Recent Progress in Polymer-Based Building Materials

Abstract

With the development of human society, the requirements for building materials are becoming higher. The development of polymer materials and their application in the field of architecture have greatly enhanced and broadened the functions of building materials. With the development of material science and technology, many functional materials have been developed. Polymer materials have many excellent properties compared with inorganic materials, and they can also be improved to enhance functional properties by blending or adding various additives (such as flame retardants, antistatic agents, and antioxidants). In this paper, polymer-based building materials are introduced with three classes according to the applications, that is, substrates, coatings, and binders, and their recent signs of progress in the preparations and applications are carefully demonstrated.

Full text

Research Article
Recent Progress in Polymer-Based Building Materials
Jingjing Shen ,
1
Jianwei Liang,
2
Xinfeng Lin,
1
Hongjian Lin,
1
Jing Yu,
1
and Zhaogang Yang
3
1
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
2
Taizhou Urban and Rural Planning Design Institute, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
3
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Jingjing Shen; shenjingjing@tzc.edu.cn
Received 29 September 2020; Revised 6 November 2020; Accepted 19 November 2020; Published 2 December 2020
Academic Editor: Wen Shyang Chow
Copyright © 2020 Jingjing Shen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
With the development of human society, the requirements for building materials are becoming higher. The development of
polymer materials and their application in the field of architecture have greatly enhanced and broadened the functions of
building materials. With the development of material science and technology, many functional materials have been developed.
Polymer materials have many excellent properties compared with inorganic materials, and they can also be improved to
enhance functional properties by blending or adding various additives (such as flame retardants, antistatic agents, and
antioxidants). In this paper, polymer-based building materials are introduced with three classes according to the applications,
that is, substrates, coatings, and binders, and their recent signs of progress in the preparations and applications are carefully
demonstrated.
1. Introduction
The building industry plays an important role in the develop-
ment of human history. The development of the building
industry is inseparable from various building materials. Build-
ing materials can be divided into structural materials, decora-
tive materials, and some special materials. Structural materials
include wood, bamboo, stone, cement, concrete, metal, brick,
ceramics, glass, engineering plastics, and composite materials;
decorative materials include various coatings, paints, plating,
veneering, ceramic tiles of various colors, and glass with
special effects; special materials refer to waterproof, mois-
ture-proof, anticorrosion, fire-retardant, sound insulation,
heat insulation, and sealing.
With the development of material science and technology,
polymer materials exhibit application potentials in the build-
ing industry attributed to their excellent properties compared
with inorganic materials, such as waterproof, anticorrosion,
wear resistance, antiseismic, lightweight, good strength, sound
insulation, heat insulation, good electrical insulation, and
bright colors. Due to their superior properties, polymer mate-
rials have been widely used in the building industry, such as
the insulation layer of the water supply pipe, drainage pipe,
wire and cable, and wall insulation material.
Commonly used building polymers include polyethylene
(PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA), polyester resin (PR), polystyrene (PS), polypropyl-
ene (PP), phenolic resin (PF), and organic silicon resin
(OSR). By adding functional additives into these polymers or
adding these polymers into traditional building materials, such
as concrete and mortar, the polymer-based building materials
have great potential in construction engineering. In this paper,
polymer-based building materials are introduced with three
classes according to the applications, that is, substrates,
coatings, and binders, and their recent signs of progress in
the preparations and applications are carefully demonstrated.
2. Polymer Substrates
A polymer is a kind of material based on natural or synthetic
macromolecule compounds, which is plasticized and formed
under high temperature and pressure with appropriate fillers
Hindawi
International Journal of Polymer Science
Volume 2020, Article ID 8838160, 15 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8838160

and additives, and keeps the shape of products unchanged
under normal temperature and pressure [1–3]. Generally, a
polymer is composed of synthetic resin, filler, plasticizer,
curing agent, colorant, stabilizer, etc. [4, 5]. The addition of
some functional additives can make plastics have some better
performances and broader applications. For example, the
addition of foaming agents can process foam plastics and the
addition of fire retardants can process flame-retardant plastics.
They have a wide range of applications, and this section focuses
on polymer-based substrate materials including concrete,
prefabricated elements, and strengthening connectors [6–9].
2.1. Polymer Concrete. Polymer concrete is a relatively novel
high-quality material. Compared with cement concrete, it has
many advantages such as good mechanical strength, short
curing period, high adhesion, wear resistance, weather resis-
tance, waterproof, and high insulation performance [10–14].
Due to these properties, polymer concrete has widespread
construction applications compared with conventional cement
concrete, such as prefabricated walls; hydraulic structures
including dikes, reservoirs, and piers; road surfaces and decks;
and underground constructions [15–17]. Many types of poly-
mers can be used in polymer concrete including polyester,
furan, vinyl, rubber, phenol, epoxy, and acrylic resins [18–20].
Polyester polymer concrete (PPC) has been widely used
in constructions due to its advantages of fast setting and
hardening time, high mechanical strength, low permeability,
and good chemical resistance [21–25]. Seco et al. [26]
prepared PPC building products and characterized their
durability based on the damage and mechanical strength
losses after freezing and thawing. Results showed that no
surface damage existed in PPC building products after 25
cycles of freezing followed by thawing in water according to
European Standard EN 14617-5.
Epoxy resin-based polymer concrete with good strength
has excellent properties, but its cost is very high, which
restricts its wide applications [27, 28]. Compared with epoxy,
epoxy-urethane acryl [29, 30] is 100% reactive and does not
require solvent evaporation or special equipment for the
recovery of solvent, and thus, environmental pollution and
impact on the workers are minimized. Additionally, it even
has some enhanced properties such as wear resistance,
flexibility, elasticity, adsorption capacity to impact, and
resistance to the environment. Agavriloaie et al. [31] devel-
oped a new polymer concrete based on epoxy-urethane acryl
and aggregates and characterized its property through
mechanical and thermophysical tests. The epoxy-urethane
acryl concrete exhibited comparable mechanical characteris-
tics, including compressive strength, flexural strength, and
elasticity modulus, to the polyester resin concrete.
In addition to common polymers, biopolymers have also
been used to prepare polymer concrete. Biopolymers are
polymers produced by living organisms, which are usually
cheap, biodegradable, and renewable. These advantages make
them an attractive material for food and nonfood applications.
Kulshreshtha et al. [32] prepared a novel biobased concrete by
mixing sand, water, and corn starch and then heating the
mixture they formed (Figure 1). In the presence of water, the
corn starch after being heated will form a gel, which can
harden and combine with the sand grains. The strength of
the corn-based concrete (CoRncrete) is very sensitive to water
concentration and influenced by the sand size, heating
method, and time.
2.2. Prefabricated Polymer Elements. The construction indus-
try is transforming into prefabrication or modularization,
which has the advantages of fast construction, high-quality
control, less waste, and construction interruption [33, 34].
To realize this transformation, the prefabricated building or
elements are required to possess a high strength-to-weight
ratio, ease of application, and lightweight. Fiber-reinforced
polymers (FRPs) obtain all these properties and thus have
been increasingly used in the building industry. Attributed
to the excellent properties, the introduction of FRPs into pre-
fabricated buildings is beneficial to both the structural and
nonstructural components, and they have the potential to
revolutionize the prefabrication building industry and to
provide adequate housing for the booming population. The
lightweight nature of FRP eliminates the transportation and
lifting issue in prefabricated systems, as it can produce light-
weight nonstructural elements such as partitions, infill walls,
parapets, curtain walls, and facade systems [35–37]. These
FRPs also have the ability to produce excellent weather
resistance, high durability, adaptable aesthetic appeals, and
cost-effective manufacturing processes. These abilities
increase the attraction of architectures and designers to use
the FRPs in building facades.
A typical structure of FRPs is shown in Figure 2(a) [38].
FRPs have been used to replace the traditional construction
materials (i.e., steel-reinforced concrete and timber) in mod-
ern buildings. FRPs also have the potential to strengthen the
existing structural elements and reduce the amount of rein-
forcement and cementitious materials in concrete [39–42].
In recent years, some structural (i.e., walls, beams, columns,
and slabs) and nonstructural (i.e., facades and curtain walls)
elements in the buildings have been fabricated with FRPs
[43–45]. Figure 2(b) shows some examples in which FRPs
are used to construct facades of new buildings.
When used in structural applications, the strength of
FRPs will provide the load-bearing capacity of the structures
[46, 47]. The high strength-to-weight ratio, good insulation
character, and excellent electrochemical corrosion resistance
of FRPs lead them to be an alternative to the traditional steel
reinforcement concrete, especially in coastal regions [48, 49].
However, the mechanical properties of FRPs including the
elastic modulus and strength decline with the environmental
temperatures, which would lead to unusable deflection and
loss of tensile strength [50–56]. The variation of the strength
and elastic modulus of FRPs ranges from 20% to 100%, which
is associated with the type of fiber, orientation, volume
fraction of fibers, type of resin, and fillers [52].
Inaddition,thethermalconductivityofFRPsisusually
lower than that of the traditional construction materials (i.e.,
timber and concrete) [57]. The testing by Scott and Beck [58]
showed that the thermal conductivity of FRP varied linearly
from 0.77 W/mK to 0.85 W/mK. This thermal conductivity
variation is dependent on the fiber type, resin type, fiber vol-
ume fraction, fiber architecture, fillers, etc. Besides, FRPs have
2 International Journal of Polymer Science

pyrolysis behavior under fire [59]. However, there is limited
conclusive evidence available on the total behavior of FRP
structural elements under fire [60, 61]. Therefore, the fire retar-
dant is one of the significant research topics for the applications
of FRPs in buildings.
Lightweight FRPs with good thermal insulation in non-
structural elements (i.e., facade) will reduce the heat gain or
loss to the surrounding environment. The facade is often a
non-load-bearing element and designed to resist the move-
ment of the building structure. However, FRP facade systems
can potentially contribute to the fire spread of buildings and
become the most critical element in the event of fire, if the
facade system is not well designed or understood. Another
factor threatening the capability of the FRP facade system is
wind-driven fire; it might reduce the fire performance as it
can increase the ignition, fire spread, flammability, and heat
release risks [62]. The heat release of the FRP facade from a
fire can be significant and lead to a flashover or consequent
building collapse [63, 64]. Flashover action can be prevented
by using flame retardants such as organoclay in the FRP
system; for example, 5% organoclay in glass fiber-reinforced
polymer (GFRP) can help to minimize the flashover and also
horizontal flame spread [34].
The heat released from GFRP composite facade panels
has also been studied, and the heat release risk of the GFRP
composite facade is significantly less than that of the tradi-
tional polymer facade system. A study by Nguyen et al. [35]
on the GFRP facade system showed that the heat release of
the GFRP facade system meets the fire safety requirements
according to EN13501, while it does not meet the required
smoke-related safety requirements. Further, Nguyen et al.
[35] suggested that the heat release and smoke released from
GFRPs can be improved with flame retardants such as alumi-
num trihydride. The release of smoke and toxic gas from
FRPs in a fire is another concern when being used for the
exterior facade. Depending on FRPs and other components
in the facade such as polypropylene wool and combustible
sarking, dense black smoke of carbon monoxide and other
Sand
Corn starch/maizena
Fresh CoRncrete
In silicone mould
Hardened CoRncrete
Heating in microwave or
convection oven
Wat e r
Figure 1: Preparation of hardened CoRncrete by heating a mixture of sand, water, and corn starch in a microwave or a convection oven [32].
Interface
Fibre-matrix
adhesion (chemically,
physically,
mechanically)
Reinforcement bre
Absor ption and
transfer of tensile
force
Matrix
Support and sheathing
Absorption of compressive
forces, bridging of bre
brakes
(a) (b)
Figure 2: Typical structure of FRPs (a) and examples of FRP building facades (b) [38].
3International Journal of Polymer Science

toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide can emit directly to the
surroundings. This smoke release can create a toxicity hazard
and corrosive environment [65, 66].
2.3. Strengthening Elements. Polymers or FRPs also have the
application for strengthening or repairing masonry construc-
tions, especially for ancient buildings. Significant research
campaigns were carried out in the last decade to evaluating
the effectiveness of strengthening techniques based on mono-
directional FRP sheets glued on the surfaces of the walls by
means of epoxy resin. The technique permitted to obtain a
significant increase in shear capacity of existing masonry
with negligible increases of structural mass, but serious prob-
lems of delamination occur that need to be solved through
mechanical anchorages. Gattesco et al. [67] prepared a glass
fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) mesh by coating a thermo-
hardening resin onto long fibers of glass and then twisting the
resin-impregnated transversal fibers across the longitudinal
wires to form the mesh. The GFRP mesh was used to
reinforce the masonry samples strengthened with a mortar
coating covered on both surfaces of the wall. Testing experi-
ments showed that the GFRP mesh possesses an excellent
strengthening effect.
Tomazevic et al. [68] strengthened a series of stone
masonry walls with different types of polymer coatings.
One polymer coating consists of a GFRP mesh as reinforce-
ment and a fiber-reinforced cementitious mortar 15–20 mm
thick as a matrix. The other polymer coating consists of
GFRP fabric strips 30 cm wide as reinforcement and epoxy
resin as a matrix. Testing experiments were carried out in
which polymer coatings were applied on both sides of the
walls and anchored to the masonry in the corner, and there
was no significant difference in the efficiency between differ-
ent types of coatings.
Gattesco and Boem [69] demonstrated a technique in
which a mortar coating with GFRP meshes embedded is used
onto the masonry surface for strengthening. The GFRP mesh
technique (Figure 3) includes applying a thin layer of scratch
coating on the surface of a masonry wall or vault, making
some holes (diameter 25 mm), applying the GFRP mesh,
inserting an L-shaped GFRP connector into the hole, and
injecting thixotropic cementitious mortar. Further, an extra
GFRP mesh device is utilized for improving the linking of
the connector to the mortar surface. Moreover, a mortar
coating which is around 3 cm thick is used.
2.4. Others. In addition to the concrete, prefabricated struc-
tural elements, and strengthening elements, polymers have
a wide range of other applications such as plastic wallpapers,
decorative panels, plastic floors, plastic doors and windows,
pipeline sheaths, plastic films, sealants, pipes, and sanitary
facilities.
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is an optically
transparent thermoplastic with excellent weather and scratch
resistance. Nowadays, it is commonly applied in the
construction industry as a replacement of inorganic glass
attributed to its high impact strength, lightweight, and crush
resistance [70]. The tensile and impact strength of PMMA is
7-18 times higher than that of ordinary glass, and its transmit-
tance reaches 92%, which is also higher than that of glass.
Figure 4 shows some typical applications of PMMA in
construction and buildings including tunnels, sheds, and street
lamps [71].
Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) foils are widely used
in some environmental and aesthetical buildings, including
greenhouses, stadiums, and airport terminals, because ETFE
structures exhibit outstanding structural, light, thermal, and
energetic behavior compared with glass structures [72]. In
1981, ETFE foils were firstly introduced to build roofs in
Burgers’Zoo of the Netherlands. After that, ETFE foils have
obtained tremendous attention in construction engineering.
Figure 5 shows two typical buildings with ETFE foils includ-
ing the National Aquatics Center and Changzhou Flora Expo
in China [73].
3. Polymer Coatings
Building coatings are used for coating on the surface of build-
ing products and forming a continuous film, so as to protect
the building products, beautify the environment, and provide
special functions. They can be used in many parts of build-
ings, such as exterior walls, interior walls, floors, ceilings,
and roofs. Common building coatings include fire-retardant
coatings, waterproof coatings, heat insulation coatings, self-
healing coatings, sterilization coatings, icephobic coatings,
and anticorrosive coatings.
3.1. Fire-Retardant Coatings. Fire is a serious threat to
humans and the buildings they construct. Many new
methods and materials have been developed to prevent the
impact of fire on them. At present, more and more attention
has been paid to the fire-retardant design of buildings.
Passive fire retardancy of high-rise buildings is a serious
problem because of the use of load-bearing steel structures
and has attracted more and more attention after the collapse
of the World Trade Center. Traditional passive fire-retardant
materials include concrete cover, gypsum board, and
cement-based coating. These materials have poor aesthetics.
Fire-retardant coatings have been developed to prevent fire
threats to people, which can simultaneously provide good
aesthetics. They can enhance the fire resistance of buildings
and slow down the spread of flame, thereby providing time
for extinguishing the fire. Common fire-retardant coatings
could be divided into nonintumescent coatings and intumes-
cent coatings. The nonintumescent coatings usually contain
polymer synthetic resin doped with incombustible substances,
such as halogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen, as the main mem-
brane materials. The intumescentcoatingsusuallyconsistof
the incombustible resin, flame retardant, carbon-forming
agent, and foaming agent.
3.1.1. Nonintumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings. Shao et al.
[74] successfully prepared an effective fire-retardant coating
using phenolic epoxy resin (PER), ammonium polypho-
sphate (APP), and tannic acid-functionalized graphene
(TGE) and tested its fire retardancy and heat insulation by
coating it on the surface of the EPS foam plate (EPS/ATG).
This fire-retardant coating is equivalent to the shielding of
4 International Journal of Polymer Science

the polystyrene foam plate. The PER/APP/TGE fire-
retardant coating prepared at the ratio of 20 : 20 : 0.65 exhibits
excellent fire retardancy. The experimental results of the cone
calorimeter indicated that the peak heat release rate of the
EPS/ATG20 foam plate was reduced by 53.8% and the
ignition time was 75.7 times longer compared with the EPS
foam plate. The thermal conductivity of the EPS/ATG20
foam plate enhanced to 0.053 W/mK, 0.048 W/mK higher
than that of the EPS foam plate. The PER/APP/TGE coating
endowed the EPS/ATG foam plate not only with excellent
fire retardancy but also with good heat insulation.
Melamine and melamine resins are a series of high-
performance fire retardants for polymer building materials
because of blowing within intumescent layers, char forming,
and release of ammonia and nitrogen. Cured melamine
systems are utilized in heat-sensitive objects, such as furniture,
window frames, and sills. Farag et al. [75] used differently cured
methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (cmPMF) resins
as fire-retardant coverings for poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(eth-
ylene) (PE) building materials.
This type of polymer coatings, which are made by dip
coating, should be several tenths of a micron thick to afford
adequate fire retardancy. To ensure adequate adhesion
between the thick coating and the polyolefin matrix, and in
the case of high temperatures during fire exposure, the
plasma polymer layer with hundreds of nanometers thick
was first coated on the polymer substrate. The thin plasma
polymer layer was prepared by low-pressure plasma poly-
merization of allyl alcohol. The thick coating of the melamine
prepolymer and curing melamine resin with the thin plasma
polymer layer as an adhesion promoter led to positive effects
on fire retardancy of polystyrene and polyethylene.
3.1.2. Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings. The intumescent
fire-retardant coating is a new type of passive fire-retardant
coating, which is usually used in the form of film. It expands
many times than the original thickness to form insulating
carbon, which provides a barrier between the fire and the
structure. It can prevent the temperature of steel parts from
increasing to the critical point and help to maintain the integ-
rity of the structure in case of fire. Because of the properties of
beauty, flexibility, fast use, easy inspection, and maintenance,
the intumescent fire-retardant coating is the first choice for
architects and designers to passive fire protection of load-
bearing steel frame structure.
The organic intumescent coating has a good-quality
finish and could be a topcoat if exposed outdoor. However,
it forms a fluffy char sometimes after exposure to fire, which
may fall offat high wind speed. In general, the organic
intumescent coating is based on an acid catalyst, a char
former, and a blowing agent in solvent-borne or waterborne
binders. Compared with alkali silicate coatings, this kind of
coatings has better weather stability and water resistance.
People favor passive fire protection of steel frames because
they provide finishes that do not affect the appearance of
exposed steel structures as cement coatings do. Nowadays,
the organic intumescent coating has been widely used in
modern airports, skyscrapers, sport or shopping centers,
hotels, and other places, enabling architects to use steel creat-
ing and designing elements [76, 77].
Xu et al. [78] prepared three intumescent fire-retardant
coatings, such as acrylic resin/expandable graphite (EG),
alkyd resin/EG, and epoxy resin/EG, and tested their fire-
retardant property by coating them on shape-stabilized phase
change materials. Results showed that all the three fire-
retardant coatings can form thick porous char layers when
exposed to fire and thus delay the evaporation of paraffin,
trap the generated combustibles, hinder the conduction of
heat into the matrix, and prevent the diffusion of oxygen.
3.2. Waterproof Coatings. Waterproofing is a common and
serious issue to ensure the normal use of building elements,
such as concrete bridge decks or roofs [79]. Orthotropic bitu-
minous membranes modified with the styrene-butadiene-
styrene (SBS) copolymer and atactic polypropylene polymer
are most widely applied in these building elements [80].
The processing and material properties of the polymer-
modified bitumen membranes (PBMs) determine the
functionality and bond strength with concrete, which directly
influences the service life of buildings. In general, PBMs
Masonry
Mortar coating
Scratch coat
GFRP mesh
𝛷 25 mm hole
GFRP device
GFRP connector
(a)
GFRP mesh GFRP “L”-shape connector
Injected hole
Mortar coating
Masonry vault
(b)
Figure 3: Schematic of the GFRP mortar coating system used (a) on two sides of a masonry wall or (b) at a vault extrados [69].
5International Journal of Polymer Science

consist of one or two reinforcing carrier layers and two
polymer-bitumen sealing materials that are coated on two
sides of the carrier layers. The polymer-bitumen sealing
material is a mixture of bitumen, mineral fillers, and
polymers. Almost all the polymers in the polymer-bitumen
sealing material are modified with an elastomer or plastomer,
in which the elastomer is usually the styrene-butadiene-
styrene (SBS) copolymer and the plastomer is usually the
atactic polypropylene polymer. When used in bridge decks,
the nominal standard thickness of a waterproofing PBM is
5 mm. PBM is usually connected to the concret e surface with
epoxy resin as a bonding agent by thermal welding using a
flame or hot air.
In addition to the waterproofing of concrete bridge decks
or roofs, many other building elements, including walls,
facades, and cultural heritage sites, also require waterproof-
ing. Water penetration in these building elements seriously
impacts their durability. A common approach to protect
these building elements is to use waterproof coatings to
prevent the transport of water into the interior [81, 82]. In
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Figure 4: Applications of PMMA in construction and buildings. (a) Stadium for the 20th Olympic Games in Munich, Germany. (b) PMMA
sun board shed. (c) Cylindrical PMMA stairs. (d) PMMA pyramid of light shade roof skylight glass. (e) Cylindrical PMMA component [71].
6 International Journal of Polymer Science

addition, the application of waterproof coatings has many
other properties, such as stain resistance, anti-biofouling,
antisticking, anticorrosion, and self-cleaning [83–85]. The
most effective and inexpensive method to prepare coatings
containing these properties is the application of polymer
materials fabricated with various monomers, such as acrylic,
fluorinated, and silicon-based materials [86, 87].
Building a hydrophobic surface is a useful method for
waterproof coatings [88–90]. Low surface energy and micro-
or nanostructure of the surface are the key to the hydrophobic
surface [91–93]. In the past, the polymer matrix incorporated
or in situ formed with inorganic nanoparticles has been largely
investigated to develop nanostructures and promote water-
borne coatings [94]. The addition of inorganic nanoparticles
can improve the waterproofing, mechanical, thermal, electri-
cal, optical, or adhesive properties of the polymeric matrix,
as well as some other functional properties [95–99].
Among the numerous inorganic nanoparticles used in
polymer coatings, nanosilica is the most widely investigated
to improve the mechanical strength, modulus, and thermal
stability, as well as to enhance the water resistance of water-
borne polymer coatings [100–105]. Huang et al. [106] used
cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a framework material to
prepare a necklace-like CNC/SiO
2
nanostructure (referred
to as the CNC/SiO
2
rod) via in situ growth of SiO
2
as building
blocks of superhydrophobic coatings (Figure 6). The
CNC/SiO
2
rods were sprayed onto the substrates which were
pretreated with adhesives, and then the CNC/SiO
2
superhy-
drophobic coatings were obtained after drying. The prepared
coatings show extremely high mechanical strength under
serious conditions and perform well in hydrophobicity.
Cao et al. [107] synthesized a partially fluorinated
oligoadipamide (FAD) bearing pendant PFPE segments
together with two diamides, i.e., ethylenediamide (DC2)
and hexamethylenediamide (DC6), incorporating perfluoro-
polyether (PFPE) segments by condensation reactions. Using
a commercial fluoroelastomer as the control, FAD displayed
much better water repellence in Kerala marble samples and a
similar hydrophobic effect in Lecce stone samples. Therefore,
this novel oligomeric product has good potential in the
protection of stone heritage.
For protecting historic buildings from graffiti writings,
Lettieri et al. [108] developed a nanofilled coating based on
fluorine resin with SiO
2
nanoparticles and applied two prod-
ucts with the developed coatings on porous calcareous stones
to investigate their antigraffiti ability. The developed coatings
showed high hydrophobicity and oleophobicity, which
totally meets the requirements for antigraffiti systems.
Except for hydrophobic coatings, there is another type of
coating, namely, waterborne coating, which can prevent
water transportation and is widely used in tunnel engineering
and building basements. Magnesium acrylate (CA-Mg
2
)
shot-membrane waterproofing materials are a type of hydro-
gel, which are commonly used in waterproof layers. Pan et al.
[109] added the CA-Mg
2
monomer into a poly(vinyl alcohol)
(PVA) solution which was subjected to freezing/thawing
treatment and obtained a CA-Mg
2
/PVA interpenetrating
polymer network (IPN) hydrogel. The novel IPN hydrogel
contains a CA-Mg
2
network generated by Mg
2+
coordination
bonds and a PVA network provided by hydrogen bonding
between hydroxyl groups. Then, they prepared a new shot-
membrane waterproofing material based on the IPN hydro-
gel, which could reach fracture stress of 1.44 MPa and self-
healing efficiency of 80% at 3 h.
Sbardella et al. [110] developed novel hybrid waterborne
coatings using an acrylate copolymer with SiO
2
nanoparticles
and characterized them using atomic force microscopy
(AFM). The addition of nanosilica created a nanoscale-
structured surface and thus increased surface roughness,
thereby increasing the water contact angle and creating a
surface with good balance between hydrophilicity and
hydrophobicity.
3.3. Others. Besides the fire-retardant coatings and water-
proof coatings, there are many other functional coatings,
such as heat insulation coatings [111–114], self-healing
coatings [115, 116], sterilization coatings [117], icephobic
coatings [118], and anticorrosive coatings [119], which are
also indispensable in construction engineering.
Junior et al. [112] developed a heat-insulated polymer
composite using thermoplastic starch (TPS), maleate poly-
ethylene (PE-g-MA), and curaua fiber. The thermal capacity
National Aquatics Center
(a)
Changzhou Flora EXPO
(b)
Figure 5: Typical ETFE structures. (a) National Aquatics Center. (b) Changzhou Flora Expo [73].
7International Journal of Polymer Science

or specific heat capacity of the composite is proportional to
the amount of curaua fiber. The manufactured composites
have good potential to produce heat insulation coatings for
construction engineering.
Nejad et al. [120] prepared a self-healing coating by
infiltrating the electrospun fiber of polycaprolactone with a
shape memory epoxy resin matrix by blending and
polymerization-induced phase separation. After the controlla-
ble damage was applied, the self-healing ability of the coating
was studied. The self-healing coating showed excellent
thermal crack closure and corrosion resistance. Due to its
simple process, the hybrid method is more suitable for large-
scale applications.
Additionally, the application of polymer coatings is accom-
panied by pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Common VOCs include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene. Martinez et al. [121] developed photocatalytic coatings
for building materials using TiO
2
nanoparticles incorporated in
a polymer matrix-based coating. The photocatalytic coating is
suitable in applications to degrade benzene, toluene, ethylben-
zene, and o-m-p-xylenes.
4. Polymer Binders
4.1. Mortar Binders. Mortars are a series of materials that fix
ceramic tiles on different substrates, mainly concrete.
Cement is usually the most widely used binder material in
mortars for bonding. With the development of polymer
science and technology, many polymers were used to modify
the cement or mortar to improve their properties. Polymers
play an important role in reducing stiffness and conferring
flexibility on adhesive mortars. The greater the polymer/ce-
ment ratio, the less stiffand more flexible will be the adhesive
mortar. In addition, polymer performance is strongly
influenced by the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg)
and by the emulsifier used to produce the commercial poly-
mer. Generally, the lower the Tg, the lower the Young’s
modulus of the mortar. Besides, the addition of polymers
provides many other properties, such as workability, water
retention, mechanical properties, bond strength, flexibility,
and hydrophobicity [122, 123].
So far, the microstructure, polymer cement matrix inter-
action, hydration evolution, film-forming process, and
mechanical performance of the polymer-modified mortars
have been widely studied [124–126]. For example, Maranhao
and John [127] evaluated the parameters of four commercial
polymer-modified mortars in typical outdoor and indoor
conditions, including mortar flexibility and bond strength
with ceramic tiles. They found that the mortars have higher
flexibility and bond strength in the indoor environment than
in the outdoor environment.
Methylcellulose is an important constituent of adhesives
and a widely used polymer for mortar modification. Pich-
niarczyk and Niziurska [128] carried out laboratory experi-
ments on the effect of methylcellulose aqueous solution on
the physical performance and microstructure of cement-
based ceramic tile adhesives. Results of the study using the
mortars with the addition of methylcellulose of various
viscosities are displayed in Figure 7. The results showed that
the addition of methylcellulose in mortars greatly increases
initial adhesion and prolongs open time. Besides, the higher
viscosity of methylcellulose in adhesives allows obtaining a
lower slip compared with lower viscosity.
Except for conventional polymer binders, biopolymers
are developed as an alternative binder for soil strengthening.
The biopolymer binder, as a self-sufficient local construction
binder, has high potential when the use of ordinary cement is
limited. Chang et al. [129] developed a microbial biopolymer
and used it as an alternative binder for the construction of
soil buildings. Research studies for testing the relative
strength of biopolymer-mixed soils have revealed that even
a little of biopolymers mixed with soil has a stronger
CompositeReplacement Modication
CNC aqueous
suspension
CNC ethanol
suspension
CNC/SiO2 rod
ethanol suspension
TEOS
Spray adhesive
Sprayed or
smeared
Dried at RT
Substrate
Hydrophobic CNC/SiO2 ro
d
ethanol suspension
Figure 6: Schematic of preparing CNC/SiO
2
superhydrophobic coatings [106].
8 International Journal of Polymer Science

unconfined compression strength than soil mixed with a
large amount of cement.
4.2. Asphalt Binders. Asphalt binders have been used as
building materials for a long time [130]. The global
consumption of asphalt binders exceeds more than 100 mil-
lion tons attributed to their application in various areas [131,
132]. The development in the pavement industry, such as
heavy axle design, improvement of the traffic level, heavy
truckload, and environmental needs, demanded improve-
ment of asphalt binders [133–135]. In order to adapt to the
development of the pavement and construction field, people
are using sustainable development technology and different
types of additives and modifiers to modify the asphalt binder
to improve its performance [136–141].
In recent decades, polymer modification has been used
more and more in improving the high-temperature
performance of asphalt pavement without reducing its low-
temperature performance [142]. However, polymer-modified
asphalt may become unstable when stored at high tempera-
tures for a long time, which will lead to degradation during
production, transportation, and construction [143–146]. Chen
et al. [147] modified asphalts with styrene-butadiene-styrene
(SBS) and investigated the polymer concentration effect on
the economy and performance of heavily trafficked highways.
The results showed that the formation of SBS-modified
cementitious materials is affected by storage temperature and
polymer content. The formation of an interlocking continuous
network can improve the rheological properties of polymer-
modified asphalts (PMAs). There are dramatic differences in
rutting resistance and cracking resistance between highly
modified asphalt mixture and normal asphalt mixture.
Figure 8 shows the rut depth results with different amounts
of SBS.
In recent years, the use of renewable resources derived
materials (RRDM) to replace and modify asphalt binders
[148–152] is also a bright spot. The vegetable- and plant-
derived materials have been developed as RRDM to modify
asphalt binders [153–157]. Many types of RRDM, such as
biochar, rice husk, palm fruit ash, and soybean flour, have
been explored successfully. Tarar et al. [158] evaluated the
influence of sunflower flour (SF) on rheological aspects of
asphalt binders to explore whether the sunflower flour could
be used as pavement and building material. Compared with
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 7: Surface of tiles from the installation site after detachment. From left: initial adhesion, open time 10 min, 20 min, and 30 min.
Adhesives: (a) without methylcellulose, (b) with methylcellulose of 11–18 Pa s viscosity, (c) with methylcellulose of 35–45 Pa s viscosity,
and (d) with methylcellulose of 65–75 Pa s viscosity [128].
9International Journal of Polymer Science

the unmodified adhesive, SF-modified adhesive showed higher
stability at higher temperatures. The complex modulus of SF-
modified asphalt cementitious materials is linear with the
phase angle, which proves the stability of SF and all asphalt
binders. In addition, the shear strain resistance of SF-
modified cementitious materials was improved. Therefore,
the SF-modified asphalt binder is a new compound which
can improve the rutting performance and high-temperature
performance of asphalt binders.
5. Summary
Polymer-based building materials have been widely used in
construction engineering in recent years. By adding func-
tional additives into these polymers or adding these polymers
into traditional building materials, such as concrete and
mortars, the polymer-based building materials have great
advantages compared with conventional building materials.
In this paper, the applications of polymer-based building
materials are introduced with three classes, that is, substrates,
coatings, and binders, and their recent signs of progress in
the preparations and applications are carefully demonstrated.
The addition of polymers allows the concrete to obtain
good mechanical strength, short curing duration, good
adhesion properties, resistance to abrasion and weathering,
waterproofness, and excellent insulation properties. The
introduction of FRPs into prefabricated buildings is benefi-
cial to both the structural and nonstructural components,
and they have the potential to revolutionize the prefabrica-
tion building industry and to provide adequate housing for
the booming population. Except for the concrete and prefab-
ricated elements in the fields of substrates of buildings,
polymer-based materials can also be used to strengthen walls
or beautify the appearance of walls.
Polymer-based building coatings have been widely used
for protecting the building products, beautifying the appear-
ance, and providing special functions, such as fire-retardant
coatings, waterproof coatings, heat insulation coatings, self-
healing coatings, sterilization coatings, icephobic coatings,
and anticorrosive coatings. Besides, the application of
polymer binders would efficiently enhance the bonding
performance of mortar or cement. In some regions, polymer
binders could even completely replace cement with litter
performance reduction. Therefore, polymer-based building
materials would have more and more wide applications in con-
struction engineering.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are
included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors’Contributions
All the authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project of
the Department of Education of Zhejiang Province
(Y201941709) (J.S.).
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