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Second-, third- and fourth-generation quinolones

December 2020

December 2020

Authors:

Silvina Kergaravat

Universidad Nacional del Litoral

Silvia Raquel Hernandez

Universidad Nacional del Litoral

Ana María Gagneten

Universidad Nacional del Litoral

We conducted the first complete toxicological study of six quinolones, including acute, chronic, and recovery assays in Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. The assayed quinolones were ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), enrofloxacin (ENR) and marbofloxacin (MAR) of second-generation; levofloxacin (LEV) of third-generation and moxifloxacin (MOX) of fourth-generation. The obtained median lethal concentrations (LC50) for both species by acute ecotoxicity assay, ranged from 14 to 73 mg L-1 and from 3 to 23 at 48 and 72 hours, respectively; while the median effective concentration (EC50) were ranged from 4 to 28 mg L-1 in the chronic ecotoxicity assays. C. dubia surviving the chronic exposure assay were monitored in recovery assays free of quinolones. A fluorometric method was used to confirm that there was no significant loss of quinolone concentrations during the acute assays. We also used this method to show that quinolone concentrations fell below 80% of nominal after 9-11 days if exposure solutions were not renewed. This study on the ecotoxicological and chemical behavior of quinolones on two cladoceran species fills a data gap about how these emerging contaminants affect non-target aquatic organisms and how long they persist in the environment.

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