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Opuscula Philolichenum, 16: 267–311. 2017.
*pdf effectively published online 25August2017 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/op/)
Lichenicolous fungi of the Caucasus: New species, new
records and a second synopsis
MIKHAIL P. ZHURBENKO
1
ABSTRACT. – Ninety-four species of lichenicolous and allied fungi are reported from the
Northwest Caucasus. Nanostictis caucasica on Parmelia sulcata is described as new to science. A
presumably new ascomycete with hairy apothecia growing on Thamnolia vermicularis is described but not
given a formal name. Acremonium pertusariae, Arthonia destruens, Cercidospora cf. rinodinae,
Endococcus sendtneri, Lichenochora inconspicua, Lichenodiplis anomala, Rhizocarpon cf. ochrolechiae,
Roselliniopsis tartaricola and Thelocarpon cf. sphaerosporum are newly reported for Asia and Russia,
Polycoccum hymeniicola is newly reported for Russia. A first verified occurrence of Dactylospora
tegularum in Russia is reported. Dactylospora athallina and Zwackhiomyces kiszkianus are reported new to
Asian Russia. Cercidospora verrucosaria, Cornutispora ciliata, C. lichenicola, Dacampia hookeri, D.
rufescentis, Didymocyrtis consimilis, Lichenochora caloplacae, Lichenostigma chlaroterae, Merismatium
nigritellum agg., Monodictys fuliginosa, Pronectria erythrinella s. l., Scutula epiblastematica,
Sphaerellothecium araneosum, Sphinctrina leucopoda, Stigmidium pseudopeltideae, S. squamariae and
Tetramelas phaeophysciae are reported new to the Caucasus. Lichenochora caloplacae is reported for the
first time from outside the Arctic. An unusual intrahymenial parasite of Lecanora pulicaris similar to
Rhabdospora lecanorae is discussed. Bryoplaca is reported as a new host genus for Merismatium
nigritellum agg., Cetrelia for Cornutispora lichenicola and Echinothecium reticulatum, Flavoparmelia for
Cornutispora ciliata, and Pseudevernia for Lichenoconium cargillianum. A synopsis of 248 species from
98 genera of lichenicolous fungi and three species from two additional genera of allied fungi so far known
from the Caucasus is presented and analyzed. The most species-rich genera are Stigmidium, Arthonia and
Abrothallus. 81% of the lichenicolous fungi species were found on only one host genus. The value of the
‘parasite genera:host genera’ ratio is about 1:1. The most frequently parasitized lichen genera are Lecanora
s. l., Parmelia, Peltigera, Cladonia and Physcia. About half of the species found in the Caucasus occur
outside the Holarctic. The lichenicolous index for the Russian Caucasus is approximately 0.2. The most
frequently collected species were Lichenostigma maureri, Marchandiomyces corallinus, Lichenoconium
erodens, L. lecanorae and Nesolechia oxyspora. About 25% of the detected species were considered visible
to the naked eye, 60% were clearly visible only at 10× magnification, and 15% only at 20−40×
magnification.
KEYWORDS. – Lichenicolous mycobiota, biodiversity, biogeography, ecology.
INTRODUCTION
The first publications that presented information about the lichenicolous fungi of the Caucasus
appeared more than a century ago (Elenkin & Woronichin 1908, Vainio 1899). However, the systematic
investigation of these organisms in the region began only recently. The first synopsis of lichenicolous fungi
of the Caucasus included 72 species from 47 genera (Zhurbenko & Otte 2012). Subsequently, dedicated
studies of these fungi in the Teberda and Caucasian Biosphere Reserves supported by the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research were carried out (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016; Zhurbenko & Pino-
Bodas 2017; Zhurbenko et al. 2015b, c; present paper). These studies, along with additional new reports
1
MIKHAIL P. ZHURBENKO – Lab. of the Systematics and Geography of Fungi, Komarov Botanical Institute
Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia. – e–mail:
zhurb58@gmail.com
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published in a series of lichen floristic contributions (Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2014; Urbanavichus
& Ismailov 2013, 2016; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2012, 2014, 2015a, b), increased their known
diversity from the region by more than three times. Given the number of newly accumulated records, both
published and unpublished, the present contribution was assembled with the goal of once again
summarizing the lichenicolous mycobiota of the region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In addition to the published literature, this study is based on 232 specimens of lichenicolous fungi
and lichenicolous lichens housed in the mycological herbarium of the V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute in
St. Petersburg, Russia (LE). Microscopical examination was carried out using a Zeiss Axio Imager A1
microscope equipped with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics (DIC) in water, 10% KOH
(K), Lugol’s iodine, directly (I) or after a KOH pre-treatment (K/I), or brilliant cresyl blue (BCr). The
length, breadth and length/breadth ratio (l/b) of asci, ascospores and conidia are given (where n > 10) as:
(min−){X−SD}−{X+SD}(−max), where “min” and “max” are the extreme observed values, X the
arithmetic mean and SD the corresponding standard deviation. Measurements were taken from water
mounts, unless otherwise indicated.
Data for the twenty-two localities from which the newly reported specimens were collected is
summarized below. The localities are referenced in the text by the number that appears in bold in the list
below.
1: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, northeastern spur of Mt. Tybga,
43°52'48''N, 40°15'59''E, elev. 2480 m, alpine vegetation and siliceous rocks.
2: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, vicinity of Mt. Tybga, 1 km NE
of Turovyi cabin, 43°54'03''N, 40°16'38''E, elev. 2040 m, Betula litvinovii forest.
3: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Abago pastureland boundary, Mt.
Ekspeditsiya, 43°54'48''N, 40°15'43''E, elev. 1950 m, Pinus sylvestris ssp. kochiana forest and
siliceous rocks among mountain meadows.
4: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Abago pastureland boundary, Mt.
Ekspeditsiya, Dom Kotova cabin, 43°56'55''N, 40°12'31''E, elev. 1770 m, Fagus orientalis-Abies
nordmanniana-Acer trautphetteri forest.
5: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, road between Guzeripl’
settlement and Dom Kotova cabin, 43°58'27''N, 40°11'50''E, elev. 1400 m, Abies nordmanniana
forest.
6: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, vicinity of Guzeripl’ settlement,
44°00'05''N, 40°08'21''E, elev. 680 m, Fagus orientalis-Carpinus betulus forest.
7: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, vicinity of Guzeripl’ settlement,
near the junction of Filimonov Creek and Molchepa River, 43°59'25''N, 40°08'56''E, elev. 770 m,
Fagus orientalis-Abies nordmanniana forest.
8: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Belaya River 2 km upstream of
Guzeripl’ settlement, 43°59'21''N, 40°07'28''E, elev. 680 m, Fagus orientalis-Abies nordmanniana
forest.
9: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Lagonaki Upland, Azishskii pass,
44°04'33'' N, 40°00'58'' E, elev. 1750 m, mixed forest with Abies nordmanniana.
10: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Lagonaki Upland, Armyanskii
pass, 43°58'15''N, 39°56'30''E, elev. 1750 m, Fagus orientalis forest.
11: RUSSIA. REPUBLIC OF ADYGEYA: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, headwaters of Armyanka River,
44°00'33''N, 39°59'42''E, elev. 1680 m, Fagus orientalis-Abies nordmanniana forest.
12: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Lagonaki Upland, foot of Mt.
Fisht at the headwaters of Belaya River, 43°57'34''N, 39°55'48''E, elev. 1580 m, Abies
nordmanniana-Вetula litwinowii-Acer trautvetteri-Sorbus aucuparia forest and calcareous rocks.
13: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Lagonaki Upland,
southeastern spur of Mt. Fisht, near Malyi Fishtinskii glacier, 43°57'08''N, 39°55'42''E, elev. 1640
m, Abies nordmanniana-Вetula litwinowii-Acer trautvetteri-Sorbus aucuparia forest and
calcareous rocks.
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14: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, Lagonaki Upland, between
Mt. Fisht and Mt. Pshekho-Su, 43°58'N, 39°54'E, elev. 2050‒2300 m, alpine vegetation.
15: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, confluence of Urushten and
Malaya Laba Rivers, Chernorech’e cabin, 43°55'59''N, 40°41'01''E, elev. 800 m, open rocks beside
a road in Fagus orientalis dominated forest.
16: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, northern spur of Mt. Armovka,
43°54'N, 40°40'E, elev. 1150‒1370 m, Fagus orientalis forest.
17: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, northern spur of Mt. Armovka,
43°53'59''N, 40°39'39''E, elev. 1750 m, mixed deciduous forest.
18: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, northern spur of Mt. Armovka,
43°53'27''N, 40°39'47''E, elev. 1830 m, Betula litwinowii forest.
19: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, northern spur of Mt. Armovka,
43°52'28''N, 40°39'20''E, elev. 2250 m, alpine vegetation and siliceous rocks.
20: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: 1 km S of Dzhankhot settlement, top of Mt. Svyatoi Niny,
44°27'29‒34''N, 38°09'32‒49''E, elev. 180‒330 m, Quercus petraea-Pinus brutia var. pityusa
forest.
21: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: 15 km SE of Gelendzhik, Zhane River valley, 44°33'N,
38°15'E, elev. 130‒170 m, Fagus orientalis-Carpinus caucasica-C. orientalis forest.
22: RUSSIA. KARACHAVEVO-CIRCASSIAN REPUBLIC: Teberda town, left bank of Teberda River at
1 km upstream of Teberda Biosphere Reserve office, 43°26'41''N, 41°44'06''E, elev. 1350 m,
freestanding deciduous trees in a pasture.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To date, 248 species of lichenicolous fungi from 98 genera, 44 families, 25 orders and 8 classes of
ascomycetes (97% of all species) and basidiomyetes (3%) are known at the Caucasus (see the checklist
section below). The most species-rich classes of fungi were the Dothideomycetes (61 species),
Eurotiomycetes (50) and Arthoniomycetes (34); the leading orders are Verrucariales (32), Arthoniales (25)
and Abrothallales (16); while the most species-rich genera were Stigmidium (20), Arthonia (16) and
Abrothallus (10).
Most species (81%) of the listed lichenicolous fungi were found in the Caucasus on only one host
genus, and some, such as Perigrapha superveniens on Parmelia sulcata, even on just one host species.
However, some species were found on a wide range of hosts, such as Marchandiomyces corallinus found
on 15 lichen genera, Lichenoconium erodens found on 13 lichen genera, Muellerella erratica found on 12
lichen genera, Lichenoconium usneae found on eight lichen genera, Lichenostigma maureri found on seven
lichen genera, and Lichenoconium lecanorae found on six lichen genera.
Ninety-eight genera of lichenicolous fungi were found in the Caucasus on 96 genera of host
lichens. It is noteworthy that similar a nearly 1:1 ratio of parasite genera to host genera has previously been
reported for the arctic lichenicolous mycobiota (Zhurbenko 2013c). The ten most frequently parasitized
lichen genera were Lecanora s. l. (supporting 25 species of lichenicolous fungi), Parmelia (23), Peltigera
(21), Cladonia (20), Physcia (19), Pertusaria (13), Hypogymnia (11), Caloplaca (10), Physconia (10) and
Usnea (10). In comparison, the most frequently parasitized genera in the Arctic were: Peltigera (supporting
36 species of lichenicolous fungi), Lecanora s. l. (22), Cladonia (21), Stereocaulon (21), Pertusaria (18),
Solorina (16), Caloplaca (15), Ochrolechia (13), Lecidea (10), Parmelia (10) and Xanthoria (10). In both
regions the most parasitized genera included Lecanora s. l., Cladonia and Peltigera, which are generally
considered to be frequently parasitized by a wide diversity of lichenicolous fungi (Lawrey & Diederich
2017). Nonetheless, the mycobiota of the Caucasus is unusual in that certain genera were more frequently
parasitized, such as Parmelia, Physcia, Physconia and Usnea, in comparison to the Arctic where more
frequent hosts were such genera as Stereocaulon and Solorina (Zhurbenko 2013c).
Approximately half of the species found in the Caucasus have been reported from outside the
Holarctic (Brackel 2014), these include (sub)cosmopolitan species such as Corticifraga fuckelii,
Dactylospora lobariella, Lichenoconium lecanorae, Lichenostigma cosmopolites, Muellerella erratica,
Nesolechia oxyspora, Phaeopyxis punctum, Pyrenidium actinellum and Roselliniella cladoniae. Likewise
approximately half of the species found in the Caucasus occur in the Arctic (Kristinsson et al. 2010).
However, just a few of the species shared between the Caucusus and Arctic are characterized by arctic-
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alpine distribution patterns (e.g., Cercidospora verrucosaria, Endococcus sendtneri, Lichenochora
caloplacae, L. rinodinae, Odontotrema thamnoliae, Stigmidium frigidum and Thamnogalla crombiei).
Assuming that currently about 1350 species of lichens and 243 species of lichenicolous fungi are
known from the Russian Caucasus (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, present paper), the value of the
lichenicolous index (the ratio of the number of lichenicolous fungi species to the number of lichen species;
Zhurbenko 2011) for this territory is approximately 0.2, which is comparable to the values for such well-
studied areas as Fennoscandia and the British Isles (Zhurbenko 2011).
Hitherto the only focused studies of lichenicolous fungi in the Caucasus were conducted in the
northwestern part of the region, mainly in the Teberda and Caucasian Biosphere Reserves in the summers
of 2012 and 2014 (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016; Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2017; Zhurbenko et al.
2015b, c; present paper). During these studies 41 habitats were inventoried and these efforts revealed 181
species of lichenicolous and allied fungi, 144 (80%) of which were found to be new to the Caucasus and
four of which (2%) were described as new to science. Despite this intensive search just 12 of these 181
species were found more than ten times: Lichenostigma maureri (22 finds), Marchandiomyces corallinus
(19), Lichenoconium erodens (18), L. lecanorae (18), Nesolechia oxyspora (15), Arthophacopsis
parmeliarum (14), Lichenoconium usneae (14), Nectriopsis lecanodes (13), Muellerella erratica (12),
Abrothallus parmeliarum (11), Dactylospora lobariella (11) and Plectocarpon lichenum (10). In this
regard, it is worthwhile to note that only about 25% of the detected species were visible to the naked eye,
60% were clearly visible only at 10× magnification, and 15% only at 20−40× magnification. Visual
analysis of the interactions between the lichenicolous fungi and lichens (sensu Lawrey & Diederich 2003)
revealed that about 3% of them were saprotrophs, 15% were pathogens, 11% induced galls, 36% induced
restricted discolorations, and 35% were commensals.
THE CHECKLIST
The checklist presented below is intended to be a comprehensive synopsis of the lichenicolous
fungi known from the study area. The list is arranged alphabetically by genus and species, and the
supporting voucher specimens or published literature citations are provided in each entry. Species that are
newly reported for the Caucasus are given in bold; lichenicolous lichens are designated by ‘L’.
Abrothallus acetabuli Diederich
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Pleurosticta acetabulum (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015b).
Abrothallus bertianus De Not.
Specimens examined (both on apothecia and thalli of Melanohalea olivacea). ‒ 9: 16.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14206b (LE 309422b); 18: 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14334a (LE 309424a).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Melanelixia fuliginosa, M. glabra, M. glabratula, M. subaurifera, Melanohalea exasperata
and Tuckermannopsis sepincola (Blinkova & Urbanavichus 2005; Otte 2005, 2007; Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016; Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Abrothallus caerulescens I. Kotte
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory; on
Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015a, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Abrothallus cetrariae I. Kotte
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Platismatia glauca
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Abrothallus chrysanthus Stein
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Usnea sp. (Urbanavichus & Ismailov
2013).
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Abrothallus cf. chrysanthus Stein
NOTES. – The examined material is conspecific with that reported from the Caucasus by Zhurbenko
and Kobzeva (2014). It differs from the description published by Etayo and van den Boom (2006) in having
a hymenium that is partly purplish (vs. yellowish). The range of the ascospore size is also slightly larger
((6.5‒)7.6‒9.6(‒11.5) × (3.0‒)3.5‒4.3(‒5.0) µm, l/b = (1.8‒)2.0‒2.4(‒2.9) (n=65) in our material vs. 8–10 ×
3–4.5 μm fide Etayo & van den Boom 2006).
Specimens examined. ‒ 17: on Usnea subfloridana (darkened branch bases), 31.viii.2014, P.M.
Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309613); 18: on U. florida (apothecia), 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14378 (LE
309565).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Usnea dasypoga (Zhurbenko
& Kobzeva 2014).
Abrothallus microspermus Tul. (syn. Vouauxiomyces truncatus (B. de Lesd.) Dyko & D. Hawksw.)
Specimens examined (all on thalli of Flavoparmelia caperata). ‒ 15: 26.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14306 (LE 309382); 2.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14215 (LE 309430); 21: 6.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14204
(LE 309429).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan;
on Flavoparmelia caperata and Flavopunctelia soredica (Otte 2004, Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013,
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015b).
Abrothallus cf. microspermus Tul.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Flavopunctelia flaventior
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Abrothallus parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Arnold
NOTES. – All specimens except LE 309404 are also infected by Nesolechia oxyspora. Abrothallus
parmeliarum often grows on gall-like thallus modifications induced by the former species. This is a
common parasite reported on members of the Parmeliaceae, mainly on Parmelia, with a subcosmopolitan
distribution (Brackel 2014), which is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory of Russia.
Specimens examined. ‒ 2: on Parmelia sulcata (thallus), 8.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14311b (LE
309377b); 4: on P. sulcata (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14269b (LE 309405b); 18: on P. sulcata
(thallus), 27.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14305a (LE 309383a); 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14325a (LE
309409a); 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14267b (LE 309407b); 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14336c (LE
309426c); 19: on P. saxatilis (thallus), 28.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309404).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Parmelia sulcata (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte
2012).
Abrothallus peyritschii (Stein) Kotte
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of North
Ossetia – Alania; on Vulpicida pinastri (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Vainio 1899, Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016).
Abrothallus prodiens (Harm.) Diederich & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Hypogymnia physodes
(Blinkova et al. 2004, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Abrothallus cf. prodiens (Harm.) Diederich & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Hypogymnia physodes (Zhurbenko &
Otte 2012).
Abrothallus stroblii Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Menegazzia terebrata (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016).
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Acremonium antarcticum (Speg.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Rusavskia elegans (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Acremonium pertusariae Brackel & Etayo
NOTES. – The examined material fits the protologue (Brackel et al. 2012) in most respects except that
the conidia are slightly wider ((4.7‒)5.4‒6.8(‒8.5) × (2.8‒)3.0‒3.6(‒4.1) µm, l/b = (1.3‒)1.6‒2.2(‒3.0)
(n=58) in our material vs. (4‒)4.5‒7.4(‒9.5) × (2‒)2.1‒2.8(‒3) µm). It is noteworthy that aggregations of
released conidia on the host surface resemble translucent orange droplets, and the host tissues are bleached
under heavy infections. The species was formerly known from the Canary Islands, mainland Spain, Italy
and Germany (Brackel 2014, Brackel et al. 2012), and is here newly documented for Asia and Russia.
Specimens examined (all on thalli and soralia of Lepra albescens). ‒ 4: 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14395b (LE 309591b); 17: 31.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309593a); 21: 6.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14496b (LE 309594b).
Adelococcus alpestris (Zopf) Theiss. & Syd.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Acarospora
glaucocarpa, A. macrospora and Acarospora sp. (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte
2012).
Anthostomella apogyra (Nyl.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ GEORGIA: on Umbilicaria polyphylla (Matzer & Hafellner 1990).
Arthonia apotheciorum (A. Massal.) Almq.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Lecanora agardhiana, L. crenulata
(Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013).
Arthonia clemens (Tul.) Th. Fr.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016).
Arthonia coronata Etayo
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia only from the Caucasus (see literature report
below), and is here newly reported from the Karachayevo-Circassian Republic of Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 22: on Flavoparmelia caperata (thallus), 29.viii.2012, M.P. Zhurbenko 1226a
(LE 309621).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Flavoparmelia
caperata (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Arthonia destruens Rehm in Rabenh.
NOTE. – The species is known from scattered reports in both hemispheres (Brackel 2014), and is here
newly documented for Asia and Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 10: on Physcia stellaris (thallus), 23.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE
308475).
Arthonia digitatae Hafellner s. l.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Cladonia cf. pyxidata (Zhurbenko & Pino-
Bodas 2017).
Arthonia diploiciae Calat. & Diederich
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Diploicia canescens (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015b).
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Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya, Republic
of Daghestan; on Physcia aipolia and P. stellaris (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Arthonia excentrica Th. Fr.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Lepraria sp. (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014).
Arthonia hertelii (Calat., Barreno & V.J. Rico) Hafellner & V. John
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Aspicilia desertorum (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013).
Arthonia microsticta Vain.
NOTES. – Arthonia microsticta is “a species of doubtful application” (Lawrey & Diederich 2017). It
was described as a lichenized ascomycete growing on tree leaves (Vainio 1896), but later also reported as a
lichenicolous fungus growing on foliicolous lichens, probably on Fellhanera bouteillei (Santesson 1952).
According to Matzer (1996) its life strategy and taxonomic status is unclear because 1) its holotype is in
poor condition; 2) specimens of Arthonia clearly growing on Fellhanera bouteillei more closely resemble
A. subvelutinae (Vain.) R. Sant. than the closely related A. microsticta. Sérusiaux (1996) suggested that A.
microsticta might represent foliicolous morphs of the widesperead ubiquitous lichen A. muscigena Th. Fr.
On the other hand, Roux et al. (2003) accepted A. microsticta and characterized it as a lichen, starting its
life cycle as a parasite on foliicolous lichens, later becoming independent.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on unspecified host lichen on leaves (Vězda
1980), which is probably Fellhanera bouteillei (Santesson 1952); on leaves of Buxus colchica and Hedera
sp. (Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2016).
Arthonia molendoi (Frauenf.) R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Calogaya lobulata, Parvoplaca tiroliensis and Rusavskia elegans (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Arthonia peltigerina (Almq.) H. Olivier
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Solorina saccata (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013).
Arthonia phaeophysciae Grube & Matzer
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013).
Arthonia stereocaulina (Ohlert) R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Stereocaulon alpinum
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Arthonia subfuscicola (Linds.) Triebel
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan;
on Lecanora carpinea and L. leptyrodes (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene
2014, 2015a).
Arthonia varians (Davies) Nyl.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, Republic
of Daghestan; on Lecanora rupicola s. l., L. rupicola ssp. subplanata (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2016,
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015a, Vainio 1899).
274
Arthophacopsis parmeliarum Hafellner
NOTE. – This species is confined to members of the genus Parmelia s. str. (Lawrey & Diederich 2017)
and is quite common in the Caucasus. Nonetheless it is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory of
Russia.
Specimens examined. ‒ 2: on Parmelia sulcata (thallus), 8.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14312 (LE
309376); 4: on P. sulcata (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14315 (LE 309373); 9: on P. saxatilis
(thallus), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14335 (LE 309425); 18: on P. sulcata (thallus), 27.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14491 (LE 309574); 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14490 (LE 309575); 28.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14492 (LE 309573); 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14267a (LE 309407a); 29.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14336a (LE 309426a).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Parmelia omphalodes, P. saxatilis, P. serrana and P. sulcata (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014,
Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Athelia arachnoidea (Berk.) Jülich
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Physconia distorta (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Bachmanniomyces uncialicola (Zopf) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Cladonia arbuscula (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2017).
Bellemerella polysporinae Calat. & Nav.-Ros.
LITERATURE REPORT ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan; on Polysporina subfuscescens (Urbanavichus
& Ismailov 2016).
Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen agg.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Usnea dasypoga, U. florida, U. glabrata, U. intermedia and Usnea spp. (Urbanavichene &
Urbanavichus 2014, 2016; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Briancoppinsia cytospora (Vouaux) Diederich, Ertz, Lawrey & van den Boom
NOTES. – This widely distributed species is known from a wide range of host genera, mainly members
of the Parmeliaceae (Brackel 2014). However, it is here newly reported from the host genus Usnea, as well
as from the Krasnodar Territory of Russia.
Specimens examined. ‒ 9: on adjacent thalli of Hypogymnia physodes and H. tubulosa, 16.viii.2014,
M.P. Zhurbenko 14222 (LE 309399); on Parmelia sulcata (thallus), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14321
(LE 309398); 18: on Usnea florida (apothecia), 28.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309557b).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Hypogymnia physodes (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Carbonea vitellinaria (Nyl.) Hertel
NOTE. – In the examined material the ascomata were associated with conidiomata containing hyaline,
narrowly oblong, aseptate conidia that measure 3.8‒4.5 × 1.2‒1.4 µm. These differ from the prior reports of
conidia in Carbonea species which are characterized as thread-like and curved (Chambers et al. 2009). The
author is unaware of other descriptions of conidia in this species.
Specimen examined. ‒ 1: on Candelariella vitellina (thallus), 6.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14427 (LE
309498).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Candelariella vitellina and a non-specified host lichen (Blinkova & Urbanavichus 2005;
Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Cecidonia umbonella (Nyl.) Triebel & Rambold
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania;
on Lecidea lapicida including L. lapicida var. pantherina (Hertel 2001, Triebel & Rambold 1988).
275
Cercidospora melanophthalmae Nav.-Ros., Calat. & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Rhizoplaca melanophthalma
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Cercidospora cf. rinodinae Etayo & van den Boom
NOTES. – The examined material differs from the protologue (Etayo & van den Boom 2005) in the
following features: 1) pigmented upper part of the exciple brown to olive gray, often green or bluish green
around the ostiole, K‒, N+ moderate red (vs. black with a violaceous hue, K+ blue-black, N+ purple-
violet); 2) interascal filaments 1.5(‒2) µm in diameter (vs. ca. 1 µm in diameter); 3) ascospores slightly
wider, (13.5‒)14.2‒17.0(‒18.7) × (4.5‒)4.9‒5.5(‒5.8) µm, l/b = (2.4‒)2.7‒3.3(‒3.8) (n=35) (vs.
(12.5‒)14‒17(‒20) × 3.5‒4.5 µm), occasionally with a halo up to 1.5 µm thick (vs. no halo mentioned in
the protologue). The other species of Cercidospora reported on Rinodina, C. exiguella (Nyl.) Arnold,
differs from the examined material in having a blue exciple and much longer ascospores (21‒27 × 6‒8 µm;
Etayo & van den Boom 2005). It is noteworthy that the infected humicolous Rinodina roscida that was
examined for this study was intermixed with Megaspora verrucosa, which is the host species for
Cercidospora verrucosaria. However, the latter is distinguished by its bluish green or grayish green
exciple, almost consistently 8-spored asci and somewhat longer ascospores that are mainly longer than 18
µm (Navarro-Rosinés et al. 2004, Zhurbenko 2008, material of C. verrucosaria examined in this study). To
date, C. rinodinae is known with certainty only from the type collection made in the Canary Islands where
it was found on the thallus and thalline margin of humicolous Rinodina conradii (Etayo & van den Boom
2005).
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Rinodina roscida (apothecial discs, occasionally thallus), 21.viii.2014,
P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309611).
Cercidospora stenotropae Nav.-Ros. & Hafellner ad int.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Lecanora polytropa agg. (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016).
Cercidospora verrucosaria (Linds.) Arnold
NOTES. – This species is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere (Brackel 2014) and has also
been found in the southern hemisphere (New Zealand; Hafellner & Mayrhofer 2007), always growing on
Megaspora verrucosa. It was previously found in Russia in the Ural Mountains and Siberia (Zhurbenko
2009a, b), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Megaspora verrucosa (apothecial discs, thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14409 (LE 309541).
Chaenothecopsis brevipes Tibell
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Arthonia sp. and
unspecified host lichens (Titov 1998, 2006).
Chaenothecopsis consociata (Nádv.) A.F.W. Schmidt
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Chaenotheca
chrysocephala and unspecified host lichens (Titov 2006, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014).
Chaenothecopsis hospitans (Th. Fr.) Tibell
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ GEORGIA: Borzhomi Region, on Lecanora carpinea (Titov 1998).
Chaenothecopsis ochroleuca (Körb.) Tibell & K. Ryman
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Lecanora thysanophora (Otte 2004).
Cladophialophora parmeliae (Etayo & Diederich) Diederich & Unter.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on parmelioid lichen (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
276
Clypeococcum cetrariae Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory; on
Cetraria islandica and Flavocetraria cucullata (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Clypeococcum cladonema (Wedd.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Flavoparmelia caperata (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016).
Clypeococcum hypocenomycis D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Hypocenomyce
scalaris (Otte 2007; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a).
Cornutispora ciliata Kalb
NOTES. – This subcosmopolitan species has been reported from a wide range of host genera, but not
yet from Flavoparmelia (Brackel 2014). It was formerly known in Russia only from the Sayan Mountains
in Siberia (Zhurbenko 2012b), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimens examined. ‒ 18: on Ochrolechia pallescens (apothecia, occasionally thallus), 28.viii.2014,
M.P. Zhurbenko 14494a (LE 309580a); 20: on Flavoparmelia caperata (thallus), 10.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14327 (LE 309412).
Cornutispora lichenicola D. Hawksw. & B. Sutton
NOTES. – This is a common cosmopolitan species reported from a wide range of distantly related host
genera, but not yet from Cetrelia (Brackel 2014). It was formerly known in Asian Russia only from the
Irkutsk Region (Zhurbenko & Vershinina 2014), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimens examined. ‒ 5: on Cetrelia olivetorum (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14211b (LE
309411b); 6: on Lecanora pulicaris (apothecial discs and margins), 15.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14462
(LE 309514).
Corticifraga fuckelii (Rehm) D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Peltigera praetextata and Peltigera sp. (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Corticifraga peltigerae (Fuckel) D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Peltigera polydactylon agg.
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Dacampia engeliana (Saut.) A. Massal.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, Republic of Adygeya; on Solorina saccata
(Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014).
LDacampia hookeri (Borrer) A. Massal.
NOTES. – This is a facultatively lichenicolous lichen, sometimes beginning its life as a juvenile parasite
on Solorina species (Henssen 1995). It occurs in both hemispheres and is quite common in arctic and alpine
environments (Brackel 2014). In Russia it has formerly been reported only from the Arctic (Zhurbenko
2009a, Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus where it was found
in alpine habitats.
Specimens examined. ‒ 14: on organic soil, 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14408 (LE 309501); on
Solorina sp. (thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14405 (LE 309551).
Dacampia rufescentis (Vouaux) D. Hawksw.
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic,
Krasnoyarsk Territory and Chukotka Autonomous Area (Alstrup 2004; Zhurbenko 2004, 2009b). It is here
newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 12: on Peltigera horizontalis (bleached parts of lobes), 23.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14350 (LE 309461).
277
Dactylospora athallina (Müll. Arg.) Hafellner
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia only from the Murmansk Region (Zhurbenko
2001), and is here newly documented for Asian Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Baeomyces rufus (thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14406 (LE
3094885).
Dactylospora deminuta (Th. Fr.) Triebel
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Biatora subduplex, Fuscopannaria praetermissa, Gyalecta foveolaris and Protopannaria pezizoides
(Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Dactylospora homoclinella (Nyl.) Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Buellia griseovirens and Lepra albescens
(Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2012).
Dactylospora lobariella (Nyl.) Hafellner
NOTES. – This is a subcosmopolitan species reported on many species of Lobaria and Ricasolia
(Brackel 2014), that also occurs on species of Pseudocyphellaria (Hafellner & Mayrhofer 2007) and Sticta
(Flakus & Kukwa 2012). In addition to the Caucasus, it was formerly known in Russia from the Komi
Republic, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Altai and Primorye Territory (Kondratyuk et al. 2015;
Zhurbenko 2004, 2012b; Zhurbenko & Davydov 2000).
Specimens examined. ‒ 4: on Lobaria pulmonaria (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14366b (LE
309539b); 5: on L. pulmonaria (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14365b (LE 309529b); on Ricasolia
amplissima (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14367b (LE 309538b); 7: on L. pulmonaria (thallus),
13.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14373b (LE 309532b); 17: on L. pulmonaria (thallus), 1.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14361a (LE 309536a).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Lobaria pulmonaria and Ricasolia
amplissima (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2012). RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic,
Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Lobaria pulmonaria and Ricasolia amplissima (Otte 2007;
Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2014, 2016; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014; Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Dactylospora parasitica (Flörke) Zopf
NOTES. – Hafellner (2004) reported the ascospore size range of this species to be 9–15 × 3.5–5 µm,
which differs slightly from that of material cited here: (7.8‒)9.7‒12.7(‒15.6) × (3.0‒)3.6‒4.4(‒5.0) µm, l/b
= (2.1‒)2.4‒3.2(‒3.8) (n=99).
Specimens examined. ‒ 1: on sterile white crustose lichen with soralia growing on plant remnants over
ground, 5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14436 (LE 309543); 4: on Lepra albescens (thallus), 10.viii.2014,
M.P. Zhurbenko 14395a (LE 309591a); 21: on L. albescens (thallus), 6.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14495
(LE 309590); 20: on Pertusaria hymenea (fruiting warts, thallus), 10.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14471 (LE
309592).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Lepra albescens and Ochrolechia sp. (Otte 2004, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015a,
Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Dactylospora saxatilis (Schaer.) Hafellner var. saxatilis
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on saxicolous Pertusaria sp. (Zhurbenko &
Otte 2012).
Dactylospora tegularum (Arnold) Hafellner
NOTES. – With the exception of occurring on somewhat unusual host, the examined material fits well
the species description published by Hafellner (1979), including the size of the ascospores
((9.6‒)10.2‒12.6(‒13.6) × (4.7‒)4.9‒6.4(‒7.7) µm, l/b = (1.6‒)1.7‒2.3(‒2.6) (n=31) in the specimens
examined). The species was formerly known with certainty only from Great Britain, Germany and Bolivia
where it was fround on saxicolous species of Caloplaca s. l. (C. teicholyta, C. sp. and Rufoplaca arenaria;
Brackel 2014, Flakus & Kukwa 2012). It was also reported by Vainio (1899: 305) from an unidentified
278
location in the Caucasus or Crimea without an indication of the host. The species is here newly reported
from Bryoplaca sinapisperma and its presence in Russia and Asia is verified.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Bryoplaca sinapisperma (thallus) growing on bryophytes, 21.viii.2014,
M. P. Zhurbenko 14454 (LE 309488).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ Caucasus or Crimea, locality and host lichen not specified (Vainio 1899).
Didymellopsis pulposi (Zopf) Grube & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Lathagrium auriforme (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Didymocyrtis bryonthae (Arnold) Hafellner (syn. Polycoccum bryonthae (Arnold) Vězda)
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Lecanora saligna (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013).
Didymocyrtis consimilis Vain. (syn. Phoma caloplacae D. Hawksw.)
NOTES. – The species seems to be highly variable morphologically. Ertz et al. (2015) characterized its
asci as being 50‒70 × 7‒10 µm; ascospores as being pale brown, 12‒15 × (4.5‒)5‒6(‒6.5) µm, 1(‒2)-
septate, hardly constricted at the septum, indistinctly verruculose in light microscopy, and conidia as
measuring 4.5‒6.5 × 2.5‒4.5 µm or (4‒)5‒6(‒7) µm in diameter. In the specimens examined for this study
the asci were 67‒93 × 6.5‒8 µm (n=9) in size, the ascospores were vivid yellow, (9.7‒)10.6‒12.6(‒14.5) ×
(3.7‒)4.4‒5.4(‒5.9) µm, l/b = (1.9‒)2.1‒2.7(‒3.4) (n=41), (0‒)1(‒3)-septate, sometimes markedly
constricted at the septum, distinctly verruculose at 1000× magnification in DIC, and the conidia were
(4.4‒)5.8‒8.4(‒10.0) × (3.9‒)4.2‒5.0(‒5.4) µm, l/b = (1.0‒)1.2‒1.8(‒2.5) (n=30). The species was formerly
known in Russia from the Republic of Karelia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Krasnoyarsk Territory and
Chukotka Autonomous Area (Hawksworth 1981, Räsänen 1939, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2011,
Zhurbenko 2009a), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimens examined (all on hymenium of apothecia of Parvoplaca tiroliensis). ‒ 1: 5.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14440 (LE 309490); 6.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14431 (LE 309489); 14: 21.viii.2014, P.M.
Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309491).
Didymocyrtis epiphyscia Ertz & Diederich (syn. Phoma physciicola Keissl.)
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Anaptychia ciliaris
and Physcia caesia (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Didymocyrtis foliaceiphila (Diederich, Kocourk. & Etayo) Ertz & Diederich
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Cladonia uncialis (Zhurbenko & Pino-
Bodas 2017).
Didymocyrtis kaernefeltii (S.Y. Kondr.) Hafellner (syn. Polycoccum kaernefeltii S.Y. Kondr.)
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Stavropol Territory, on Caloplaca cerina (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014).
Didymocyrtis ramalinae (Desm.) Ertz, Diederich & Hafellner (syn. Leptosphaeria ramalinae (Desm.) Sacc.)
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Daghestan; on Ramalina capitata,
R. fastigiata (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2016, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015b).
Echinothecium reticulatum Zopf
NOTES. – According to Brackel (2014), Cetrelia is a new host genus and Parmelia ernstiae is a new
host species for Echinothecium reticulatum. The species is widely distributed in Russia (Zhurbenko 2009a),
but still newly reported here for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimens examined. ‒ 2: on Parmelia sulcata (thallus), 8.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14217 (LE
309397); 18: on P. sulcata (thallus), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14268 (LE 309408); 29.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14267d (LE 309407d); 19: on Cetrelia olivetorum (thallus), 30.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14324b (LE 309403b); 19: on P. ernstiae (thallus), 30.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14221 (LE 309396).
279
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Parmelia saxatilis, P. sulcata and Pseudevernia furfuracea (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014,
Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Endococcus incrassatus Etayo & Breuss
NOTES. – The examined material differs somewhat from the protologue (Etayo & Breuss 2001), where
ascomata were reported as being up to 200 µm in diameter (vs. up to 375 µm in the specimens examined),
and ascospores 10.5‒14 × 6‒8 µm, with cells unequal in size and shape (vs. broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid,
(10.4‒)11.7‒13.9(‒16.8) × (6.1‒)6.9‒8.7(‒9.7) µm, l/b = (1.3‒)1.4‒1.8(‒2.2) (n=56), not constricted at the
septum, usually with equal cells, verruculose, guttulate in the specimens examined). Nonetheless the
material fits well the descriptions published by Zhurbenko and Kobzeva (2014) and Zhurbenko et al.
(2012a).
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on sterile squamulose lichen growing on organic soil, 21.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14411 (LE 309547).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Stavropol Territory; on Placidiopsis cf.
cinerascens and sterile squamulose lichen on soil (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Endococcus propinquus (Körb.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Verrucaria
endocarpoides and Verrucaria sp. (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014).
Endococcus pseudocarpus Nyl.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Callome multipartita (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Endococcus ramalinarius (Linds.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Ramalina farinacea (Urbanavichene &
Urbanavichus 2016).
Endococcus rugulosus Nyl.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Verrucaria tristis and an unspecified host lichen (Poelt 1968, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014).
Endococcus sendtneri (Arnold) Hafellner
NOTES. – Ascospores pale to medium brown, ellipsoid to narrowly obovoid, (11.0‒)11.9‒15.3(‒18.3) ×
(5.5‒)6.4‒7.6(‒8.3) µm, l/b = (1.4‒)1.6‒2.4(‒3.3) (n=54), (0‒)1-septate, not or occasionally slightly
constricted at the septum, smooth-walled or verruculose, non-halonate, 8 per ascus. The size of the
ascospores evidently varies widely in this species, being 14‒16.2‒18 × 5‒6.2‒8 µm in the material
examined by Hafellner et al. (2008) and (10.5–)13.1–17.7(–22) × (5–)6.4–9.2(–12.5) µm in the material
examined by Zhurbenko and Brackel (2013). The species was formerly reported from Austria, Germany
and Norway (Svalbard) (Brackel 2014, Hafellner et al. 2008, Zhurbenko & Brackel 2013), and is here
newly documented for Asia and Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Polyblastia sendtneri (thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14410 (LE
309545).
Epibryon solorinae (Vain.) Nik. Hoffm. & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ GEORGIA: on Solorina bispora (Hoffmann & Hafellner 2000, Vainio 1899).
Epicladonia sandstedei (Zopf) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Cladonia ochrochlora and Cladonia spp. (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2017).
Erythricium aurantiacum (Lasch) D. Hawksw. & A. Henrici (syn. Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum
(Lasch) Diederich & Schultheis)
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Physcia stellaris and P. tenella (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
280
Figure 1, Hainesia cf. xanthoriae growing on Ochrolechia parella (all from LE 309609). A, upper part of
conidioma in cross section in water. B, moist (left) and dry (right) ascomata. C, central part of conidioma in
cross section in water. D, conidiophores and conidiogenous cells in phloxine and water (the top right). E,
basal part of conidioma in cross section in water. F, conidia in water and phloxine (at the bottom). Scale
bars: A, C–F = 10 µm, B = 200 µm.
281
Hainesia brevicladoniae Diederich & van den Boom
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Cladonia gracilis and C.
pocillum (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Hainesia xanthoriae Brackel
NOTE. – According to Suija et al. (in rev.) this name is a heterotypic synonym of Hainesia
aeruginascens Brackel.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Hypogymnia physodes (as
Hainesia aeruginascens; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Hainesia cf. xanthoriae Brackel
FIGURE 1
DESCRIPTION. – Conidiomata pycnidioid, glossy, in the moist state medium brown/olive brown,
slightly translucent, ovoid to broadly ovoid in a side view, occasionally pyriform or subglobose, usually
somewhat papillate, (140‒)180‒300(‒430) µm in diameter, with a pore 10‒30 µm in diameter, becoming
irregularly gaping when overmature; in the dry state black, sometimes misshapen, occasionally bulged-in
from above, with corrugate surface, (90‒)140‒260(‒320) µm in diameter, immersed in the host tissues only
at the base when mature, usually densely aggregated to concrescent. Lateral exciple composed of medium
brown, K‒, loosely interwoven branched, septate hyphae evidently connected with pale brown membrane.
Basal exciple pale to medium brown, in cross section up to 25 µm thick, composed of 5‒10 layers of
tangentially elongated or more or less isodiametric cells; basal stroma not recognized. Conidiophores
hyaline, lining the conidiomatal cavity, composed of 1‒3 slightly clavate or oblong cells ca. 5‒12 × 2‒3
µm, mainly supporting two conidiogenous cells, occasionally branched. Conidiogenous cells hyaline,
integrated, acropleurogenous, fusiform to oblong, (7.4‒)8.4‒10.8(‒12.4) × (1.9‒)2.2‒2.6(‒2.7) µm (n=35,
in phloxine). Conidia hyaline, more or less filiform to vermiform, usually slightly gradually tapering
towards the apices, occasionally with alternating cells of different diameter, with a broadly rounded apex
and a truncate base, (62.0‒)70.6‒89.0(‒116.0) × (2.3‒)2.8‒3.2(‒3.6) µm, l/b = (21.4‒)23.8‒30.2(‒37.4)
(n=122, in water or phloxine), (0‒)6‒10(‒11)-septate, not constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, usually
with 1‒3 conspicuous guttules in each cell. Heavy infections cause discoloration of the host tissues and
disintegration of its hymenium.
NOTES. – Suija et al. (in rev.) showed that lichenicolous species of Hainesia are not host specific and
more morphologically variable, especially concerning conidiomatal and conidial dimensions, than has
previously been believed (Brackel 2009, 2014; Diederich & van den Boom 2013; Etayo & Diederich 1996;
Zhurbenko 2013b; Zhurbenko & Brackel 2013). Given these results, the examined material is close to the
broad concept of H. xanthoriae of Suija et al. (in rev.). However, a detailed description of the fungus on
Ochrolechia parella is provided, as it differs from this concept of H. xanthoriae by its unusual host genus,
as well as by having larger conidiomata (140‒430 µm in diameter vs. 100–250 μm in diameter) and longer
conidia with more septa (mainly 71‒89 µm long with 6‒10 septa vs. mainly 40–84 μm long with 0–5
septa). It is noteworthy that the only other Hainesia species previously reported from members of
Pertusariales sensu Lücking et al. (2016) is H. pertusariae Etayo & Diederich, which differs from the
present material by having 0–1(–3)-septate conidia that are much shorter, 10–24.5 × 1–1.5 μm (Etayo &
Diederich 1996, Suija et al. in rev.).
Specimens examined (on apothecial discs and particularly thalline margins, occasionally on thalli of
Ochrolechia parella). ‒ 18: 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14389 (LE 309609); 29.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14498 (LE 309608).
Halospora deminuta (Arnold) Tomas. & Cif.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on undetermined endolithic lichen on
limestone (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013).
Halospora discrepans (Arnold) Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Protoblastenia rupestris (Urbanavichus
& Ismailov 2013).
282
Hawksworthiana peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) U. Braun
NOTES. – Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, elongate, subcylindrical or gradually expanding
downward. Conidia narrowly ellipsoid, narrowly ovoid, occasionally narrowly obovoid, narrowly
obpyriform, broadly ellipsoid or broadly lunate, with truncate and often attenuated base,
(12.2‒)15.0‒19.8(‒21.9) × (5.8‒)6.3‒7.9(‒9.2) µm, l/b = (1.4‒)2.1‒2.9(‒3.4) (n=32), aseptate or very rare
with 1 septum. The material examined slightly differs from the description published by Braun (1995),
wherein the conidiogenous cells were reported to be mono- to polyblastic, subcylindrical to usually
ampulliform, and the conidia to be oblong-clavate to subcylindrical, 15‒25 × 5‒7 µm, 0‒1-septate. The
examined specimens are conspecific with those from the Karachayevo-Circassian Republic of Russia
previously erroneously identified and reported as Refractohilum peltigerae (Keissl.) D. Hawksw.
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014). The latter is similar in many respects to Hawksworthiana peltigericola, but
can be distinguished by its conidiogenous cells with distinct annellations and constantly aseptate conidia
(Hawksworth 1977a). In addition to the Caucasus, H. peltigericola was previously known in Russia from
the Leningrad Region and Krasnoyarsk Territory (Kuznetsova et al. 2012, Zhurbenko 2012b), and is here
newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimens examined (all on thalli of Peltigera praetextata). ‒ 12: 23.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14354
(LE 309481); 16: 1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14355 (LE 309482); 1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14343a (LE
309480a); 18: 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14351a (LE 309478a).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Peltigera cf. praetextata
[originally misidentified and published as Refractohilum peltigerae (Keissl.) D. Hawksw. in Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva (2014)].
Heterocephalacria bachmannii (Diederich & M.S. Christ.) Millanes & Wedin
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Cladonia coniocraea and C. pyxidata (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Pino-
Bodas 2017).
Heterocephalacria physciacearum (Diederich) Millanes & Wedin
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan;
on Physcia stellaris, P. tenella and P. vitii (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Homostegia piggotii (Berk. & Broome) P. Karst.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan;
on Parmelia saxatilis and P. sulcata (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus
2016, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Illosporiopsis christiansenii (B.L. Brady & D. Hawksw.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan, Stavropol Territory; on Lecanora subcarpinea, Phaeophyscia
orbicularis, Physcia aipolia, P. stellaris, Physcia sp., Physconia distorta and unidentified epiphytic species
of Physciaceae (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016; Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Intralichen christiansenii (D. Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. & M.S. Cole
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Candelariella commutata (hymenium of apothecia), 21.viii.2014, P.M.
Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309496).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Daghestan, Stavropol Territory;
on Candelariella vitellina, Lecanora subcarpinea and Rusavskia elegans (Urbanavichus et al. 2010;
Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Intralichen lichenicola (M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. & M.S. Cole
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan;
on Candelariella aurella, C. efflorescens and C. vitellina (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2016; Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a).
283
Intralichen lichenum (Diederich) D. Hawksw. & M.S. Cole
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Cladonia pyxidata (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Laeviomyces pertusariicola (Nyl.) D. Hawksw.
NOTES. – Hawksworth (1977b) reported conidia of the species as being pale brown, 3.5‒6 × 2.5‒3.5
µm, and aseptate. In comparison, the specimen examined for this study had conidia that were pale to
medium brown, slightly smaller ((3.1‒)3.7‒4.7(‒5.3) × (2.3‒)2.5‒3.1(‒3.4) µm, l/b = (1.1‒)1.2‒1.8(‒2.2)
(n=44)), and typically simple but occasionally also 1-septate.
Specimen examined. ‒ 20: on epiphytic Pertusaria sp. (fertile verrucae, thallus), 10.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14385 (LE 309602).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Pertusaria leioplaca, P. pertusa,
Pertusaria sp. (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015a, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Lambinonia strigulae (Elenkin & Woron.) Sérus. & Diederich
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Strigula buxi, S. nitidula (Sérusiaux &
Diederich 2005, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2012). RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on S. buxi, S.
nemathora and S. nitidula (Elenkin & Woronichin 1908, Sérusiaux & Diederich 2005, Urbanavichene &
Urbanavichus 2016).
Lichenochora caloplacae Zhurb.
NOTES. – The size of the ascospores in the specimens examined generally matches those given in the
protologue ((14.5‒)17.6‒22.8(‒27.4) × (3.8‒)4.7‒6.5(‒7.2) µm, l/b = (2.4‒)2.7‒4.7(‒6.5) (n=72, in water or
K) vs. (14.0−)17.4−22.8(−27.0) × (3.5−)4.0−5.0(−6.0) μm, l/b = (3.0−)3.8−5.2(−6.3) fide Zhurbenko &
Brackel 2013). However the sizes of the ascospores varied considerably between the specimens examined.
The species was formerly known only from the tundra and polar desert biomes of Svalbard and Severnaya
Zemlya archipelago (Siberia) where it was found on Blastenia ammiospila, Bryoplaca tetraspora and
Caloplaca cerina. Here Bryoplaca sinapisperma and Parvoplaca tiroliensis are reported as new hosts, and
the species is newly documented outside the Arctic and from the Caucasus.
Specimens examined. ‒ 14: on Bryoplaca sinapisperma (thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14455
(LE 309494); on Parvoplaca tiroliensis (thallus, occasionally apothecia), 21.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n.
(LE 309493); 19: on Blastenia ammiospila (thallus), 30.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14296 (LE 309616).
Lichenochora inconspicua Hafellner
NOTES. – The size of the ascospores evidently varies widely in this species, as the size range of those
in the specimens examined ((13.0‒)19.1‒29.5(‒35.0) × (4.5‒)5.5‒7.1(‒7.8) µm, l/b = (2.5‒)3.0‒4.8(‒5.8)
(n=48)), is much wider than was reported for the holotype (23‒26 × 6‒8 µm fide Hafellner 1989), larger
than that reported by Zhurbenko & Thor (2013; (18−)19.5−23(−25.5) × (4.5−)5.5−7.5(−8.5) µm, l/b =
(2.6−)2.9−3.9(−4.5)), and also smaller than reported by Navarro-Rosinés et al. (1998; (23.5‒)25.5‒37(‒39)
× 6‒7.5(‒9) µm, l/b = (3.4‒)3.7‒5.2(‒5.7)). The species is known from various European countries
(Brackel 2014), and is here newly documented for Asia and Russia.
Specimens examined (both on thalli of Mycobilimbia berengeriana). ‒ 14: 21.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14412 (LE 309526); 22.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309525).
Lichenochora lepidiotae (Anzi) Etayo & Nav.-Ros.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Krasnodar Territory; on
Fuscopannaria praetermissa (Etayo & Navarro-Rosinés 2008, Vainio 1899, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Lichenochora cf. lepidiotae (Anzi) Etayo & Nav.-Ros.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Fuscopannaria praetermissa
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Lichenochora obscuroides (Linds.) Triebel & Rambold
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013).
284
Lichenochora rinodinae Zhurb.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Rinodina turfacea
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Lichenochora wasseri S.Y. Kondr
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Caloplaca saxicola (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Lichenochora weillii (Werner) Hafellner & R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Physconia distorta and P. muscigena
(Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Lichenoconium aeruginosum Diederich, M. Brand, van den Boom & Lawrey
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Cladonia pyxidata (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Lichenoconium cargillianum (Linds.) D. Hawksw.
NOTES. – According to Lawrey and Diederich (2017) Pseudevernia is a new host genus.
Lichenoconium cargillianum was recently first documented in Russia from the Caucasus (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimens examined. ‒ 2: on Usnea florida (apothecial discs), 8.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14376a
(LE 309570a); 17: on Hypogymnia physodes (thallus), 1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14242b (LE 309578);
18: on Hypogymnia sp. (thallus), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14260b (LE 309579b).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Cetrelia cetrarioides (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016).
Lichenoconium erodens M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw.
Specimens examined. ‒ 6: on Evernia prunastri (thallus), 12.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14302 (LE
309386); on Hypogymnia physodes (thallus), 15.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14301 (LE 309387); 9: on E.
divaricata (thallus), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14485 (LE 309499); on H. physodes (thallus),
16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14207a (LE 309388a); on Lecanora albella (apothecial discs), 16.viii.2014,
M.P. Zhurbenko 14238a (LE 309389a); 15: on Flavoparmelia caperata (thallus), 2.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14310 (LE 309378).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Biatoropsis usnearum agg., Bryoria chalybeiformis, Cetraria islandica, Cetrelia
olivetorum, Flavoparmelia caperata, Hypogymnia physodes, epiphytic Lecanora sp., Melanelia stygia,
Parmeliopsis ambigua, Physconia distorta, Platismatia glauca, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Usnea sp.
(Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Lichenoconium lecanorae (Jaap) D. Hawksw.
Specimens examined. ‒ 1: on Lecanora polytropa (apothecia), 7.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14421 (LE
309523); 7.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14480 (LE 309521); 7: on Flavoparmelia caperata (thallus),
13.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14303 (LE 309385); 15: on F. caperata (thallus), 26.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14212 (LE 309390); 18: on Lecanora sp. (apothecia), 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14460 (LE
309524); 19: on Cetrelia olivetorum (thallus), 30.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14324a (LE 309403a); 20: on
sterile crustose lichen (thallus) on a deciduous tree bark, 10.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14469 (LE 309522);
21: on F. caperata (thallus), 6.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14320b (LE 309394b); on F. caperata (thallus,
often soralia), 6.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14259 (LE 309392).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Brodoa intestiniformis, Evernia prunastri, Lecanora carpinea, L.
muralis, L. saligna, L. saxicola, epiphytic Lecanora sp. and Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014; Urbanavichus et al. 2011; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014, 2016; Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
285
Lichenoconium pyxidatae (Oudem.) Petr. & Syd.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Cladonia chlorophaea s. l., C. coniocraea, C. pocillum, C. pyxidata and Cladonia sp.
(Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014; Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas
2017).
Lichenoconium usneae (Anzi) D. Hawksw.
Specimens examined. ‒ 8: on Menegazzia terebrata (thallus), 14.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14308 (LE
309380); 9: on Usnea florida (apothecia, moribund stem bases), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14489 (LE
309559); 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14375 (LE 309558); 9: on Usnea sp. (galls induced by an
unidentified heterobasidiomycete), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14379 (LE 309556); 18: on Melanelixia
glabra (apothecia), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14309a (LE 309379a); on U. florida (apothecia),
28.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309557a); 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14380a (LE 309561a);
29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14378b (LE 309560).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Anaptychia ciliaris, Cladonia chlorophaea s. l., C. coniocraea,
Physcia stellaris, Ramalina calicaris, R. subgeniculata, Tuckermannopsis sepincola and Usnea sp.
(Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014; Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014,
2016; Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2017).
Lichenodiplis anomala Etayo & Pérez-Vargas
NOTES. – The specimens examined differ slightly from the protologue (Pérez-Vargas et al. 2013) in the
size and septation of the conidia ((0‒)1(very rarely 2)-septate, (3.8‒)4.8‒6.6(‒9.5) × (2.0‒)2.6‒3.2(‒3.9)
µm, l/b = (1.1‒)1.6‒2.4(‒3.5) (n=103) for the specimens examined vs. 1-septate, 5.5‒7 × 2.5‒3.5 µm).
Based on the very long lateral conidiogenous cells with 2‒4 widely spaced annellations, the species is not
typical for Lichenodiplis Dyko & D. Hawksw (Hawksworth & Dyko 1979). Instead it resembles
Minutoexcipula mariana V. Atienza, a superficially similar species that is confined to Pertusaria species
and can further be distinguished by the conidiogenous cells with 2‒5 closely spaced annellations and
uniformly 1-septate conidia (Atienza 2002). Lichenodiplis anomala was formerly known from the Canary
Islands, mainland Spain and Chile (Pérez-Vargas et al. 2013), and is here newly documented for Asia and
Russia.
Specimens examined (all on apothecial discs of Ochrolechia pallescens). ‒ 4: 10.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14384 (LE 309598); 17: 1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14390 (LE 309597); 18: 28.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14391 (LE 309599); 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14396 (LE 309596); 29.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14497d (LE 309595d).
Lichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D. Hawksw.
NOTES. – Hawksworth & Dyko (1979) characterized the conidia of this species as being somewhat
narrower than in the specimen examined for this study (4‒7.5 × 2‒3 µm vs. (5.5‒)5.6‒7.0(‒7.7) ×
(2.6‒)3.0‒3.8(‒4.3) µm, l/b = (1.3‒)1.6‒2.2(‒2.3) (n=17) for the specimen examined).
Specimen examined. ‒ 4: on Lecanora pulicaris (apothecial discs), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14458 (LE 309515).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Caloplaca
pyracea, Caloplaca sp., Lecanora albella, L. argentata and epiphytic Lecanora sp. (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014, Urbanavichus et al. 2010, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Lichenopeltella сladoniarum E.S. Hansen & Alstrup
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Cladonia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula, C.
arbuscula ssp. mitis and C. rangiferina (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Lichenopeltella cetrariicola (Nyl.) R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Cetraria islandica (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
286
Lichenopeltella peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) R. Sant.
NOTE. – In addition to the Caucasus, this species is known from the Murmansk Region, Karelia and
Komi Republics, Krasnoyarsk and Kamchatka Territories and Chukotka Autonomous Area (Alstrup 2004;
Zhurbenko 2004, 2009a, b). It is here newly reported from the the Krasnodar Territory of Russia.
Specimens examined (both on the underside of Peltigera praetextata lobes). ‒ 7: 13.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14349 (LE 309465); 16: 1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14343c (LE 309480c).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Peltigera polydactylon agg.
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Lichenopeltella santessonii (P.M. Kirk & Spooner) R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Peltigera elisabethae (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Lichenopuccinia poeltii D. Hawksw. & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Parmelia sulcata (Zhurbenko
& Kobzeva 2014).
Lichenosticta alcicorniaria (Linds.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Cladonia chlorophaea s. l., C. coniocraea, C. mitis, C. ochrochlora, C. pocillum, C.
pyxidata and Cladonia sp. (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2017).
Lichenostigma alpinum (R. Sant., Alstrup & D. Hawksw.) Ertz & Diederich
Specimens examined. ‒ 1: on sterile white crustose lichen with soralia growing on plant remnants on
ground, 5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14434 (LE 309588); 9: on Lepra albescens (fruiting verrucae,
thallus), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14398a (LE 309586a); 11: on L. albescens (fruiting verrucae,
thallus), 24.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14394 (LE 309587).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory; on
Flavoparmelia caperata, Lecanora intumescens, Ochrolechia cf. inaequatula and terricolous Ochrolechia
sp. (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Lichenostigma chlaroterae (F. Berger & Brackel) Ertz & Diederich
NOTES. – Previously this species was known in Russia only from a single collection made in the Far
Eastern Federal District (Zhurbenko 2014). It is newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 13: on Lecanora pulicaris (thallus), 18.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14465a (LE
309527a).
Lichenostigma cosmopolites Hafellner & Calat.
Specimen examined. ‒ 15: on Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (apothecia, thallus), 2.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14322 (LE 309400).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ GEORGIA: host lichen not specified (Hafellner & Calatayud 1999).
RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory; on Xanthoparmelia stenophylla and X.
tinctina (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015a, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Lichenostigma elongatum Nav.-Ros. & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, Krasnodar Territory; on Aspicilia sp.,
Circinaria calcarea and Lobothallia radiosa (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015a, Urbanavichus et al.
2011).
Lichenostigma epipolina Nav.-Ros., Calat. & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, Krasnodar Territory; on Diplotomma
hedinii (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014).
Lichenostigma maureri Hafellner
NOTE. – The species is very common in the Caucasus, but still is newly reported here for the
Krasnodar Territory of Russia.
287
Specimens examined. ‒ 2: on Usnea florida (thallus, underside of apothecia), 8.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14376b (LE 309570b); 9: on Pseudevernia furfuracea (thallus), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14328a (LE 309413a); 12: on P. furfuracea (thallus), 18.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309414); 12:
on U. florida (thallus), 18.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309563); 17: on U. florida (thallus),
31.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309562); 18: on P. furfuracea (thallus), 29.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14313 (LE 309375); on U. subfloridana (thallus), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14382 (LE
309564); on U. florida (thallus), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14380b (LE 309561b).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Karachayevo-Circassian Republic,
Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Evernia mesomorpha, Pseudevernia furfuracea,
Ramalina calicaris, epiphytic Ramalina sp., Usnea dasypoga, U. intermedia and Usnea spp. (Navarro-
Rosinés & Hafellner 1996, Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko &
Otte 2012).
Lichenostigma rupicolae Fern.-Brime & Nav.-Ros.
NOTES. – The species was formerly reported from Lepra amara, Pertusaria aff. amarescens, P.
leucosora, P rupicola (holotype), an unidentified saxicolous Pertusaria sp. and Varicellaria lactea (Etayo
2010, Fernandez-Brime et al. 2010, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko et al. 2016). Pertusaria
excludens is a new host species. In addition to the Caucasus, the species was previously known in Russia
only from its Trans-Baikal Territory (Zhurbenko et al. 2016), and is here newly reported for the Republic of
Adygeya.
Specimen examined. ‒ 1: on Pertusaria excludens (thallus), 7.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14422 (LE
309589).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on saxicolous Pertusaria sp.
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Lichenostigma semiimmersum Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Buellia elegans (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013).
Lichenothelia renobalesiana D. Hawksw. & V. Atienza
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Bagliettoa spp.,
Verrucaria spp. and endolithic lichen (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene
2014, Urbanavichus et al. 2011).
Lichenothelia rugosa (G. Thor) Ertz & Diederich
NOTE. – In addition to the Caucasus, this species was formerly known in Russia from the Murmansk
Region, Komi Republic, Altai Territory and Chukotka Autonomous Area (Zhurbenko 2004, 2009a;
Zhurbenko & Davydov 2000). It is here newly reported for the Republic of Adygeya.
Specimen examined. ‒ 1: on Diploschistes scruposus (thallus, occasionally apothecia), 4.viii.2014,
M.P. Zhurbenko 14419 (LE 309500).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Diploschistes muscorum and
D. scruposus (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Marchandiomyces corallinus (Roberge) Diederich & D. Hawksw.
Specimens examined. ‒ 9: on Melanohalea olivacea (thallus), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14206a
(LE 309422a); 13: on Lecanora pulicaris (apothecia, thallus), 18.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14465b (LE
309527b); 15: on Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (thallus), 26.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14231 (LE 309421);
18: on Melanelixia glabra (thallus), 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14337b (LE 309427b); on Melanohalea
olivacea (thallus), 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14334b (LE 309424b); on Parmelina quercina (thallus),
28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14314 (LE 309374); 20: on Flavoparmelia caperata (thallus), 10.ix.2014,
M.P. Zhurbenko 14499 (LE 309615); on P. tiliacea (thallus), 10.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14209 (LE
309423); 10.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14208 (LE 309614).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya, Stavropol Territory; on Flavoparmelia caperata, Montanelia tominii, Parmelia sulcata,
Parmeliopsis ambigua, Physcia stellaris, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina spp., Usnea glabrescens, U.
288
subfloridana, Vulpicida pinastri, Xanthoparmelia stenophylla and Xanthoria parietina (Otte 2007,
Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Merismatium cf. cladoniicola Alstrup
NOTE. – According to Zhurbenko and Pino-Bodas (2017) Merismatium cladoniicola might be a
heterotypic synonym of M. decolorans (Arnold) Triebel.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Stavropol Territory, on Cladonia pocillum (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014).
Merismatium heterophractum (Nyl.) Vouaux
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Cladonia pyxidata
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Merismatium nigritellum (Nyl.) Vouaux agg.
NOTES. – This species is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere (Brackel 2014) and has also
been reported from Chile (as ‘aff. nigritellum’; Etayo & Sancho 2008). In Russia it has almost exclusively
been reported from the Arctic, where it is common (Zhurbenko 2009a, b). The species has been reported
from a wide range of distantly related host genera, as well as cyanobacterial films and plant remains, but
according to Brackel (2014) not yet from Bryoplaca. It is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimens examined. ‒ 14: on Bryoplaca sinapisperma (thallus) and adjacent cyanobacterial film over
bryophytes, 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14456 (LE 309554); on moribund bryophytes and cyanobacterial
film, 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14488 (LE 309555).
Merismatium sp.
NOTES. – Ascomata up to 200 µm in diameter, more or less superficial. Ascospores ellipsoid,
(9.6‒)11.9‒16.5(‒19.7) × (7.1‒)7.8‒9.2(‒10.0) µm, l/b = (1.2‒)1.5‒1.9(‒2.0) (n=27), mainly with 3‒4
trans- or oblique septa and one longiseptum in central segments. Morphologically the examined material is
most similar to Merismatium nigritellum, which has been reported on the same host lichen (e.g., Zhurbenko
2009a). However, that species has larger ascospores, (14‒)15‒24.5(‒32) × (6.5‒)8‒12(‒15) µm, which are
often muriform (Triebel 1989).
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Megaspora verrucosa (thallus), 21.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE
309544).
Microcalicium arenarium (A. Massal.) Tibell
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar
Territory; host lichens not specified (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2004).
Microcalicium disseminatum (Ach.) Vain.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on epiphytic crustose lichen (Otte 2004).
Milospium graphideorum (Nyl.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Daghestan; on Dirina
stenhammari and sterile lichen with Trentepohlia (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015b).
Minutoexcipula calatayudii V. Atienza
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Hypogymnia tubulosa
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Monodictys fuliginosa Etayo
NOTES. – This species is known from scattered finds on Lobaria species throughout the northern
hemisphere (Brackel 2014). In Russia, it has previously been reported from the mountains of Ural and
South Siberia (Zhurbenko 2004, 2012b; Zhurbenko & Otnyukova 2001), and is here newly documented for
the Caucasus.
Specimens examined. ‒ 4: on Lobaria pulmonaria (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14366a (LE
309539a); 5: on Ricasolia amplissima (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14367a (LE 309538a); 11:
289
on L. pulmonaria (thallus), 24.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14363 (LE 309537); 17: on L. pulmonaria
(thallus), 1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14361b (LE 309536b).
Muellerella erratica (A. Massal.) Hafellner & V. John
Specimens examined. ‒ 1: on Bellemerea alpina (apothecia, thallus), 7.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n.
& M.P. Zhurbenko 14423 (LE 309508); on Lecanora polytropa (thallus, occasionally apothecia),
5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14441 (LE 309504); 6.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14429a (LE 309507a);
7.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14476 (LE 309505); 7.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14479 (LE 309506); on
Lecidea lactea (thallus), 4.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14418 (LE 309509); 5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14444 (LE 309511).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Acarospora cervina, saxicolous Acarospora sp., Caloplaca
variabilis, Caloplaca sp. on limestone, Circinaria calcarea, Lecanora agardhiana, Lecanora flotoviana,
epiphytic Lecanora sp., Lecidella stigmatea, Porpidia crustulata, Protoblastenia incrustans, P. rupestris,
Pyrenodesmia chalybaea, P. variabilis, Variospora australis and Rusavskia elegans (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a; Urbanavichus et al. 2011; Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Muellerella hospitans Stizenb.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Stavropol Territory; on
Bacidia fraxinea, B. rubella (Otte 2004; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a; Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Muellerella lichenicola (Sommerf.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Daghestan, Stavropol Territory; on Acarospora veronensis, Aspicilia spp., Caloplaca cerina, Caloplaca
spp., Lecanora chlarotera, Rinodina immersa, Rinodina sp. and Tephromela atra (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2015a, Urbanavichus et al. 2011, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014).
Muellerella pygmaea (Körb.) D. Hawksw. s. l.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan, Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, Stavropol Territory; on Aspicilia
spp., Caloplaca teicholyta, Caloplaca spp., Circinaria calcarea, C. contorta, Lecanora crenulata, L.
intricata, Verrucaria furfuracea and V. macrostoma f. furfuracea (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013;
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, 2015a; Urbanavichus et al. 2011; Vainio 1899; Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014).
Muellerella pygmaea (Körb.) D. Hawksw. var. pygmaea
Specimens examined (both on thalli of Lecidea lactea). ‒ 1: 6.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14430 (LE
309512); 7.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14420 (LE 309510).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Rhizocarpon sp. (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Muellerella triseptata Diederich
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia only from the Caucasus (see literature report
below), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Blastenia ammiospila (thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14482 (LE
309492).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Blastenia ammiospila (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Muellerella ventosicola (Mudd) D. Hawksw.
NOTE. – This species is common and widely distributed in Russia (Zhurbenko 2009a, b), but is here
newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
290
Figure 2, Nanostictis caucasica. A, ascomata (all from the holotype except upper right, which is from LE
309577). B, ascoma in cross section in water (holotype); note elevated remnants of the host lichen cortex
surrounding the exciple. C, lateral exciple encrusted by crystals in cross section in water (LE 309577). D,
paraphyses and immature asci in K/I (LE 309577). E, basal exciple above the brown hyphae of the host
lichen in water (holotype). F, mature asci in I (holotype). G, ascospores in I (on the left) and in K/I (on the
right) (holotype). Scale bars: A = 200 µm, B = 50 µm, C–G = 10 µm.
291
Specimens examined. ‒ 1: on Rhizocarpon sp. (thallus), 6.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14429b (LE
309507b); 19: on Ophioparma ventosa (thallus), 31.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14446 (LE 309552).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Rhizocarpon spp. and Ophioparma ventosa (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Myxophora leptogiophila (G. Winter) Nik. Hoffm. & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ GEORGIA: on Leptogium pseudofurfuraceum (Hafellner 2004). RUSSIA:
Republic of Adygeya, on Scytinium pulvinatum (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014).
Nanostictis caucasica Zhurb. sp. nov.
MycoBank # MB 822119.
FIGURE 2
DIAGNOSIS. – Lichenicolous fungus. Morphologically similar to Nanostictis peltigerae but with larger
apothecia up to 0.6 mm in diameter, almost constantly 4-spored vs. 6‒8-spored asci, and (2‒)10‒16(‒17)-
septate vs. 3‒4-septate, larger ascospores, mainly 54‒74 × 3.0‒3.8 µm vs. 40‒60 × 0.8‒1.3 µm.
TYPE: RUSSIA. KRASNODAR TERRITORY: Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, northern spur of Mt.
Armovka, 43°53'27''N, 40°39'47''E, elev. 1830 m, Betula litwinowii forest at the upper boundary of the
mountain forest belt, on Parmelia sulcata (darkened parts of lobes) growing on Betula litwinowii,
28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14265 (LE 309576!, holotype).
DESCRIPTION. – Ascomata apothecia, cup- or dish-shaped, 250‒600 µm in diameter, erumpent, finally
to about half exposed or occasionally almost superficial; margin persistent, prominent, dull white (both dry
and moistened) and grainy due to crystal depositions, roughly torn by radial cracks, crenulate, 50‒200 µm
thick in surface view; disc moderate orange yellow, glossy, slightly white pruinose, concave to flat, initially
almost closed by the inturned margins, pore- or slit-like, later widely exposed up to 230 µm lengthways;
arising singly to occasionally concrescent. Lateral exciple hyaline, consists of 1) an inner layer ca. 20‒25
µm thick above, ca. 10 µm thick below, mainly composed of more or less tangentially elongated cells with
lumina ca. 2‒9 × 1‒3 µm and walls up to 4 µm thick; 2) an outer layer 15‒50 µm thick, composed of
interwoven hyphae, sometimes partly intermixed with the hyphae of the host; outer layer covered by a layer
of insoluble in K large crystals 20‒80 µm thick. Lower exciple hyaline, 10‒15(‒25) µm thick, hardly
distinct from subhymenium, mainly composed of isodiametric cells ca. 3‒4 µm in diameter. Epihymenium
indistinct. Hymenium hyaline, with occasional crystalline granules lying on its surface, (65‒)70‒80(‒95)
µm thick, I and K/I‒. Paraphyses filiform, 1.2‒1.5 µm in diameter, sometimes thickened at the apex up to
2.8 µm, occasionally with short branchlets above or forked at the apex, septate, not constricted at the septa.
Asci subcylindrical, apex rounded, tholus 2‒5 µm thick, sometimes with distinct ocular chamber,
(64‒)67‒86(‒97) × (7‒)8‒10.5(‒11.5) µm (n=29, in water, I or K/I), 4(rarely 8)-spored, I and K/I‒.
Ascospores hyaline, homopolar, vermiform, gradually tapering to the apices, (40.0‒)53.7‒73.7(‒88.0) ×
(2.7‒)3.0‒3.8(‒4.5) µm, l/b = (12.2‒)17.4‒24.2(‒26.7) (n=53, in water, I or K/I), (2‒)10‒16(‒17)-septate
(n=59), not constricted at the septa, smooth-walled, non-halonate, not protruding above the hymenium,
arranged in the ascus in a bundle.
DISTRIBUTION AND HOST. – The new species is known from two specimens collected at the same
locality in the Caucasus, where it was found in a subalpine Betula forest growing on darkened portions of
lobes of epiphytic Parmelia sulcata. Distinct pathogenicity not observed, but infections were associated
with darkened portions of the host thalli.
DISCUSSION. – Morphologically the new species is quite similar to Nanostictis peltigerae M.S. Christ.,
the type species of the lichenicolous genus Nanostictis M.S. Christ., including such characters as the
hyaline exciple and I and K/I‒ hymenium and asci (Christiansen 1954). However, it clearly differs from N.
peltigerae in having larger apothecia (up to 0.6 mm in diameter vs. up to 0.3 mm in diameter), thick
depositions of crystals on apothecial margins, almost constantly 4-spored asci (vs. 6‒8-spored asci),
(2‒)10‒16(‒17)-septate (vs. 3‒4-septate) ascospores that are larger ((40.0‒)53.7‒73.7(‒88.0) ×
(2.7‒)3.0‒3.8(‒4.5) µm vs. 40‒60 × 0.8‒1.3 µm in N. peltigerae), and in the different host (Parmelia in the
Lecanorales vs. Peltigera in the Peltigerales). Each of the six known species of Nanostictis is restricted to a
292
particular host genus of Peltigerales (Lawrey & Diederich 2017). Among these, N. caucasica is most
reminiscent of N. stictae Etayo, which has ascospores that are similar in size and septation (i.e., 9‒15-
septate, 42‒80 × 3.5‒5.5 µm; Etayo 2002). However, the latter differs in having a K/I+ blue, taller
hymenium (90‒110 µm tall), larger asci (77‒110 × 12‒18 µm), somewhat wider, heteropolar ascospores
that gradually taper towards the base, and a different host genus (Sticta; Etayo 2002).
Additional specimen examined. – Same locality and habitat as for the holotype, on Parmelia sulcata
(darkened parts of lobes) growing on Betula litwinowii, 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14493 (LE 309577).
Nectriopsis lecanodes (Ces.) Diederich & Schroers
NOTE. – In addition to the Caucasus, this species was formerly known in Russia from the Leningrad
Region, Komi Republic, Republic of Tuva, Altai Territory and Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Zhurbenko
2004, 2009b; Zhurbenko & Davydov 2000; Zhurbenko & Otnyukova 2001; Zhurbenko & Vershinina
2014). It is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory and Republic of Adygeya.
Specimens examined. ‒ 7: on Peltigera praetextata (discolored parts of lobes), 13.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14347 (LE 309460); 13.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14343 (LE 309456); 8: on P. praetextata
(discolored parts of lobes), 14.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14356c (LE 309454c); 14.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14344a (LE 309455a); 11: on Nephroma parile (discolored parts of lobes) 24.viii.2014, A.A.
Kobzeva 1448 (LE 309459); 16: on P. polydactylon agg. (discolored parts of lobes), 27.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14346 (LE 309458); 17: on P. praetextata (discolored parts of lobes), 1.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14345 (LE 309457); 18: on Lobaria scrobiculata (discolored parts of lobes), 28.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14369a (LE 309535a); 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14368 (LE 309534).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Daghestan; on
Peltigera canina, P. elisabethae, P. horizontalis, P. membranacea and P. polydactylon (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Neobarya peltigerae Lowen, Boqueras & Gomez-Bolea
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Peltigera polydactylon
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Neocoleroa lichenicola (Hansf.) M.E. Barr ssp. bouteillei (Bricaud, Cl. Roux & Sérus.) M.E. Barr
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Fellhanera bouteillei (Matzer 1996).
Nesolechia oxyspora (Tul.) A. Massal.
NOTES. – Based on data reported by Brackel (2014) Parmelia submontana is a new host for this
species. Nesolechia oxyspora is common and widely distributed in Russia (Zhurbenko 2009a), but is here
newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimens examined. ‒ 2: on Parmelia sulcata (thallus), 8.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14311a (LE
309377a); 4: on P. sulcata (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14269a (LE 309405a); on P.
submontana (thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14316 (LE 309372); 18: on Melanelixia glabra
(thallus), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14235 (LE 309401); 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14337a (LE
309427a); on P. sulcata (thallus), 27.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14305b (LE 309383b); 28.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14325b (LE 309409b); 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14267c (LE 309407c); 29.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14336b (LE 309426b).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Parmelia barrenoae, P. saxatilis, P. sulcata, Platismatia glauca and Xanthoparmelia stenophylla (Otte
2007, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Niesslia cladoniicola D. Hawksw. & W. Gams
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Cladonia chlorophaea s. l. and C.
coniocraea (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Niesslia peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) Etayo
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Peltigera sp. (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
293
Odontotrema thamnoliae Zhurb., Diederich & Etayo
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Thamnolia vermicularis var.
subuliformis (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Opegrapha anomea Nyl.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory; on Lepra
amara and Ochrolechia trochophora (Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Opegrapha pulvinata Rehm
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Endocarpon pusillum and Placidium sp.
(Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus et al. 2011).
Opegrapha rotunda Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Physconia distorta
(Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Opegrapha rupestris Pers.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Baggliettoa spp. and Verrucaria spp.
(Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013).
Paranectria oropensis (Ces.) D. Hawksw. & Piroz.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Cetrelia olivetorum and
Nephroma parile (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Perigrapha superveniens (Nyl.) Hafellner
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia only from the Caucasus (see literature report
below), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimen examined. ‒ 18: on Parmelia sulcata (thallus), 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14232 (LE
309406).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Parmelia sulcata (Zhurbenko & Otte
2012).
Phacopsis cephalodioides (Nyl.) Triebel & Rambold
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Hypogymnia physodes
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Phacopsis cf. usneae C.W. Dodge
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Usnea dasypoga (Zhurbenko
& Kobzeva 2014).
Phaeopyxis punctum (A. Massal.) Rambold, Triebel & Coppins
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Cladonia cenotea (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Phoma epiphyscia Vouaux
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Physcia caesia (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Phoma cf. epiphyscia Vouaux
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Anaptychia ciliaris
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Phoma lobariae Diederich & Etayo
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia only from the Chukotka Autonomous Area
(Zhurbenko & Braun 2013), and is here newly documented for the Russian Caucasus.
294
Specimen examined. ‒ 11: on Lobaria pulmonaria (moribund bases of lobes), 24.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14364 (LE 309533).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Lobaria pulmonaria (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2012).
Phoma peltigerae (P. Karst.) D. Hawksw.
NOTES. – The conida in the specimen examined were oblong to occasionally ellipsoid, with rounded
apices, and slightly smaller than those reported by Hawksworth (1981) ((3.6‒)3.9‒4.7(‒5.5) ×
1.9‒2.3(‒2.5) µm, l/b = (1.8‒)1.9‒2.3(‒2.5) (n=29) vs. (4‒)4.5‒6(‒7) × 2‒2.5(‒3) µm). In the specimen
examined the lichenicolous fungus was also strongly pathogenic. In addition to the Caucasus, the species
was formerly known in Russia from the Murmansk Region, Republic of Karelia, Tula Region, Krasnoyarsk
Territory and Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Alstrup et al. 2005, Zhurbenko 2009b, Zhurbenko &
Gudovicheva 2013, Zhurbenko & Vershinina 2014), and is here newly reported for the Republic of
Adygeya.
Specimen examined. ‒ 7: on Peltigera praetextata (bleached parts of lobes), 13.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14348 (LE 309463).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Peltigera sp. (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014).
Phoma cf. physciicola Keissl.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Anaptychia ciliaris
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Phoma sp. 1
NOTES. – The only Phoma species reported on Evernia is P. everniae D. Hawksw., a species so far
only known from two collections from England and Germany (Hawksworth 1994, Brackel 2014). The
examined material differs from this species in having bluish green (vs. brown) pycnidial walls and shorter
conidia ((3.0‒)3.1‒3.5(‒3.6) × 1.4‒1.6 µm, l/b = (2.0‒)2.1‒2.3(‒2.5) (n=16) vs. 4.5‒5 × 1‒1.5 µm fide
Hawksworth 1994). It also resembles Phoma dubia (Linds.) Sacc. & A. Trotter, which occurs on Usnea
species and has similarly sized conidia (3.5 × 1.5‒2 µm fide Hawksworth 1981; or 3 × 1.3 µm fide Berger
& Priemetzhofer 2008), but differs in having subhyaline to golden-brown pycnidial walls (Hawksworth
1981).
Specimen examined. ‒ 8: on Evernia prunastri (thallus), 14.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14329b (LE
309418b).
Phoma sp. 2
NOTES. – Conidiomata 50‒75 µm in diameter, erumpent in the ostiolar area; wall pale to medium
brown, markedly darker around the ostiole. Conidia hyaline, subglobose, broadly ellipsoid, broadly oblong
or ovoid, (3.6‒)3.9‒4.9(‒5.9) × (2.8‒)3.3‒3.9(‒4.3) µm, l/b = 1.0‒1.4(‒1.8) (n=52), smooth-walled, with
large lipid droplet. Locally common on Flavoparmelia caperata, causes strong local bleaching. The
examined material is reminiscent of Phoma caperatae Vouaux, but application of this name remains
uncertain due to the loss of the original material (Hawksworth 1981). The fungus does not fit the other
Phoma species formerly reported on this host lichen, viz. P. cladoniicola Diederich, Kocourk. & Etayo
(Lawrey et al. 2012) and P. lecanorina Diederich (Etayo 1996), and cannot be identified using the key to
the lichenicolous species of Phoma presented in Hawksworth & Cole (2004).
Specimens examined. ‒ 9: on Hypogymnia physodes (thallus), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14207b
(LE 309388b); 21: on Flavoparmelia caperata (thallus), 6.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14320a (LE 309394a);
on F. caperata (thallus), 6.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14210; on F. caperata (thallus), 6.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14229.
Plectocarpon lichenum (Sommerf.) D. Hawksw.
Specimens examined (all on thalli of Lobaria pulmonaria). ‒ 5: 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14365a
(LE 309529a); 6: 12.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14371 (LE 309531); 7: 13.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14373a (LE 309532a); 11: 24.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14372 (LE 309528); 16: 1.ix.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14360 (LE 309530).
295
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Lobaria pulmonaria (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2012). RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic of
Adygeya; on L. pulmonaria (Otte 2007, Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2014, Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Plectocarpon peltigerae Zhurb., Ertz, Diederich & Miądl.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Peltigera leucophlebia (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Plectocarpon scrobiculatae Diederich & Etayo
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Lobaria scrobiculata (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2012). RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on L. scrobiculata (Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus
2014, 2016).
Polycoccum arnoldii (Hepp) D. Hawksw.
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia only from the Caucasus (see literature report
below), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Diploschistes muscorum (thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14483
(LE 309495).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Stavropol Territory, on Diploschistes muscorum (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014).
Polycoccum hymeniicola (Berk. & Broome) Zhurb.
NOTES. – The examined material fits well the species description published by Zhurbenko and Dillman
(2010), including the presence of a presumable pycnidial anamorph with pale brown, smooth-walled
conidia that mesure (9.0‒)9.7‒11.9(‒12.9) × (5.5‒)5.9‒7.3(‒8.2) µm, l/b = (1.2‒)1.4‒2.0(‒2.3) (n=13). It is
noteworthy that pigmentation of the ascospores and conidia is sometimes more intensive at the apices. The
species was formerly known from a few finds in Central America (Panama?: Hawksworth 2005), North
America (Alaska: Spribille et al. 2010, Zhurbenko & Dillman 2010) and Asia (Japan: Zhurbenko et al.
2015a), and is here newly documented for Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 7: on Lobaria pulmonaria (bleached parts of lobes), 13.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14370a (LE 309540a).
Polycoccum marmoratum (Kremp.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Verrucaria sp. (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Polycoccum pulvinatum (Eitner) R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya, Stavropol
Territory; on Physcia aipolia and P. caesia (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Polycoccum rinodinae van den Boom
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Rinodina oxydata (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015b).
Pronectria echinulata Lowen
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Physcia aipolia (Zhurbenko
& Kobzeva 2014).
Pronectria erythrinella (Nyl.) Lowen s. l.
NOTES. – There are some discrepancies between the specimens examined and the species description
published by Rossman et al. (1999). In the specimens examined the ascomata are pale brown (in the
exposed part), with the wall pigments not changing color in K and lactic acid (vs. red to orange, fading to
yellow), the ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid/obovate to narrowly ellipsoid/obovate (vs. at first hyaline to
pale yellow, then pale orange, ellipsoid-fusiform), slightly smaller ((12.7‒)15.6‒18.2(‒20.0) ×
(4.1‒)5.4‒6.8(‒7.5) µm, l/b = (2.2‒)2.4‒3.2(‒4.8) (n=66) vs. (17–)18–20(–30) × (4–)5.5–6(–8) μm) and
296
variably 0‒1-septate (vs. 1-septate). Nonetheless, according to Zhurbenko (2009b), ascospores of this
species significantly vary in the above characters. The species is widely distributed in Russia (Zhurbenko
2009b), but is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimens examined (all on bleached parts of Peltigera praetextata lobes). ‒ 6: 12.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14340 (LE 309473); 7: 13.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14341 (LE 309472); 8: 14.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14342 (LE 309471); 14.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14344b (LE 309455b); 16: 27.viii.2014,
M.P. Zhurbenko 14339 (LE 309470).
Pronectria robergei (Mont. & Desm.) Lowen (syn. Illosporium carneum Fr.)
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Peltigera polydactylon agg. and P. praetextata (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Pronectria santessonii (Lowen & D. Hawksw.) Lowen
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Anaptychia ciliaris
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Pseudoseptoria usneae (Vouaux) D. Hawksw.
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Caucasus (see literature reports below)
and Irkutsk Region (Zhurbenko & Vershinina 2014), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar
Territory.
Specimen examined (both on young and old branches of Usnea subfloridana). ‒ 17: 31.viii.2014, P.M.
Zhurbenko s.n. (LE 309568); 18: 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14381 (LE 309569).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on Usnea
dasypoga, U. lapponica and Usnea sp. (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014).
Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. s. l.
Specimens examined. ‒ 1: on Megaspora verrucosa (thallus), 5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14439 (LE
309542); 8: on Peltigera praetextata (lobes), 14.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14356a (LE 309454a); 15: on
P. elisabethae (lobes), 2.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14352 (LE 309469); 16: on P. elisabethae (lobes),
1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14359 (LE 309468).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Diploschistes scruposus, Leptogium lichenoides, Megaspora verrucosa, Peltigera collina,
P. elisabethae, P. rufescens and Solorina crocea (Otte 2004; Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2014;
Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Pyrenochaeta xanthoriae Diederich
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Stavropol Territory, on Xanthoria parietina (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014).
Pyrenochaeta cf. xanthoriae Diederich
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Rusavskia elegans (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Raesenenia huuskonenii (Räsänen) D. Hawksw., Boluda & H. Lindgr.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Bryoria americana, B. capillaris, B. fuscescens, Bryoria spp. and an unspecified host
lichen (Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2014; Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2004, 2014; Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Reconditella physconiarum Hafellner & Matzer
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Physconia distorta
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
297
‘Rhabdospora lecanorae Vouaux’
DESCRIPTION. – Vegetative hyphae 2.0‒4.2 µm in diameter, abundant. Pycnidia broadly ovoid to
subglobose, sometimes indistinctly papillate, 55‒90 µm in diameter, with ostiole up to 25 µm in diameter,
almost entirely immersed, protruding only in the ostiolar region, dispersed. Upper part of exciple medium
to dark brown or occasionally partly red above, 8‒18 µm thick, composed of elongate cells
(7.3‒)7.9‒14.3(‒19.3) × (1.8‒)2.3‒3.1(‒3.6) µm (n=20, in water or K) with protruding free apices; lower
part of exciple hyaline, 6‒8 µm thick, composed of 2‒3 layers of cells, measuring (3.0‒)3.4‒4.8(‒5.3) ×
(1.8‒)2.0‒3.0(‒3.3) µm (n=23, in water or K). Conidiogenous cells lining lower part of conidioma,
enteroblastic, pyriform, elongate-ampulliform to lageniform, (5.8‒)6.8‒8.8(‒10.2) × (2.8‒)3.1‒4.3(‒4.9)
µm (n=26, in water or K). Conidia hyaline, narrowly falcate, narrowly sigmoid or vermiform, tapering at
each end, (22.0‒)26.6‒33.8(‒40.0) × (2.0‒)2.1‒2.5(‒2.9) µm, l/b = (7.6‒)11.6‒15.2(‒18.2) (n=59; length
refers to the distance between the ends of conidia), aseptate, smooth-walled, guttulate. Heavy infections
cause discoloration or darkening of the hymenium.
NOTES. – According to Hawksworth (1981: 85) this name refers to the anamorph of Lecanora
pulicaris. However, the discoloration or darkening of the host hymenium observed in the examined
material is confusing and this assumption should be verified by molecular data.
Specimen examined. ‒ 4: on Lecanora pulicaris (apothecial discs), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14470b (LE 309518b).
Rhagadostoma lichenicola (De Not) Keissl.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Solorina crocea (Zhurbenko
& Kobzeva 2014).
Rhizocarpon cf. ochrolechiae (Poelt & Nimis) Hafellner
NOTES. – There are several major differences between the specimen examined and the protologue
(Nimis & Poelt 1987: 205), where the epihymenium was reported being dark purple, intensified in K (vs.
dark bluish green, K‒), the hypothecium reported to be dark red (vs. dark brown, K‒), and the ascospores
reported to be somewhat narrower (ca. 18‒27 × 10‒12.5 µm vs. (18.6‒)19.9‒25.1(‒28.0) ×
(10.8‒)11.6‒14.4(‒16.5) µm, l/b = (1.4‒)1.5‒1.9(‒2.2) (n=32)). The only other species of Rhizocarpon
known to grow on Ochrolechia parella is R. vorax Poelt & Hafellner (Lawrey & Diederich 2017). It differs
from the examined material in having dark purple-brown, K+ dark olive (vs. dark bluish green, K‒)
epihymenium, hyaline (vs. pale to partly medium grayish red or red) hymenium, and larger muriform
ascospores (28‒33 × 15‒21 μm, with 8‒15 cells in optical section vs. submuriform, with (2−)3‒4(‒5) trans-
or oblique septa and 1(‒2) longisepta in central segments, (4‒)6‒9(‒11) cells in optical section) (Poelt &
Hafellner 1982). The species was formerly known from scattered reports in Macaronesia, Sardinia and
British Isles, always growing on Ochrolechia parella (Fletcher et al. 2009, Kalb & Hafellner 1992, Nimis
& Poelt 1987).
Specimen examined. ‒ 1: on Ochrolechia parella (thallus), 5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14433 (LE
309605).
Rhymbocarpus neglectus (Vain.) Diederich & Etayo
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Lepraria sp. (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014).
Roselliniella cladoniae (Anzi) Matzer & Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Cladonia coniocraea and C. pyxidata
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Roselliniopsis tartaricola (Leight.) Matzer
NOTE. – This species was previously known from Europe, the Canary Islands and North America
(Brackel 2014). It is here newly documented for Asia and Russia.
Specimens examined. ‒ 17: on Lepra albescens (thallus), 31.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE
309593b); 18: on Ochrolechia pallescens (thallus), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14386a (LE 309603a); on
O. pallescens (thallus), 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14497c (LE 309595c).
298
Sclerococcum epicladonia Zhurb.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Cladonia chlorophaea (Zhurbenko & Pino-
Bodas 2017).
Sclerococcum serusiauxii Boqueras & Diederich
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Parmelina quercina and P. tiliaceae
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Sclerococcum simplex D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on epiphytic Pertusaria sp. (Zhurbenko &
Otte 2012).
Scutula epiblastematica (Wallr.) Rehm (mesoconidial state)
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Murmansk and Leningrad Regions,
Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Altai and Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Himelbrant et al. 2013,
Zhurbenko 2009b, Zhurbenko & Davydov 2000, Zhurbenko & Vershinina 2014), and is here newly
documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 19: on Peltigera canina (lobes), 31.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14353 (LE
309464).
Skyttella mulleri (Willey) D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Peltigera sp. (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014).
Sphaerellothecium abditum Triebel
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Lecidea atrobrunnea (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2016).
Sphaerellothecium araneosum (Arnold) Zopf
NOTE. – This species is very common and widely distributed in the Russian Arctic (see for instance:
Zhurbenko 2001, 2009b; Zhurbenko & Santesson 1996), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus
from alpine habitats.
Specimens examined (both on sterile thalli resembling Ochrolechia upsaliensis). ‒ 1: 5.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14437 (LE 309601); 7.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14317 (LE 309371).
Sphaerellothecium cladoniae (Alstrup & Zhurb.) Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan,
Stavropol Territory; on Cladonia coccifera, C. pocillum, C. pyxidata and Cladonia sp. (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Urbanavichus et al. 2011, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014, Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2017).
Sphaerellothecium cf. gowardii Alstrup & M.S. Cole
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Stavropol Territory, on Placidium squamulosum (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014).
Sphaerellothecium propinquellum (Nyl.) Cl. Roux & Triebel
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on apothecia of Lecanora carpinea
(Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014).
Sphaerellothecium thamnoliae Zhurb. var. thamnoliae
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Thamnolia vermicularis var.
subuliformis (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Sphinctrina anglica Nyl.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Protoparmelia oleagina (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
299
Sphinctrina leucopoda Nyl.
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Primorye Territory and Sakhalin Region
(Titov 2006), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 20: on Pertusaria hymenea (thallus), 10.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14472 (LE
309607).
Sphinctrina tubaeformis A. Massal.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Pertusaria pertusa (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015b).
Sphinctrina turbinata (Pers.: Fr.) De Not.
Specimen examined. ‒ 1: on saxicolous Pertusaria sp. (thallus), 5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14443
(LE 309606).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, Krasnodar Territory, on Pertusaria spp.
(Otte 2004, Titov 2006).
Sporidesmiella physconiicola Zhurb., U. Braun & Kobzeva
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Physconia distorta (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016, Zhurbenko et al. 2015b).
Stigmidium buelliae Zhurb. & Himelbrant
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Buellia disciformis
(Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Stigmidium cerinae Cl. Roux & Triebel
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Caloplaca sp. (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015a).
Stigmidium clauzadei Cl. Roux & Nav.-Ros.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Verrucaria nigrescens (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015b).
Stigmidium congestum (Körb.) Triebel
Specimen examined. ‒ 9: on Lecanora pulicaris (apothecial discs), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14466 (LE 309519).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Lecanora
chlarotera, L. pulicaris, L. rugosella and epiphytic Lecanora sp. (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013,
Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
‘Stigmidium’ eucline (Nyl.) Vězda
DESCRIPTION. – Vegetative hyphae abundantly developed, olive brown, branched, (3.0‒)4.8‒8.2(‒9.4)
µm in diameter (n=54), with smooth walls ca. 1‒1.5 µm thick, septate, constricted at the septa, woven into
a dense stroma-like tissue surrounding ascomata, occasionally disintegrating into 1‒5-celled pieces,
probably being vegetative diaspores. Ascomata up to 125 µm in diameter, tightly aggregated in swollen
blackish heaps up to 1 mm in diameter; wall moderate olive brown, becoming yellowish or orangish brown
in K. When such heaps fall, in their place on the host thallus remain pits; otherwise pathogenicity not
observed. The interior of the ascomata filled with abundant, hyaline, frequently septate, branched,
(1.2‒)2.1‒3.9(‒4.9) µm (n=32) thick interascal filaments resembling parenchyma. Asci elongate clavate,
with long foot, thick tholus and distinct ocular chamber, (40‒)43‒57(‒64) × (12‒)14‒18(‒19) µm (n=13),
8-spored, K/I‒, BCr‒. Ascospores initially hyaline and smooth-walled, occasionally becoming pale to
medium brown and verruculose under maturation, narrowly soleiform (obskittle-shaped),
(10.4‒)13.6‒16.2(‒18.2) × (4.0‒)4.5‒5.9(‒7.0) µm, l/b = (2.3‒)2.6‒3.2(‒3.7) (n=97), 1-septate, not
constricted at the septum, usually with 1‒2 large guttules in each cell (better seen in K), non-halonate,
BCr‒.
300
NOTE. The species was formerly known in Russia from the Caucasus (see literature report below),
Krasnoyarsk and Trans-Baikal Territories (Zhurbenko 2009b, Zhurbenko & Yakovchenko 2014), and is
here newly reported for its Krasnodar Territory.
Specimens examined. ‒ 1: on Varicellaria lactea (thallus), 5.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14438 (LE
309585); 3: on V. lactea (thallus), 9.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14400 (LE 309583); 11: on V.
hemisphaerica (thallus), 24.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14401 (LE 309582); 19: on V. lactea (thallus),
31.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14393 (LE 309581).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Urbanavichus
& Urbanavichene 2014).
Stigmidium frigidum (Sacc.) Alstrup & D. Hawksw.
Specimen examined. ‒ 1: on Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis (thallus), 6.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14425 (LE 309550).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Stigmidium hafellneri Zhurb.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Cetraria islandica (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Stigmidium lecidellae Triebel, Cl. Roux & Le Coeur
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Lecidella elaeochroma (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Stigmidium microspilum (Körb.) D. Hawksw.
NOTES. – In the most complete description of this species known to the author, the ascospores of
Stigmidium microspilum were characterized as hyaline and ca. 14‒19 × 3‒5 µm in size (Keissler 1930). In
the specimens examined the ascospores were mainly hyaline and smooth-walled, occasionally becoming
pale brown and granulose when old, with a slightly larger size range ((12.6‒)14.5‒18.9(‒22.0) ×
(3.2‒)3.7‒4.5(‒5.0) µm, l/b = (3.2‒)3.5‒4.7(‒5.3) (n=40)), (0‒)1(‒3)-septate and non-halonate. The species
is known in Russia only from the Caucasus.
Specimens examined (both on thalli of Graphis scripta). ‒ 20: 10.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14474 (LE
309502); 21: 6.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14387 (LE 309503).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Graphis scripta
(Otte 2007, Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus 2016).
Stigmidium mycobilimbiae Cl. Roux, Triebel & Etayo
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Bilimbia sabuletorum (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2014).
Stigmidium peltideae (Vain.) R. Sant.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, on Peltigera aphthosa (Vainio
1899).
Stigmidium pseudopeltideae Cl. Roux & Triebel
NOTE. – This species is widely distributed in Russia (Zhurbenko 2009b), but still newly documented
here for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 3: on Peltigera leucophlebia (moribund parts of lobes), 9.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14358b (LE 309466b).
Stigmidium pumilum (Lettau) Matzer & Hafellner
Specimen examined. ‒ 9: on Physcia caesia (lobes), 16.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14304 (LE 309384).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Physcia caesia and P. phaea (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014; Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
301
Stigmidium rouxianum Calat. & Triebel
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan; on Acarospora
cervina (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Urbanavichus et al. 2011).
Stigmidium schaereri (A. Massal.) Trevis.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Lecanora chlarotera (Otte 2004).
Stigmidium solorinarium (Vain.) D. Hawksw.
Specimen examined. ‒ 3: on Solorina saccata (lobes), 9.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14146 (LE
264487).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Solorina sp. (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Stigmidium squamariae (B. de Lesd.) Cl. Roux & Triebel
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Smolensk Region (identification
uncertain), Tver Region, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous Area and Kamchatka
Territory (identification uncertain) (Notov et al. 2011, Zhurbenko 2009b, Zhurbenko & Zhdanov 2013,
Zhurbenko et al. 2012b), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 13: on Lecanora polytropa (apothecial discs), 18.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14477 (LE 309520).
Stigmidium tabacinae (Arnold) Triebel
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya, Republic of Daghestan;
on Toninia cinereovirens, T. cf. sedifolia and T. taurica (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2015a, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Stigmidium vezdae Matzer
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Fellhanera colchica (Matzer 1996).
Stigmidium xanthoparmeliarum Hafellner
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Xanthoparmelia stenophylla
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Taeniolella beschiana Diederich
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Krasnodar Territory, Republic
of Adygeya; on Cladonia arbuscula, C. coniocraea, C. cf. phyllophora and Cladonia sp. (Zhurbenko &
Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2017).
Taeniolella delicata M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Lecanora intumescens
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Taeniolella phaeophysciae D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Caucasus, locality and host not specified (Urbanavichus 2010).
Taeniolella punctata M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Graphis scripta (Otte 2004, Zhurbenko &
Otte 2012).
Talpapellis peltigerae Alstrup & M.S. Cole
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia only from Siberia and Chukotka (Heuchert et
al. 2014, Zhurbenko et al. 2016), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 3: on Peltigera leucophlebia (moribund parts of lobes), 9.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14358a (LE 309466a).
302
Talpapellis solorinae Zhurb., Heuchert & U. Braun
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Solorina crocea (Zhurbenko et al. 2015c).
LTetramelas phaeophysciae A. Nordin & Tibell
NOTES. – According to Nordin and Tibell (2005) this is an obligately lichenicolous endoparasitic
lichen. It was formerly known in Russia from the Murmansk Region, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area,
Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Buryatia and Trans-Baikal Territory (Urbanavichene & Urbanavichus
2009, Zhurbenko 2009b, Zhurbenko et al. 2016), and is here newly documented for the Caucasus.
Specimen examined. ‒ 18: on Physcia cf. stellaris (thallus), 28.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14233 (LE
309417).
Thamnogalla crombiei (Mudd) D. Hawksw.
NOTE. – This species is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory of Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis (thallus), 21.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14487 (LE 309549).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
LThelocarpon cf. sphaerosporum H. Magn.
NOTES. –The specimen examined has ascomata that are more or less doliiform, truncate above, with a
narrowly exposed hymenial disc, 100‒200 µm in diameter, and ascospores that are subglobose, ovoid,
broadly oblong or broadly ellipsoid, and measure (4.6‒)5.2‒7.0(‒7.9) × (4.3‒)4.6‒5.4(‒5.7) µm, l/b =
(1.0‒)1.1‒1.3(‒1.6) (n=43). The examined material is morphologically closest to Thelocarpon
sphaerosporum, characterized by spherical ascospores, 4.5‒6 µm in diameter, but also resembles T.
impresselum Nyl., which is characterized by oblong ascospores, 6‒8.5(‒11) × 4‒5 µm in diameter (Orange
et al. 2009). Both species are possibly scarcely lichenized and sometimes grow on lichens (Hafellner &
Türk 2001, Orange et al. 2009, Santesson et al. 2004, Zhurbenko & Brackel 2013). So far Thelocarpon
sphaerosporum has not been reported from Asia or Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Catapyrenium cinereum (margins of squamules) and adjacent
cyanobacterial film over organic soil, 21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14407 (LE 309553).
Toninia episema (Nyl.) Timdal
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Circinaria calcarea (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013, Urbanavichus et al. 2011).
Toninia leptogii Timdal
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA: on Leptogium plicatile (Urbanavichus &
Urbanavichene 2012). RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on L. plicatile (Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2013,
Urbanavichus et al. 2011).
Toninia plumbina (Anzi) Hafellner & Timdal
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Pectenia plumbea (Bredkina et al. 2003).
Tremella candelariellae Diederich & Etayo
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Candelariella xanthostigma
(Urbanavichus & Ismailov 2016).
Tremella cetrariicola Diederich & Coppins
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Tremella hypogymniae Diederich & M.S. Christ.
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Hypogymnia incurvoides and H. physodes (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
303
Figure 3, a presumably undescribed fungus with hairy apothecia growing on Thamnolia vermicularis (all
from LE 309620). A, ascomata. B, ascoma in cross section in water. C, exciple in surface view in water. D,
excipular hairs in water. E, asci with spores in water. F, asci with spores in phloxine after K; note asci
arising from croziers. G, asci with spores and paraphyses in K/I; note tholus with K/I+ blue central tube.
Scale bars: A = 100 µm, B–G = 10 µm.
Trichonectria anisospora (Lowen) van den Boom & Diederich
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Caucasus (see literature report below)
and Republic of Karelia (Alstrup et al. 2005), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimen examined. ‒ 18: on Hypogymnia physodes (moribund thallus), 29.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14239 (LE 309572).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Hypogymnia physodes
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
304
Unguiculariopsis lettaui (Grummann) Coppins
NOTE. – So far this species has been known in Russia only from the Caucasus and Trans-Baikal
Territory (Zhurbenko et al. 2016).
Specimen examined. ‒ 8: on Evernia prunastri (thallus), 14.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14329a (LE
309418a).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Evernia prunastri
(Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Unguiculariopsis thallophila (P. Karst.) W.Y. Zhuang
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Caucasus (see literature report below)
and Chukotka Autonomous Area (Zhurbenko 2009b), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar
Territory.
Specimen examined. ‒ 12: on Lecanora carpinea (thallus), 23.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14450 (LE
309513).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Daghestan, on Lecanora chlarotera (Urbanavichus &
Ismailov 2013).
Vouauxiella lichenicola (Linds.) Petr. & Syd.
NOTE. – This species was formerly known in Russia from the Caucasus (see literature reports below)
and Kaliningrad Region (Dedkov et al. 2007), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimens examined. ‒ 4: on Lecanora pulicaris (apothecia, thallus), 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko
14457 (LE 309516); 10.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14470a (LE 309518a); 20: on L. intumescens
(apothecia, thallus), 10.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14475 (LE 309517).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya, on
Lecanora intumescens and epiphytic Lecanora sp. (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Xanthoriicola physciae (Kalchbr.) D. Hawksw.
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Stavropol Territory, on Xanthoria parietina (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2014).
Xenonectriella leptaleae (J. Steiner) Rossman & Lowen
NOTES. – Exciple K+ purple, ascospores (9.0‒)10.2‒11.6(‒12.0) × (6.8‒)7.1‒7.9(‒8.0) µm (n=14), l/b
= 1.3‒1.5(‒1.6) (n=14). According to Rossman et al. (1999), the exciple of the species reacts K+ pale
brown to black. However, the examined material fits well the description in Brackel (2014), including the
exciple reaction with K and the size of the ascospores. Heterodermia speciosa is a new host species.
Specimen examined. ‒ 17: on Heterodermia speciosa (thallus), 1.ix.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14451 (LE
309546).
LITERATURE REPORTS (as Xenonectriella cf. leptaleae). ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic,
Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygeya; on Physcia aipolia, P. stellaris and Physconia distorta
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016; Zhurbenko & Otte 2012).
Xenonectriella ornamentata (D. Hawksw.) Rossman
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, on Peltigera lepidophora
(Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014).
Zwackhiomyces berengerianus (Arnold) Grube & Triebel
Specimen examined. ‒ 12: on Mycobilimbia tetramera (thallus), 19.viii.2014, M. P. Zhurbenko 14416
(LE 309483).
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Krasnodar Territory, on Bacidia rubella (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva
2016).
Zwackhiomyces coepulonus (Norman) Grube & R. Sant.
NOTES. – The ascospores of the specimen examined are somewhat longer than reported by Grube and
Hafellner (1990) ((15.3‒)18.0‒22.0(‒23.3) × (6.2‒)7.1‒8.5(‒9.0) µm, l/b = (2.0‒)2.3‒2.9(‒3.3) (n=16) in
the specimen examined vs. (15–)16–20(–21) × 5.5–8.5(–9) μm, l/b = 2.6). The species was formerly known
305
in Russia from the Caucasus (see literature reports below), Nenets Autonomous Area and Krasnoyarsk
Territory (Zhurbenko 2009b), and is here newly reported for the Krasnodar Territory.
Specimen examined. ‒ 14: on Rusavskia elegans (thallus), 21.viii.2014, P.M. Zhurbenko s.n. (LE
309548).
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Rusavskia elegans and Variospora
australis (Urbanavichus & Urbanavichene 2014, Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2016).
Zwackhiomyces echinulatus Brackel
LITERATURE REPORTS. ‒ RUSSIA: Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of Adygeya; on
Physconia distorta (Zhurbenko & Kobzeva 2014, 2016).
Zwackhiomyces kiszkianus D. Hawksw. & Miądl.
NOTES. – In the specimen examined the ascospores are hyaline, smooth-walled and measure
(16.0‒)17.7‒21.5(‒23.3) × (7.0‒)7.3‒8.7(‒9.0) µm, l/b = (2.1‒)2.3‒2.7(‒2.8) (n=18), while in the
protologue they were reported as granular and somewhat larger (19.5‒25.5 × 8.5‒13 µm; Hawksworth &
Miądlikowska 1997). However, according to Zhurbenko (2013a) and Brackel (2014), ascospores of this
species vary significantly in size and occasionally are smooth-walled. The species was formerly known in
Russia from an uncertain report in the Murmansk Region (Urbanavichus 2016) and is here newly
documented for Asian Russia.
Specimen examined. ‒ 7: on Peltigera praetextata (lobes, partly damaged), 13.viii.2014, M.P.
Zhurbenko 14357 (LE 309467).
Zwackhiomyces physciicola Alstrup
LITERATURE REPORT. ‒ RUSSIA: Republic of Adygeya, on Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Urbanavichus
& Urbanavichene 2014).
Unidentified ascomycete with hairy apothecia
FIGURE 3
DESCRIPTION. – Ascomata apothecia, sessile, cup-shaped, constricted at the base, 70‒170 µm in
diameter, 50‒100 µm tall, disc at first mostly covered by the exciple, later widely exposed, disc and
margins pale orange yellow/buff when dry, translucent, margins densely covered by white hairs. Exciple in
surface view resembling textura angularis or textura prismatica, composed of cells ca. 3‒6 × 2‒4 µm to ca.
8‒15 × 3‒5 µm. Excipular hairs hyaline, narrowly obclavate, 21‒36 µm long, filiform, flexuose, knobby
and 1‒2.5 µm wide above, narrowly ellipsoid and 3.5‒5 µm wide below, not branched, aseptate, not
interspersed with crystals or granules, without glassy or refractive portions. Periphyses absent.
Epihymenium indistinct. Hymenium hyaline, 30‒40 µm tall, I and K/I‒. Paraphyses hyaline, filiform,
apically not enlarged, sometimes slightly flexuous, 25‒35(‒40) µm long, 1.3‒2.0 µm in diameter, not
interspersed with crystals or granules, sometimes with 1‒2 septa, occasionally branched. Asci ellipsoid,
broadly cylindrical, clavate or narrowly oblanceolate, usually not distinctly stalked, arising from croziers,
with a broad, often enlarged, more or less truncate foot, tapering to sometimes slightly applanate apex, with
a tholus 1‒2.5 µm thick, penetrated by a hardly visible in water central tube that is slightly widening
upwards and I and K/I+ blue, otherwise I and K/I‒, (23.8‒)25.9‒31.5(‒32.5) × (3.8‒)4.4‒5.6(‒6.1) µm
(n=39, in water or K), 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, (5.6‒)6.2‒7.6(‒8.9) ×
(1.7‒)1.9‒2.3(‒2.5) µm, l/b = (2.5‒)2.8‒3.8(‒4.5) (n=30, in water or K then phloxine), aseptate, smooth-
walled, non-halonate, often with a conspicuous guttule at each end, biseriate or diagonally uniseriate in the
ascus.
NOTES. – Respecting the other known lichenicolous species with hairy ascomata, the examined
material is comparable to Echinodiscus kozhevnikovii Zhurb., Hyalopeziza rapax Huhtinen, Polydesmia
lichenis Huhtinen & R. Sant., Protounguicularia fasciculata (Etayo) Etayo, P. nephromatis (Zhurb. &
Zavarzin) Huhtinen, D. Hawksw. & Ihlen, and species of Rhymbocarpus, Skyttea and Unguiculariopsis
(Diederich & Etayo 2000, Etayo & Triebel 2010, Huhtinen & Santesson 1997, Huhtinen et al. 2008,
Zhurbenko 2009b). However, all of those taxa have significant differences from the present taxon.
Echinodiscus kozhevnikovii readily differs in having clavate, stalked, I– asci without a distinct tholus and
apical apparatus. Hyalopeziza rapax has apically glassy excipular hairs. Polydesmia lichenis differs in the
undulating paraphyses with sometimes coiled to branched apices and the 0‒3-septate ascospores.
306
Protounguicularia fasciculata has septate excipular hairs, pale yellow hymenium and apically slightly
enlarged, K/I‒ asci. Protounguicularia nephromatis can be distinguished by the apically glassy, septate
excipular hairs and the K/I‒ asci without a distinct tholus. Species of Rhymbocarpus, Skyttea and
Unguiculariopsis are characterized by dark-colored ascomata (at least in their exposed parts), pigmented
exciples and I and K/I‒ asci. The examined material evidently represents an undescribed lichenicolous
fungus of an unclear generic affiliation, but is too scant to serve as a type. Nonetheless it should be
considered as an addition to the key of fungi that grow on Thamnolia (Zhurbenko 2012a).
Specimen examined. – 14: on Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis (moribund bases of podetia),
21.viii.2014, M.P. Zhurbenko 14149 (LE 309620).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Paul Diederich, Javier Etayo, Wolfgang von Brackel, Uwe Braun, Violeta Atienza and Irina Sokolova are thanked
for very useful taxonomical and nomenclatural discussions. James Lendemer and Caleb Morse kindly revised the
English. Evgenii Grabenko, Anna and Pavel Kiyashko, Anastasiya Kobzeva, Anna Rodionova and Petr Zhurbenko are
thanked for their help in collecting and processing of the lichenicolous fungi. The study was financially supported by
the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research No. 14-04-01031 “Lichenicolous fungi of Northwest Caucasus”
and carried out using the equipment of the Core Facility Center “Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science” of
the Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia).
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including new species, new records and revisions. Herzogia 26: 323–359.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and U. Braun. 2013. Ameroconium cladoniae gen. et sp. nov. and Phoma psoromatis sp. nov., new
anamorphic lichenicolous fungi from the Holarctic. The Lichenologist 45: 583‒591.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and E.A. Davydov. 2000. Lichenicolous fungi and some lichens from the Russian Altai, southern
Siberia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 37: 109–118.
Zhurbenko, M. and K. Dillman. 2010. Polycoccum hymeniicola comb. nov. (Dacampiaceae) and other interesting
lichenicolous fungi from southeastern Alaska. The Bryologist 113: 260‒266.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and A.V. Gudovicheva. 2013. Zwackhiomyces echinulatus and other lichenicolous fungi from Tula
Region of Russia. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya [Mycology and phytopathology, St. Petersburg] 47: 19–20.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and A.A. Kobzeva. 2014. Lichenicolous fungi from Northwest Caucasus, Russia. Herzogia 27:
377−396.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and A.A. Kobzeva. 2016. Further contributions to the knowledge of lichenicolous fungi and
lichenicolous lichens of the Northwest Caucasus, Russia. Opuscula Philolichenum 15: 37‒55.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and T.N. Otnyukova. 2001. Lichenicolous fungi from the Sayan-Tuva Mountains, Southern Siberia,
Russia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 38: 79–84.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and V. Otte. 2012. Lichenicolous fungi from the Caucasus: New records and a first synopsis.
Herzogia 25: 235–244.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and R. Pino-Bodas. 2017. A revision of lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladonia, mainly from the
Northern Hemisphere, with a worldwide key to the known species. Opuscula Philolichenum 16: 188–266.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and R. Santesson. 1996. Lichenicolous fungi from the Russian Arctic. Herzogia 12: 147–161.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and G. Thor. 2013. Lichenochora inconspicua new to Fennoscandia. Graphis Scripta 25: 30−32.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and S.E. Vershinina. 2014. Opegrapha bryoriae sp. nov. and other lichenicolous fungi from Asian
Russia. Herzogia 27: 93−109.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and L.S. Yakovchenko. 2014. A new species, Sagediopsis vasilyevae, and other lichenicolous fungi
from Zabaikal’skii Territory of Russia, southern Siberia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 51: 121–130.
Zhurbenko, M.P. and I.S. Zhdanov. 2013. Melaspilea galligena sp. nov. and some other lichenicolous fungi from
Russia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 50: 89–99.
Zhurbenko, M.P., J. Hermansson and T.N. Pystina. 2012a. Endococcus incrassatus new to Eurasia and some other
lichenicolous fungi from the Komi Republic of Russia. Graphis Scripta 24: 36–39.
Zhurbenko, M.P., D.E. Himelbrant, E.S. Kuznetsova and I.S. Stepanchikova. 2012b. Lichenicolous fungi from the
Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. The Bryologist 115: 295−312.
Zhurbenko, M.P., A. Frisch, Y. Ohmura and G. Thor. 2015a. Lichenicolous fungi from Japan and Korea: New species,
new records and a first synopsis for Japan. Herzogia 28: 762−789.
Zhurbenko, M.P., U. Braun, B. Heuchert and A.A. Kobzeva. 2015b. New lichenicolous hyphomycetes from Eurasia.
Herzogia 28: 584–598.
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Zhurbenko, M.P., B. Heuchert and U. Braun. 2015c. Talpapellis solorinae sp. nov. and an updated key to the species of
Talpapellis and Verrucocladosporium. Phytotaxa 234: 191–194.
Zhurbenko, M.P., S.V. Chesnokov and L.A. Konoreva. 2016. Lichenicolous fungi from Kodar Range, Trans-Baikal
Territory of Russia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 53: 9‒22.
