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The link between Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, and Growth: a Meta-Analysis
Abstract
In recent decades, intellectual property rights (IPR) and their macroeconomic effects have attracted considerable attention from both policymakers and academics. Despite a substantial theoretical and empirical literature, evidence regarding the impact of IPR protection on innovation and economic growth is mixed. In this paper we conduct a literature review and meta-analysis of the topic, and find that IPR have an overall positive effect on innovation and growth. However, the effect on innovation is weaker in developing countries than developed countries. We also find that the effects reported in the literature depend to a great extent on individual studies’ methodological characteristics.
... There is robust evidence that immaterial property rights (IPR) have a positive impact on economic prosperity (Falvey et al., 2006;Neves et al., 2021;Park & Ginarte, 1997) and that IPR have a significant role in facilitating innovation (Khan, 2005;Moser, 2013). Previous research has also shown that public research organizations (PROs) have a broad impact on industrial Research and Development (R&D) (Cohen et al., 2002) and thus the IPR created in the PROs are central to innovation. ...
... Literature has also looked at organizational and institutional barriers (Neves et al., 2021), such as the challenges in creating a culture for academic entrepreneurship (Bergmann et al., 2018) or transforming entrepreneurial intention into concrete activities (Erikson et al., 2015), hinder the development of IPR. Studies have also focused on regulation and processes, as discussed by Geuna and Rossi (2011) and Muscio et al. (2016), and their role in enabling or constraining academic intention related to the development of IPR. ...
... Studies have also focused on regulation and processes, as discussed by Geuna and Rossi (2011) and Muscio et al. (2016), and their role in enabling or constraining academic intention related to the development of IPR. However, there is research gap in exploring the impacts of research organization regulation (Muscio et al., 2016;Neves et al., 2021), as well as if the role of regulation is mediated by differences between scientific disciplines (Trivedi, 2016). As highlighted by Pilegaard et al. (2010) there are clear disconnects between hard and soft science in academic entrepreneurship. ...
This study analyses immaterial property rights related organizational processes in public research organizations. The study investigates the structural barriers limiting intellectual property rights development and commercialization. In addition, the study focuses on how different types of public research organizations, namely universities, research and technology organizations, and polytechnics, differ in this respect. The study was implemented as a survey with 493 respondents. The study found that lack of awareness and questions around the impact IPR are the main barriers to immaterial property rights development. The study also found differences in organizational practices between RTOs and universities.
... How intellectual property is managed and accessed determines its efficiency in this new knowledge economy and who uses it (Coelli et al., 2022;De Rassenfosse et al., 2022;Ilie, 2014). It is generally accepted to be essential for promoting innovation and accelerating economic growth (De Rassenfosse et al., 2022;Neves et al., 2021). Over the years, many intellectual property rights (IPR) tools with different aims and fields for applications have been established to protect one's intellectual creations (Ilie, 2014). ...
... In spite of a large body of theoretical and empirical research, there is conflicting information about how intellectual property rights (IPRs) affect innovation and economic expansion. IPR's ability to spur innovation and, consequently, economic growth has been questioned by certain academics (Baker et al., 2017;Neves et al., 2021). Furthermore, even though it has been disregarded or minimized in economic theories pertaining to economic growth and development, intellectual property protection is seen as a component of economic policy (Ilie, 2014). ...
... A substantial hurdle arises from the fact that these nations exhibit a wide spectrum of variation in their scientific and technical infrastructure, which casts doubt on the universal applicability of IP. While the notion of a global uniform IP standard may seem simple, it necessitates careful consideration of numerous micro and macro factors (Laik, 2005;Neves et al., 2021;Viglioni et al., 2023). ...
The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between intellectual property right, economic growth, research and development, trademark, and government effectiveness in the G20 and developing countries. The study applied econometric approaches such as panel vector autoregression (PVAR), PVAR Granger causality, variance decomposition, and impulse response functions (IRF). We also applied heterogeneous and second-generation panel data approaches that are effervescent to slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency to panel data revolving 20 countries (G20) and 27 developing countries from 2004 to 2022. To summarize the findings of this research, (1) the study discovered that economic growth, research and development, trademark, and government effectiveness have positive and significant effect on intellectual property right in the G20 countries. (2) Economic growth, trademark, and government effectiveness have positive and significant influence on intellectual property right, but research and development has no relationship with intellectual property right in the developing countries. (3) In the G20 countries, IPR responds favorably to economic growth, research and development, trademark, and government effectiveness shocks. (4) Lastly, IPR responds favorably to economic growth, trademark, and government effectiveness shocks in the developing countries. Our findings highlight the critical role that innovation-growth policies and economic development play as the primary global drivers of intellectual property rights.
... While a substantial body of research has broadly explored the relationship between IPRs and economic growth in developing countries, numerous studies present differing viewpoints regarding the elevation of IPRs as a means to boost economic advancement (Yang and Maskus, 2009;Peng et al., 2017;Christopoulou et al., 2021;Neves et al., 2021). In this context, previous studies have revealed that the relationship between IPRs and economic outcomes follows a non-linear pattern, leading to either positive effects (Hudson and Minea, 2013;Papageorgiadis and Sharma, 2016) or negative impacts on innovation and economic growth (Allred and Park, 2007;Furukawa, 2007Furukawa, , 2010. ...
... Despite the attention that the effects of IPR policy have garnered in recent decades, the current empirical literature still presents conflicting and inconclusive views regarding the benefits of stronger IPR regimes (Hall, 2007;Neves et al., 2021). To contribute to this debate and enhance our understanding of increasing IPR protection in developing countries, it is crucial to advance this discussion. ...
... This relationship becomes complex because strong IPR policies benefit foreign companies in safely conducting their innovative activities in host countries (Belderbos et al., 2021;Albino-Pimentel et al., 2022), while strict IPR regimes might hinder domestic innovation (Bogliacino and Ramos, 2008;Cui et al., 2022). This occurs because developing countries still face a multitude of challenges that may involve the lack of technical knowledge as a prerequisite for innovating as well as deficient innovation systems to support a stringent IPR policy (Neves et al., 2021;Viglioni et al., 2020). From this point, we discuss this perspective in a deeper way to examine how the moderating role of IPRs affects both types of knowledge sources and the country's economic activity. ...
... In fact, Doucouliagos and Stanley (2013) analyzed the presence of publication bias in meta-analyses on economics and indicated that it is a widespread problem. Some examples: Neves et al. (2021) find evidence of publication bias in studies on the relationship between intellectual property rights, innovation, and economic growth, Iamsiraroj and Ulubaşoğlu (2015) in studies analyzing the effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth, Valickova et al. (2015) in studies on the effects of financial system development on economic growth, among others, while in other cases, the presence of such bias is not found, as in Abdullah et al. (2015), which analyzes research on the effects of education on inequality. ...
... To analyze the presence of publication bias in our database, we used the most commonly used tools: funnel-plot graph and the so-called Funnel-Asymmetry Test (FAT), and Precision-Effect Testing (PET) (Abdullah et al., 2015;Churchill and Yew, 2017;Huang et al., 2022;Iamsiraroj and Ulubaşoğlu, 2015;Minasyan et al., 2019;Neves et al., 2021;Perman et al., 2015;Valickova et al., 2015, among others). ...
... To model heterogeneity, estimates were performed using unrestricted weighted least squares routines, which, according to Stanley andDoucouliagos (2017, 2015), is a better method than both randomeffects and fixed-effect meta-analysis methods, and is used in many meta-analyses in economics (Abdullah et al., 2015;Anderson et al., 2018;Churchill and Yew, 2017;Floridi et al., 2020;Huang et al., 2022;Iamsiraroj and Ulubaşoğlu, 2015;Lichter et al., 2015;Minasyan et al., 2019;Neves et al., 2021;Valickova et al., 2015). However, in most meta-analyses in economics, estimates are presented using other methods as a way to check the robustness of the results. ...
Okun's law, a significant parameter in empirical research and policy analysis, faces considerable heterogeneity. This stems from its dual interpretation in the literature, with one implying unemployment's effects on output and the other suggesting output's effects on unemployment. Consequently, comparing results from these approaches is not straightforward. Even within each approach, variability persists. Through meta-analysis and correction for publication bias, we identified the primary factor contributing to heterogeneity in both approaches: labor market characteristics (e.g., self-employment, labor laws, productive structure), leading to varying reactions of unemployment to cyclical output changes across different labor markets. The second most influential factor was methodological issues (data type, frequency, spatial coverage, sample period, etc.), highlighting how researchers' decisions impact results. Lastly, the underlying theoretical model also accounted for some variability. Okun proposed three models to estimate the relationship, which yielded comparable results for the US economy, but for other economies this was less evident.
... In essence, the rationale behind this knowledge consists of the conventional doctrine that "the higher the level of IPR protection, the better" (Peng et al., 2017, p. 903). However, in the world of IPRs, there is no simple truth universally acknowledged that advocates this assumption, which sparks an intense debate among scholars and brings great interest to public policymakers concerning the real benefits behind enforcing IPR protection in developing countries (Neves et al., 2021). ...
... Thus, more transparent institutions represent an important safeguard that incentivizes (Arshed et al., 2022) and ensures the return from uncertain investments (Krammer, 2015;Peng et al., 2017). Nevertheless, given the highly risky nature of innovation investments (Neves et al., 2021), over the last two decades, a great number of formal and informal legal tools from international bodies emerged with exceptional interest in This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4363397 ...
... In this respect, numerous studies investigating the implications of IPR protection in developing countries suggested that IPR protection is an indispensable enforcement tool in fostering development and economic growth (e.g., Christopoulou et al., 2021;Khoury & Peng, 2011;Khoury et al., 2014, Peng et al., 2017. On the contrary, there is another set of research that started to discuss the concerning effects of the imposition of a stringer IP regime in developing countries (Arshed et al., 2022;Hudson & Minea, 2013;Kim et al., 2012;Neves et al., 2021;Su et al., 2022). Despite the increasing attention, current literature still shows conflicting views when it comes to increasing IPR protection in developing countries. ...
... The existing literature delves into the correlation between bolstering intellectual property rights (IPR) and the augmentation of innovation and economic growth. Notably, prior studies by Sweet and Maggio (2015), Fang, Lerner, andWu (2017), andNeves et al. (2021) shed light on this relationship. Fang, Lerner, and Wu (2017) present empirical evidence revealing that innovation levels experience a surge after the privatization of state-owned enterprises, particularly in cities with robust IPR protection. ...
... In a broader context, Neves et al. (2021) discern a predominantly positive impact of IPRs on both innovation and growth, with a more pronounced manifestation observed in developed countries. This disparity can be attributed to divergent institutional factors and policy frameworks at play. . ...
En la era digital contemporánea, las naciones están involucradas en una competencia activa, no solo en el ámbito de la economía, sino también en el dominio de la tecnología, estableciendo así un nuevo paradigma de dinámica de poder global. En este marco, los obstáculos económicos, legales y sociales asociados a la salvaguarda de la propiedad intelectual (en adelante, PI) han experimentado un aumento significativo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar los desafíos económicos que plantea la propiedad intelectual en la era digital, considerando el telón de fondo de la competencia global intensificada y el imperativo de mantener la competitividad nacional en las dimensiones legal, económica y social. El artículo emplea una metodología de análisis estadístico, utilizando datos de propiedad intelectual obtenidos de la base de datos estadísticos de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI), específicamente del Centro de datos estadísticos de PI de la OMPI. Los autores examinan los pagos e ingresos transfronterizos asociados con la explotación de la propiedad intelectual en diversas naciones. Además, el estudio investiga la composición y la dinámica de la propiedad intelectual en varios tipos (como patentes, diseños industriales, marcas registradas y modelos de utilidad) y regiones, lo que facilita una evaluación del panorama competitivo y los esfuerzos cooperativos entre los países líderes del mundo en el ámbito de la propiedad intelectual. Los desafíos económicos atribuidos a la propiedad intelectual se analizan en el contexto del comercio, la inversión, la cooperación tecnológica y la dinámica competitiva que involucra a Estados Unidos, China y la Unión Europea. Los hallazgos revelan un aumento notable en los pagos transfronterizos y los ingresos por propiedad intelectual, lo que refleja un grado relativamente limitado de cooperación entre las regiones más importantes del mundo. Esto indica una ventaja competitiva considerable que disfrutan los Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea y China. A pesar de la hegemonía y el liderazgo de los EE. UU. en el dominio de la propiedad intelectual, subrayada por una política proteccionista destinada a salvaguardar los derechos de propiedad intelectual, principalmente a través del control que ejercen las empresas estadounidenses, China está realizando progresivamente su potencial tecnológico. Esto se evidencia por las crecientes actividades de patentes emprendidas por las empresas chinas. Si bien China, Japón, Estados Unidos y Corea ocuparon las posiciones más destacadas en términos de la proporción de los principales solicitantes PCT en 2022, China está emergiendo gradualmente como líder en el ámbito de la propiedad intelectual. El liderazgo del país se puede atribuir al esfuerzo innovador de las empresas que operan en el sector de la innovación y la tecnología, con un énfasis notable en las tecnologías móviles. En los últimos años, China ha superado a Japón y Estados Unidos en cuanto al número de solicitudes presentadas por empresas que buscan obtener los derechos de propiedad de sus invenciones, desarrollos e innovaciones.
... Innovation promotes the continuous elimination of high-energy-consuming industries, accelerates the development of low-carbon modern service industries, high-tech industries, and advanced manufacturing industries, and encourages the development of industries with high value-added, low energy consumption, and environmental friendliness [59,60]. Furthermore, innovation promotes the change of energy structure from fossil to green energy [61], as well as achieving the aim of decarbonization [62]. ...
Studying the implementation benefits of low-carbon city pilot policies in fostering green, high-quality development is critical for China’s carbon peaking and neutrality targets. This research examines the effect of urban low-carbon governance on green, high-quality development using a multi-temporal DID model and panel data from 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2020. The findings are as follows: (1) low-carbon city pilot policy can considerably enhance green high-quality development in pilot cities; (2) mechanism tests reveal that fintech and urban innovation moderate the role of power support and wisdom empowerment in the successful promotion of low-carbon cities to achieve green high-quality development in pilot areas; (3) the policy effect becomes more significant as fintech and urban innovation cross the threshold value; (4) heterogeneity analysis shows that low-carbon city pilot policy is more conducive to green high-quality development in eastern regions, financially developed cities, and non-resource-based cities. The conclusions drawn from this paper offer valuable guidance for China’s adoption of appropriate environmental policy designs aimed at attaining high-quality green development.
... It is impossible to emphasize the importance of the protection of intellectual property in promoting innovation-driven growth and entrepreneurship (Neves et al., 2021) 5 . IP rules encourage investment, encourage risk-taking by entrepreneurs, and make it easier for startups and small businesses to access the market by offering safeguards for inventions and brand identities (Muller, B., 2006). ...
This article explores the complex relationship between intellectual property (IP) and financial growth, explaining how strong IP laws promote entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainable development. It explores how intellectual property rights facilitate technology transfer, encourage R&D investments, and support the growth of knowledge-driven economies by referencing recent studies and policy initiatives. It also addresses important IP disputes and challenges, such as the availability of essential pharmaceuticals, the spread of technology, and the fine line that must be drawn between protecting the public interest and promoting innovation. This study emphasizes the critical role that intellectual property plays in determining the direction of global economic growth and prosperity from a multidisciplinary standpoint. To better understand the intricate connection between intellectual property (IP) and the development of the economy, this article looks at how strong IP laws can promote entrepreneurship, innovation, and long-term growth. It examines how intellectual property rights encourage investment in R&D, ease technology transfer, and promote the establishment of knowledge-based economies, drawing on recent studies and legislative initiatives. It also discusses important IP-related issues and debates, including as the distribution of technology, the difficulty of obtaining necessary medications, and how to strike a balance between fostering innovation and protecting the interests of the general public. This study emphasizes the relevance of intellectual property in determining the course of future global prosperity and economic growth through a multidisciplinary perspective.v
... The NIPDAF policy can promote firm productivity through stimulating innovation mechanism. Intellectual property plays a significant role in promoting innovation [6,10]. The NIPDAF policy prioritizes supporting firm to undertake government science and technology project and encourages firm to increase R&D investment. ...
Intellectual property is crucial for the development of firms. At the micro level, firm comprehensive intellectual property ability involves abilities about intellectual property creation, utilization, protection, and management. In order to develop the comprehensive intellectual property ability of firms, the China National Intellectual Property Administration began to implement the national intellectual property demonstration advantage firm (NIPDAF) policy in 2013. Based on this exogenous policy shock, using data from listed companies from 2011 to 2020 as the research sample, the time-varying DID method is used to test the impact of the NIPDAF policy intended to cultivate comprehensive intellectual property ability on firm productivity. The results show that after policy implementation, the total factor productivity of NIPDAFs increased by about 3.3% compared to the control group. This finding is robust after a series of tests. Furthermore, the NIPDAF policy promotes firm productivity through stimulating technology innovation, improving investment efficiency, and enhancing competitive advantage. In addition, the NIPDAF policy has a more significant incentive effect on the total factor productivity of non-state-owned enterprises, firms in the eastern region, and firms in patent intensive industries.
... The established literature suggests that clearly defining the attribution of intellectual property is the first step in guaranteeing a rational allocation of resources (Restuccia and Rogerson, 2017), affirming that pilot IPR policies have an impact on the level of innovation in cities; however, scholars are divided as to whether IPR protection promotes the development of innovation levels. One group of scholars argues that IPR pilot policies guarantee monopoly gains for inventors (Parra, 2019), make firms more inclined to innovate (Neves et al., 2021), and incentivize firms to invest in R&D (Branstetter et al., 2006), which in turn promotes innovation. On the other hand, another group of scholars argues that IPR pilot policies increase the costs of technology introduction and imitation of innovations (Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Puumalainen, 2007), thus inhibiting the development of innovation. ...
In this paper, panel data from Chinese cities from 2000 to 2020 were used, and the intellectual property pilot was used as a quasi-natural experiment. The double difference model mainly tests the underlying mechanism of the impact of intellectual property rights pilots on urban carbon emissions. This study revealed that IPR pilots play an important role in reducing urban carbon emissions. Heterogeneity experiments reveal that IPR pilots are conducive to reducing carbon emissions in coastal as well as high greening cities and that the underlying mechanism through which IPR pilots affect urban carbon emissions mainly occurs at the level of innovation and the optimization of the industrial structure. In addition, this paper also validates the smoothness of the model by replacing the explanatory variables and performing a placebo test, which further strengthens the reliability of the paper’s conclusions.
... This in essence is a state of mind that leads to the improvement of an initial innovation. The expectation is that this imitation do not become outright plagiarism but done within the confine of the respect of relevant copyright law (Hwang et al. 2016;Campi et al. 2019;Neves et al. 2021). The imitation process could be an effective way to catch up with the trends in the specific industry (Petti et al. 2019). ...
... The only way this change could be explained is the increase of research incomes. What happens in developed countries may not be applied in developing countries so this kind of study is absolutely imperative, similar conclusions are reached by Neves et al. (2021) in regards to intellectual properties. ...
This paper analyzes the production indicators for the period 2000-2020 of the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy, an institution that researches and applies knowledge of ionizing radiation. The research institute published an average of one article per year between 1984 and 2000. During the period 2001 to 2006, some policies were applied. Staff salaries were tripled, allowing the incorporation of researchers with experience in scientific research. The number of publications increased from 01 in 2001 to 15 in 2007 as a result of intense work done in 2006. These policies were ignored in 2007 with a significant change in research productivity in years to come. Finally, an overall analysis determines that: (a) management actions are different from manager director to manager director and the changes substantially affect research productivity, (b) the policy that increases researcher salary may be more detrimental than reducing the total annual budget for research since by increasing the researcher salary is still possible to preserve research indicator trends.
... Related research suggests that the stronger the IP protection, the lower the likelihood of entrepreneurship [66]. However, exploring the role of IPR protection needs to take into account the realities of regional development, and a meta-analysis of the literature on IPRs, innovation, and growth by Neves et al. [70] found that IPRs have an overall positive impact on innovation and growth, but that the positive effects of IPRs are less pronounced in developing countries because of the current weakness of IPR protection policies. ...
... The protection of intellectual property is essential to modern societies to foster innovation, creativity and economic growth (Gouvea et al., 2021;Neves et al., 2021). This protection system encourages inventors and creators to develop new ideas, discoveries, and creative works. ...
This research aims to analyze the legal aspects involved in copyright protection in Indonesia and provide recommendations for the improvement of copyright protection, particularly regarding copyright enforcement in the use of works for advertising purposes without permission. Using a normative-doctrinal juridical approach, this research investigates the legal framework governing copyright in Indonesia through a systematic analysis of relevant legislation, principles and rules of law. The research focuses on the internal assessment of Indonesian positive law by exploring the prevailing legal conceptions and principles, examining Case Number 35/Pdt.Sus-Copyright/2021/PN Jkt.Pst as the main case study. The results show the importance of the state in protecting intellectual property rights to maintain dignity and respect for individual works. This research is expected to enrich the intellectual property law literature and increase public awareness and understanding of the importance of asking permission to creators when using their works, as well as encourage the government and relevant institutions to take concrete steps to strengthen copyright protection.
... As we embark on this exploration, it becomes evident that the intersection of law, technology, and the dynamic landscape of the music industry requires a comprehensive understanding (6,7). This study scrutinizes the legal dimensions of the supervisory role and ventures into the practical intricacies of addressing contemporary challenges posed by digital platforms, online distribution channels, and the evolving nature of artistic creation (8,9). ...
This study explores the practical application of the supervisory function vested in the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia concerning safeguarding copyright for musical works, as delineated by Law Number 28 of 2014. The primary focus lies in assessing the effectiveness of the regulatory framework in place to protect the intellectual property rights of creators in the music industry. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating legal analysis, policy evaluation, and case studies to gauge the implementation of Law Number 28 of 2014. It investigates the Ministry's role in overseeing the enforcement of copyright protection measures, addressing challenges faced, and proposing potential improvements to enhance the efficacy of the supervisory function. Key aspects under scrutiny include the Ministry's mechanisms for monitoring copyright infringement, facilitating legal recourse for rights holders, and fostering collaboration between stakeholders in the music industry. Additionally, the study explores the adaptation of supervisory practices to technological advancements, such as digital platforms and online distribution channels, which pose unique challenges to copyright protection. The findings aim to provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the current supervisory framework, offering recommendations for legislative adjustments, administrative enhancements, and collaborative initiatives. Ultimately, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on intellectual property protection in the context of the evolving landscape of the music industry in Indonesia, seeking to fortify the legal infrastructure for the benefit of creators, consumers, and the broader cultural ecosystem.
... Falvey et al. (2006b) concluded that intellectual property is an important determinant of economic growth. Neves et al. (2021) state in their research that intellectual property rights have a positive effect on innovation and growth in general, but the effect of innovation is Effects of value creation on enterprises weaker in developing countries than in developed countries. In this case, it can be assumed that intellectual property can have a positive impact on innovation performance. ...
Purpose:
Aritificial intelligence (AI)-focused enterprises purpose to provide value-creating and differentiated products and services using innovative technologies. For this reason, it is aimed to examine the effects of value creation, intellectual property and organizational creativity variables to make evaluations to increase the success of such enterprises.
Design/methodology/approach:
Random sampling method was used in the research. The population of the research consists of AI-oriented enterprises in technoparks. On the specified days, short-term visits and surveys were conducted face-to-face. Name and similar personal information was not taken in the research and participation was made on a voluntary basis. A sample size of 500 units is a sufficient size at the 0.05 significance level. SmartPLS (4.0.8.4) licensed software was used in the research.
Findings:
As a result of the collected data, it has been supported by hypotheses that value creation, intellectual property and organizational creativity have positive effects so that artificial intelligence-oriented enterprises can be successful in performance criteria.
Research limitations/implications:
Since the research was conducted by collecting data from artificial intelligence-oriented enterprises in technoparks in Istanbul, it would not be correct to evaluate the analysis results by making generalizations. For this reason, it is recommended that similar studies planned to be conducted in the future should contribute to the literature by developing the research model, taking into account the limited situation in the sample.
Practical implications:
According to the results of the analysis of the effects of value creation, intellectual property and organizational creativity in artificial intelligence-oriented enterprises, in order to increase the success of such enterprises, they should offer more value to their customers, protect their technologies and increase their innovation capacity.
Originality/value:
Value creation, intellectual property, and organizational creativity in AI-focused enterprises are important topics in a rapidly growing industry such as AI-focused enterprises. Therefore, a research investigating these variables together offers a different perspective than previous studies.
... Law and finance theory argues that a sound and efficient legal system is a significant element of technological advances [12]. IPR system is part of humanity's innovation systems, and its most direct impact is reflected in technological innovation [13,14]. Renewable energy technology achievements, such as advanced solar power generation and lithium battery energy storage technology, are emerging. ...
Renewable energy technological innovation (RETI) is of great significance in reducing carbon emissions. A deeper understanding of the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on the carbon reduction effect of RETI can provide policymakers with more specific information. Using the dataset from 30 provinces in China during 2007–2018, we provide a detailed analysis of the moderating role of IPR protection in RETI's impact on carbon emissions. The results suggest that RETI has a significant carbon reduction effect, but this effect is not substantial in hydropower technological innovation. Moreover, we find that IPR protection moderates the impact of RETI on carbon emissions; increased levels of IPR protection can enhance RETI's carbon mitigation effect. Specifically, this positive moderating effect is only evidenced in the high energy self-sufficiency ratio and eastern regions, and it diminishes as carbon emissions increase. However, we do not find any evidence that IPR protection moderates the impact of energy storage technological innovation on carbon emissions.
... 58-62. 18 Cunha Neves et al. (2021); Drahos and Braithwaite (2002), pp. 3, 11-13. prosocial use of existing intangible goods. ...
The sui generis database right is an intellectual property right created in the European Union to stimulate investment in the curation of databases. Since its inception, communities engaged in research and development efforts have questioned its potential to incentivise database production, and posit that it stifles productive downstream uses of existing datasets. European courts have restricted the right’s ambit through a restrictive interpretation of the circumstances in which it applies, which we argue, enables downstream use of biological databases. Nonetheless, residual ambiguities about potential infringement of the right exist. The prospect of unintentional infringement can frustrate downstream innovation. These ambiguities are compounded because the criteria that determine whether or not the right applies are reliant on information that is not available to the prospective downstream users of public datasets. Repealing the sui generis database right is recommended. Legislatures are advised to refrain from the implementation of broad novel intellectual property rights in the future, without first adopting safeguards that mitigate the potential for such rights to frustrate the reuse of available intangibles to the detriment of pro-social innovation.
... R&D investment is considered to be one of the main factors when analyzing ICT firms operating in an uncertain environment (Canarella and Miller 2018). According to Neves et al. (2021), most studies that have analyzed R&D use country-level panel data. However, the new economic growth theory assumes that technological progress, which is necessary for long-term growth, is carried out by profit-seeking firms (e.g. ...
The deployment of R&D-driven dynamic technological capabilities (DTCs) is related to firm performance and represents a critical point in global socio-economic development. This is an interesting topic for EU economic, political and business actors confronted with increasingly changing environments. This study analyzed the influence of DTCs on firm performance using a longitudinal approach based on a structural equation modelling technique with a panel dataset with 268 observations from a sample of 67 leading European firms in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry. The results show that firm performance is positively influenced by the deployment of DTCs, and this effect is significant, at least in the subsequent year's performance. These results shed light on the latent learning effect in the development of R&D-driven DTCs in ICT firms.
... IP law therefore aims to strike a balance between these two opposing tendencies. Economic models and empirical analyses generally come to the intuitive conclusion that some IP rights can improve innovation, but others can hinder it [55,104]. IP rights therefore function more as a governmental lever or dial for regulating innovation, like the interest rate of a central bank, rather than as a quest for the legal enshrinement of principled notions of creativity and ownership. ...
Artificial Intelligence (AI), and in particular generative models, are transformative tools for knowledge work. They problematise notions of creativity, originality, plagiarism, the attribution of credit, and copyright ownership. Critics of generative models emphasise the reliance on large amounts of training data, and view the output of these models as no more than randomised plagiarism, remix, or collage of the source data. On these grounds, many have argued for stronger regulations on the deployment, use, and attribution of the output of these models. However, these issues are not new or unique to artificial intelligence. In this position paper, using examples from literary criticism, the history of art, and copyright law, I show how creativity and originality resist definition as a notatable or information-theoretic property of an object, and instead can be seen as the property of a process, an author, or a viewer. Further alternative views hold that all creative work is essentially reuse (mostly without attribution), or that randomness itself can be creative. I suggest that creativity is ultimately defined by communities of creators and receivers, and the deemed sources of creativity in a workflow often depend on which parts of the workflow can be automated. Using examples from recent studies of AI in creative knowledge work, I suggest that AI shifts knowledge work from material production to critical integration. This position paper aims to begin a conversation around a more nuanced approach to the problems of creativity and credit assignment for generative models, one which more fully recognises the importance of the creative and curatorial voice of the users of these models and moves away from simpler notational or information-theoretic views.
... The creation of patents, a type of intellectual property rights, may be the best one in specific asymmetric information contexts (see Wright, 1983;Weyl & Tirole, 2012;Clancy & Moschini, 2013;Rietzke & Chen, 2020), and even beyond the asymmetry assumption (Bagchi & Mukherjee, 2021). Other theoretical contributions (Spulber, 2021) and empirical evidence (Neves, Afonso, Silva, & Sochirca, 2021) also provides support to the implementation of patent systems. ...
This article offers a systematic review of the last ten years of contributions to the theoretical literature on optimal patent policy, with focus on patent length and breadth as alternative tools for encouraging innovation, growth or welfare improvement. The articles were classified according to their assumptions about the interconnectedness of different innovations. Three cases have been identified: isolated innovations, cumulative innovations (which, in turn, can be divided into "research tool" and "quality ladder" cases) and complementary innovations. According to the results, optimal patent length is finite in some models, whereas it is infinite in others. A similar diversity of results was found in models featuring patent breadth: some of them suggest that it should be minimum, others conclude that an intermediate value would be optimal, and others are more prone to favour maximum breadth. Few works seemed to conclude that two or more kinds of soutions were possible. The four kinds of models exhibited, up to a certain degree, this seeming inconsistency. As a consequence , works presenting sufficient conditions for different sorts of optimal solutions have not been found within this period.
... The authors also demonstrated, using a case study, how an external organization can assist companies to develop business IP for product innovation through sophisticated IP management practices. Neves et al. [2021] surveyed empirical literature and found that IP has an overall positive e®ect of innovation and economic growth. However, the authors also found that the degree of a country's development signi¯cantly a®ects its ability to gain bene¯ts from IP, as also revealed in the international empirical research of Willoughby [2020] and Willoughby and Mullina [2021]. ...
Discussion in the scholarly literature about partnerships between entrepreneurs and universities for the creation of technological spinouts, and for helping universities to extract more value from their technology-related intellectual property (IP), is lively. However, the literature exhibits a gap in understanding how business schools may participate in the process of technology commercialization by facilitating the creation of intellectual property rights. In this conceptual paper, we seek to fill this gap in three ways. First, we offer some novel conceptual insights by studying the partnership between technical universities and entrepreneurs using a multi-level approach, incorporating a phenomenological research method, through the lenses of several established theoretical perspectives from the domains of economics, social science, and management: the division of labor, motivation, the nature of the firm, organization, and IP. Second, we develop a working hypothesis focused on learning reinforcement through multiple organizational levels that predicts how business schools may play a prominent role in technology commercialization, together with the theoretical conditions under which they may do so. Third, we offer an IP management model under which business schools, as such, may create and appropriate financial value by generating innovation-related IP that may be transferred to enterprises. Our research reveals a misalignment between promising approaches to university-based technological innovation suggested by normative theory and typical approaches associated with extant practice; and it also highlights a strategic issue, which is that the performance of most universities in the domain of technology transfer is disappointing. We suggest a way to address this misalignment, and this strategic issue, which is through the establishment of what we label as “Technology Innovation Laboratories” in business schools—analogous to technical laboratories usually associated with technical universities—that could generate various types of product- or service-related IP. This type of intellectual property—typically different from invention IP, and which we label here as “business IP”—could be exchanged for equity in spinouts or royalties from licensing, similar to the manner in which the invention IP of technical universities is usually commercialized.
... Some scholars held that moderate intellectual property protection improved regional innovation ability by reducing "knowledge plagiarism," strengthening the exclusive role of innovation achievements, increasing patent disclosure information, reducing information acquisition costs, and protecting monopoly interests of inventors (Gallini and Scotchmer 2002;Ang 2010;Kang and Kang 2014;Naghavi and Strozzi 2015;Cassiman and Valentini 2016;Branstetter et al. 2006;Allred and Park 2007;Roh et al. 2021;Thakur-Wernz and Wernz 2022). On the contrary, some scholars argued that due to inadequate law protection, worse market background, insufficient relevant supporting conditions, and other factors, intellectual property protection did not always play an active role in promoting technology innovation, especially in some developing countries (Kim et al. 2012;Sweet and Maggio 2015;Neves et al. 2021). Some scholars even claimed that when intellectual property protection was excessive, it would inhibit technology innovation (Glass and Saggi 2002;Horii and Iwaisako 2007;Furukawa 2010;Gangopadhyay and Mondal 2012;Liu et al. 2018). ...
Institutions are the fundamental determinants of carbon emission performance. However, the environmental impact of intellectual property institution, especially its impact on carbon emissions, has been paid little attention. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to assess the effect of intellectual property institution on carbon emission reduction, revealing a new solution to control carbon emissions. To achieve the goal, this study regards the National Intellectual Property Demonstration City (NIPDC) policy in China as a quasi-natural experiment of intellectual property institution construction and exploits the difference in difference approach to objectively evaluate the impact of intellectual property institution on carbon emission reduction based on the panel data of China’s cities. The study draws the following important conclusions. First, compared with non-pilot cities, the NIPDC policy has reduced urban carbon emissions by 8.64% in pilot cities. In particular, the “carbon emission reduction dividend” of the NIPDC policy is in the long term but not in the short term. Second, the influence mechanism analysis shows that the NIPDC policy can promote carbon emission reduction by stimulating technology innovation, especially breakthrough innovation. Third, the space overflow analysis reveals that the NIPDC policy can mitigate carbon emissions in adjacent areas, resulting in obvious spatial radiation effect. Fourth, the heterogeneity analysis confirms that the carbon emission reduction effect of the NIPDC policy is more obvious in low administrative hierarchic cities, small and medium-sized cities, and western cities. As a result, Chinese policymakers should orderly promote the construction of NIPDCs, strengthen technology innovation, give full play to the spatial radiation role of NIPDCs, and optimize the role of government, so as to better release the carbon emission abatement effect of intellectual property institution.
... Para o desenvolvimento e inovação tecnológica em diversos setores da indústria se faz necessário, em grande parte, elevados investimentos financeiros, bem como recursos humanos e intelectual; ações para impedir que outros usem suas criações já eram fortalecidas desde a revolução industrial com a finalidade de incentivar o investimento em inovação e promoção do crescimento econômico; a patente se apresenta como uma forma de proteção dessa tecnologia desenvolvida (Neves et al., 2021;Russo et al., 2012). ...
O licuri, nativo da caatinga, apresenta polpa adocicada e amêndoas comestíveis ricas em óleo que pode ser aproveitado tecnologicamente. Assim, objetivou-se realizar o monitoramento tecnológico do processamento do óleo de licuri a fim de visualizar o cenário atual e definir as perspectivas futuras. Foram utilizadas as bases de patentes do INPI e ESPACENET utilizando as denominações “Syagrus coronata”, “licuri” e “ouricuri”, além da palavra-chave “óleo” nos idiomas inglês e português. Também foram pesquisadas produções científicas utilizando as mesmas palavras-chave do levantamento de patente, através das bases Google acadêmico, Periódicos Capes e Scopus. Foram encontradas 15 patentes e 51 produções científicas referentes ao uso do óleo de licuri, tendo a primeira patente publicada na década de 70 e pouco mais da metade das produções científicas publicadas nos últimos 6 anos. Por ser naturalmente brasileiro, o país e seus inventores destacaram-se em inovação tecnológica acerca do uso do óleo de licuri. O referido óleo apresentou múltiplas aplicações, destacando-se, principalmente, na produção de cosméticos, alimentação animal, bem como no desenvolvimento de biocombustíveis, tendo como área menos aplicada a da indústria de alimentos. Apenas duas patentes estiveram relacionadas ao seu uso na dieta humana, sendo para produtos de panificação e suplementação alimentar. Diante disso, ainda há diversas possibilidades de inovação tecnológica com o uso do óleo de licuri, seja com atualizações nas áreas já estudadas ou sua aplicação em outros nichos de mercado, especialmente os de alimentos e saúde, considerando a importância de inovação nessas áreas.
... Gechert and Heimberger (2022) look at how corporation taxation affects growth. Several meta-analysis have previously been published in this journal (Neves et al., 2021;Awaworyi Churchill and Lew, 2017;Kremers et al., 2002). 2 If an exogenous fiscal shock affects both fiscal policy and economic activity, the error term in a regression of fiscal policy on the output gap will likely be positively correlated with the output gap. This issue has been addressed by instrumental variable approaches. ...
Whether fiscal policy exacerbates or counteracts fluctuations in the economy is a key policy issue, because it contributes to growth and inflation outcomes. However, existing literature provides partly contradictory findings. Therefore, we provide the first quantitative synthesis by applying meta-regression methods to a novel data set with 3536 cyclicality estimates from 154 studies. Our main findings are: on average, fiscal policy in advanced countries is countercyclical, but developing countries lean towards procyclicality. Furthermore, government spending policies exacerbate business cycle fluctuations more than tax policies. Finally, fiscal policy plans are more countercyclical than policy outcomes. Results are robust to tackling endogeneity between the business cycle and fiscal policy. While our analysis points to several stylised facts, it also highlights the importance of data and specification choices and allows for predictions concerning the cyclical behaviour of fiscal policy given best-practice assumptions on study design.
... Past studies have carried out extensive and in-depth research on the relationship between intellectual property rights and enterprise innovation, which imply that there is a close relationship between intellectual property rights and enterprise innovation activities [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Based on this, further studies find that IPR plays a key role in encouraging innovation, promoting technological progress and stimulating economic growth [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. For example, Leger [16] found that IPRs have a positive and significant impact on innovation. ...
Using the data sets of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2013 to 2017, we investigate the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and innovation investment. The results show that IPR protection has positive effect on innovation investment and this positive relation is less announced among the firms with strong science and technology intensity. This research enriches the existing papers with the innovation effect of IPR protection, enlightens institutional reform in the field of intellectual property rights, and stimulates the innovation vitality of enterprises.
Berawal dari gugatan IKEA Swedia kepada IKEA PT. Ratania Khatulistiwa Indonesia, dimana gugatan tersebut atas dasar bahwa terdapat kesamaan nama merek, selain itu penggugat beralasan bahwa tergugat dipandang tidak beritikad baik karena terdapat motif tergugat meniru dan mengambil keuntungan dari popularitas merek “IKEA”. Namun dalam perlawanan tergugat membuktikan bahwa merek IKEA Swedia sudah 3 tahun tidak digunakan, dalam hal ini sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 61 ayat (2) huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2001 tentang Merek. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui alasan penyelesaian sengketa ini dilakukan di Indonesia dan kompetensi hakim dalam menentukan hukum yang digunakan dalam penyelesaian sengketa melalui pendekatan Hukum Perdata Internasional. Metode pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan normatif dan yuridis yang berdasarkan kajian pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini ialah bahwa dalam perdagangan harus memperhatikan perkembangan mereknya sendiri baik masih digunakan atau tidak agar tidak terjadi perebutan merek karena ada undang-undang yang mengatur bahwa jika merek tersebut tidak digunakan selama 3 tahun berturut-turut maka dapat dihapuskan secara hukum dari badan pendaftaran merek umum.
Indonesia's low intellectual property marks Indonesia's position which is still lagging behind in the innovation rankings in ASEAN and globally. The lack of collaboration between various parties is one of the challenges to encourage awareness of the importance of intellectual property and innovation for the national economy. This study aims to present a summary of various previous studies on intellectual property rights or intellectual property rights. This research uses a literature review study method with VOSViewer software as a data processing tool. Data collection through the Scopus database for the publication year 2019-2023, so that 268 documents were obtained which were then sorted based on journal reputation (Q1 and Q2) so that the total data processed was 229 documents. In 2023, there will be a peak increase in publications, which is 71 documents. Journal entitled "Innovation and Top Income Inequality" written by Aghion P.; Akcigit U.; Bergeaud A.; Blundell R.; Hemous D. became the most popular journal with a total citation of 147
For a long time, scholars and governments had been dealing with the question of whether there is a nexus between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and economic development, and if so, how strong is the link. From the studies done until now, we have clearly indicated that the impact of IPRs is a complex issue and significantly varies across industries and across development stages. The conclusions of the economic literature are ambiguous: some studies conclude that this connection is apparently strong, while others conclude the connection of IPRs and economic development to be fairly weak. Nevertheless, the income of the country is an important determinant while analyzing the impact of IPRs on economic growth of a country. The effect of IPRs protection on growth depends upon the level of development. It is positively and significantly related to growth for low-and high-income countries, but not for middle-income countries. This suggests that, although IPRs connection is quite significant for high-income and low-income countries, middle-income countries are not a typical case of it.The study looks at the impact of intellectual property rights on the economic growth for the case of the Republic of North Macedonia. To address some of the issues concerning IPRs, this study defines what Intellectual Property Rights are, their definition, history, protection, regime, their instruments, international and national laws etc. It also attempts to evaluate the relationship between the protection of intellectual property and economic activity in the Republic of North Macedonia.Despite many inquiries into this particular field, it is important to accentuate that there is less research made on intellectual property rights and economic growth that is focused on data in a transitional context. Therefore, there is a significant gap in this area, which is evident from the dispersed regulation of the intellectual property rights in the Republic of North Macedonia. Put differently, there is no State Office for Intellectual Property, but State Office for Industrial Property. This makes research in this field even more complicated.In the case of the Republic of North Macedonia this is a highly new prosperous field where less research is done. Therefore, the research results will highly contribute regarding this field to the country and its government regarding the economic development of the country as well as the establishment of the new sphere such as intellectual property.Results of econometric modeling and the analysis of gathered data will provide the empirical evidence for the nexus between intellectual property rights and economic growth of the Republic of North Macedonia. Moreover, the research will discuss the reform of IPR’s regime and will offer recommendations for their enforcement and administration.
The article is devoted to the problems that arise for state budget organizations in the management of intellectual property objects created in the field of additive manufacturing in the Russian Federation. The possibilities of their elimination by creating changes to the existing methodological documentation are considered. The paper examines the methodological documentation of leading universities on the creation of developments in the field of additive manufacturing in this country, and offers suggestions for its improvement.
This paper contributes to the debate on the role of innovation and intellectual property rights (IPRs) in catch‐up policies in developing countries (DCs). We survey the literature on four key points. First, we review the neoclassical and evolutionary theoretical foundations of innovation and catch‐up. Second, we examine why some countries lag behind, in particular in terms of path dependency and multiplicity of convergence dynamics. From this follows the question of how to foster innovation in DCs. We examine the issues of IPRs protection in a third point and industrial policies in a fourth point. Strengthening IPRs protection is often recommended by international institutions. However, the related literature shows that their impact is strongly non‐linear, as the optimal level for DCs is initially low, then increases as the countries develop. This result is robust to a wide range of models and methods. Finally, the literature reveals that industrial policies can be crucial in fostering innovation in DCs, even though their implementation faces serious challenges, in particular the appropriate targeting of industrial policies, and rent‐seeking behaviours in a deteriorated institutional environment.
An intellectual property demonstration city (IPDC) not only promotes innovation, but also brings many unexpected gains, the most prominent of which is carbon reduction. Unfortunately, few scholars have included IPDC and carbon emissions in a unified research framework, ignoring the role of intellectual property protection in environmental governance. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of IPDC on carbon emissions through a multi-period difference-in-difference (DID) model, a spatial DID model, and a mediating effect model with IPDC policy as a quasi-natural experiment. The research results are as follows: (1) IPDC policy has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emissions. Compared to non-pilot cities, IPDC policy can reduce carbon emissions by about 20.6%. (2) There are temporal and regional heterogeneity of the IPDC policy on carbon emissions. More specifically, the carbon reduction effect of IPDC is more effective in large cities and cities with richer human capital, stricter environmental regulation, and higher financial development. Meanwhile, the policy effects in 2012 and 2015 are larger than those in 2018, while the policy effects in 2014, 2016, and 2019 are not significant. (3) IPDC policy reduces carbon emissions mainly by stimulating innovation and green innovation, and promoting R&D element agglomeration. (4) IPDC policy has obvious spatial spillover effects and leads to the surrounding cities becoming pollution havens. The above conclusions have implications for designing a better urbanization model to promote innovative development and reduce carbon emissions.
Short‐distance major customers can capture information. Information is the key to bargaining. Therefore, short‐distance major customers undercut the price of innovation products. However, there is little research between major customers' distance and enterprise innovation. We find that short‐distance major customers are threats to enterprise innovation. IPDC and HSR weaken the relationship. Further research finds that the inhibitory effect of short‐distance major customers is more pronounced when the industry competition degree is high and enterprise market power is low. At distances of more than 1000 km, major customers are no longer threats. Distance is new to the literature about customer characteristics.
The swift development and implementation of technology have forced enterprises in China to constantly enhance their capabilities to accomplish innovation objectives. In response to the need to improve innovation performance to stay competitive in the industry, enterprises in the region of Jiangsu have adopted a green technology orientation to develop sustainable technologies and regional market orientation to fulfil the needs and wants of environment‐conscious customers. This study assessed the relationship between green technology and regional market orientation and innovation performance and the moderating role of structural and relational embeddedness. The study performed a quantitative assessment using a survey method to collect data. This study gathered data from 386 respondents from small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) from Jiangsu, which showed that both green technology and regional market orientation are essential predictors of innovation performance. Moreover, this study found a substantial moderating impact of structural and relational embeddedness on the relationship between green technology and regional market orientation and innovation performance of SMEs. The current study has several practical implications for leaders of SMEs to enhance their innovation performance.
Promoting innovation is a critical route to high-quality economic development. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of internet development (INT) on regional innovation efficiency (RIE). Using the super-Epsilon-based measure model under metafrontier (M-Super-EBM), the RIE is evaluated based on panel data of 284 Chinese cities from 2010 to 2018. On this basis, we adopt a two-way fixed effect model to examine the role of INT on RIE. Additionally, we further construct a moderating model to probe the effect of intellectual property protection (IPP) in the influencing mechanism of INT on RIE. The empirical results show that China’s RIE displayed an upward trend during 2010–2018. Cities in coastal provinces had the largest RIE. The development of the internet significantly improves China’s RIE, and the promotion effect is mainly achieved by increasing innovative input and output. The synergetic effect of INT and IPP on RIE is significantly positive. Moreover, a U-shaped relationship is also validated between IPP and RIE. The estimated results remain valid after a series of robust checks. Hence, it is of immense significance to accelerate the internet application and strengthen the IPP intensity for the improvement of innovation efficiency.
It is of great significance to explore the effect and mechanism of extreme climate on energy efficiency. In theory, extreme climate can stimulate the forcing effect to improve the level of innovation ability and energy efficiency in the long run. Empirically, this study measures the comprehensive level of extreme climate, innovation ability, and energy efficiency of 236 cities in China from 2011 to 2019 and then conducts econometric analysis. The results show that extreme climate significantly plays a forcing role for the improvement of energy efficiency. Innovation ability is also an important intermediary mechanism through which extreme climate influences energy efficiency. The impact of extreme climate on energy efficiency has significant regional heterogeneity, and the impact on peripheral cities is greater than that on core cities, showing the characteristics of a diminishing marginal effect. In order to better cope with extreme climate and improve energy efficiency, it is necessary to adhere to the combination of an effective market and promising government, increase financial investment in dealing with extreme climate, and promote energy transformation.
We argue in favor of Open Innovation (OI). It is the idea that firms can intentionally appropriate complementary knowledge from external sources. OI considers inbound and outbound activities—for profit or not—to access, transform, use, or release knowledge, through the establishment of partnerships and alliances. We suggest that OI should not be considered as an independent theory, but rather as an evolution of the linear (closed) innovation process—a strategic response to profound transformations of technological, social, and economic regimens. However, regardless of its popularity as a strategic tool for value creation, OI is not yet a formal activity in firms, and therefore it does not have a considerable effect in their operational performance. In this context, organizational culture plays a key role. We argue that once formalized, OI can be a powerful strategic asset to develop new business models for products and services.
Plain English Summary
This study explore how and why firm size and age moderate the relationship between family ownership and innovation. Departing from an assessment of the individual roles of firm size (as a proxy of availability of resources) and age (as a proxy of experience and generational stage), the findings indicate that there is a hybrid typology of FFs which is most conducive to innovate. It results from specific combinations of size and age. In particular, for young firms, the gap between family and non-family firms decreases as size increases. The beneficial aspects of family leadership related to the founder’s learning process may balance the more complex competencies associated with larger firms. For subsequent generations of owners, increasing size can become a critical factor. As the resources and number of both family and nonfamily employees tend to grow as firm size increases, negative attributes of family firms in terms of family opportunism could dominate. These findings cast doubt on the perceived negative influence of family ownership and shed additional light on the distinctive traits of family firms by extending the understanding of how specific attributes enable family firms to benefit from innovative activities.
Licensing is one of the main channels for technology transfer from foreign-owned multinational enterprises (MNEs) to domestic plants. This transfer, occurring within and across industries, results in technology spillovers that may affect both intra- and interindustry productivity. Intellectual property rights (IPR) legislation may increase (or reduce) this effect. Using Chilean plant-level data for the 2001–2007 period and an exogenous variation from an IPR reform in 2005, we explore whether or not IPR affects the spillover effects of licensing on productivity. We find that stronger IPR reduces backward spillovers but increases forward spillovers. Moreover, the IPR legislation effect is stronger on firms that are on average smaller, and have low productivity. Our results are robust not only to a series of definitions of IPR, licensing, and productivity, but also to a set of different specifications.
As Mohnen (1996: 40) has indicated, research and development (R&D) externalities is a two-sided theoretical issue. Its ‘dark’ side concerns the under-investment problem caused by non-appropriability of R&D benefits. On the ‘bright’ side, R&D spillovers are a source of productivity gains. Both aspects have been invoked to justify public support for R&D investment directly and indirectly. To establish whether public support can be justified due to productivity gains from spillovers, we meta-analyse 983 productivity estimates for spillovers and 501 estimates for own-R&D from 60 empirical studies. Our findings indicate that the average spillover effect is: (i) positive but heterogenous and smaller than what is reported in most narrative reviews; (ii) usually smaller than that of own-R&D capital; (iii) too small to be practically significant when evidence with adequate statistical power is considered. Controlling for observable sources of heterogeneity and best-practice research, the meta-effect is insignificant in the full sample but significant and large among OECD firms/industries/countries. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research and public support for R&D investment.
This paper presents the results of a meta-regression analysis of the relationship between government spending and income poverty, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Through a comprehensive search and screening process, we identify a total of 19 cross-country econometric studies containing 169 estimates of this relationship. We find that the size and direction of the estimated relationship are affected by a range of factors, most notably the composition of the sample used for estimation, the control variables included in the regression model, and the type of government spending. Overall, we find no clear evidence that higher government spending has played a significant role in reducing income poverty in low- and middle-income countries. This is consistent with the view that fiscal policy plays a much more limited redistributive role in developing countries, in comparison with OECD countries. In addition, we find that the relationship between government spending and poverty is on average less negative for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and more negative for countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, compared to other regions. We also find that the relationship is less negative for government consumption spending, in comparison with other sectors. Finally, we find some evidence indicating the possibility of publication bias.
Computational models have been used to analyze the data from behavioral experiments. One objective of the use of computational models is to estimate model parameters or internal variables for individual subjects from behavioral data. The estimates are often correlated with other variables that characterize subjects in order to investigate which computational processes are associated with specific personal or physiological traits. Although the accuracy of the estimates is important for these purposes, the parameter estimates obtained from individual subject data are often unreliable. To solve this problem, researchers have begun to use hierarchical modeling approaches to estimate parameters of computational models from multiple-subject data. It is widely accepted that the hierarchical model provides reliable estimates compared to other non-hierarchical approaches. However, how and under what conditions the hierarchical models provide better estimates than other approaches has yet to be systematically investigated. This study attempts to investigate these issues, focusing on two measures of estimation accuracy: the correlation between estimates of individual parameters and subject trait variables and the absolute measures of error (root mean squared error, RMSE) of the estimates. An analytical calculation based on a simple Gaussian model clarifies how the hierarchical model improves the point estimates of these two measures. We also performed simulation studies employing several realistic computational models based on the synthesized data to confirm that the theoretical properties hold in realistic situations.
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Despite many previous studies, the causal relationship among intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, innovation and
economic growth remains ambiguous. Focusing on the differential effects of stronger IPR on industries, we suggest four causal
paths from IPR through R&D to economic performance. Using firm-level panel data in semiconductor, pharmaceutical and shipbuilding
industries in Korea, we find that effective causal paths vary not only by industry but by firm size. Stronger IPR are beneficial
to R&D-intensive industries where large domestic firms have strong R&D and IPR capabilities, but have no impact on globalized
industries. On the other hand, stronger IPR are detrimental to industries and to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) characterized
by limited resources. Thus, to boost innovation and economic growth, IPR policies need to be customized to industries as well
as SMEs. Universally strong IPR policies are likely to discourage innovation and growth, causing some industries to suffer.
Although policy-makers typically assume a positive relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and economic growth, the empirical evidence on the IPR–growth relationship is rather inconclusive. We conjecture in this paper that the weak IPR–growth evidence in previous studies may be due to a neglect of the role of finance markets and private property rights. Our conjecture is motivated by the recent law-and-finance literature. We test our conjecture with a cross-section of 98 countries and find that once we modify our measure of IPRs to take into account general property rights, there is stronger evidence for a positive relationship between IPRs and economic growth. Our findings not only help explain the IPR-innovation puzzle but also have significant theoretical as well as policy implications.
Corruption is a symptom of weak institutional quality and could have potentially adverse effects on economic growth. However, heterogeneity in reported findings makes it difficult to synthesize the evidence base with a view to test competing hypotheses and/or support evidence-based policy and practice. To address this issue, we have extracted 327 estimates of corruption's direct effect on per-capita GDP growth from 29 primary studies, following a peer-reviewed and pre-published systematic review protocol. Precision-effect and funnel asymmetry tests indicate that corruption has a negative effect on per-capita GDP growth after controlling for publication selection bias and within-study dependence. However, multivariate meta-regression analysis results indicate that the overall effect is not robust to inclusion of moderating variables through a general-to-specific procedure for model specification. We report that the marginal effect of corruption on per-capita GDP growth is more adverse when the primary study estimates relate to long-run growth, are based on low-income-country data only, and extracted from journal papers. The effect is less adverse in studies that use the International Country Risk Guide corruption perceptions index and in those reporting estimates from two-stage least-squares estimations.
The study analyses the relationship between the development of registered intellectual property and economic development in Germany. It shows a differing evidence for specific categories of intellectual property, indicating that not all intellectual property rights show a significant impact on the German Gross Domestic Product. Positive impacts have the stocks of patents, trademarks and designs. Applications for utility models surprisingly have a negative impact, what challenges developments of the economic theory. The empirical results delight also the specific structure of the technological and innovation system in the German economy, showing a national intellectual property profile with three key factors: product differentiation, complex technologies and design development.
We survey the economic literature, both theoretical and empirical, on the choice of intellectual property protection by firms. Our focus is on the tradeoffs between using patents and disclosing versus the use of secrecy, although we also look briefly at the use of other means of formal intellectual property protection.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
This paper examines how the role of and utility models in innovation and economic growth varies by level of economic development. Using a panel dataset of over 70 countries, we find that patent protection is an important determinant of innovation and that patentable innovations contribute to economic growth in developed countries, but not in developing. Instead, in developing economies, a minor form of intellectual property rights (IPRs) – namely utility models – is conducive to innovation and growth, controlling for other factors. Using Korean firm level data as a case study, we find that utility model innovations contribute to firm performance when firms are technologically lagging and that those minor innovations can be a learning device and thus a stepping stone for developing more patentable inventions later on. Upon reaching higher levels of technological capabilities, firms become more reliant upon patents and less on utility models. Thus the lesson here is that patent protection enhances innovation and economic growth in countries where the capacity to conduct innovative research exists. Where this capacity is weaker, a system that provides incentives to conduct minor, incremental inventions is more conducive to growth. The significance of this paper is to emphasize the importance not just of the strength of IPRs but of the appropriate type of IPRs for economic development.
The effect of unions on profits continues to be an unresolved theoretical and empirical issue. In this paper, clustered data analysis and hierarchical linear meta-regression models are applied to the population of forty-five econometric studies that report 532 estimates of the direct effect of unions on profits. Unions have a significant negative effect on profits in the United States, and this effect is larger when market-based measures of profits are used. Separate meta-regression analyses are used to identify the effects of market power and long-lived assets on profits, as well as the sources of union-profit effects. The accumulated evidence rejects market power as a source of union-profit effects. While the case is not yet proven, there is some evidence in support of the appropriation of quasi-rent hypothesis. There is a clear need for further American and non-American primary research in this area.
This paper analyzes the cross-country effects of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on the relative wage, innovation, and technology transfer in a North-South quality-ladder model with innovative Northern R&D and adaptive Southern R&D. The degree of IPR protection in two countries differs in terms of patent breadth, which determines the markups of Northern firms and their Southern affiliates, respectively. In this model, stronger IPR protection in the South leads to a permanent decrease in the North-South wage gap, a temporary increase in the Northern innovation rate, and a permanent increase in technology transfer. By contrast, stronger IPR protection in the North leads to a permanent increase in the North-South wage gap, ambiguous effects on the Northern innovation rate, and a permanent decrease in technology transfer. Finally, we perform a quantitative analysis by calibrating the model to the US-China data, and the numerical results support these policy implications in addition to a welfare implication such that strengthening patent protection in one country leads to sizable welfare improvements in both countries.
Offshoring, either as FDI or offshore outsourcing, is a phenomenon of increasing importance that has been widely studied in the economics literature. Studies analysing the impact of offshoring on the labour market report divergent results. In this paper we develop a meta-analysis of the empirical literature that estimates the effect of offshoring on wages. We find that, after correcting for the presence of publication bias, the average effect is not significantly different from zero in either the origin or the destination countries. We also find that the wage impact of offshoring depends on methodological characteristics of the primary studies, such as the way offshoring is measured, the nature of goods/services that are offshored, the workers’ skill level, the unit of analysis, the structure of the data, and the estimation technique.
Academics, politicians, the public in general and researchers have great interest in the non-observed economy. However, there is divergence in its definition, accounting methodology and economic effects. In this paper we conduct a meta-analysis on the empirical literature that estimates the impact of the parallel economy on economic growth. We conclude that there is no publication bias and that the average effect of the parallel economy on economic growth is insignificant. However, the reported effects differ considerably with the type and number of countries included in the sample of primary studies, the structure of the data, the methodology used to measure the parallel economy, the number of citations of primary studies, and the year they were published.
Decreasing returns to scale in physical resources in the knowledge production function have been widely considered in the economic growth literature. However, given the heterogeneity of empirical results, it is difficult to assess its magnitude. We provide a meta-analysis of the value of the decreasing returns to physical resources in the knowledge production function (stepping-on-toes effect). This has important policy implications regarding the subsidization of R&D activities and policy measures to enable the diffusion of knowledge. We conclude that there is some evidence of publication bias. Moreover, the average effect size is quite small, around 0.2, which implies a high stepping-on-toes effect. This value tends to be higher when variables related to international linkages are present, resources allocated to R&D are measured by labour, the knowledge pool is proxied by population, and instrumental variable estimation techniques are employed. On the contrary, the average returns to scale estimate decreases when resources allocated to R&D are measured by population and when only rich countries are included in the sample.
We show that three factors combine to explain the mean magnitude of excess sensitivity reported in studies estimating the consumption response to income changes: the use of macro data, publication bias, and liquidity constraints. When micro data are used, publication bias is corrected for, and households under examination have substantial liquidity, the literature implies little evidence of deviations from consumption smoothing. The result holds when we control for 45 additional variables reflecting the methods employed by researchers and use Bayesian model averaging to account for model uncertainty. The estimates produced by this literature are also systematically affected by the size of the change in income and the chosen measure of consumption.
International rules on trade in services and intellectual property are 'new' additions to the multilateral trading system, but both have played an important role in the system since their entry. Accompanied by a detailed introduction, this volume contains essays which cover not only the law and jurisprudence of these topics but also the underlying economics and politics behind their incorporation into the multilateral system and continued prominence. The volume provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the development of these controversial and increasingly important areas of international trade law. © Markus Krajewski and Bryan C. Mercurio 2013. All rights reserved.
The production of knowledge was subjected to quantitative analysis in the second half of the twentieth century, following The determinants of knowledge and the externalities present in the innovation process were discussed with immediate policy influence. In particular, the presence and strength of the spillover of the pool of past knowledge has encouraged high subsidization of R&D in the most developed countries. We survey the empirical literature on the spillover effect in the production of knowledge and implement a meta-analytic regression. We discover that the average spillover effect is less than but close to one and is highly significant. We also find that the spillover effect tends to be greater when the estimation of knowledge production accounts for foreign inputs, and it tends to be lower when the estimation includes only rich economies, regional data are used, and the pool of knowledge is not the patent stock.
By focusing on the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs), this paper contributes to the literature on determinants of skilled-unskilled wage inequality. We use a two-sector general equilibrium model of a small open economy that produces a normal and an innovation good. We show that in the presence of cross-border differences in IPRs and consequent mobility of skilled labour, the impact of IPRs on skilled-unskilled wage inequality can be broken down into a revenue effect and an output effect. We find that a stronger IPRs regime in the source country reduces its skilled-unskilled wage inequality. However, if the output effect is stronger than the revenue effect, an increase in the recipient country's IPRs protection can contribute to an increase in wage inequality in the source country. Our results confirm the importance of institutional factors, such as the IPRs protection, in addressing the skilled-unskilled wage inequality.
We investigate two critical dimensions of the credibility of empirical economics research: statistical power and bias. We survey 159 empirical economics literatures that draw upon 64,076 estimates of economic parameters reported in more than 6,700 empirical studies. Half of the research areas have nearly 90% of their results under-powered. The median statistical power is 18%, or less. A simple weighted average of those reported results that are adequately powered (power ≥ 80%) reveals that nearly 80% of the reported effects in these empirical economics literatures are exaggerated; typically, by a factor of two and with one-third inflated by a factor of four or more.
The objective of this paper is to estimate an econometric model for analyzing the effects of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on technology transfer through the importation of capital goods, and on economic growth in 48 developing countries, signatories to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the WTO, by using the simultaneous-equations model estimated by Seemingly Unrelated Regressionsduring the period 1970–2009. Our empirical results show that IPR protection positively affects economic growth in developing countries by attracting foreign technology embodied in capital goods. In addition, a developing country’s membership of the WTO promotes and encourages technology transfer through the liberalization of international trade.
JEL Codes: C33, F130, O33, O34, O47
A common perception is that government transfers are harmful to economic growth. However, existing empirical evidence on this point is mixed. Potential reasons for these conflicting results include differences in the level of economic development of the countries studied, different estimation methods and different measures of government transfers. By conducting a meta-analysis of 149 estimates reported in 23 studies, we sought to understand if – and if so, to what extent – government transfers are harmful to economic growth, as well as how important the abovementioned reasons are in explaining different findings in the literature. We found that government transfers are more detrimental to economic growth in developed countries compared to less-developed countries because such transfers can have a non-monotonic effect on growth. When government transfers are substantial, as they are in developed countries, they tend to reduce growth. We also found that the growth effects of government transfers are sensitive to the measurement of the transfers, i.e., studies that use unemployment benefits instead of social security tend to report a stronger negative growth effect.
Cultural economics has been fortunate in attracting eminent economists to contribute to it and none has made so comprehensive a contribution as Professor Sir Alan Peacock. The contributors to this book, many of whom are the current intellectual leaders of our field, honour Peacock’s legacy not directly in encomia, several of which have been published following his death in 2014, but by taking a new look at cultural economics. The authors are friends, colleagues, admirers and former students of Alan Peacock, several fitting into all three categories. Contributors were invited to write a chapter on a feature of Peacock’s work that has been important in their own work in cultural economics or in a related discipline and to present it at a conference hosted by the Department of Economics and Business of the University of Catania in September 2015, whose financial contribution and support is gratefully acknowledged. Peacock was an honorary professor at the university and he loved to visit it and Sicily. The book accordingly includes a wide range of topics from broadcasting to welfare economics, offering both an evaluation of research on the topic and suggesting new insights for further research in cultural economics.
We analyze the effect of patenting on R&D with a model linking a firm's R&D effort with its decision to patent, recognizing that R&D and patenting affect one another and are both driven by many of the same factors. Using survey data for the U.S. manufacturing sector, we estimate the increment to the value of an innovation realized by patenting it, and then analyze the effect on R&D of changing that premium. Although patent protection is found to provide a positive premium on average in only a few industries, our results also imply that the premium varies across industries and with firm size. Patent protection also stimulates R&D across all manufacturing industries, albeit with the magnitude of that effect varying substantially.
We investigate the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPR) and innovation, for a panel of 48 countries between 1998 and 2011. Prior empirical studies mainly focus on strength of patent regulations largely ignoring the enforcement of such laws in practice. We employ a new index that accounts for the enforcement related component of the patent system and the Ginarte and Park (1997) index of patent regulatory strength. We thus include two crucial elements of a national patent system, the de jure position relating to book law and IPR regulations, and the de facto position relating to IPR enforcement. We consider nonlinearities between IPR and innovation, and we find that both nonlinearities and the enforcement aspect are significant in explaining the relationship between innovation and IPR systems.
Is there too much or too little research and development (R&D)? In this paper we bridge the gap between the recent growth literature and the empirical productivity literature. We derive in a growth model the relationship between the social rate of return to R&D and the coefficient estimates of the empirical literature and show that these estimates represent a lower bound. Furthermore, our analytic framework provides a direct mapping from the rate of return to the degree of underinvestment in research. Conservative estimates suggest that optimal R&D investment is at least two to four times actual investment.
Global trade and investment have become increasingly liberalized in recent decades. This liberalization has lately been accompanied by substantive new requirements for strong minimum standards of intellectual property (IP) protection, which moves the world economy toward harmonized private rights in knowledge goods. While this trend may have beneficial impacts in terms of innovation and technology diffusion, such impacts would not be evenly distributed across countries. Deep questions also arise about whether such globalization of rights to information will raise roadblocks to the national and international provision of such public goods as environmental protection, public health, education, and scientific advance. This chapter argues that the globalized IP regime will strongly affect prospects for technology transfer and competition in developing countries. In turn, these nations must determine how to implement such standards in a pro-competitive manner and how to foster innovation and competition in their own markets. Developing countries may need to take the lead in policy experimentation and IP innovation in order to offset overly protectionist tendencies in the rich countries and to maintain the supply of global public goods in an emerging transnational system of innovation.
Introduction and conceptual framework
Economists studying international trade remain optimistic about the ability of liberal trade policies and integration into the global economy to encourage growth and raise people in poor countries out of poverty.
This paper develops a meta-analysis of the empirical literature that estimates the effect of inequality on growth. It covers studies published in scientific journals during 1994-2014 that examine the impact on growth of inequality in income, land, and human capital distribution. We find traces of publication bias in this literature, as authors and journals are more willing to report and publish statistically significant findings, and the results tend to follow a predictable time pattern over time according to which negative and positive effects are cyclically reported. After correcting for these two forms of publication bias, we conclude that the high degree of heterogeneity of the reported effect sizes is explained by study conditions, namely the structure of the data, the type of countries included in the sample, the inclusion of regional dummies, the concept of inequality and the definition of income. In particular, our meta-regression analysis suggests that: cross-section studies systematically report a stronger negative impact than panel data studies; the effect of inequality on growth is negative and more pronounced in less developed countries than in rich countries; the inclusion of regional dummies in the growth regression of the primary studies considerably weakens such effect; expenditure and gross income inequality tend to lead to different estimates of the effect size; land and human inequality are more pernicious to subsequent growth than income inequality is. We also find that the estimation technique, the quality of data on income distribution, and the specification of the growth regression do not significantly influence the estimation of the effect sizes. These results provide new insights into the nature of the inequality-growth relationship and offer important guidelines for policy makers.
This paper examines the role of IPRs protection on stimulating innovations across countries. To consider the possible difference in the relationship between IPRs and innovations for countries of various development degrees, we employ the technique of panel threshold model to proceed with empirical estimates. Based on a panel dataset of 42 countries over the 1997-2006 period, results show that stronger IPRs protections enhance innovations using conventional panel data model. After considering the threshold effects, IPRs protection remains a significantly positive influence on innovations for high-income countries, but it has no effect on fostering innovations for non-high-income countries.
Intellectual property issues involving both old and new technologies are pressing and controversial in contemporary scientific and technical culture.' Yet the historical development of the concept of intellectual property itself needs far more study. As it pertains to technology, "intellectual property" involves particular attitudes toward craft knowledge and practice, invention, and authorship, and is properly studied within the context of these intrinsically related issues. A complex background of intellectual history precedes the origin of the limited monopoly that is called a patent. "Intellectual property," a legal concept, refers to various kinds of intangible property. With reference to technology, it involves the belief that knowledge of craft processes and techniques and the development of technological innovations are forms of property with commercial value that are separate from products or devices.2 Intellectual property laws grant limited monopolies under certain conditions for particular kinds of authorship. Most modern legal systems distinguish between patents and copyrights. Yet to project this distinction too DR. LONG is a tutor at St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. She is working on a book concerning the issues of openness, secrecy, authorship, and intellectual property in pre-17th-century writings on the practical and military arts. Aspects of the research were presented at the 1990 SHOT meeting in Cleveland. She gratefully acknowledges
Patent rights (PRs) protection has acquired an important role in the new knowledge-based global economy, and it has been an essential policy issue for a number of years. Many previous papers have examined how PRs protection affects international trade, but there is lack of study on the relationship between PRs protection and foreign direct investment (FDI). According to the active FDI activities in Asia, this paper conducts a research from 1985 to 2010 to completely investigate the relationship between PRs protection and inward FDI in eleven main Asian countries by adopting Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM). The empirical results indicate that strengthening PRs protection in host countries can increase Asian countries' FDI inflows. Moreover, different country characteristics might make distinctive influences on inward FDI.
Building on the seminal work of Ginarte and Park (1997. Research Policy. 26, 283–301), we develop an index of property rights in pharmaceutical inventions, the Pharmaceutical Intellectual Property Protection (PIPP) Index, for 154 countries spanning 1960 to 2005. It incorporates five types of property rights in pharmaceuticals; six statutory measures of enforcement; and adherence to three international agreements providing for the grant and enforcement of rights to foreigners. For both developed and developed countries, the PIPP Index starts at low levels in 1960, increases slowly through the early 1990s, and then sharply increases due to minimum standards set by the 1995 TRIPS Agreement.
This paper surveys the literature which examines the effect of education on economic growth. Specifically, we apply meta-regression analysis to 57 studies with 989 estimates and show that there is substantial publication selection bias toward a positive impact of education on growth. Once we account for this, the genuine growth effect of education is not homogeneous across studies, but varies according to several factors. Specifically, it is attributed to differences in education measurement and study characteristics, mainly model specification as well as type of data used, and the quality of research outlets where studies are published, e.g., academic journals vs. working papers.
This paper introduces a unique historical data set of more than 8,000 British and American innovations at world’s fairs between 1851 and 1915 to explore the relationship between patents and innovations. The data indicate that the majority of innovations—89 percent of British exhibits in 1851—were not patented. Comparisons across British and U.S. data also show that patenting decisions were unresponsive to differences in patent laws. Cross-sectional evidence suggests that high-quality and urban exhibits were more likely to be patented. The most significant differences, however, occurred across industries: inventors were most likely to use patents in industries in which innovations are easy to reverse engineer and secrecy is ineffective relative to patents. In the late nineteenth century, scientific breakthroughs, including the publication of the periodic table, reduced the effectiveness of secrecy in the chemical industry. Difference-in-differences regressions suggest that this change resulted in a significant shift toward patenting.
We present a meta-analysis of the determinants of foreign currency loans in Central and Eastern Europe. We base our inferences on the results of 21 studies that provide around 800 estimated coefficients for seven determinants of foreign currency loan demand. Our results indicate that, on average, supply factors (foreign currency deposits and the minimum variance portfolio ratio) appear to play a more significant role than demand factors (interest rate differentials) of foreign currency loans. Moreover, we show that the estimates reported in the literature tend to be influenced by selected study characteristics such as the econometric methodology and their regional focus.
Inspired by the Chinese experience, we develop a Schumpeterian growth model of distance to frontier in which economic growth in the developing country is driven by domestic innovation as well as imitation and transfer of foreign technologies through foreign direct investment. We show that optimal intellectual property rights (IPR) protection is stage-dependent. At an early stage of development, the country implements weak IPR protection to facilitate imitation. At a later stage of development, the country implements strong IPR protection to encourage domestic innovation. Therefore, the growth-maximizing and welfare-maximizing levels of patent strength increase as the country evolves towards the world technology frontier, and this dynamic pattern is consistent with the actual evolution of patent strength in China.
Two important strands of literature investigate the way the effect of intellectual property rights (IPR) on innovation depends on either the initial IPR level or the level of economic development. We expand on this by studying their joint effect, in a single, unified, empirical framework. We find that the effect of IPR on innovation is more complex than previously thought, displaying important nonlinearities depending on the initial levels of both IPR and per capita GDP. The policy implications of this are examined and include the conclusion that a single global level of IPR is in general sub-optimal.
Global trade and investment have become increasingly liberalized in recent decades. This liberalization has lately been accompanied by substantive new requirements for strong minimum standards of intellectual property (IP) protection, which moves the world economy toward harmonized private rights in knowledge goods. While this trend may have beneficial impacts in terms of innovation and technology diffusion, such impacts would not be evenly distributed across countries. Deep questions also arise about whether such globalization of rights to information will raise roadblocks to the national and international provision of such public goods as environmental protection, public health, education, and scientific advance. This article argues that the globalized IP regime will strongly affect prospects for technology transfer and competition in developing countries. In turn, these nations must determine how to implement such standards in a pro-competitive manner and foster innovation and competition in their own markets. Developing countries may need to take the lead in policy experimentation and IP innovation in order to offset overly protectionist tendencies in the rich countries and to maintain the supply of global public goods in an emerging transnational system of innovation.
The voluminous empirical research on horizontal productivity spillovers from foreign investors to domestic firms has yielded mixed results. In this paper, we collect 1,205 estimates of horizontal spillovers from the literature and examine which factors influence spillover magnitude. To identify the most important determinants of spillovers among 43 collected variables, we employ Bayesian model averaging. Our results suggest that horizontal spillovers are on average zero, but that their sign and magnitude depend systematically on the characteristics of the domestic economy and foreign investors. The most important determinants are the technology gap between domestic and foreign firms and the ownership structure in investment projects. Foreign investors who form joint ventures with domestic firms and who come from countries with a modest technology edge create the largest benefits for the domestic economy.
В статье производится анализ агрегированной производственной функции, вводится аппарат, позволяющий различать движение вдоль такой функции от ее сдвигов. На основании сделанных в статье предположений делаются выводы о характере технического прогресса и технологических изменений. Существенное внимание уделяется вариантам применения концепции агрегированной производственной функции.