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Geography of Maharashtra
Abstract
The word Maharashtra, the land of the Marathi-speaking people, appears to be derived from Maharashtrian, an old form of Prakrit. Some consider it a corruption of the term 'Maha Kantara' (the Great Forest), a synonym for 'Dandakaranya'. Maharashtra is the third largest state (in area) in India after Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. It covers an area of 307,713 km2 and is bordered by the states of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the southeast, Karnataka to the south and Goa to the southwest. The state of Gujarat lies to the northwest, with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli sandwiched between the borders. Maharashtra has coastline of 720 km.The Arabian Sea makes up Maharashtra's west coast. Maharashtra consists of two major relief divisions. The plateau is a part of the Deccan tableland and the Konkan coastal strip abutting on the Arabian Sea.
... The average maximum and minimum temperature in May is 47.50 Celsius and 21.60 Celsius respectively. The average daily temperature is around 25.90 Celsius [36,37,38,39,40]. ...
The present study Impacts of Climate Change on Area and production under different crops in Bhandara district, Central India. The hydrological parameters such as rainfall, drainage analysis, topographic parameters, and land-use patterns were evaluated and interpreted for district management of the area. This has been done using the sofware of the Arc map module in Arc GIS 9.3 and ERDAS Imagine 9.2 satellite image analysis. The hydrological investigation shows that the climate of the basin is characterized by hot summer from March to May followed by a rainy season from June to September. The postmonsoon season is also observed in the month of October. The annual mean rainfall range varies from 1,000 to 1,400 mm. The temperature rises rapidly from March to May. The monthly average maximum temperature rises to 47.50 Celsius in the month of May. In summer, the nights are cool compared to the scorching heat of the day. Bhandara district receives more rainfall than other districts of Maharashtra. The main crop here is paddy (rice). And 70% of agriculture is rain dependent. Total average rainfall for five years in seven districts of Bhandara district was recorded. Considering the total average rainfall in 5 years, Lakhandur taluka has the highest rainfall while Tumsar taluka has the lowest
In this paper, we investigated the geostatistical assessment of soil health, fertility, and quality, as well as groundwater and rainfall, and their impact on agriculture in the Bagh River Basin (BRB) of India. All physical, chemical, and biological components of rivers can be studied using the model. With the use of GIS and the Water Quality Index (WQI), several complex mathematical algorithms employ models to model and analyze groundwater and soil data. Physical and chemical properties of water were analyzed by Gibbs diagram as determined by Bureau of Indian Standards. The Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) weight EC < TDC < TH < Cl− < SO42− < pH < NO3− < F− < Fe. Overall, fertility levels in the BRB range from low to moderate with respect to nitrogen, low to very low with respect to phosphorus, and high to very high with respect to phosphorus. The soil fertility index shows a steady decline from 1980 to 2005. When 1 kg of nutrients (nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium) is added to the soil, only 6 kg of food grains are produced per hectare. 25 years ago, the same land produced 16 kg per hectare. This means that the fertility of the soil has decreased by about 62%. Soil fertility is generally 6.5–8.0, salinity is 0.10–0.50, while lime content is less than 10%. This paper can be helpful for better river basin management and research.
Population is an important resource for development. Present work attempts to assess the correlation between population growth, urbanization and general landuse change over two decades (1990-91 to 2010-11) in Gondia district of Maharashtra state and suggest the possible ways and remedies to improve the future landuse of the study are. Gondia are the highly concentrated towns of the study area. It is has been observed that the growth of population increased 10.14 Times while urbanization increased 57.52 Per cent during 2001 to 2011. Increasing population, industrial development and trade is bringing about a great pressure on land. The environmental conditions are favorable for agriculture in the study region. Forest area has decreased while Cultivable waste land fallow land increased during 2000-01 to 2010-11. Land put non-agricultural use, barren and non cultivable land and net sown area has also subsequently declined during the span of two decades. Thus landuse is a dynamic phenomenon in the study area. While In Vidarbha region Gondia District is rich in forest resources. The largest land use category in the district is that of agriculre. Precarious forest constitutes 90% of total are under forest which is maximum in south east and central parts. The total area under forest in the district was 2833 sq. kms. out of 5641 sq. kms total geographical area in 2011. It has been observed that the district having 50.22 per cent area still remain under forest. Forest resources contribute significantly to the economy of the district. This district shows the better condition of forest Resources. In 1981 25.04% of the total geographical area was under forest. It has increased to 32.72% in 2011.The socio-economic characteristics of the study area population growth, industrialization, nearness to daily markets and developments of road network have caused the general landuse changes in the area.
In this study presents the using geo-spatial technologies for land and water resource development planning in Tirora tehsil, India. Using the SOI topographic maps for physical parameters and water quality analysis parameter analysis for inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method in the in study area. The study area is small in terms of land; therefore, no variation in the physiography, soils, climatic conditions and many more results single crop pattern. As per the study of total crop productivity and irrigated area productivity; crop productivity in irrigated area is high than total cropped area. The percentage of the total geographical area under crop is 56.78% which means that agriculture is found only in the river belt and plains while the rest of the hills and other areas are not cultivated. The main crop is paddy in the region; therefore another crops are produces in very much less amount in the area. The average pH value of groundwater here is 8.01 with the highest value being 8.90 and the lowest value being 7.21 which means that the nature and quality of water here is good. The highest TDS pattern of water you find is 2011 and the lowest is 310 in which average value is 604.75 which mean TDS of water is good but TDS of water you see increased in river side and in hilly region it is good. This study can be used for future planning of farm management, crop growth and sustainable development.KeywordsGeospatial modelingEnvironmental resourcesRSGIS
The present study aims to analyze the groundwater qualities in Bagh River basin using hydro-geochemical characterization and geospatial techniques. The rainfall distribution and groundwater qualities were analyzed. In the pre-monsoon season, the water quality of the river is found good, but in the monsoon season, the water quality is changed due to the effect of all several factors such as turbidity, organic matter, animal litter, etc. The water quality index (WQI) suggests that 72% of the total area has excellent and good quality water; and about 28% is characterized by having poor quality water. The concentration of Arsenic, Iron, Chromium, Aluminium, metallic elements is found near Gondia town, Amgaon, Salekasa, Deori, and Goregaon towns in the river basin. In general, 53% of the total annual fertilizer consumption in the river basin is used in the Kharif season, while 44% of the fertilizers are used in the Kharbi season. Due to the unrestricted use of chemical fertilizers and water, the growth of crops is affected. Among chemical fertilizers, farmers use urea, super phosphate, and potash or combined fertilizers. But due to the lack of micronutrients in these fertilizers, the nutritional balance of the crops is disturbed, and this affects the crop yield. Chemical fertilizers immediately meet the nutrient requirements of crops but deteriorate the soil texture. For this, it is recommended to give these fertilizers as a supplement to organic fertilizers. It can be used to determine the nature of rainfall in other districts and for disaster management and future planning. The present investigation indicates significant dominance of agriculture and drinking water for the groundwater chemistry in the river basin.KeywordsGeospatial analysisGroundwaterBagh River basinGPS
The main objective of the study is to see the changes that have taken place from 1991, 2001 to 2011 in Gondia District Maharashtra. The characteristics changed because of the differences in physical conditions. A description of various characteristics in Geography begins from the population. For the purpose of administrative conveyance the district is divided into 8 Thasils and 8 Panchayat Samities. According to the 2001 Census, there was 556 Gram Panchayat for the Rural Development. The main crop grown in the district is paddy. Gondia district stretches over an area of 5641 Sq. Km. In the terms of area; Gondia district constitutes 1.83% of the total area of the Maharashtra State. Total population of the district according to 2011 census was 1322331 out of which 662524 were males and 659807 were females. Out of the total population, 82.93% is residing in rural area and 17.07% is residing in urban area. The density of the population according 2011 census was 213.12 persons/ Sq.Km. The spatial distribution of population is one of the most important topics of Human Geography. Human resource especially in a developing country may play a vital role in its overall economic growth. In rural areas cultivation is a major activities wherever it is possible. In the hilly regions where the cultivation is not possible lumbering, fuel wood collections as well as collection of forest and other forest materials are the main activities which are mostly carried out by tribal. Lakh and gum (gond) are the major products. The district has derived name from Gond. Collection of Tendu leaves is also very important. But it is on the decline. Gondia District was created on 1st May 1999. It lies in north east boundary region of Maharashtra. The state of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh lie beyond its boundary. The area of the district is 5641 s.q. kms, and as per 2011 census the population is 1322331. There are 903 villages and two urban centre’s in Gondia and Tirora thasil.
The present study is geospatial modeling in the assessment of environmental resources for sustainable water resource management in a Bhandara district, India, using by geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques. The study will be based on secondary data. Secondary data was collected during the time period between are 1971 to 2013. The major crop of Bhandara district is rice, to study its crop concentration the total cultivated area, area under rice crop and index of concentration in each taluk of the district are given in the following table. To illustrate the changes over time, rice concentration figures from 1991 to 2011 are grouped by index and shown in a map. The average concentration of rice in the district in 1991 is moderate with values of 0.86. High concentration of rice crop is found in three taluks namely Mohadi, Tumsar and Sakoli in the district. The values of centralization in this taluka are more than 1.00 and are 1.10, 1.18 and 1.11 respectively. Whereas three talukas namely Bhandara, Pavani and Lakhandur have moderate concentration of rice cultivation. This concentration falls in the range of 0.80 to 1.00. The value of centralization in these taluks is 0.88, 0.85 and 0.94 respectively. In the year 2011, the average high concentration of rice is found in the district and its values are 1.02. Four taluks namely Mohadi, Tumsar, Sakoli and Lakhani have high concentration of rice with values of 1.08, 1.18, 1.08 and 1.12 respectively. Whereas in three taluks namely Bhandara, Pavani and Lakhandur medium concentration of rice is found and its values are 0.91, 0.86 and 0.90 respectively.The data can be used for area management, utilized in restoration and conservation of natural resources studies in the future.
The present study is geospatial modeling in the assessment of environmental resources for sustainable water resource management in a Bhandara district, India, using by geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques. The study will be based on secondary data. Secondary data was collected during the time period between are 1971 to 2013. After data collection the data were edited and coded. Then all the collected data were scrutinized carefully and recorded in master sheets. The monsoon rains in district are concentrated in the four months from June to September and receive 90.81% rainfall, post-monsoon 1.86% pre-monsoon 4.83% and winter 2.48%. Sandy red soil has covered 31% area; median black soil has covered 47% and Lomi red soil 22% covered the area of district. There are 580 large and 13,758 small and medium sized lakes in the district. The percentage of total area under forest 12.25%, especially during 2001 to 2011 periods it was in Bhandara (12.33%), Mohadi (19.89%), Tumsar (13.27%), Lakhani (11.13%) and Lakhandur (16.24%) decreased on large scale. There is a tremendous increase in the forest area in Sakoli (9.31%). Well irrigation is very important, in 1981; the total irrigated area was 66009 hect. of these 7.67% area is under well irrigation in 2011, the total irrigated area was 128165 hect; of these, 19605 hect. (15.30%) area was under well irrigation in the district. The aim of this present study was to evaluate environmental resource units that have been delineated based on the geospatial modeling of environment parameters with appropriate weights in GIS and RS techniques. The data can be used for area management, utilized in restoration and conservation of natural resources studies in the future.
The present study investigates the trend and spatial distribution of rainfall, and groundwater quality assessment for sustainable management of available water resources in the Bhandara district, Maharastra, India. To assess the rainfall trend, parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques (Mann-Kendall test statistic, Sens’s slope estimator) were applied in collected rainfall data from seven gauging stations. The yearly rainfall over the study area reveals substantial decreases during the past 43 years (1971-2013). The trend analysis results showed negative trends in Bhandara, Lakhani, Mohadi, and Pawani, Lakhandur, and Tumsar and positive trendobservedin Sakoli station. However, increased rate of Sakoli station is little about 0.84mm/ year. Among all the stations, Bhandara station experiencing rapidly decreasing rainfall trend. Water samples were analyzed for various parameters such as TSS, TDS, pH, Total Alkalinity etc., andFrom Piper analysis, most of the groundwater samples are concentrated in the Na–Cl type, with minor representations from mixed Ca–Na–HCO 3 types. 62.5% of samples influenced by Sea water intrusion. Other 37.5 % representing their groundwater contaminated by Alkaline deposits. About 62.5% of samples having more than the maximum permissible limits of Nitrate in their water content according to the IS:10500. Few parts of study area consist very high saline ground water which is not suitable for irrigation purpose also. The nature of rainfall trends and distribution and groundwater analysis in this district can be useful for other departments or districts.
This investigation aims to examine the changes in trend, pattern, and concentration of urbanization at the district level in Maharashtra state of India for the period 1961 to 2011. The study is primarily based on the secondary data were collected from various census of India. The decadal growth rate (DGR), location quotient (LQ), Karl parson's correlation coefficient method (CC), and rank-size rule (RS) were applied to find out the growth rate, concentration, influence of other factors on urbanization and regional disparity successively. The computed LQ index of the urban population is high in Mumbai (2.1), Mumbai-suburban (2.1), Thane (1.7), and Pune (1.35) districts of western Maharashtra as compared to the districts of Marathwada, Vidarbha, Konkan and North Maharashtra divisions. The estimated values of rank-size demarcate the uneven pattern of urbanization and interpret the regional urban disparity. The high positive correlation exhibits between the district wise concentration of urban population with human development index (HDI) 0.79 and school density (SD) 0.74 whereas it negatively associates with the forest cover (FC)-0.04. This study may help urban planners and policymakers for proper urban planning and sustainable development of cities as well as decentralization of urban centers to minimize the urban regional disparity.
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