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Ilkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, Year; Vol 19 (Issue 4): pp. 2729-2743
http://ilkogretim-online.org
doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2020.04.764639
2729| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF PUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF PUNJABI LANGUAGE AND
SARAIKI VARIETY IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
Sohaib Khalid, M.Phil in Applied Linguistics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
sohaibkhalidbajwa@gmail.com
Amara Batool, M.Phil in Applied Linguistics, Govt. College University Faisalabad, amarabatool377@gmail.com
Muhammad Imran, Lecturer in English, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan, imranjoyia76@gmail.com
Muhammad Younas,School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, younaskherani@stu.suda.edu.cn
ABSTRACT- The objective of this study is to identify the lexical differences between Punjabi and Saraiki. It also helps
those students who want to learn Punjabi language and the second language of Saraiki. The numeral amount of studies
have carried out which estimate the degree of comparability between two separate languages and two dialects of the
same language, but the level of similarity between Saraiki and Punjabi has not yet been investigated. One thousand words
of high-frequency use of the Levenshtein's algorithm (1966) to examine the discrepancy between these words (the new
corpus fulfilled by the investigator) in Punjabi and Saraiki. The theory is that, owing to the hereditary relationship
between the two language systems, the lexical gap between the two systems is less than 75%.
Key words: Punjabi language, Saraiki variety, lexical differences,cross-language similarities, lexical distance,
language acquisition.
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the Ethnologue, 73 languages are spoken in Pakistan from which Urdu is the national
language.According to The World Fact book six main languages are spoken in Pakistan with fifty-nine smaller
languages. Central Intelligence Agency declaredthat the major languages in Pakistan are: Punjabi with 48% of
the total speakers, Sindhi is 12%, Saraiki is the third biggest language of Pakistan with 10%, Pashto and Urdu
speakers are 8% in the Pakistan and Balochi is 3% of the total population of the country. Additionally, Hindko
has 2% speakers, and Brahui has only 1% speakers of the total population of the country. Moreover,
Burushaski and other languages collectively have 8% speakers of total population of the country. The two
most important languages of the country are Punjabi and Urdu. Mostly, the languages, which are present in
Pakistan, belong to Indo-Iranian families of language, which has its roots in the Indo-European language
families. The Indo-Iranian families of language divided into Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, Saraiki and other
languages (Ethnologue, 2017). The distributions of cognates and cross-language frequency diverge according
to language contact and evolutionary change. While there isvariationof the studies thatestimate the
comparison level among two changed languages and the two dialects of a same language, While now the
lexicalresemblance or difference levelamongSaraiki and Punjabi language is not explored?
As stated before Saraiki and Punjabi languages belongs to Indo-Aryan families of languagedue to this reason
they might have theextraordinary conection of mutual intelligibility between them. Sometimes, the people
who speak different languages can communicate with oneanother i.e.,speakers of Spanish and Portuguese can
understand each other because the similarity level between both languages is 89%(Maldonado García, 2014)
and both languages have roots in the same family. The higher level of similarity between two languages or
dialects, the linguistically closer to each other the speakers of that languages or dialects are. The higher level
of distance between two languages or dialects, the linguistically farther to each other the speakers of that
languages or dialects are. Saraiki and Punjabi are fromthe Indo-Aryan family of languages which mean that
both languages sharegeneticrelations. The speakers of Saraiki language claim that it is a separate language
but MaldonadoGarcía (2016) as well as others proposed that it is a dialect of Punjabi language. The main
2730| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
objective of the present study is to estimate the orthographic differences between Punjabi language and
Saraiki variety.
Language Patterns in Pakistan
Census of the population (1984) in Pakistan comprises a detailed questionnaire column, which keeps the
eight languages options for selecting a desired language from the respondents. Eight major dialects have been
qualified as Pakistan’s national idioms and these languages are subjected to represent the Pakistani residents.
This specified approach is best suited for Punjab with contains more than the three-quarters of targeted
population prefers Punjabi as their mother tongue. This important relation may be reported for the Sindhi
and Pashto languages (Rahman, 1995). In Baluchistan, Baluchi is the main tongue. The value of language
stems from fact that Hindko, Barahui and Saraiki spoken in north side of the province Punjab.
Punjabi Language
As Punjabi is themother tongue of most of the Punjabi people, it isspoken across the cities of Punjab province
i.e., Lahore, throughout Gujranwala, and on the border areas with India and some of the smaller cities of the
north Punjab. The Punjabi language has millions of speakers throughout Pakistan as Liudmalia (2014)states
that the Punjabi language is spoken almost 48% of the total population of the country as mother tongue
language and 57.56% in cities of Punjab Province. According to Ethnologue (2017),basically, the Western
Punjabi contains two scripts, Arabic and a Landa script, which is no longer used. Shahmukhi is derived from
any of these. Shahmukhi is in which the mouth of the Guru for which Gurmukhi refers to used to write Punjabi
language and it often used to write Urdu. In the history of Punjabi, Sufi poets in Punjabi and after the
independence of Pakistan used Shahmukhi alphabet for the first time, it became the common writing form in
the language (Goyal and Lehal, 2008). According to Ethnologue, Punjabi has different varieties such as
Bhatyiana, Bathi, Majhi, Doab, Powadhi, Malwa, Shahpuri and Lahori (2017). Punjabi and Saraiki have about
70 percent-85 percent parallels with each other (Ethnoligues, 2017). Although according to Punjabi standard
dialect is Majhi in Pakistan. However, in Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, and district of Jammu and
Kashmir, it is spoken as mother tongue.
SaraikiVariety
Saraiki variety is also recognized as Multani, Landhi Seraiki and Western Punjabi (Ethnoligues, 2017). It is
also acknowledged by Maldonado García(2016) that Saraiki is a dialect of Punjabi. It is spoken by 10%
speakers of the total population of Pakistan (Liudmalia, 2014). Ethnologue states that the Saraiki variety is
written in Arabic script mostly, while “Devanagari” script and “Gurmukhi” script were used to be written for
the Saraiki language but now, no longer in use (2017). The Arabic script of Saraiki is commonly used on
computers for the writing.Kazim (2015), a well-knownSaraiki scholar, states that Saraiki has 45 alphabets for
writing and Hindus and Sikhs used Gurmukhi and Devanagari scripts which were written left to right.
Although, these scripts are no longer in use in Pakistan still in India the Gurmukhi and the Devanagari scripts
are in use. In the past, “Landhi” script was used more prominently by the bookkeepers, traders, writers and
other people, but in these days,a significant reduction came in the use of this script (Liudmalia, 2014). On the
contrary, Multani; which belongs to the Landa script was also used to write down Saraiki. The dialects that
are commonly associated with Saraiki language are Bhawalpuri, Jafri, Jatki, Derwali, Jangli, Multani, Khatki,
Reasati, Hindki, Southern Panjabi and Thali (Ethnologue, 2017).
Lexical Similarity
Lexical resemblance is very measure to the extent thatgroups of words of two different particular dialects are
similar(Renfrew and Tarim, 2003). If two words have 100% similarity, it means thatthe words are the same
in both languages, if words have 0% similarity; it shows that there is no resemblanceat all. Ethnologue,
(2017) explains thatratio of similarity between two languages can checked by associating the meaning and
form of two differenttype’slists of words. If two dialects or languages have 85% similarities or more than that,
it shows that the one which called dialect of another language. Younas, M. & Noor, U. (2020) obtain various
2731| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
results by associatingletters and the phonetic symbols of the different inquiry level studies. For example,
French language and English have 27%resemblance while the English and the German language have almost
60% resemblance level. When the languages have similarity level more than 85%, it shows that there is
particular relation, syntactically, either phonetically and morphologically(Maldonado García, 2014).
In this present study, the scholars has selected 1,000 words of Punjabi language from Majhi dialect, which
called the standard dialect form of Punjabi and then interpreted these words into Saraiki variety. Until now
the orthographical differences betweenPunjabi andSaraiki have not been recognized. Maldonado García
(2014) states, the lexical connection level between the Portuguese and the Spanish is about 89% and both
languages are Romance languages. The method adopted in this study based on Levenshtein’s (1966)
algorithm model to discover the orthographical distance among Punjabi and Saraiki language.
Objective of the Study
One of the objectives of the research presented in this study is to explore the lexical gap between Punjabi and
Saraiki by collecting the data. A researcher has made the distinction of 1000 high-frequency words in Punjabi.
The data gathered in Majhi language and then converted to Saraiki. The aim of this research is to compare and
contrast the two languages.
Significance of the Study
As we know that Pakistan is a multi-lingual country, it accommodates a number of major and minor
languages, some of them consider as a major mother tongue, and Punjabi and Saraiki are also included in
them. This study is intended to help the students of Saraiki and Punjabi language in learning second language
setting. Younas et al. (2020) examples that learners who need to learn Punjabi or Saraiki as their subordinate
language may get the list of words of similar words in both (Punjabi and Saraiki) and can use them in the
acquisition of the vocabulary.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Paul, Christopher and Stephen (2002) state the language family involves an inter-related linguistic
groupsinvented from a specific ancestor (of common history), also labelled as protolanguage (Greek word
proto meaning ‘early’). There is no direct considerate regarding ancestor language, though; there is a
possibility to ascertain its diverse features through proportional methods’ application that can express status.
As per Irene (2015), Romance, Germanic, and Slavic are among numerous branches of the family of Indo-
European language.
The development of Turkish language as an administrative language was mostly in Ottoman Empire (of 600
plus years) by borrowing words from Persian and Arabic(Renfrew and McMahon, Trask, 2000). It was later
on named Ottoman Turkish, mainly an official version of routine day life spoken Turkish at that time.
Comparative linguistics is implemented for establishing languages’ membership for the specific language
family. Younas, M (2020) explains that linguistics theme mostly focuses on the nature of various modern
languages. Linguists who work in this field of study typically use family identity to classify the languages
(Hardcastle and Beck, 2005). Currently formed families of the languages are the more certain results of
common past of their language origins. The authors referred this data as "cultural and linguistic groups".
Besides, there are a huge variety of GPGs around the world (Gahl and Johnson, 2012). However, this method
is not useful for languages whose status is indeterminate. Korean and Japanese speakers are not similar to
each other and to speakers of other East Asian languages.
2732| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
Orthographical Difference Among Different Languages
Orthography is a term referring to the collection of conventions used for writing a language (Gahl, Yao and
Johnson, 2012). It contains phrase splits, hyphenation, spelling guidelines, capitalization, emphasized words
and so on. Recently several languages are being written in specifically built systems and writing standards.
Findings by Shany et al., in November 2011 showed that those who are able to interpret words correctly with
diacritics are better able to read words without diacritics. So far, it has not been discussed or shown just how
distinct Saraiki dialect is from Punjabi dialect because of its orthographical distinction. For example, Saraiki
share a significant portion of vocabulary and morphology of Punjabi language. Younas, M, & Noor, U (2020)
argued that language has yet to record by the linguists.
Ethno-Lingual Distinctiveness of Saraiki Identity and Rest of Punjab
The majority of linguists are not accepting the fact that Saraiki and Punjabi are two separate languages that
could be mutually interrelated and understood i.e. one language can replace other easily in the context of
understanding(Rehman, 1995). It is clearly indicated by Asif, that out of all languages of Punjab, Saraiki is the
most important language but the Saraiki narrative is claimed as the opposite (2005). There are two belts that
keep differing norms and cultures that are Saraiki and Punjabi. Saraiki keeps the distinctive association with
other parts of other provinces like Sindh and central Punjab and also with north India. Asifhas viewed that
Siriaki and Punjabi are almost same in many ways and share context on the basis of morphology
(2005).Saraiki has become the important language and symbol of ethnicity among the residents of South
Punjab and their living associations in the province. The areas of South Punjab and Sindh keep mutual
similarities in context to the geographical locations, political backgrounds, and cultural inference.
Mutual Intelligibility
Rowe and Levine (2015) concluded that two or more languages in which speakers of different languages (but
genetically related) will very readily understand each other without prior understanding are called reciprocal
intelligibility. Sometimes it may be used as a criterion to distinguish different languages. The extent of mutual
intelligibility of languages varies greatly. How to improve the accent takes a lot of effort. The speakers of such
languages of comprehension because of their shared genes. Being able to comprehend and learn a foreign
language is not an automatic thing (Brown, 2015).
III. METHODOLOGY
To obtain the orthographic difference level between Punjabi language and Saraiki variety data was compiled.
Since we want to find the orthographical difference, it is substantial to utilize those terms, which the speaker
mostly finds in that language. For this drive, one thousand regularlyused words of Punjabi (Majhi dialect)have
been recognized. The motive behind this is that the most frequent words are used by the most number of
speakers.Maldonado Gracia,(2014)states that, the words which are frequently used by the speakers have a
resistance to change. To obtain the high-frequency words, the researcher got the “BHULEKHA” newspaper as
a corpus, which is in Punjabi language (dated August 28 and 29, 2017). Then, by the help of most frequent
word finder software (online word counter), the researcher has obtained the list of one thousand most
frequent words in Punjabi.
Measuring Orthographic Distance
In 1995, Kendall used the Levenshtein distance to measure language distance between varieties. He used the
algorithm to analyse different dialects in Irish. Levenshtein distance is a single-character edit distance metric.
According to the verbal gap between varieties of english, there is a disparity between spellings. The present
thesis is focused on Ethnologue and Automated Similarity Judgment Program . (ASJP). In order to form the
similarities index between Spanish and English, the Levenshtein distance algorithm was also used.
2733| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
Levenshtein algorithm was used to equate the English term "interest" with the Swedish word "intresse."
These four operations were applied to compare two Swedish words. The actual distance is 33% of the
necessary radius. Interest may be calculated in several forms but Levenshtein distance still offers the expense
of the cheapest mapping. In each character, we notice a base and a diacritic. For eg, an acute accent sits on the
e syllable. Two characters may have different foundation and diacritics. We multiply variations with a unitary
number: 1. If two characters have the same basis, but separate diacritics, we consider it to be 0.3 and
calculate each other. For example: e or é, è or é. We think that the total system weights should be skewed to
the left, mostly because the pronunciation is dependent on diacritics. If two bases are the same, the product is
always 1, regardless of whether there are separate diacritics at the beginning or the end. This is counted as
one. As all the languages of the region have similar scripts it is determined phonetically and not
orthographically.
To uncover the differences between Punjabi and Saraiki, it is divided into various groups.
IV. DATA ANALYSIS
To get the corpus of recent date, we have got the newspaper in Punjabi language: “Bulekha”. The corpus of
fifteen thousand words was collected and from which by using the software, researcher has got the one
thousand most frequent words. Once the words in Punjabi (Majhi dialect) were found, their equivalents in
Saraiki language were recognized. When the words list in both; Punjabi and Saraiki was prepared than
researcher also translate them in the English language. So, in first column we have serial no, second is
reserved for words in English language, third for words in the Punjabi language, the fourth column is for
words in Saraiki language and in the last column, we have Levenstein distance. Terms are categorized
according to the methodology described in previous chapter.
(A) Terms which have only one character or distance 1
The words which have distance of one character are 18 out of 1000. They are given below.
List of words which have one character distance
Sr.n
o
Words in English
Words in Punjabi
Words in Saraiki
Levenshtein Distance
1
On
1
2
To say
1
3
Time
1
4
Make
1
5
First
1
2734| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
6
Where
1
7
Sparrow
1
8
Give
1
9
To tell
1
10
Put
1
11
To do
1
12
To meet
1
13
Punch
1
14
Introduction
1
15
Near
1
16
New
1
17
There (pronoun of
place)
1
18
Look at
1
2735| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
(B)Terms which have difference of 02 characters
The words which have distance of two characters are 12 out of 1000. They are illustrated by the following
table.
List of words which have difference of 02 characters
Sr.no
Words in English
Words in Punjabi
Words in Saraiki
Levenshtein
distance
1
Here
2
2
To do
2
3
Happened
2
4
When
2
5
Here
2
6
Hit
2
7
Force
2
8
New
2
9
Hundreds
2
10
Top
2
2736| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
(C)Terms which have difference of 03 characters:
The words which have distance of three characters are 26 out of 1000. They are illustrated by the following
table.
List of words which have difference of 03 characters
Sr.no
Words in English
Words in Punjabi
Words in Saraiki
Levenshtein
distance
1
And
3
2
Such as
3
3
Twelve
3
4
Peshawar
3
5
Power
3
6
Three
3
7
Justice
3
8
Therefosre
3
11
Where
2
12
Increase
2
2737| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
9
Go
3
10
Place
3
11
They
3
12
Both of them
3
13
System
3
14
Terms
3
15
Citizens
3
16
In case
3
17
People
3
18
Duty
3
19
Butcher
3
20
Out
3
21
Any
3
2738| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
22
To write
3
23
To take
3
24
Mission
3
25
Done
3
26
Has happened
3
The words which have distance of four characters are 17 out of 1000. They are illustrated by the following
table.
List of words which have difference of 04 characters
Sr.no
Words in English
Words in Punjabi
Words in Saraiki
Levenshtein
distance
1
Landlord
4
2
Announcement
4
3
Full
4
2739| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
4
Exterior
4
5
Out
4
6
Base
4
7
Side
4
8
Trader
4
9
Animal
4
10
Foreign
4
11
Work
4
12
Streaming
4
2740| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
13
Planted
4
14
Animals
4
15
Month
4
16
Meeting
4
17
Done
4
The words which have distance of five characters are 02 out of 1000. They are illustrated by the following
table.
List of words which have difference of 05 characters
Sr.no
Words in English
Words in Punjabi
Words in Siraki
Levenshtein distance
1
Revenue
5
2
Parents
5
2741| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
V. DISCUSSION
One thousand most frequent words in Punjabi language were identified from the large corpus which was
obtained in Punjabi language. There was a purpose to select the most frequent words in Punjabi language
because they are used mostly by the native speakers in the daily routine of life and have more resistance to
change. That is why they evolve slower than the others. Once the words list was established, their equivalents
in Saraiki varietywere recognized and their distance was calculated. Now, the data were categorized
according to the different orthographical distance measures between the two words or strings. If the one pair
of string has a difference of 1 character put separate and the other string has the difference of 3 characters
put separately. The basic cause to do this is that one string may have the similar difference and the other
string might have the more difference than the first one. This is just because of the length of every word. If the
words have a number of characters in their formation, the difference between the two words will be less. The
analysis of the strings according to the above mention categories revealed the following pairs.
Total number of pairs with orthographical difference
Sr.no
Levenshtein distance
Number of pairs
1
0
753
2
1
18
3
2
12
4
3
26
5
4
17
6
5
02
7
Completely different
172
8
Total
1000
The investigation of the words showed that 753 pairs have the same orthography or the same words in both
languages; Punjabi and Saraiki out of 1000. Further, 18 pairs have one character difference between both
languages. The twelve strings have the difference of two pairs and twenty-six pairs have the difference of
three characters. 17 strings have four character difference and just two pairs have five character differences
out of 1000 pairs of words. From one thousand pairs of words, 172 strings are completely orthographically
different.
Total orthographical Similarity between Punjabi and Saraiki
Language pairs
Punjabi and Saraiki
Total no of pairs
809
Total orthographical similarity
80,9%
The analysis shows that Punjabi and Saraiki are 80.9% orthographically similar with one another.
2742| Sohaib Khalid ORTHOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCEOF POUNJABI LANGUAGE AND SARAIKI VARIETY
IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
Table4.10 Total orthographical difference between Punjabi and Saraiki
Language pairs
Punjabi and Saraiki
Total no of pairs
191
Total orthographical difference
19.1%
The analysis shows that Punjabi and Saraiki are 19.1% orthographically different from one another.
VI. CONCLUSION
To figure out the orthographical difference between Punjabi language and Saraiki variety which are
genetically related languages a statistically defined algorithm was used which calculates the distance on
making the strings as a basis. To obtain the orthographical distance between Punjabi and Saraiki,
measurements and comparisons of orthographic segment connection were used. The strings is placed
according to the degree of difference, since the level of difference rises; the level of diversity between the
pairs often increases. The formula reveals the connection between the strings. The orthographical study
which was performed on one thousand strings shows that Punjabi language and Saraiki variety have 80.9
percent orthographical similarity and 19.1 percent orthographical variation (hypothesis revealed true). With
orthographical similarity of 80.9 percent , we can infer that the Punjabi and Saraiki are strongly linked to each
other. From the point of view of second language acquisition, the significance of this study relies on the
assumption that the resulting similarity list of words or shared vocabulary can be a valuable reference for
students who are studying Punjabi or Saraiki as an L2. It is an effective help for the students whose L1 is
either Saraiki or Punjabi and who want to study the other language as an L2
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IN PUNJAB PROVINCE
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