Thirty lichens and lichenicolous fungi new to Norway

Abstract

Klepsland, J. T. 2020. Thirty lichens and lichenicolous fungi new to Norway. Graphis Scripta 32 (7): 120-143. Oslo. ISSN 2002-4495. Thirty species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported new to Norway, along with short notes on diagnostic characters, distribution and ecology, viz. Acolium sessile, Arthonia amylospora, A. helvola, Bacidia fuscoviridis, Biatorella flavella, Caloplaca isidiigera, C. monacensis, Diplotomma pharcidium, Echinodiscus lesdainii, Endocarpon psorodeum, Gregorella humida, Gyalecta ophiospora, Heppia adglutinata, Hydropunctaria orae, Lecania koerberiana, Micarea fennica, M. tomentosa, Myriolecis antiqua, Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata, Porina rosei, Psoroglaena dictyospora, Rhizocarpon advenulum, Rinodina albana, R. polysporoides, Scutula curvispora, Staurothele arctica, Verrucaria hydrophila, Vezdaea rheocarpa, Xanthocarpia marmorata and Zhurbenkoa epicladonia.

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Published 2020-12-07 by The Nordic Lichen Society, http://nhm2.uio.no/lichens/NLS.
Thirty lichens and lichenicolous fungi new to Norway
JON T. KLEPSLAND
Klepsland, J. T. 2020. Thirty lichens and lichenicolous fungi new to Norway. Graphis Scripta 32 (7): 120–
143. Oslo. ISSN 2002-4495.
Thirty species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported new to Norway, along with short notes on
diagnostic characters, distribution and ecology, viz. Acolium sessile, Arthonia amylospora, A. helvola,
Bacidia fuscoviridis, Biatorella flavella, Caloplaca isidiigera, C. monacensis, Diplotomma pharcidium,
Echinodiscus lesdainii, Endocarpon psorodeum, Gregorella humida, Gyalecta ophiospora, Heppia
adglutinata, Hydropunctaria orae, Lecania koerberiana, Micarea fennica, M. tomentosa, Myriolecis antiqua,
Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata, Porina rosei, Psoroglaena dictyospora, Rhizocarpon advenulum, Rinodina
albana, R. polysporoides, Scutula curvispora, Staurothele arctica, Verrucaria hydrophila, Vezdaea
rheocarpa, Xanthocarpia marmorata, and Zhurbenkoa epicladonia.
Jon T. Klepsland, Sønderhellene 10, NO-3404 Lier, Norway. E-mail: jonklepsland@gmail.com.
Introduction
Lichens and lichenicolous fungi continue to be added to the checklist of Norway, and other
Fennoscandian countries, at a high rate (Ekman et al. 2019). Many of the more recent discoveries
are in fact due to increased field-work activity (e.g., Arup et al. 2014, Frisch et al. 2020, Holien et
al. 2016, Klepsland 2013, Klepsland & Timdal 2010, Nordén et al. 2013, Svensson et al. 2017,
Tønsberg 2016, 2018), rather than taxonomic revisions. I here report an additional 30 species of
lichens and fungal lichen parasites to the known biota of Norway. Nine of these are, to the best of
my knowledge, also new to Scandinavia or Fennoscandia.
Materials and methods
The material was examined using standard microscope techniques and hand-sectioned under a
binocular microscope (Wild Heerbrugg M38). Macrophotos were taken through the eyepiece using
a Sony compact camera. Anatomical characters were studied using an Olympus CX41 microscope,
and microphotographs were taken by a ToupCam CMOS camera mounted on the microscope.
Microscope preparations were studied in water and a 5–10 % solution of sodium hydroxide. Based
on my own experience, this solution has basically the same properties as the more commonly used
solution of potassium hydroxide (K). Lactophenol cotton blue (LCB) and Lugol’s iodine solution
(I) were used to detect or enhance anatomical details when necessary. Chemical spot tests were
regularly applied using a 4 % solution of sodium hypochlorite (i.e., undiluted household bleach; C),
a 5–10 % solution of sodium hydroxide (K'), and a freshly prepared solution of para-
phenylenediamine in ethanol (PD). This was usually sufficient for indicating the presence/absence
of lichen substances diagnostic for the reported species. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC; solvent
B) was used for detecting diagnostic lichen substances in specimens of Micarea. DNA sequencing
(ITS) was conducted for the most critical material of pyrenocarpous lichens, as stated in the text.

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Names of Norwegian counties and municipalities refer to the older names prior to the
governmental changes due from 1 January 2020 (https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/kommuner-
og-regioner/kommunereform/nyekommuneogfylkesnummer/id2629203/). Coordinates are given in
the EUREF89/WGS84 map datum. All the material has been collected, determined and
photographed by the author, unless otherwise stated.
The species
Acolium sessile (Pers.) Arnold
New to Norway. Apart from being parasitic, this species is quite similar to Acolium inquinans, but
differ by having smaller asci and ascospores, and the ascomata lack the pruina which usually is
present on A. inquinans (Tibell 1999). The Norwegian material is sparse, as it was found in small
quantities on Pertusaria coccodes on a single Quercus robur, only. The oak stood at the edge of a
cultivated field, in the far southeast of Norway.
Specimen examined: Østfold: Fredrikstad, Humlekjær N, 59.15195°N, 11.05000°E, alt. 10 m, 2017-07-26,
Klepsland JK17-440 (O L-227181).
Arthonia amylospora Almq.
New to Norway. The species was previously listed from Norway in Santesson´s checklist (Nordin
et al. 2020) with a question mark (from the county Sogn og Fjordane as "SF?"). However, the
ascospores (measured by the collector R. Santesson as 13–16 × 6 µm) of that specimen (deposited
in UPS) are in the lower end of the interval given for Arthonia amylospora in Ihlen & Wedin
(2008) and Coppins & Aptroot (2009a). Therefore, it might represent another species (not studied
further). The recent collection fits the descriptions of A. amylospora well, by growing as a parasite
on Porpidia rugosa, having arthonioid ascomata, a dark brown hypothecium, and hyaline 1-septate
ascospores 20–25 × 6–7 µm. Hence, this appears to be the first certain documentation of the
species from Norway. The specimen was collected from a shaded and humid siliceous rock surface,
in a steep valley slope supporting old-growth mixed deciduous forest.
Specimen examined: Aust-Agder: Bygland, Fånefjell (Djupedal), 58.78427°N, 7.83738°E, alt. 520 m, 2020-
04-12, Klepsland JK20-010 (O L-227182).
Arthonia helvola (Nyl.) Nyl. Fig. 1
New to Norway. This species, both morphologically and due to the K+ violet reaction of the
hymenium, is reminiscent of, e.g., Arthonia didyma and A. vinosa. However, A. helvola is
distinguished by the smooth, hyaline, 2-septate ascospores (Foucard 2001, Sundin & Tehler 1998).
It was found growing on lignum at the base of an old, hollow-stemmed Betula pubescens in a river
gorge supporting lush deciduous forest with tall herbs.
Specimen examined: Oppland: Vang, Bergsåne, 61.12373°N, 8.52045°E, alt. 630 m, 2018-09-27, Klepsland
JK18-786 (O L-227183).
Bacidia fuscoviridis (Anzi) Lettau
New to Norway. This is an inconspicuous and usually sterile, saxicolous crustose lichen having a
very thin, dark green, sorediate thallus, which often forms large patches on shaded calcareous

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Figur 1. Arthonia helvola (O L-227183).
rocks. The lack of lichen substances (by TLC) adds to the challenge of detecting and identifying
the species. However, it is quite easy to recognize when fertile, by having 3-septate broadly
fusiform-ellipsoid ascospores. Sometimes, a characteristic white arachnoid prothallus is clearly
visible as well (Coppins & Aptroot 2009b). It was found richly fertile at one of the Norwegian
sites, while only sterile thalli were observed elsewhere. Based on my own observations (not
collected) the species appears to be rather common on calcareous rocks in the south-eastern part of
Norway. According to Reese Næsborg et al. (2007), Bacidia fuscoviridis does not belong to
Bacidia in the strict sense, but is rather closely related to Bilimbia.
Specimens examined: Akershus: Nesodden, Langøyene, 59.87057°N, 10.72360°E, alt. 5 m, 2017-11-08,
Klepsland JK17-770 (O L-227184). Buskerud: Lier, Åserud-Øksnekollen, 59.83016°N, 10.20816°E, alt. 145
m, 2018-08-11, Klepsland JK18-533 (O L-227185).

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Figur 2. Biatorella flavella (O L-227186). A, apothecia; B, section of apothecium; C, ascus (in Lugol’s
solution).
Biatorella flavella (Nyl.) Lettau Fig. 2
New to Fennoscandia. This is a poorly known taxon, which is previously known only from old
Central European records, apart from a more recent report from Russia (Urbanavichene et al.
2018). The bright lemon-yellow ascomata and polyspored asci recall Thelocarpon, and the
Norwegian material does quite convincingly key out as Thelocarpon depressellum in Foucard
(2001). However, according to Foucard (2001) the ascomata of T. depressellum is supposed to
have a distinct proper margin (30–35 µm thick), and such a true exciple is not evident in the
Norwegian material. Also, the asci are not of the typical Thelocarpon-type but similar to the type
found in Strangospora. Furthermore, it perfectly matches the description of Biatorella flavella
given by Urbanavichene et al. (2018). No other species of Thelocarpon has a combination of
characters similar to the Norwegian material (e.g., Foucard 2001, Kocourková-Horáková 1998,
Poelt & Hafellner 1975, Salisbury 1966, Wainio 1883, Wirth et al. 2013). Key characters of the
Norwegian specimen are: the bright yellow, biatorine, flat to convex apothecia, the presence of
sparsely branched paraphyses, the clavate-cylindrical polyspored asci (up to 100 spores)
measuring 35–40 × 12–15 µm and having a thick I+ blue tholus, and the globose ascospores
measuring 2–2.5 µm in diameter. The specimen was collected from rotten wood coated with algal
film, on the upper side of a large, moderately decayed log of Picea abies, in an old-growth spruce
forest.
Specimen examined: Akershus: Nittedal, Rundkollen W, 60.16368°N, 10.78912°E, alt. 550 m, 2012-08-06,
Klepsland JK12-L162 (O L-227186).
Caloplaca isidiigera Vězda
New to Norway. This species is closely related to, but both genetically and morphologically
distinct from, Caloplaca chlorina. It can be separated from the latter by having true globose to

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Figur 3. Caloplaca monacensis (O L-227235).
shortly elongated isidia instead of soredia or isidia-like consoredia (Arup 2011, Šoun et al. 2011).
The Norwegian material was collected in Troms county from a gneissic rock situated on a lake
shore which (at that site) mainly consists of highly calcareous sedimentary rocks.
Specimen examined: Troms: Balsfjord, Sagelvvatnet NW, 69.20545°N, 19.09211°E, alt. 95 m, 2015-08-22,
Klepsland JK15-L831a, det. U. Arup (O L-227187).
Caloplaca monacensis (Leder.) Lettau Fig. 3
New to Norway. This species belongs to the Caloplaca cerina group, but differs from C. cerina
s.str. by the coarsely granular thallus, the usually pruinose apothecia, and the preference for old,
coarse barked trees in somewhat nutrient enriched and well-lit situations (Arup 2011, 2019, Šoun
et al. 2011). In Norway, the specimens were collected from the coarse bark of old Fraxinus
excelsior, located in church yards and a city garden.
Specimens examined: Buskerud: Modum, Heggen kirke, 59.94051°N, 10.00060°E, alt. 135 m, 2018-08-13,
Klepsland JK18-551 (O L-227188); Lier, Frogner kirke, 59.77950°N, 10.22546°E, alt. 95 m, 2020-05-11,
Klepsland JK20-038 (O L-227235). Oslo: Oslo, Montebelloveien 1, 59.93108°N, 10.67260°E, alt. 50 m,
2020-05-06, Klepsland JK20-035 (O L-227231).

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Figur 4. Diplotomma pharcidium (O L-227190).
Diplotomma pharcidium (Ach.) M. Choisy Fig. 4
New to Norway. This species is recognized by the erumpent, flattened black apothecia with a
prominent, thick proper margin, bordered with a thalline veil, and the brown 3-septate or
submuriform ascospores (Duke & Purvis 2009, Foucard et al. 2002). It is somewhat similar to
Diplotomma alboatrum, but differs by the lack of longitudinal septa in the apical cells of the
ascospores, and by the thick proper margin of the apothecia. This pioneer species was found
growing on the smooth bark of young Populus tremula and Fraxinus excelsior close to the
shoreline in Hvaler municipality in the southeast, and on the smooth bark of Fraxinus excelsior,
also close to the sea, at Averøy municipality in the west-northwest.
Specimens examined: Østfold: Hvaler, Svanebukta N (Asmaløy), 59.05185°N, 10.92509°E, alt. 1 m, 2017-04-
11, Klepsland JK17-034 (O L-227189); Hvaler, Landfastodden, 59.04784°N, 10.93838°E, alt. 8 m, 2017-07-
28, Klepsland JK17-480 (O L-227190); Hvaler, Huser SW, 59.05301°N, 10.93332°E, alt. 10 m, 2017-07-28,
Klepsland JK17-489a (O L-227191). Møre og Romsdal: Averøy, Bremsnes kirke og park, MGRS MQ 3255
9619 [=63.0888°N, 7.6642°E], alt. c. 20 m, 2014-06-03, leg. Jordal, det. B. Nordén, conf. J. T. Klepsland (O
L-199589).
Echinodiscus lesdainii (Vouaux) Etayo & Diederich
New to Norway. This taxon is identified by the small, black but white-haired ascomata, a violet
pigment in the exciple and hymenium, thin-walled non-amyloid ascus apices, simple, hyaline
ascospores, and being parasitic on Lecania cyrtella (Etayo & Diederich 2000, Ihlen & Wedin

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Figur 5. Gyalecta ophiospora (O L-227194). A, apothecia; B, ascus with spirally coiled spores; C, ascospore
(in K).
2008). The Norwegian material was found growing on L. cyrtella on Sambucus racemosa in a
wooded ravine much affected by forestry.
Specimen examined: Akershus: Skedsmo, Høgtveita N, 59.99463°N, 10.99869°E, alt. 120 m, 2017-09-08,
Klepsland JK17-521 (O L-227192).
Endocarpon psorodeum (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell
New to Norway. This species forms a dense crust of small imbricate squamules on basic to
ultramafic siliceous rocks, and is further characterized by the non-ascending squamules, the
corticate lower surface, the lack of rhizines, and the (sub)globose hymenial algae, c. 2–3 µm in
diameter. The genus Endocarpon does not seem to be well circumscribed, and may be in need of a
revision. From literature, two taxa seem very close, or even identical, to E. psorodeum, i.e.,
Endocarpon latzelianum Servít and Endocarpon pallidulum (Nyl.) Nyl. While no information was
found to support the distinction of E. latzelianum from E. psorodeum, E. pallidulum does seem to
be genetically separate from E. psorodeum based on phylogenetic studies and ITS sequences in
GenBank (A. Orange pers. comm., Pykälä et al. 2017). An ITS sequence was obtained from the
Norwegian material (GenBank accession no.: MW288754), and this was identical to a sequenced
specimen of E. psorodeum from Estonia (GenBank accession no.: KF959779) (A. Orange pers.

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Figur 6. Heppia adglutinata (O L-227195).
comm.). The Norwegian specimen was collected from a sun-exposed calciferous rock wall,
occasionally subjected to freshwater seepage.
Specimen examined: Oppland: Sør-Fron, Steberg S, 61.54968°N, 10.00711°E, alt. 260 m, 2011-08-04,
Klepsland JK11-L553, conf. A. Orange (O L-227193).
Gregorella humida (Kullh.) Lumbsch
New to Norway. This pioneer species was found growing on exposed clayey soil in a pasture,
overlying calcareous rocks. It is distinguished from similar taxa like Lemmopsis spp., Leptogium
byssinum, and Moelleropsis nebulosa by its gelatinous, non-pulverulent thallus, the convex
apothecia, the non-amyloid hymenium, and the simple ascospores (Jørgensen 2007a, b, c).
Specimen examined: Telemark: Porsgrunn, Kjørholt, 59.0714°N, 9.6616°E, alt. 75 m, 2017-10-17, leg.
Høitomt, det. J. T. Klepsland (TRH-L-15341).
Gyalecta ophiospora (Lettau) Baloch & Lücking Fig. 5
New to Norway. According to Santesson´s online checklist (Nordin et al. 2020) the species is
previously known from Akershus county. However, it has not been possible to trace the origin of
this information. The record is not found at GBIF (2020), and a search for documentation in the

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Figur 7. Hydropunctaria orae (O L-227196).
major herbaria BG, O, and UPS did not return any positive results. Hence, it is here reported as
new to Norway. The species is similar to Gyalecta fagicola, but differs by its spirally curved,
longer and narrower ascospores. In Norway G. ophiospora was collected from a single Sorbus
aucuparia and several Ulmus glabra, from two widely separated localities respectively, both of
which supported lush and humid deciduous forests located in steep slopes.
Specimens examined: Aust-Agder: Valle, Veiådalen, 59.27802°N, 7.46647°E, alt. 530 m, 2010-07-03,
Klepsland JK10-L191a (O L-206546); Valle, Veiådalen, 59.27827°N, 7.46623°E, alt. 545 m, 2019-07-23,
Klepsland JK19-228 (O L-227194). Sogn og Fjordane: Flora, Gangevika-Aksla, MGRS LP 0744 3781
[=61.62526°N, 5.36679°E], alt. 100 m, 2009-08-18, Hofton THH09256, det. J. T. Klepsland (O L-186883).
Heppia adglutinata A. Massal. Fig. 6
New to Norway. In Fennoscandia, this species was previously only known from the island Gotland
in Sweden. However, it was for a long time regarded as extinct from Sweden until rediscovered on
Gotland in 2014 (Odelvik & Westberg 2015). Surprisingly, the Norwegian material was found at
Hovedøya, which is a popular recreational island lying just outside the city centre of Oslo. The
island has been frequently visited by lichenologists for more than a century. Although confined to
a small area, it is somewhat strange how this rather distinct lichen has escaped notice until recently.
It was found growing on stabilized calcareous soil in rock crevices in a south-facing, sun-exposed
slope.

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Specimen examined: Oslo: Oslo, Hovedøya, 59.89238°N, 10.73391°E, alt. 12 m, 2018-05-12, Klepsland
JK18-210 (O L-227195).
Hydropunctaria orae Orange Fig. 7
New to Fennoscandia. This species is previously known from Great Britain and Ireland (GBIF
2020, Orange 2012). It is difficult to confidently separate Hydropunctaria orae from other species
of the genus without DNA sequencing. However, it may be distinguished from H. amphibia and H.
rheitrophila by the lack of black "dots" on the thallus surface (projections from the dark pigmented
basal layer), from H. maura and H. oceanica by the green (not brown) cortical pigments, and from
H. scabra on ecology (marine vs. freshwater-influenced) and the cracked (vs. uncracked) thallus
(Orange 2012, Orange et al. 2009c). With respect to the most closely related species; H. aractina,
the difference is even more subtle, and sequencing is required for certain identification, although
the supposed separate geographical distributions might give a clue (Orange 2012). The Norwegian
material was identified by ITS sequencing (GenBank accession no.: MW288755). The specimen
was collected from a shady rock wall, subjected to freshwater seepage, in a maritime Fraxinus
excelsior dominated woodland situated in close proximity to an exposed shoreline in the southwest
of Norway.
Specimen examined: Rogaland: Rennesøy, Helland W, 59.10105°N, 5.66459°E, alt. 20 m, 2014-08-15,
Klepsland JK14-L549, det. A. Orange (O L-227196).
Lecania koerberiana J. Lahm Fig. 8
New to Norway. According to literature, this species is similar to several other corticolous Lecania
species with 3-septate ascospores, namely L. ephedrae, L. fuscella, L. makarevicziae, and L.
naegelii (e.g. Fletcher et al. 2009b, McCune 2017, van den Boom & Khodosovtsev 2004, van den
Boom & Haji Moniri 2018). The Norwegian material is clearly distinct from L. naegelii by the
lecanorine apothecia (exciple containing algae), as well as at least a few markedly curved "bean
shaped" ascospores. Also, the thallus is much thicker than seen in L. naegelii. Lecania fuscella is
said to have 8–16 spores per ascus, which are fusiform-ellipsoid and straight or only slightly bent,
as well as tips of paraphyses only slightly swollen (specimens not studied). This as opposed to the
consistently 8 spored asci, regularly bean shaped and strikingly blunt-ended ascospores, as well as
the strongly swollen apices of the paraphyses (to 6 µm) in L. koerberiana (and the Norwegian
material). The ascospores, which are slightly constricted at the septa, did not exceed c. 17 × 4.5
µm. Lecania makarevicziae is not known from Europe, and the most north-western localities
reported for L. ephedrae are in Russia. From descriptions, however, they seem very close to L.
koerberiana, and I have not been able to rule those two taxa out (material not seen). But, as L.
koerberiana is the older name of the three and the description of it perfectly matches the
Norwegian material, it seems unnecessary to consider the other two taxa at present. The specimen
was collected from dust impregnated coarse bark of a large Fraxinus excelsior standing in close
proximity to farm buildings and a small gravelled parking lot. Geographically, the location is
situated at the bottom of the climatically warm and dry valley of Lærdal in western Norway.
Specimen examined: Sogn og Fjordane: Lærdal, Rikheim, 61.03989°N, 7.62356°E, alt. 90 m, 2019-04-26,
Klepsland JK19-026 (O L-227197).

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Figur 8. Lecania koerberiana (O L-227197). A, thallus with apothecia; B, detail of hymenium with
ascospores (in K).

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Micarea fennica Launis & Myllys
New to Norway. This recently described species is similar to Micarea hedlundii, but differs by its
paler granular thallus and the production of micareic acid (Launis & Myllys 2019). Also, the
goniocysts do not contain the yellow-brown pigment ("intrusa-yellow") reacting K+ violet, C+
violet as found in M. hedlundii (Czarnota 2007). Micarea tomentosa has shorter, usually
unbranched pycnidia and does not produce lichen substances detected by TLC. The Norwegian
material was confirmed by TLC (micareic acid present). The specimens were found growing on
hard wood of old stumps of Picea abies within old-growth forests in the continental inner part of
Oppland county.
Specimens examined: Oppland: Vestre Slidre, Løkje-Lome S, 61.12683°N, 8.93921°E, alt. 380 m, 2018-09-
25, Klepsland JK18-750 (O L-227201); Nord-Fron, Vinstradalen by Massdøla, 61.57737°N, 9.54474°E, alt.
455 m, 2018-10-06, Klepsland JK18-836 (O L-227202).
Micarea tomentosa Czarnota & Coppins
New to Norway. Based on my own observations, this species is similar to Micarea fennica and M.
hedlundii, but differs from both by the usually paler, shorter, and unbranched pycnidia. More
significantly, it also differs from M. fennica by the lack of lichen substances by TLC, and from M.
hedlundii by the lighter green thallus not containing the yellow-brown pigment (K+ violet) typical
of that species (Czarnota 2007, Launis & Myllys 2019). The Norwegian material was studied by
TLC, and no lichen substances were detected. All specimens were found growing on soft wood of
much decayed stumps of Picea abies within forests of high productivity in the southeast of
Norway.
Specimens examined: Buskerud: Lier, Klinkenberghagan E, 59.82916°N, 10.26521°E, alt. 235 m, 2018-10-09,
Klepsland JK18-723 (O L-227199); Lier, Søndre Eik S, 59.78008°N, 10.21303°E, alt. 130 m, 2018-10-03,
Klepsland JK18-826 (O L-227200). Oppland: Ringebu, Liaberga, 61.41564°N, 10.20109°E, alt. 280 m, 2019-
09-23, Klepsland JK19-452 (O L-227203).
Myriolecis antiqua (J.R. Laundon) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch
New to Fennoscandia. This species was quite recently described as Lecanora antiqua (Laundon
2010), and later combined into Myriolecis (Zhao 2016). It has so far not been reported from any of
the Fennoscandian countries. It has been frequently recorded in Great Britain, but records from
outside Britain are not known (Laundon 2010). The taxon has, however, possibly been overlooked
or subsumed under the similar species Myriolecis albescens and Myriolecis dispersa. Myriolecis
antiqua is mainly distinguished by the C+ bright orange reaction of the disc, due to xanthones.
Unpublished phylogenetic studies have not been able to resolve M. antiqua from M. dispersa (Ulf
Arup pers. comm.), and they may turn out to be regarded as chemotypes of the same species.
Specimens examined: Aust-Agder: Bygland, Fånefjell (Djupedal N), 58.78427°N, 7.83738°E, alt. 520 m,
2015-05-15, Klepsland JK15-L085 (O L-227204). Nordland: Bindal, Bunesodden-Sæterdalen (Åbjørvatnet
NW), 65.02441°N, 12.63325°E, alt. 370 m, 2016-06-16, Klepsland JK16-413 (O L-227205).
Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata Arup, Halıcı & Vondrák
New to Norway. This recently described species (Arup et al. 2015) is so far reported from Greece,
Sweden, Turkey and USA (Alaska) (Arup et al. 2015, Muggia et al. 2018). The blastidiate
Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata is most likely to be confused with the blastidiate-sorediate Caloplaca

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Figur 9. Porina rosei (O L-227209). A, section of perithecium (in K); B, ascus with spores (in K); C, isidiate
propagules with cortex (in water).
ahtii and Caloplaca turkuensis. It differs from C. ahtii by the diffuse to discrete plane soralia (vs.
crateriform soralia), and from C. turkuensis by the darker grey-black apothecial margin and
blastidia (vs. lighter lead-grey apothecial margin and blastidia) and also by having more discrete
blastidia than the more diffuse and often extensive blastidia of C. turkuensis (Arup et al. 2015).
The Norwegian specimens here reported were compared morphologically with Swedish material
of P. nigroblastidiata and Norwegian material of C. ahtii and C. turkuensis, all of which had
previously been confirmed or determined by Ulf Arup (Lund). The Norwegian specimens of P.
nigroblastidiata were collected from Populus tremula in the climatically dry inner parts of
Buskerud and Oppland counties.
Specimens examined: Buskerud: Nes, Møneåsen, 60.65104°N, 9.15650°E, alt. 950 m, 2019-09-19, Klepsland
JK19-441a (O L-227207). Oppland: Vestre Slidre, Løkje-Lome S, 61.12923°N, 8.92734°E, alt. 415 m, 2018-
09-25, Klepsland JK18-755 (O L-227208).
Porina rosei Sérus. Fig. 9
New to Fennoscandia. This species is in Europe previously known from France, Great Britain,
Ireland, Russia, Spain and Ukraine (GBIF 2020). The Norwegian specimen is not well developed
as the isidia are only sparsely branched and merely found in scattered clusters on the thallus. It was

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Figur 10. Psoroglaena dictyospora (O L-227210). A, asci with spores; B, ascospores (both in K).
seemingly sterile, but after careful examination a single perithecium was found; containing 3-
septate ascospores measuring 25–30 × 5–6 µm. The peridium was pale (yellowish) without any
dark pigments. Furthermore, the scanty isidia had a clearly defined cortex, thereby ruling out other
isidioid members of the genus, like Porina hibernica (Orange et al. 2009a, 2020). The specimen
was collected from the trunk base of an Ilex aquifolium hugging a humid rock face in a Fraxinus
dominated woodland, within the climatically maritime zone of the southwest.
Specimen examined: Hordaland: Tysnes, Nedrevåg-Blåberget, 59.97201°N, 5.64894°E, alt. 40 m, 2018-05-
09, Klepsland JK18-149 (O L-227209).
Psoroglaena dictyospora (Orange) H. Harada Fig. 10
New to Norway. The Norwegian material keys neatly out as the synonym Leucocarpia
dictyospora in Foucard (2001). The minute, pale yellowish perithecia with a neck-like projection
of the ostiolar region, the absence of interascal filaments, the somewhat fusiform, septate to
muriform ascospores (8 per ascus), and a chlorococcoid photobiont, distinguish it from
superficially similar taxa. The genus Psoroglaena was given a more thorough treatment by Ekman
(2013) when he reported P. abscondita as new to Sweden. The ascospores of the Norwegian
specimen are both 4–5 septate and submuriform, and do not exceed 18 × 6 µm in size. The
specimen was collected from the trunk base of a large Salix caprea located in a wooded, but
somewhat degraded, ravine with rich vegetation on marine sediments.
Specimen examined: Akershus: Skedsmo, Solvangen (Skjetten), 59.97279°N, 11.01067°E, alt. 110 m, 2017-
08-24, Klepsland JK17-504 (O L-227210).

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Figur 11. Rhizocarpon advenulum on Pertuaria flavicans (O L-198293).
Rhizocarpon advenulum (Leight.) Hafellner & Poelt Fig. 11
New to Fennoscandia. This species is previously known from Great Britain, Ireland and Portugal
(Fletcher et al. 2009a, GBIF 2020). It is recognized by being a parasymbiont on Pertusaria spp.,
the inapparent thallus, the dark 1-septate ascospores, and the oceanic distribution (Fletcher et al.
2009a, Poelt 1990). All specimens were found growing on Pertusaria flavicans on well-lit S- to
W-facing rock walls, on islands lying well off the mainland coastline in the extreme southwest of
Norway.
Specimens examined: Rogaland: Kvitsøy (west-side), 59.06261°N, 5.39104°E, alt. 8 m, 2013-07-25,
Klepsland JK13-L509, det. J. T. Klepsland & E. Timdal (O L-198293); Kvitsøy (west-side), 59.06537°N,
5.39265°E, alt. 10 m, 2013-07-25, Klepsland JK13-L511, det. J. T. Klepsland & E. Timdal (O L-198295);
Karmøy, Føyno, 59.38218°N, 5.14985°E, alt. 5 m, 2020-05-31, Klepsland JK20-081 (herb. Klepsland).

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Figur 12. Rinodina albana (pale morph) (O L-227219).
Rinodina albana (A. Massal.) A. Massal. Fig. 12
New to Scandinavia. In Europe, this species is previously known from Austria, Finland, Germany,
Italy, Slovenia, Spain and Ukraine (GBIF 2020). In Norway, the species seems to have a very
restricted distribution, so far only known from three localities situated in the inner parts of
Telemark and Oppland counties. All sites are located in steep south- or southwest-facing slopes
dominated by lush mixed deciduous forest in sheltered, humid situations. Even though nationally
rare, it is locally abundant, and has been collected from a wide range of deciduous trees (viz. Acer
platanoides, Alnus incana, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus padus, Sorbus aucuparia,
and Ulmus glabra). In Santesson´s checklist (Nordin et al. 2020), R. albana is synonymized with R.
laevigata. However, they are clearly different (see below). Rinodina albana is characterized by,
e.g., the usually extensive, rather thick thallus lacking secondary substances, the numerous, often
pale, lecanorine apothecia, and the large Teichophila-type ascospores (measuring 20–23 × 9–11
µm in the Norwegian material) having ornamented spore walls, but no torus (e.g. Wirth et al.
2013). The perhaps most similar species, i.e., R. freyi, R. laevigata, R. septentrionalis, and R.
trevisanii, all have thinner thalli, smaller apothecia, and smaller ascospores, which are not of the

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Figur 13. Rinodina polysporoides (O L-227222).
Teichophila-type but of the Physcia or Physconia-type (with torus and no septal swellings).
Rinodina laevigata also differs by possessing a much thicker apothecial cortex. Rinodina
metaboliza differs by, e.g., its Dirinaria-type spores (Sheard 2010).
Specimens examined: Telemark: Tokke, Rui, 59.44884°N, 8.01255°E, alt. 270 m, 2015-06-08, Klepsland
JK15-L439, det. J. W. Sheard (O L-227213); Seljord, Kivle, UTM 476848 6596179 [=59.50339°N,
8.59103°E], alt. 470 m, 2010-05-05, Hofton THH10025, det. J. W. Sheard (O L-187087); Seljord, Nystaul N
(Kivledalen), 59.50599°N, 8.58405°E, alt. 570 m, 2018-08-16, Klepsland JK18-569, JK18-570 (O L-227214,
O L-227215); Seljord, Nystaul N (Kivledalen), 59.50603°N, 8.58446°E, alt. 580 m, 2018-08-16, Klepsland
JK18-572, JK18-574 (O L-227216, O L-227217). Oppland: Vang, Bergsåne, 61.12392°N, 8.52264°E, alt.
615 m, 2018-09-27, Klepsland JK18-788 (O L-227218); Vang, Bergsåne, 61.12388°N, 8.52376°E, alt. 610 m,
2018-09-27, Klepsland JK18-791 (O L-227219); Vang, Bergsåne, 61.12385°N, 8.52421°E, alt. 610 m, 2018-
09-27, Klepsland JK18-792 (O L-227220); Vang, Bergsåne, 61.12421°N, 8.52377°E, alt. 640 m, 2018-09-27,
Klepsland JK18-794 (O L-227221).
Rinodina polysporoides Giralt & H. Mayrhofer Fig. 13
New to Fennoscandia. The species is identified by its polyspored asci and Dirinaria-type
ascospores, i.e., spores reminiscent to Physcia-type but with Type B ontogeny, strong septal

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Figur 14. Scutula curvispora (O L-227198). A, conidiomata (pycnidia) on Peltigera; B, mass of
conidiogenous cells; C, conidia (in water).
swelling in K, and by the absence of a torus (Sheard 2010, Wirth et al. 2013). Rinodina polyspora,
the only other polyspored species in Europe, differs by, e.g., its Physcia-type spores having a
distinct torus. The Norwegian material was collected from a rather young Alnus incana in close
proximity to a lake, and from a young Fraxinus excelsior beside a rivulet, respectively. Both
localities are at low elevations within the summer-warm inner parts of Telemark county.
Specimens examined: Telemark: Kviteseid, Skarperud NW, 59.38869°N, 8.45067°E, alt. 75 m, 2015-06-09,
Klepsland JK15-L454a, conf. J. W. Sheard (O L-227222); Seljord, Meås SE, 59.45782°N, 8.57049°E, alt.
210 m, 2015-09-09, Klepsland JK15-L893 (O L-227223).
Scutula curvispora (D. Hawksw. & Miądl.) Diederich Fig. 14
New to Norway. In Fennoscandia, this species is previously known from Finland (Nordin et al.
2020). The Norwegian material represents the Libertiella-anamorph of the species, which is
mainly characterized by the pale, superficial conidiomata growing on thalli of Peltigera spp., the
presence of conidiophores, and having consistently simple, distinctly curved hyaline conidia
measuring 5–8 × 1.5–2 µm (Hawksworth & Miądlikowska 1997). The possible risk of confusing
this species with pycnidia of, e.g., overgrowing Micarea was ruled out due to the complete lack of
any foreign lichen thallus on the host, the negative spot reactions of the pycnidia in squash
preparations, and because of the distinctly curved, rather short and broad conidia not found in any
other N-European crustose lichens (or lichen parasites) with pale sessile pycnidia (e.g., Coppins
2009, Ihlen & Wedin 2008, Wirth et al. 2013). The Norwegian specimen was found growing on
Peltigera praetextata at the trunk base of a mature Ulmus glabra located in a small patch of humid
broad-leaved forest.
Specimen examined: Aust-Agder: Evje og Hornnes, Almefjell, 58.59610°N, 7.92990°E, alt. 490 m, 2019-10-
14, Klepsland JK19-548 (O L-227198).

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Figur 15. Vezdaea rheocarpa (O L-227227). A, asci with spores; B, warted ascospores in ascus (stained with
LCB).
Staurothele arctica Lynge
New to (mainland) Norway. This species was previously reported from Svalbard (Hopen) within
the Norwegian territory (Øvstedal et al. 2009). It is also known from Sweden (Nordin et al. 2020).
The Norwegian material was collected from semi-inundated rocks in an alpine habitat. The
Norwegian material is characterized by a thin, non-areolate, brown thallus, the sessile, conical
perithecia not covered by thallus, the presence of an involucrellum, the 2-spored asci, the brown
muriform ascospores measuring c. 32 × 15 µm, and the narrowly oblong (bacilliform) hymenial
algal cells measuring 6–15 × 2–2.5 µm. According to literature (e.g., Foucard 2001, McCune 2017,
Morse & Ladd 2019, Orange et al. 2009, Thomson 1997) this combination of characters clearly
indicates S. arctica. Similar species of the genus having sessile conical perithecia and 2-spored
asci either have shorter ellipsoid hymenial algae with a much lesser l/w ratio (as in S. fissa and S.
rufa) or the perithecia are at least partly immersed in thallus areola (as in S.
areolata/clopima/drummondii/ fuscocuprea).
Specimen examined: Sogn og Fjordane: Aurland, Vestredalen, 60.72860°N, 7.55382°E, alt. 1290 m, 2019-07-
28, Klepsland JK19-303 (O L-227224).
Verrucaria hydrophila Orange
New to Fennoscandia. In Europe, this species is previously known from Austria, Germany, Great
Britain, Ireland and the Netherlands (GBIF 2020). According to Orange (2013) it is a common
species, and has probably (wrongly) been widely recorded as Verrucaria hydrela Ach. (syn.: V.

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Figur 16. Xanthocarpia marmorata (O L-227229).
denudata Zschacke) in the past. The Norwegian material was identified by DNA sequencing (ITS)
(GenBank accession no.: MW288756 & MW288757). Both Norwegian specimens were collected
from metal waste in small private landfills left undisturbed for some decades. The localities were
shady and somewhat humid.
Specimens examined: Akerhus: Ullensaker, Kauserud mølle, 60.08576°N, 11.26800°E, alt. 125 m, 2014-05-
01, Klepsland JK14-L076, det. A. Orange (O L-227225). Oslo: Oslo, Holet, 59.86963°N, 10.85467°E, alt.
150 m, 2014-06-15, Klepsland JK14-L132, det. A. Orange (O L-227226).
Vezdaea rheocarpa Poelt & Döbbeler Fig. 15
New to Norway. This species is mainly characterized by the large (c. 20–25 × 8–10 µm), distinctly
warted, non-septate ascospores, and the short and sparse paraphyses not entwining individual asci
(Coppins 1987). The collected specimen was growing on moribound Peltigera praetextata
growing on a flat rock surface next to a stream, and subjected to occasional flooding and silty
deposits.
Specimen examined: Akershus: Fet, Nitteberg W, 59.88086°N, 11.20385°E, alt. 150 m, 2018-05-05,
Klepsland JK18-075 (O L-227227).
Xanthocarpia marmorata (Bagl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting Fig. 16
New to Norway. This species belongs to the Caloplaca crenulatella group, and is widely
distributed and rather common on calcareous rocks in Europe (Vondrák et al. 2011). It was quite
recently reported new to Scandinavia from Sweden (Arup et al. 2014). The Norwegian material

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140
Figur 17. Zhurbenkoa epicladonia on Cladonia sp. (O L-227230).
was collected from old shells of molluscs (clams and snails) sedimented in calcareous sand banks
on a beach in the extreme southeast of Norway.
Specimens examined: Østfold: Hvaler, Svanebukta N (Asmaløy), 59.05040°N, 10.92734°E, alt. 4 m, 2017-04-
11, Klepsland JK17-033, conf. U. Arup (O L-227228); Hvaler, Landfastodden, 59.04592°N, 10.93300°E, alt.
3 m, 2017-07-28, Klepsland JK17-481 (O L-227229).
Zhurbenkoa epicladonia (Nyl.) Flakus, Etayo, Pérez-Ortega & Rodr. Flakus Fig. 17
New to Norway. This lichenicolous fungus was found growing on the upper surface of the basal
squamules of an undetermined Cladonia sp. It is also known as Arthonia epicladonia (Nyl.)
Alstrup & Zhurb., but a recent molecular study has shown that it belongs to the Lecanoromycetes,
and the new genus Zhurbenkoa was introduced (Flakus et al. 2019). The Norwegian material
conforms with the descriptions of Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas (2017) and Flakus et al. (2019) and is
characterised by convex, lightly pruinose apothecia; the presence of a true exciple (but poorly
developed); a hymenium composed of strongly conglutinated non-capitate (rather thick) and
sparsely branched paraphyses; asci with apical apparatus resembling the Lecanora-type; and
hyaline, 1-septate ascospores (8 per ascus), measuring c. 15 × 3–4 µm.
Specimen examined: Nordland: Bindal, Storengdalen, 65.23428°N, 12.40348°E, alt. c. 180 m, 2019-08-15,
leg. Brynjulvsrud & Klepsland JK19-999, det. J. T. Klepsland (O L-227230).

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Remarks
Several of the recently discovered species are obviously rare and have a highly specialised ecology.
Some of these are also most probably also in decline, due to negative impact from human activity,
e.g., Acolium sessile, Arthonia helvola, Heppia adglutinata, Lecania koerberiana, Micarea fennica,
M. tomentosa, and Rinodina polysporoides. This knowledge should be assessed as part of the
ongoing revision of the Norwegian Red List of lichens.
Acknowledgements: I would like to express my gratitude to Alan Orange (Wales) for the identification of
three of the pyrenocarpous lichens here reported and for kindly checking the English language, John W.
Sheard (Saskatchewan) for the identification or confirmation of selected specimens of Rinodina albana and R.
polysporoides, and to Ulf Arup (Lund) for the identification of Caloplaca isidiigera and confirmation of
Xanthocarpia marmorata. Thanks also to John G. Brynjulvsrud, Tom H. Hofton, Torbjørn Høitomt and Björn
Nordén for letting me include specimens collected by them.
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