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Performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed graded levels of
fermented and toasted seed meal
Keywords:
Albizia lebbeck
1Tsado D. N., Dikko,A. H., Alabi, O. J., Kperun, T. N., Jiya, B. K. Ojapah, M. O.,
Ibrahim,A. and Olatunji, B. D.
E- mail: tsadonma@yahoo.com
Performance,BroilerChickens,AlbizialebbeckSeed
,
Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology,
Minna, Nigeria.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck
seed meal (FTALSM), on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler
chickens at the starter and finisher phases. One hundred and fifty (150) day old chicks (Abo
acres) were used for this study and were divided into five treatments (with three replicate
eachcontaining10 birds)usinga completelyrandomizeddesign(CRD)foreightweeks.The
treatmentswerefivedietscontaining 0% (control),5%, 10%,15%and 20% offermentedand
toastedAlbizialebbeckseed meal(FTALSM),respectivelyand weretaggedDiet1, 2, 3,4and
5. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The feed intake at the
starter phase was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Diets 3 and 4 which had 10 and 15%
inclusion of FTALSM, respectively. Diets 2, 3 and 4 also differ significantly (p<0.05) in final
body weight and total weight gained from the control diets. The results at the finisher phase
indicated that, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in all the parameters measured
except for mortality. Birds fed Diet2 performed significantly better in weight gain (1453g)
and feed intake (3087.25g) compared to the control group. Birds on the control and Diet 2
had similar feed efficiency, the values were however, better than those on the other
treatments. The results of nutrient digestibility showed birds fed Diet 5 (20% FTALSM)
recorded significantly (P<0.05) low digestibility values in all parameters measured. The
results showed that fermentation and toasting reduced phytase, oxalate and cyanide by
41.87, 26.67 and 99.94 % respectively. It can be concluded therefore, that FTALSM can be
included up to 15 % in broiler chickens starter diets and 5 % in the finisher diet for optimum
growthperformance.
Introduction
Feed accounts for 70 – 80% of the total cost
of broiler production in Nigeria (Ademola
and Farinu, 2006). This has invariably
escalated the prices of poultry products out
of the reach of the common populace and a
resultant drop in animal protein intake. The
replacement of expensive conventional
feed ingredients particularly those of
protein origin (soybean and groundnut
cake)with cheap,locallyavailableandnon-
human competitive substitutes in feed
formulationrepresents a suitable strategyat
reducing the total feed cost of poultry
production in Nigeria. The cost of
Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 2018, 45(2): 150 - 156
Nigerian Society for Animal Production Nigerian Journal of Animal Production
Abstract
conventional protein and energy sources
such as groundnut meal, soya bean meal,
fish meal and maize for non-ruminant
animals in many tropical countries have
been on the increase, such that it is
uneconomical to use these conventional
feedstuffs in poultry feeds (Oduguwa
(2004), Esonu (2004). The option has
been to source for locally available and
cheap plant materials such as
to formulate a balanced ration for
non-ruminants particularly poultry from
non-conventional feed resources. One
possible source of cheap and available non-
conventional feed ingredient is
et al.
et al.
Albizia
lebbeck
lbiziaA
150
lebbeck
Albizia lebbeck
et al.
et al
seeds meal which may serve as
protein concentrate in rations having a CP
content of 23.4 with some anti-nutritional
factors (tannin, saponin, theobromine,
hydrocyanide). The use of
in monogastric nutrition is limited by the
presence of anti-nutrients such as saponin,
oxalate, phytate, tannin and cyanide
(Muhammad , 2010). It therefore
requires fermentation and heat treatments
to remove the anti-nutrients which
accentuate digestive losses. This study was
conducted to investigate the effects of
fermented and toastedAlbizia lebbeck seed
meal (FTALSM), on the growth
performance and nutrient digestibility of
broiler chickens at the starter and finisher
phases. Esonu . (1997) reported that
most leguminous seeds are thermo-stable
and therefore need more than one treatment
methods. Toasting, fermentation and
boiling are some of the methods used by
different authors to remove or reduce the
anti-nutrients. Fermentation processes
using have been used to improve
the nutritive value of some feed stuffs such
as soya bean (Mathivanan 2006;
Yamamoto 2007). The desirable
characteristics of the fermented products
include their acceptability by birds (Nagra
1998) and nutrient availability (Hong
2004).
This research work was carried out at the
poultry section of the Teaching and
Research Farm of the Department of
Animal Production, Bosso campus, Federal
University of Technology, Minna, Niger
State. Nigeria. Five (5) experimental diets
were formulated using maize, soyabeans
meal,groundnut cake, fish meal, bonemeal,
limestone, salt, rice bran, palm oil,
vitamin/mineral premix, lysine, methionine
as feed ingredients. The proximate
composition of raw, fermented and toasted
seed meal was carried out
Table1.
Aspergilli
et al.,
et al.,
et al.,
etal.,
Albizia lebbeck
Materialsandmethods
Table 1: Proximate composition of raw, fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck Seed (%)
Nutrients RALSM FTALSM % CHANGE
Moisture content 3.46 6.17 78.32
Crude protein (CP) 23.45 22.93 2.22
Crude fibre (CF) 18.00 16.67 7.39
Ash 2.00 6.40 220
Oil extract 5.00 10.50 110
Nitrogen free extract (NFE) 48.09 37.33 22.37
RALSM –Raw Albizia lebbeck seed meal
FTALSM –Fermented and Toasted Albizia lebbeck seed meal
Fermentedand toasted seed
meal (TFALSM) was used at inclusion
levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% in Diets 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5, respectively to replace
groundnut cake with Diet 1 as the control
diet Tables 2 and 3. The experimental
design was completely randomized design
(CRD). One hundred and fifty (150) birds
were allotted to five (5) dietary treatment
groups with three (3) replicates each. Each
dietary treatment contained thirty (30)
birds with ten (10) birds per replicate. The
birds were reared on a deep litterintensive
Albizialebbeck managementsystem.Theexperimentlasted
a period of eight (8) weeks. The procedure
for the fermentation of corn-cob as
describedbyAdeyemiand Familade (2005)
was used for the fermentation of the seeds.
Water was sprinkled on the seeds at the
ration of 3:1 and a big plastic polythene bag
was then placed in a plastic drum and the
wet seeds were placed
inside a polythene bag, tied and secured
with a rope to make it air tight, therefore,
preventing exchange of gasses between the
fermenting material and the environment
Albizia lebbeck
Broiler chickens fed graded levels of fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck seed meal
151
for 48hours (anaerobic fermentation). The
fermented seeds were sun
dried on polythene sheets spread on
c o n c r e t e p l a t f o r m t o p r e v e n t
contamination.Afterdrying,the seeds were
toasted using the local groundnut
processing method. This involved putting
sandandtheseedsina largefryingpanover
anakedflame and stirred continuously until
the color of the seeds were changed to dark
brownand having an appetizing aroma.The
productwas then spreadonthecement floor
and ground using a hammer mill of 2 mm
disc diameter before incorporation into
formulation of the ration on weight for
weight substitution with groundnut cake.
The initial weights of the chicks were taken
at the beginning of the experiment by
weighing all the chicks in each replicate
together, and dividing by the number of the
birds. Subsequently, the average weekly
body weight gain was obtained by
subtracting the body weight of the previous
week from the weight of the present week.
Digestibility trial was conducted on two (2)
birds selected from each replicate at week
eight of the feeding trial to assess the level
of nutrient digestibility. The birds were
Albizia lebbeck housed in metabolic cages for a four days
adjustment period and droppings were
collected for four days. Feed was given
and left over feed were weighed
beforeoffering freshfeedandthe droppings
were collected separately from each
replicate during the four days collection
period. The droppings were weighed,
wrapped in aluminum foil, oven dried at
80°C and re-weighed until a constant
weight was obtained using the method of
McDonald (2010). The collections
from each of the replicates were pooled
after drying and mixed thoroughly and 10g
was used for proximate analysis. The
percentage apparent digestibility of dry
matter, Crude protein, Crude fibre, ash,
Ether extract and nitrogen free extract was
computed individually using the formula
described by Vogtmann (1975). All
data obtained on various parameters were
subjected to one way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) using SPSS (2007) version 20.0
while Duncan's Multiple RangeTest (1995)
was used to separate the means where there
was statistically significant differences
(P<0.05). The anti-nutritional factors
analysis of the raw, fermented and toasted
ad-
libitum
et al.
et al.
Table 2: Percentage composition of broiler starter diets (%)
Ingredient Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Diet 5
Maize 52.20 50.79 49.36 47.96 46.52
Groundnut cake 18.90 16.65 14.40 12.15 9.90
Rice Offal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Soya bean meal 18.90 20.31 21.74 23.14 24.58
FTALSM 0.00 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.90
Palm oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fish meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Bone meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Limestone 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Vit/Mineral premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Calculated analysis
Crude Protein (%) 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00
Metabolizable
Energy (Kcal/kg) 2906.10 2903.15 2900.01 2897.16 2893.90
FTALSM –Fermented and To asted Albizia lebbeck seed meal
Vitamin/Mineral premix - Composition
Tsado, Dikko, Alabi, Kperun, Jiya, Ojapah, Ibrahim and Olatunji
152
Albizia lebbeck seeds was carried out at the
National Animal Production Research
Institute (NAPRI), Zaria, Kaduna State.
The proximate composition of the raw,
fermented and toasted
seeds were also carried out according to the
procedures ofAOAC (1990). The diets and
the droppings were analyzed forproximate
composition.
Albizia lebbeck
Table 3: Composition of broilerChickens finisher diet (%)
Ingredient (%) Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Diet 5
Maize 55.33 53.91 52.50 51.08 49.63
Groundnut cake 16.34 14.09 11.84 9.59 7.34
Rice Offal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Soya bean meal 16.34 17.75 19.16 20.58 22.03
FTALSM 0.00 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00
Palm oil 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Fish meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Bone meal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Limestone 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Vit/Mineral premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Calculated nutrients
Crude Protein (%) 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00
Crude Fibre (%) 3.30 3.66 4.00 4.35 4.83
*M E (Kcal/kg) 3050.49 3047.19 3044.24 3041.20 3037.83
*BiomixRFinisher supplied per Kg: Vit. A, 800 I.U.; Vit. D3, 1200 I.U.; Vit.E, 13 mg; Vit. K, 2mg;Riboflavin, 3 mg; Cobalamin, 10 mg; Folic acid, 1.5
mg; Biotin, 0.25 mg; Antioxidant, 125 mg; Fe, 25mg; Mn, 80mg; Zn, 50 mg; Cu, 2 mg; Co, 0.2 mg and Se, 0.1 mg.
FTALSM- Fermented and Toasted Albizialebbeck
ResultsandDiscussion
Table 4 shows the laboratory analysis of
anti-nutritional factors in raw, fermented
and toasted seed meal.
Fermentation and toasting led to 47.78 %
increase of saponin content. Theincrease in
the level of saponin is an indication that
fermentation and toasting methods used are
notthebest processing methods of reducing
saponin. However, fermentation and
Albizia lebbeck
toasting decreased phytate, Oxalate and the
cyanide contents by 41.87, 26.67 and
99.94% respectively. The general reduction
observed in phytate, oxalate and cyanide in
this study might be due to the effect of
toasting and fermentation on
and this agreed with the findings of
Esonu . (1997) that most leguminous
seeds are thermo-stable and therefore need
morethan onetreatmentmethods
Albizia
lebbeck
et al
Table4: Anti-nutritional composition in raw, fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck seed
Anti-nutritional factor RALSM (% ) FTALSM (%) % CHANGE
Saponin 0.90 1.33 47.78
Phytate 2.03 1.18 41.87
Oxalate 0.45 0.3 3 26.67
Cyanide 6.37 0.004 99.94
RALSM–Raw seedmeal
FTALSM– Fermented andToasted seedmeal
Albizialebbeck Albizialebbeck
Broiler chickens fed graded levels of fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck seed meal
153
Resultsof the performanceofbroilerstarter
chickens fed graded levels of fermented
and toasted
seed meal during the first
four weeks of starter phase and the finisher
phase are presented in Table 5 and 6. The
significant decrease (p < 0.05) observed as
the level of inclusion increased after 5 %
inclusionat both started and finisher phases
in the values of feed intake was in line with
the work of Olorunsanya et al. (2010) that
as the level of the inclusion of
increases from 5% the feed intake
reduces. However, birds fed 5-15 %
inclusionof seed meal diets
recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher
values in feed intake over the control diets.
This could mean seed meal
had a positive influence on palatability of
the diets and hence, higher intake. The
significant (p< 0.05) performanceof birds
fed 5-15 % of tested ingredient at both
started and finisher phases over control diet
in final body weight and weight gained
might be as a result of the processing
methods used (fermented and toasted) on
seed in the diet. This
contradicted the work of Olorunsanya .
(2010) that there was no significant
difference in final body weightand weight
gainofbroiler chickensfedcontroldiet and
5% inclusion level of toasted
seed meal. The reduction in the
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia
lebbeck
Albizialebbeck
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia lebbeck etal
Albizia
lebbeck
abcMeans with the sa me superscripts are not significantly (p>0.05) different
Table 5: Performance of broilers chicken (starter) fed graded levels of fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck
seed meal
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Diet 5 SEM L.S
0 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 %
Initial weight (g) 50.33 50.33 50.67 50.67 50.33 0.13 ns
Final weight (g) 370b556.67a536.67a503.33a340b24.57 *
Average gain (g) 319.67b506.33a486a452.67a289.67b24.55 *
Feed intake (g) 909.61c1126.47b1210.12a1206.60a1056.23b31.18 *
F C R 2.85a2.23 a2.49a2.68a3.70 0.01 *
Mortality % 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.04 ns
F C R Feed conversion ratio
NS No significant difference (p 0.05)
SEM Standard error of means
LS Level of significance
* Significant
weightgained at20%inclusion couldmean
required for the optimal
performance was attend before 20 %
inclusion level. This might be as a result of
the amount of anti-nutrient (saponin)
presence. This was in agreement with
Olorunsanya . (2010) that birds fed
high inclusion levels of toasted
seed meal had reduced feed intake.
Liener (1989) and Bate-Smith (1973)
reported that saponins affect feed intake
and digestion. This implies that the dietary
level of fermented and toasted
seedmeal (FTALSM)beyond15%
does not support growth of the broiler
chickens at both started and finisher
phases. The insignificant level of mortality
rate observed by the birds at both started
andfinisherphaseswasincontrast with the
study of Olorunsanya (2010) on
significant differences (p<0.05) in
mortality rate of the birds. Their result
showed that as the level of inclusion of
increasedthe mortality rate
also increased. The low mortality rate
observed in this study might be as a result
of the two treatment methods that were
appliedon the test ingredient (fermentation
and toasting). The present study showed
that fermentation and toasting of
seed was more effective in
eliminating the ant-nutritional factors in
the seed
Albizia lebbeck
et al Albizia
lebbeck
Albizia
lebbeck
et al.
Albizialebbeck
Albizia
lebbeck
Albizialebbeck
Tsado, Dikko, Alabi, Kperun, Jiya, Ojapah, Ibrahim and Olatunji
154
NS= No significant difference (P>0.05).
Table 6: Performance of broilers fed graded levels of fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck seed meal at
finisher phase (grams)
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Diet 5 SEM L S
0% 5% 10% 15% 20 %
Initial weight (g/bird) 460.27 461.31 4546.42 455.19 466.33 1.164 *
Final weight (g/bird) 1500.00d2010.00a1613.00b1570.00c887.06e96.524 *
Body weight gain (g/bird) 1039.66d1548.69a1158.71b1114.81c420.67e97.150 *
Feed intake (g/bird) 2364.04d3087.25a2952.37b2785.00c2214.17e90.070 *
Feed efficiency ( %) 43.97b50.16a39.24d40.02c18.99e2.861 *
Mortality (%) 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 ns
abcMeans in the same row with different superscript are significantly different (P<0.05), means with the same superscript are not significantly different
(P>0.05).
SEM= Standard error of mean.
* = significant difference
LS= Level of significance
The result of nutrient digestibility trial of
birds fed graded levels of fermented and
toasted seed meal is shown
in Table 7. The result generally showed
high digestibility of the diet and significant
differences (P<0.05) were observed among
theparameters measured.This couldbedue
to effects of the processing methods
Albizia lebbeck
(Fermentation and Toasting). The result
also showed that as the level of inclusion
increased, the percentage digestibility
reduces in all the parameters measured
except in dry matter. This agreed with the
findings ofAbeke (2008) that monogastric
animals unlike ruminants do not have the
necessaryenzymesfordegrading cellulose.
Table 7: Apparent nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed graded levels of
fermented and toasted Albizia lebbeck seed meal at finisher phase (%)
Parameters Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Diet 5 SEM LS
Dry matter 84.10a84.92a83.74ab 83.45ab 76.00b1.24 *
Ether extract 90.40a89.59a89.53a89.40a71.77b1.96 *
Crude protein 92.19a92.53a91.37a91.10a62.21b3.18 *
Crude fibre 85.77a85.74a85.44a84.83a81.11b0.53 *
Ash 93.08a93.66a93. 66a92.37a85.70b1.08 *
Nitrogen free extract 96.08a96.06a95.25a95.00a72.70b2.54 *
SEM= Standard error of mean.
* = significant difference
Means in the same row with different superscript are significantly different (P<0.05), means with the same superscript
are not significantly different (P>0.05).
LS= Level of significance.
Conclusion
It is concluded based on the results of this
study that broiler chickens at both starter
and finisher phases can be fed up to 20%
and 15 % inclusion of Fermented and
Toasted seed meal diets
respectively for optimum growth
performance. Therefore up to 20 % and 15
% inclusion into broiler starter and finisher
Albizia lebbeck
chickensdiet respectivelyis recommended.
. Effect of
duration of duration of cooking on
the level of duration of cooking on
the level of some anti-nutritional
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Tsado, Dikko, Alabi, Kperun, Jiya, Ojapah, Ibrahim and Olatunji
156
