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B I O D I V E R S I T AS
ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 22, Number 3, March 2021 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 1277-1284 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220325
Molecular identification of five species of family Chaetomiaceae
(Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Iraqi soil
MUSTAFA A. AL-DOSSARY1,, SHAYMAA S. RAHEEM1, MAYSOON K. ALMYAH2
1Department of Ecology, College of Science, University of Basrah. Basrah, Iraq. email: mustafa.najem@uobasrah.edu.iq
2General Directorate of Education in Basrah. Basrah, Iraq
Manuscript received: 13 January 2020. Revision accepted: 13 February 2021.
Abstract. Al-Dossary MA, Raheem SS, Almyah MK. 2021. Molecular identification of five species of family Chaetomiaceae
(Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Iraqi soil. Biodiversitas 22: 1277-1284. Five ascomycetes fungi within the family Chaetomiaceae
(Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) were isolated from Iraqi agricultural soil and identified by phenotypic characteristics and molecular
analysis. Chaetomium ascotrichoides and C. subaffine are reported for the first time from the Iraqi mycobiota. Amesia atrobrunnea,
Collariella bostrychodes and Ovatospora brasiliensis were previously reported from Iraq as Chaetomium atrobrunneum, C.
bostrychodes, and C. brasiliense respectively. All reported species were provided with brief characterizations and photographs
Keywords: Agriculture soils, Ascomycetes, Chaetomiaceae, Iraq
INTRODUCTION
Chaetomiaceae (Sordariomycetes) is one of the largest
families of saprotrophic ascomycete fungi with more than
300 species. The type species of this family is Chaetomium
globosum Kunze. The species within this family are
capable of colonizing various substrates and are well-
known for their ability to degrade cellulose and to produce
a variety of bioactive metabolites. They are present in
different microhabitats, including soil, air, decomposed
cotton, paper, moist walls, damaged buildings. In the plant
rhizoplane, Chaetomiaceae are almost strictly saprophytic
and have been shown to be antagonistic against several
plant pathogens (Adhikari et al. 2017; Zhang et al.2017;
Ruppavalli et al. 2019). Chaetomium is well known for its
properties for agriculture application. It has a broad
spectrum antagonistic ability against wide range of plant
pathogens due to production of diverse metabolites
(antibiosis) such as chaetomin, cochliodinol, and chaetosin
(Moya et al. 2016).
Chaetomium spp. used as fungicide, the fungus has
been formulated into bio-pellets and bio powders under the
name Ketomium for the biological control of plant diseases
such as tomato wilt and basal rot of corn, also used as
bioinsecticide for the biological control of sucking insect
pests (Soytong et al. 2001; Alsalhi et al. 2018).
Usually, ostiolate ascomata with hairs around the
ostiole are one of the common features of this family, also
evanescent asci with different shapes that range from
clavate to fasciculate with brown to gray-brown ascospores
which usually possessing one or two germ pores (von Arex
et al.1986). Later, von Arx et al. (1986) established new
taxonomic characters for this family, species with ovate or
obovate to globose ascomata with textura intricata walls
were included. These species exhibit diverse hair
morphology that ranges from erect to coiled. Several
anamorphic genera have been associated with the genus
Chaetomium, such as Acremonium-like anamorph (Wang et
al. 2016a).
At present, the species within this family possesses
largely defined morphological variety, many genera in the
family have been reevaluated and redefined, and many new
genera have been proposed recently. These changes result
in a lot of new combinations (Wang et al. 2016a). For this
reason, it is necessary to re-understand the diversity of
Chaetomiaceae in Iraqi.
The molecular identification of this fungal genus is
highly limited, and additional molecular studies on this
genus are necessary (Wang et al. 2014). Thus, great effort
has been made to classify, identify, and accurately
grouping different species of Chaetomium, based on DNA
sequencing (Sekhar et al. 2018). Due to the lack of genetic
studies on the species belonging to this genus in Iraq, this
work aimed to investigate the fungal diversity within the
family Chaetomiaceae by using morphological characters
and molecular sequencing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection
Sixteen soil samples were collected from four different
agricultural areas at a depth of 5-10 cm in Basrah Province,
Iraq, i.e. Abu-Alkasib, Aljazera, Alkarmah, and Almdinah
(Figure1). Approximately 150-200 g was collected from
each soil sample. Soil samples were put in clean bags, then
transferred to the laboratory, and maintained at 4°C until
further use.
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22 (3): 1277-1284, March 2021
1278
Figure 1. Study area in Basrah Province, Iraq
Isolation of fungi
The plate dilution method (Davet, 2000) was used to
isolate the ascomycetous fungi within the family
Chaetomiaceae. From each soil sample, a total of 10 g was
suspended in 100 mL of sterile distilled water and diluted
up to 103 after thorough shaking for 10 min. From each
dilution, approximately 1 mL was transported to a sterile
Petri dish. Then, approximately 15 mL of sterile medium
was added. For primary isolation, potato dextrose agar
(PDA) and oatmeal agar (OA) media (Hi media, India)
supplemented with the antibiotic chloramphenicol (250
mg/L) were used. All the dishes were incubated at 25 °C
for 7-14 days. All distinct colonies were subjected to
additional purification by subculturing on plates containing
OA media.
Phenotypic identification
The diameters of each purified 7-14-day-old colony on
OA media were measured. Front and reverse colony colors
and sporulation grades were also observed. Then, glass
slides were prepared from each purified culture and
examined under a compound microscope (Samson et al.
2010). Appropriate keys were used for the phenotypic
identification of the isolated fungi (Guarro et al. 2012;
Wang et al. 2016 a,b).
DNA extraction and phylogenetic identification
Pure cultures of fungi at 7-14-days old were used for
DNA extraction. The technique designated by Mirhendi et
al. (2006) was used for DNA extraction and PCR
amplification. PCR amplification and sequencing were
performed by using NL1 and NL4 primers for the large
subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU) with the forward primer
NL1 (5ʹ-GCA TAT CAA TAA GCG GAG GAA AAG-3ʹ)
and reverse primer NL4 (5ʹ-GGT CCG TGT TTC AAG
ACGG-3ʹ) (Friggens et al. 2017). All subsequent
operations were performed in accordance with (Mirhendi et
al. 2006). The purification and sequencing of the PCR
products were done at Macrogen, South Korea. The
identification of fungal isolates was done by using BLAST
(Altschul et al. 1997) in GenBank (Sayers et al. 2021). The
construction of the neighbor-joining phylogentic tree was
based on the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene
and performed in MAFFT (Mirhendi et al. 2006). Bootstrap
values were calculated with 500 replicates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Isolates
On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, 20 isolates
were identified as members of the family Chaetomiaceae.
Isolates that represented different species were included,
whereas identical strains were excluded (Table 1).
Chaetomium species are usually identified according to
phenotypic characteristics with emphasis on special
features, such as superficial and usually ostiolate ascomata
that are surrounded by hairs (Aggarwal et al. 2008), or the
presence of stalked, thin-walled, evanescent, eight- spores
asci (von Arx et al. 1986).
High morphological diversity has been found for these
common features, thus relying on morphological characters
alone is insufficient for the identification of this genus
(Abdel-Azeem, 2020). Therefore, the accurate
identification of the species belonging to this genus should
not be based on phenotypic features only; molecular
techniques should be also used (Quyet et al. 2018).
When we subjected all isolates of Chaetomium to PCR
amplification by using primers NL1and NL4, the number
of isolates decreased to only 9 species belonging to five
genera, among them (Amesia, Collariella, and Ovatospora)
were recorded for the first time in Iraq. These genera were
AL-DOSSARY et al. – Chaetomiaceae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Iraq
1279
recorded for the first time in Iraq. The NL1and NL4
primers are widely used in rDNA sequencing either alone
or with other primers for thorough and accurate
phylogenetic investigation of different fungal genera
(Zhang et al.2017; Sekhar et al. 2018 ). The molecular
identification of Chaetomium species by using the LSU
sequence was conducted through GenBank BLAST. The
identification percentage was 99 -100%.
Taxonomy
Nine species belonging to the family Chaetomiaceae
were recognized through phylogenetic inference and
phenotypic characters. Of these species, five belong to the
genus Chaetomium, and the others belong to other four
genera within the Chaetomiaceae family, namely, Amesia
atrobrunnea, Collariella bostrychodes, Ovatospora
brasiliensis, and Trichocladium seminis-citrulli. The use of
LSU analysis facilitated the identification of the isolates as
clearly reflected by the phylogenetic tree of the species
(Figure 2). Several previously reported studies were in
agreement with our study Wang et al. (2016a,b). Five of
these 9 species were recorded for the first time in Iraq and
are described here.
Table 1. Comparison between phenotypic and phylogenetic identification for the fungal isolates
Fungal species
No. of isolates
Phylogenetic identification
Phenotypic identification
Amesia atrobrunnea (Ames) Wang & Samson
Chaetomium atrobrunneum
2
Chaetomium ascotrichoides Calviello
C. ascotrichoides
1
C. elatum Kunze
C. elatum
3
C. globosum Kunze & Schmidt
C. globosum
3
C. madrasense Natarajan
C. ascotrichoides
3
Trichocladium seminis-citrulli (Sergeeva) X.Wei Wang & Houbraken
C. seminis citrulli
2
C. subaffine Sergeeva
C. globosum
2
Collariella bostrychodes (Zopf) X. Wei Wang & Samson
C. bostrychodes
3
Ovatospora brasiliensis (Batista & Pontual) Wang & Samson
C. brasiliense
1
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of the family Chaetomiaceae with closely related taxa from GenBank and their accession numbers, derived
from neighbor-joining analysis of 28s rDNA D1/D2 domain sequences. Frequencies with which a given branch appeared in 500
bootstrap replications are represented under branches
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22 (3): 1277-1284, March 2021
1280
Amesia atrobrunnea
Amesia atrobrunnea (Ames) Wang & Samson, Stud.
Mycol. 84: 158 (2016a). (Figure 3)
Basionym: Chaetomium atrobrunneum Ames,
Mycologia 41: 641. 1949.
This species was characterized by superficial, ostiolate
ovate, or subglobose ascomata with dimensions of 75-165
μm × 70-140 μm , black in reflected light. The wall of the
ascomata exhibited textura angularis in surface view and
was black to dark brown in color. The hairs were flexuous,
smooth, and septate and were 2.3-3.5 μm in diameter near
the base. This species possessed eight ascospores and
clavate, evanescent, 9-22 μm-long asci. The ascospores
were fusiform or elongate and turned dark brown when
they matured7.5-10× 4-5.5μm. They possessed an apical
germ pore at the more attenuated end. Anamorph stage
unknown.
Colony morphology: The colonies exhibited good
growth and matured within 7 days on OA medium at 25
°C. They were nearly 40-50 mm in diameter and appeared
black due to the presence of ascomata together with
ascospores. They lacked aerial mycelium, and they were
grayish to black in color in reverse.
Material examined: this fungus was isolated from two
soil samples taken from Abu-Alkasib and Almdinah,
Basrah Province. GeneBank accession number LC600695.
This species was previously named Cheatomium
atrobrunneum, Wang et al. (2016 a) transfer this species to
a new genus Amesia based on phylogenetic analysis. This
genus shows high variety in ascomatal hair and ascospore
morphology and is readily isolated from diverse locations
(Wang et al. 2016a). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that
this species clustered with A. cymbiformis in the same clade
(Figure 2).
The result was consistent with Wang et al.( 2016 a)
showing that these two species are associated with each
other and can be distinguished on the basis of ascospore
size and shape. This species can grow at temperatures
reaching 47 °C, and numerous isolates of this fungus have
been proven to cause systemic infections in humans (Li et
al. 2012; de Hoog et al. 2013).
Chaetomium ascotrichoides
Chaetomium ascotrichoides Calviello, Revista Mus.
Argent. Cien. Nat. B. Aires, Bot. 3: 372. 1972. (Figure 4)
This species is characterized by superficial, olivaceous,
ovate, or obovate ascomata with dimensions of 170-290 μm
× 130-255 μm, black in reflected light. The ascomatal wall
presented textura epidermoidea, brown in color. Hairs are
flexuous, finely verrucose, 2.2-3.6 μm in diameter near the
base. Around the ostiole, the hairs become shortened and
constricted at the septa. It had eight ascospores within
clavate, stalked, evanescent, 17-36 μm-long asci. The
ascospores were broadly limoniform, occasionally triangle-
shaped in side view, and became slightly apiculate at both
ends. They turn brown when mature. Their dimensions are
9.5-11 μm × 8.5-9.5 μm × 6.5-7.5 μm. They have an apical
germ pore. Anamorph stage unknown.
Colony morphology: The colonies exhibited good
growth and matured within 7-10 days on OA medium at 25
°C. They were nearly 40-50 mm in diameter, olivaceous
black in color, and possessed white aerial hyphae. They
were black in reverse.
Material examined: this fungus was isolated from
agricultural soil collected from Abu-Alkasib, Basrah
Province. GeneBank accession number LC600694.
Morphologically, this species is comparable with
Chaetomium madrasense (von Arx et al. 1986). Our
phylogenetic tree clustered these two species together. This
result was similar to the result of Wang et al. (2016b). We
can distinguish this species from C. madrasense due to the
shape of ascomatal hairs, which were irregularly branched
or flexuous in C. ascotrichoides but coiled in C.
madrasense, and the size of the ascospores, were narrower
in this species (6.5-7 μm) than in C. madrasense (7.5-8.5
μm).
Figure 3. Amesia atrobrunnea. A. Ascoma. B. Ascomatal hairs. C. Ascospores. Bars: A = 107 μm; B= 16 μm; C = 10 μm
A
B
C
AL-DOSSARY et al. – Chaetomiaceae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Iraq
1281
Figure 4. Chaetomium ascotrichoides. A. Ascoma. B. Ascomatal hairs. C. Ascospores. Bars: A = 100 μm; B= 30 μm; C = 11 μm.
Chaetomium subaffine
Chaetomium subaffine Sergeeva, Not. Syst. sect. Crypt.
Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. 14: 148. 1961. (Figure 5)
This species was characterized by superficial, dark,
obovate, or ovate ascomata with dimensions of 220-410 μm
× 180-340 μm, olivaceous or dark in reflected light. The
ascomatal wall exhibited textura intricata in surface view
and was brown. The hairs were erect to flexuous, septate,
verrucose, generally unbranched and tapering towards the
tips, and 2.6-4.2 μm in diameter near the base. This species
had eight ascospores within clavate and sometimes slightly
fusiform evanescent, 17-36 μm-long asci. The ascospores
were bilaterally flattened limoniform, and usually
biapiculate, when mature become brown, 11.5-13.5 (-14)
μm × 8-10 μm × 6-8.2 μm in size, and possessed an apical
germ pore. Anamorph not observed.
Colony morphology: Colonies exhibited good growth
and matured within 7-10 days on OA medium at 25 °C.
They were nearly 45-50 mm in diameter, black, and had
abundant white aerial hyphae. They were uncolored in
reverse light.
Material examined: this fungus was isolated from two
soil samples taken from Alkarmah and Aljazera, Basrah
Province. GeneBank accession number LC600693.
Given its large ascospores (11-15 μm × 8-11 μm × 7-
8.5 μm), von Arx et al. (1986) maintained that C. subaffine
is a separate species and distinguished it from C. globosum,
which has smaller ascospores (9-12 μm × 8-10 μm × 6-8
μm). Recent molecular studies revealed that this fungus is
closely related to Chaetomium spiculipilium, Chaetomium
cochliodes, and Chaetomium pseudocochliodes. However,
we can distinguish it from the other species by its large
ascospores and ascomata, which are covered by abundant
white aerial mycelia (Wang et al. 2016 b).
Collariella bostrychodes
Collariella bostrychodes (Zopf) X. Wei Wang &
Samson, comb. nov. Stud. Mycol. 84: 158 (2016 a). (Figure
6)
Basionym: Chaetomium bostrychodes Zopf, Abh. Bot.
Ver. Prov. Brandenburg 19:173. 1877.
This species was characterized by superficial, pale
greenish-gray, subglobose, or ovate ascomata that were
210-250 μm ×160-240 μm in size, gray in reverse light, and
had a black collar around the ostiole. The ascomatal wall
exhibited textura angularis and was brown. Around the
ostiole the hairs were spirally coiled; obviously rough,
septate, dark brown in the upper part, 3.5-6.5 μm in
diameter near the base. This species had eight ascospores
within clavate or fusiform, evanescent, 20-32 μm-long asci.
The ascospores were limoniform, bilaterally flattened, turn
pale brown when mature, 6-7.5 μm × 4.5-7 μm × 4-5 μm in
size, and possessed apical germ pores. Anamorph stage
unknown.
Colony morphology: Colonies exhibited good growth
and matured within 7 days on OA medium at 25 °C. They
were nearly 30-40 mm in diameter and were black in color
and uncolored in reverse.
Material examined: this fungus was isolated from three
soil samples collected from Abu-Alkasib, Almdinah, and
Aljazera, Basrah Province. GeneBank accession number
LC600692.
This genus derives its name from the dark collar that
covers the ascomatal ostiole pore. On the basis of
morphological and molecular evidence, scientists have
classified this genus into two closely related subclades
(Wang et al. 2019). The species belonging to this genus
possess ascomata with high morphological diversity. The
characteristics of our specimen corresponded to that of
Wang et al.(2016 a & 2019). Strong evidence shows that
this fungus produces a toxic secondary metabolite called
chaetochromin ( Dosen et al. 2017).
Ovatospora brasiliensis
Ovatospora brasiliensis (Batista & Pontual) Wang &
Samson, comb. nov., Stud. Mycol. 84: 207 (2016a). (Figure
7) Basionym: Chaetomium brasiliense Batista & Pontual,
Bol. Agr. Com. Pernambuco 15: 70. 1948.
A
B
C
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22 (3): 1277-1284, March 2021
1282
Figure 5. Chaetomium subaffine. A. Ascoma. B. Ascomatal hairs. C. Ascospores. Bars: A = 100 μm; B= 14 μm; C = 8 μm.
Figure 6. Collariella bostrychodes. A. Ascoma. B. Ascomatal hairs. C. Ascospores Bars: A = 100 μm; B= 20 μm; C = 6 μm.
Figure 7. Ovatospora brasiliensis. A. Ascoma. B. Ascomatal hairs. C. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B= 10 μm; C = 9 μm.
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
AL-DOSSARY et al. – Chaetomiaceae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) from Iraq
1283
This species was characterized by superficial, pale gray,
subglobose, or globose ascomata 85-135 μm × 72-115 μm
in size, pale olivaceous gray in reverse light. The ascomatal
wall presented textura angularis in surface view and was
brown. The hairs were loosely coiled or undulate in the
upper part and erect in the lower part and obviously rough,
septate, grayish to brown in color, and 2-3.7 μm in
diameter in the upper part. This species had eight
ascospores within cylindrical, evanescent, 34-42 μm-long
asci. The ascospores were ovate, bilaterally flattened,
turned brown when mature, 6.5-7.7 μm × 5.3-6.2 μm × 5-
6.7 μm in size, and had apical germ pores at the attenuated
end. Anamorph stage unknown.
Colony morphology: Colonies exhibited good growth
and matured within 7 days on OA medium at 25 °C. They
were nearly 40-50 mm in diameter, pale gray to pale
olivaceous gray, and black in reverse.
Material examined: the examined materials were
isolated from three agricultural soil samples collected from
Abu-Alkasib, Basrah Province. GeneBank accession
number LC600696.
The name of this genus came from the ovate to broadly
ovate ascospores of all of its species (Wang et al. 2016 a).
This species was previously isolated from moist jute cloth
and from dried freshwater fish, prawns, and shrimps (Wang
et al. 2016; Ara et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the
first record of this species from agricultural soil. This
fungus forms a sister lineage to O. mollicella. The
phylogenetic tree clustered these two species together. This
result was similar to that reported by Wang et al.(2016 a) &
Ara et al.(2020). We can distinguish O. mollicella on the
basis of its large ascospores, which have dimensions of 8-
9.5 μm × 7-8 μm × 6-7 μm (Wang et al. 2016 a). O.
brasiliensis is of medical interest considering that it was
isolated from a patient with spinocellular carcinoma, which
is a case of otitis externa (Hubka et al. 2011).
In conclusion, this study was the first study for the
family Chaetomiaceae in Iraq that relied on molecular
analysis. The species within this family having diverse
morphological characteristics, so the identification of these
fungi depending on morphological characters is not enough
and must be supported by modern phylogenetic techniques.
This study identified five species with three genera Amesia,
Collariella, and Ovatospora all of which are recorded for
the first time in Iraq.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. Maithm Al-Shaheen for
his help in photographing the fungal samples.
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