the Analysis of the Potential for Use of Floating PV Power Plants on the Skadar Lake for
Electricity Supply of Aluminum Plant in Montenegro found that Energy Produced in any hour can be
estimated with the help of the following equation [6] :
(1)
Where : adalah hourly Insolation, A adalah area dan adalah degree of efficiency of the power
plant in the analyzed hour.
The degree of efficiency of the PV power plant is determined with the following Equation
= module x termperatur x Inverter (2)
Where : module is the degree of efficiency of the module, termperatur is the efficiency of PV
Conversion due to the influence of deflection of the PV panel temperatur from the STC value (25 ° C),
Inverter is the efficiency of the inverter.
The author [6] reduction of efficiency of the PV panel due to temperatur rise is significant and has
a great influence on the reduction of PV power plant production. For silicon PV modules, a typical
correlation between efficiency and temperatur is 0,4 – 0,5 % / ° C. It is necessary to estimate the
temperatures of PV panels for the assessment of the efficiency due to a temperature rise of PV panel
by using the Nominal Operating Cell Temperatur (NOCT) Method. e manufacturer determines the
temperature for nominal exploitation conditions for each PV panel (NOCT—Operation Cell
Temperature). By using this parameter, the temperature of a PV panel (Tpanel) can be estimated on
the basis of an ambient air temperature Tamb and solar irradiance I falling onto a panel, according to
the following formula [6].
T panel = T ambient +
(3)
Given that a typical value of the reduction of power efficiency of PV cells, due to a temperature
rise of a solar cell above a standard value (25 °C), is - 0.5% / C, the efficiency of a PV cell is
calculated according to the Equation [6].
temperatur = stc x (1 – β x (T panel – 25 °)) (4)
Where stc is an efficiency panel on standar value 25 °C, β is value dependent on the material of the
PV cell (0,0045 until 0,005 [6] for Crystalline silicon), Tambient is an ambient temperatur, and NOCT
value is majority of PV panels is about 45 °C. This condition provides more profit information in
terms of efficiency due to operating temperatures in offshore PV compared to onshore PV. Better
panel operating temperatures are caused by better ambient temperatures.
Two main factor considered for comparison of the efficiency of the floating PV and ground
mounted PV system are the module efficiency (ME) and Efficiency Gain (EG). The efficiency of the
PV module can also be calculated by [7] : ME =
x 100 (5)
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
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Vmpp and Impp is the voltage and current of the maximum power point, Pin is the Input solar
radiation. And the efficiency gain (EG) of the FPV system calculated by [7] :
EG =
x 100 (6)
The Author [8] result sutdy that the power at the MPP for the floating configuration is higher, even
considering the disadvantages of lower irradiance value.
2.2.2. Conservation of water and Land
Another advantage of the development of floating solar power plants is by saving water and land. In
its application, the floating solar power plant with 145 MW capacity will require a land area of 250
hectares. With such an area, it will reduce evaporation from water in the floating solar power plant
location. Evaporation is natural phnomenon of phase change of water from liquid to vapour state [9].
The Methods to meassure evaporation are : a) Pan Evaporation, b) Water Budget methode, c) Mass
Transfer Method and d) Energy Balance Method [10]. These conditions will directly provide water
saving effect. Water saving effect this can be calculated using the formula water evaporation [11].
E0 = E x (1- k) (7)
Where E0 is the amount of water that can be prevented by the evaporation process due to being
covered by a floater and E is the amount of water that has evaporated under natural condition. The
value of k is the evaporation coefficient where this value is the ratio of the wetted area and the whole
area of floater under different wind speed conditions.
2.3. Irradiation Using Meteonorm 7
Forecasting power output of the PV system can help to increase the quality of the power system. Some
research are forecast the power output of PV Grid connected system without using solar radiation
measurement. [12]. Some research forecasting power output need to be installed solar radiation
measurement [13]. But if we need to known how the potential area will produce specific value of
irradiation we can use Meteonorm Software. Meteonorm Calculation data base are refering to 10-years
averages and give the maximum radiation value under clear sky conditions [14]. Meteonorm 7 is used
to obtain the potential for irradiation in the Cirata PLTS project development area. The method used in
the software is to determine which areas will be used as PLTS project planning. then the user can
choose the calculation method on the calculation settings menu and get the desired results with the
choice of results on the output format menu. the results of the calculation of meteonorm software will
be seen in the result and export menus for the specific area.To conduct a solar energy system
simulation, meteorological data from all parts of the world are needed. To cover many areas, the
measured data can only be applied within a 50 km radius of a weather station. This makes it necessary
to interpolate parameters between stations. The method given below is possible data will be
interpolated and monthly values will be obtained for almost all points of the world. To calculate
meteorological data for a desired location in the world, an interpolation procedure must be applied.
For global radiation, this is done with the inverse 3-D distance model (Shepard gravity interpolation),
based on the introduction by Zelenka et al. (1992) (IEA Task 9), with additional North-Long-distance
penalties (Wald and Lefèvre, 2001), with the following calculation (2) :
(8)
with (9)
for
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012120
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otherwise
(10)
(11)
Where,
: weight i
: search radius (max. 2000 km)
: horizontal (geodetic) distance [m]
: Number of sites (maximum 6)
: vertical gardient
: sum of overall weights
: vertical scale factor
: altitudes of the sites [m]
: altitudes of the points
After selecting the location of the Cirata Reservoir as a place for the construction of floating solar
power plants then how is the study of the potential of electrical energy that can be generated in
specific areas, evaluation of the location of the placement of floating solar power plants in the Cirata
Reservoir in terms of the reliability of the current system in the Java Bali 500 KV system and 150 KV
West Java.
To calculate performance Photovoltaic powerplant generally uses performance ratios. The
performance ratio can calculate the large amount of energy that can be generated on a solar power
plant and the potential for irradiation in the area. The performance ratio can be calculated using the
following method
(12)
The calculation is for photovoltaic powerplant equipment that is already operating. Calculated
nominal plant output is calculated by installed MWac capacity multiplied by Effective Sun Hour
(ESH). For PLTS Planning, calculating the performance ratio can be done by using some simulation
software such as Pvsys.
There are 6 subsystems in the area of West Java system that is Subsistem Bandung Selatan,
Subsistem New Ujung berung, Subsistem Cirata, Subsistem Cibatu 1 – 2, Subsistem Cibatu 3 – 4,
Subsistem Tasikmalaya, Subsistem Mandirancan, dan Subsistem Deltamas. There are 32 power plants
in the West Java area with an average power transfer from Central Java to West Java in 2017 of 2386
MW. There are 147 locations of the 150 kV and 500 kV development plans in the West Java area with
a total plan of 5,076 km, specifically in the Cirata area and also a 150kV substation expansion plan.
ICIMECE 2020
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012120
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Figure 2. Jawa Barat Electricity Interconection System
The total installed capacity of Net capable power in the West Java system is 8336.2 MW and
7923.5 MW. Projected electricity demand in 2019 with the assumption of economic growth of 4.83%
with a projected peak load in 2019 of 7862 MW. by looking at the single line diagram, it can be seen
that the 500kV network of cirata supplies the Saguling and Cibatu and Deltamas substations. By
supplying the system, if later an additional 145 MW power plant is added, it will increase the supply
capacity by 1.7% of the net capacity of the West Java system. The electricity load also indirectly
supplies the DKI Jakarta area through the Muara Tawar Substation system.
According to the application of the operating system monitoring system of the PT PLN Persero
Load Regulatory Center, the load style of the peak load of the DKI Jakarta Banten system starts at
10.00 - 12.00 and 13.00 - 14.00 WIB. The peak load of the West Java system occurred at 18:00 but the
load was already relatively high at 10:00 to 16:00 or in other words the increase in load on the peak
load was not too significant compared to the DKI Jakarta and Banten systems. by looking at the
monitoring system application The operating arrangement of the 500 kV system in the Java Bali
system also shows that there is a load transfer from the area of East Java to West Java and DKI Jakarta
under normal system load conditions.
3. Result and Discussion
With the availability of land available at the existing Cirata Hydroelectric Power Plant and the
ownership of the land owned, it is recommended to choose the type of floating photovoltaic. Some of
the main aspects are related to land available in the Cirata hydropower area only <5 Ha. Meanwhile,
the total area of the reservoir is a total of 6500 Ha. In addition, the reduction of efficiency of the PV
panel due to temperature rise is significant and has a great influence on the reduction of PV power
plant production. Better panel operating temperatures are caused by better ambient temperatures.
Another advantage of using floating PV is minimizing the process of reducing evaporation from water
in the floating solar power plant location. These conditions will directly provide a water-saving effect.
This condition of saving water is also beneficial to a reservoir hydropower plant due to the indirect
water-saving effect of the floating PV system is used for electricity generation hydro powerplant.
However, the floating photovoltaic location must be safe against the flow towards the Cirata
hydropower intake and safe from the dam inspection route. For the location of the substation, the route
used to get to the existing substation is 3.2 km with 11 towers, some of which are located in the
external PJB.
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For meteorological conditions, the analysis is performed using the results of the simulation
software meteonorm 7 with the analysis method using interpolate parameters to obtain the irradiation
values and meteorological conditions needed in the specific area for the floating photovoltaic
development plan. Based on meteonorm data the potential of solar irradiation in the cirata reservoir
area is 4.54 kWh / m2 / day.
Table 2. Meteonorm simulation result for spesific loation in Cirata Reservoir
Month H_Gh SDm SDd SDastr RR RD FF DD
Jan 109 108 3.5 12.3 174 11.0 1.4 270
Feb 111 139 5.0 12.2 168 11.6 1.4 270
Mar 131 166 5.4 12.0 152 12.4 1.4 270
Apr 125 143 4.8 11.8 102 8.1 1.2 0
May 137 213 6.9 11.7 122 5.7 1.2 90
Jun 138 228 7.6 11.6 73 4.6 1.2 90
Jul 141 219 7.1 11.6 27 3.6 1.2 90
Aug 157 259 8.4 11.8 19 2.3 1.2 68
Sep 154 212 7.1 12.0 28 2.1 1.3 0
Oct 147 191 6.2 12.1 112 2.1 1.1 180
Nov 153 198 6.6 12.3 219 3.9 1.0 180
Dec 123 116 3.7 12.4 225 8.4 1.1 270
Year 1624 2192 6.0 1421 75.8 1.2 325
The energy production of the simulation results using the meteonorm software is then used to
calculate the estimated energy production with a P50 probability index. The next parameter is the
performance ratio (PR) comparison. This value is obtained based on the average annual PR standard
for photovoltaic powerplants (80-82%) added 10% with the assumption of increased efficiency that
occurs due to a decrease in module temperature under floating PV conditions. PR 88% is used for the
P50 probability index. An 86% performance ratio is used for P60. An 84% performance ratio is used
for P70. An 82% performance ratio is used for P80 and an 80% performance ratio is used for P90. By
combining these parameters, the capacity factor value is obtained. The calculation results obtained in
the P50 CF value of 16.68%. By getting this value the estimated daily energy is 696,556.80 kWh /
day. Annual energy is 254,243,232 kWh / year. The specific production is 1,461.17 kWh / kWp / year
and peak sun hour net is 3.99 PSH / Day.
The alternative interconnection point for allocating output power from floating photovoltaic cirata
is based on several aspects, from the operation of the system, by adding on the 150 kV side will reduce
IBT loading, in addition to the needs of Mvar by using a central inverter on the photovoltaic
powerplant will be able to provide the Mvar supply needed by the system. By looking at the existing
500 and 150 kV subsystem cirata and considering the cost of adding new transmission towers and
cables from the Cirata photovoltaic powerplant to the existing Cirata hydropower substation area, the
selection of 150 kV voltage usage is better.
There are several plans for the construction of plants and transmissions in the West Java system in
addition to the Cirata floating photovoltaic project to strengthen reliability and improve system
efficiency including the construction of the Muara Tawar Add on block 2,3,4 with an additional
capacity of 650 MW that can supply the 500 KV Cibatu Substation from 500 KV Muara Tawar,
Cisokan 1040 MW Pump Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant, and several other generators. To offset
the projected load growth and to strengthen the system in West Java, the additional transmission was
also made with a total increase of 3128 kms by 2021 [6]. The additional 500 kV transmission area was
carried out at the new Cibatu / Deltamas, Cirata and Muara Tawar transmissions, and 150 kV in the
new Cibatu / Deltamas, Padalarang, Cikumpay, Purwakarta, and Cirata. By planning the addition of
the power plant and transmission it can directly strengthen the West Java system, so that the influence
of the 145 MW Cirata floating photovoltaic development is connected to the Cirata system in the 150
ICIMECE 2020
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1096 (2021) 012120
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012120
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kV substation and due to Cirata floating solar power plants operate with unity power Factor (Cos φ =
0,85), then the voltage in 150 kV Cirata only slightly changed from 143.6 kV to 143.7 kV on a 150 kV
system that has a voltage range of + 5% and -10% according to Grid Code 2017.
The results of analysis of power flow before and after the floating PV was built and connected to
the system, it appears that the loss in the average system changed from 2.6% to 2.4%. In the frequency
response of the addition of floating cirata PLTS 1.7% of the total installed capacity of the power plant
in the West Java system and the total Java system of 0.77% power. Effects on frequencies and
voltages less than 1% can be ignored. Studies on intermittency in Cirata 1 MW PLTS changes in
maximum power occur up to 2% - 5% per second. This fast lost load can be replaced by the kinetic
energy of the existing power plant in the West Java system which operates using a governer free.
Besides that, there are several large hydropower plants, namely Cirata 1008 MW hydropower plant,
700 MW Saguling hydropower plant, 50 MW Jatigede hydropower plant, which is still in the progress
of construction and Cisokan Pump Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant, 1040 MW. the problem of
intermittency is that it is expected to be minimized by the operation of the large-scale hydropower
plant around the Cirata site. The addition of generating capacity will also increase hot reserves in the
West Java system and transmission readiness by increasing the number and installation of IBT and
other protection systems. Concerning load characteristics in the Bali Java system where under normal
conditions, load transfers are carried out from Central Java to West Java so that additional generating
capacity in West Java will reduce transmission losses due to power transfers.
4. Conclusions
From the above results, it is concluded that the availability of land in the area of the hydropower plant
cirata for the construction of a floating solar power plant of 145 MWac is in the location of the
reservoir, in the floating conditions according to the study conducted can increase the efficiency of
solar power plants due to a decrease in module temperature. Besides, floating solar power plants can
minimize reduce evaporation from water in the floating solar power plant location to provide benefits
to existing hydro powerplant cirata. After selecting a floating location in the reservoir, a simulation is
performed using meteonorm 7 to determine the potential for irradiation and meteorological data. Data
from the meteonorm simulation is used to calculate the estimated energy production in that location by
producing an estimated daily energy value of 696,556.80 kWh / day and annual energy of 254,243,232
kWh / year. Interconnection analysis is performed to calculate the effect of the construction of the
floating solar power plant Cirata with the conclusion that the best interconnection point at a voltage of
150kV to support the reliability of the Cirata-Cibatu-Saguling subsystem. Operational reliability
studies when Cirata floating solar power plants enter the West Java system are still quite safe even
though they include aspects of their intermittent characteristics.
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