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Amended description of the rarely reported bryophilous ascomycete Octospora svrcekii (Pyronemataceae) with notes on the phylogeny of the section Wrightoideae
Abstract
The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora svrcekii, belonging to the section Wrightoideae, has so far been reported from only three localities in the world. New collections from Albania, Austria, Croatia, France, Slovakia and Spain have enabled a better understanding of its variability, ecology, distribution and phylogenetic relationships with other taxa within the section Wrightoideae. Octospora svrcekii was always found associated with Cratoneuron filicinum growing in constantly humid habitats (brooks, rivers or waterfalls), on calcareous bedrock. A species description based on both living and dead material is provided and compared with previous observations. A phylogenetic analysis of the section Wrightoideae, performed using the EF1α, SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA loci, revealed that Octospora svrcekii forms a monophyletic group with O. wrightii, O. erzbergeri, O. hygrohypnophila and O. americana, all of which are characterised by subglobose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores ornamented with isolated warts, and infect mosses in the order Hypnales, inducing galls on their rhizoids. Based on the molecular analysis, O. orthotrichi and O. affinis, formerly also considered as members of the section Wrightoideae, do not belong to the group.
... The induction of rhizoid galls has been observed in several other species of Octospora s.l., especially in the section (Itzerott 1983a; the identity of this species is unclear at the moment), O. meslinii (Le Gal) Svrček et Kubička (Itzerott et Döbbeler 1982, Németh et al. 2022, O. pseudoampezzana (Svrček) Caillet et Moyne (Sochorová et al. 2020, Németh et al. 2022 comm.). All the above-mentioned species induce spherical galls more or less completely covered by hyphae and therefore similar to those in O. pulchrispora. ...
... J. Moravec (Itzerott 1983b). Galls partly covered by hyphae can be occasionally also observed in O. phagospora (Flageolet et Lorton) Dennis et Itzerott (Sochorová et al. 2020). Gall formation has probably evolved several times independently because the above-mentioned species of bryoparasitic Pezizales are scattered in the phylogenetic tree of this group. ...
Octospora pulchrispora (Pezizales)-a new bryophilous species on Cynodontium polycarpon.-Czech Mycol. 76(1): 45-62. Octospora pulchrispora Sochorová et Eckstein is described as a new species based on finds from the Czech Republic. It features a remarkable ascospore ornamentation formed by low, branching, cyanophilous ridges. It parasitises the acrocarpous moss Cynodontium polycarpon (Rhabdoweisiaceae) and induces galls on the rhizoids. In the phylogenetic analysis based on the LSU, SSU and EF1a loci, O. pulchrispora formed a highly supported clade with Octospora gyalectoides agg., O. leucoloma, O. gemmicola, O. axillaris, O. excipulata, O. bridei and two undescribed Octospora species.: Octospora pulchrispora (Pezizales)-nový bryofilní druh na Cynodontium polycarpon.-Czech Mycol. 76(1): 45-62. Octospora pulchrispora Sochorová et Eckstein (zemnička krásnovýtrusá) je popsána jako nový druh pro vědu podle nálezů z České republiky. Vyznačuje se zajímavou ornamentikou výtrusů, která je tvořena nízkými, větvenými, cyanofilními hřebínky. Parazituje na akrokarpním mechu psízubci mno-hoplodém-Cynodontium polycarpon (Rhabdoweisiaceae), na jehož rhizoidech indukuje tvorbu hálek. Ve fylogenetické analýze založené na lokusech LSU, SSU a EF1a tvořila O. pulchrispora silně podpořený klad s Octospora gyalectoides agg., O. leucoloma, O. gemmicola, O. axillaris, O. exci-pulata, O. bridei a dvěma nepoposanými druhy rodu Octospora.
... Today, the fungus is better known from Europe, where it is regionally common. It seems to be restricted to Orthotrichum diaphanum Brid., where it infects the rhizoids by haustoria inducing spherical galls (Senn-Irlet 1988, Benkert 1998, Sochorová et al. 2020. ...
... grows on Lewinskya affinis. This species also attacks the rhizoids but does not cause galls (Benkert & Krieglsteiner 2006, Krieglsteiner 2006, Chaillet & Moyne 2013, Egertová et al. 2015, Sochorová et al. 2020. The introduction of the new species O. affinis was complemented by an ecological and distributional study based on more than 100 records, mainly from southern Germany. ...
The ascomycete Belonium coroniforme Rehm (Helotiales) forms both orange apothecia and apothecia-like conidiomata (sporodochia) on corticolous moss species of the genera Lewinskya, Orthotrichum and Ulota (Orthotrichales), as well as Leucodon (Hypnales). Both the apothecia and the sporodochia are restricted to the female shoot apices (perichaetia), producing a compact mycelial wedge within the host stems. The fungal morphs can occur together or separately on shoot apices of the same or different plants. Infection prevents the normal development of sporophytes, which means that capsules with mature spores are not produced, thus reducing the host’s fertility. In contrast, except for the infected shoot apices, the gametophytic plants retain their green healthy appearance and continue to grow by subapical innovation. Belonium coroniforme is sporadically documented in Europe and also occurs in Nepal and Tunisia. Apart from having a hyphomycetous anamorph, it is characterized by a clear preference for orthotrichalean mosses and by occupying a distinct microniche. This high specialization has never been observed in muscicolous apothecial ascomycetes before. Sequence data from eight different collections taken from five different host species did not reveal any variation within the ITS1, ITS2 and LSU region of the rDNA, with inconclusive generic placement. Isolation attempts of the fungus from infected moss parts and ascospore germination experiments were not successful on standard
malt-extract agar medium, strongly suggesting an obligate biotrophic lifestyle. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive description of B. coroniforme and its host-parasite relationship as well as to provide initial genetic resources for the species.
... Specimens used in the analysis and their GenBank accession numbers are listed in Table 1, with newly obtained sequences in bold letters. Newly obtained sequences of LSU, SSU, ITS and EF1-α were used together with other sequences of bryophilous Pezizales from previous studies (Stenroos et al. 2010, Lindemann et al. 2014, Vega et al. 2017, Egertová et al. 2018a, Egertová et al. 2018b, Vega et al. 2019, Sochorová et al. 2020, Vega et al. 2021b, Eckstein et al. 2022, Janošík et al. 2023, as well as Otidea concinna (Pers.) Sacc. ...
Octospora entosthodontophila, a new smooth-spored bryophilous ascomycete on Entosthodon spp., is described and illustrated based on several collections from Hungary and Spain. The new species infects various species of the terricolous
moss genus Entosthodon (Funariaceae). It is one of the first bryoparasitic Pezizales where molecular data confirmed the broader host spectrum. The newly described species is characterized by orange apothecia with a conspicuous membranaceous slightly fimbriate margin, narrowly ellipsoid to subfusiform smooth ascospores with two large and several small lipid bodies. A comparison with similar Octospora species and taxa infecting other members of the moss family Funariaceae is also provided. A phylogenetic analysis using ITS, LSU, SSU, and EF1-α sequences revealed that O. entosthodontophila forms a monophyletic group with O. excipulata, a taxon also infecting various members of the Funariaceae.
... h Paraphyses (EF). Scale bar: a = 30 μm; b, c, e, f, g = 10 μm; d, h = 20 μm Octospora species that grow on pleurocarpic mosses are classified by Benkert (1998) in the section Wrightoideae, all of which induce gall formation on rhizoids of the host moss, except O. affinis (Sochorová et al. 2020). Octospora hygrohypnophila has larger ascospores than our new species, measuring 13.7-15 × 11-12.5 μm, ornamentation consisting of isolated warts up 1 μm high. ...
Octospora tucumanensis, a new bryophilous ascomycete infecting rhizoids of the pleurocarpous moss Dimerodontium balansae (Fabroniaceae), is described and illustrated based on collections from Argentina. The new species has a unique set of morphological characters and is phylogenetically supported. Morphologically, O. tucumanensis is characterized by the globose to subglobose ascospores ornamented with warts of variable size and shape. Differences from other morphologically similar species of Octospora are discussed.
... Octospora erzbergeri Benkert, which also has hairy apothecia, belongs to the group around Octospora wrightii (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) J.Moravec, the so-called section Wrightoideae(Sochorová et al. 2020). Species of Octospora conidiophora agg. ...
Sochorová, Z., Vega, M., Hernanz, J., Eckstein, J. & Sochor, M. 2023. Lamprospora aberrans sp. nov. (Pezizales) – die erste Art der Gattung Lamprospora mit behaarten Apothecien. – Herzogia 36: 206 –221. Lamprospora aberrans wird als neue Art mit Aufsammlungen aus Spanien (Stadt Madrid und Mallorca) und Kroatien (Nationalpark Paklenica) beschrieben. Die Art ist durch die folgende Merkmalskombination einmalig: globose Ascosporen mit einem Ornament aus gebogenen Leisten sowie das Vorkommen von starren, dickwandigen, hyalinen Haaren – das letzte Merkmal ist in der Gattung Lamprospora bisher unbekannt. Es handelt sich um die erste Art bryophiler Pezizales, die Moose aus der Gattung Gymnostomum (Pottiaceae, Pottiales) befällt. Eine Bayes-Analyse der LSU, SSU und EF1-α Sequenzen zeigt L. aberrans in einer statistisch gut begründeten Gruppe zusammen mit L. cailletii, L. tuberculatella agg., L. benkertii und L. paechnatzii. Der Wert von Haaren in der Taxonomie bryophiler Pezizales wird diskutiert.
... All these species are closely associated with bryophytes and are usually treated as their biotrophic parasites (e.g., Benkert, 1995;Davey and Currah, 2006). Recent molecular studies have shown that bryophilous Pezizales are highly host specific and are mostly connected to a single or few closely related bryophyte species (Egertová et al., 2018;Vega et al., 2019Vega et al., , 2021Sochorová et al., 2020;Eckstein et al., 2022). Interestingly, some species are connected exclusively to rhizoids, while others prefer the leaves or stems of their host. ...
Fungal spores are morphologically highly diverse and are therefore frequently used as diagnostic characters in taxonomy. However, the connection between spore morphology and fungal ecology remains poorly understood. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, we investigated the putative relationships between four ascospore traits and the dominant place of infection, host ecology, and host taxonomic placement in 123 species of biotrophic parasites of bryophytes. Ascospore shape, ornamentation height and relative lipid content are significantly correlated in bryophilous Pezizales. Species attached by their hyphae to bryophyte rhizoids have more globose ascospores with higher ornamentation and relative lipid content than species attached to aboveground organs. Furthermore, some ascospore traits are significantly associated with host lifespan, habitat preferences, and taxonomic placement of their host bryophytes. Our results suggest that the ascospore morphology in this fungal group is closely linked to its ecology and several of the detected relationships point to the existence of distinct dispersal strategies.
... Nyholm. These six species form a monophyletic clade within the bryophilous Pezizales described as section Wrightoideae (Benkert 1998, Sochorová et al. 2020, whereas the affiliation of O. texensis to this section remains to be proven. Members of the section Wrightoideae are delineated by '1) the growth on mosses in the order Hypnales, 2) formation of rhizoid galls and 3) globose, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid ascospores ornamented with isolated warts' (Sochorová et al. 2020: 14). ...
Eckstein, J., Sochorová, Z. & Janošík, L. 2021. Octospora oscarii spec. nov. (Pezizales), a bryophilous ascomycete on the pleurocarpous moss Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans (Hypnales). – Herzogia 34: 286 –298. The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora oscarii is described as a new species based on collections from Central Germany and the Czech Republic. It grows on the pleurocarpous moss Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans and is characterised by smooth ascospores and an infection on the rhizoids of its host. This is the first account of P. elegans as a host of bryophilous ascomycetes. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated LSU, SSU and EF1-α gene sequences showed that the studied collections of this species form a well-supported monophyletic lineage differing from all previously studied species of bryophilous Pezizales. Macroscopic and microscopic features of the new species are illustrated by colour photographs and drawings, and are compared to those of the other species of bryophilous Pezizales similarly growing on pleurocarpous mosses.
New records of bryoparasitic fungi from Styria are discussed and partly illustrated
by macro- and microscopic photographs, and their host bryophytes are given.
The following species are reported: Arrhenia lobata, Bryocentria brongniartii, B. metzgeriae, Bryoscyphus rhytidiadelphi, Lamprospora benkertii, L. dicranellae, L. esterlechnerae, L. retispora, L. sylvatica, L. tortulae-ruralis, L. tuberculatella, Mniaecia albida, M. jungermanniae, Neottiella ricciae, Octospora affinis, O. bicarpa, O. erzbergeri, O. guestfaliensis, O. gyalectoides agg., O. hygrohypnophila, O. leucoloma var. leucoloma, O. lilacina, O. mnii, O. musci-muralis var. neglecta, O. phagospora, Octosporella erythrostigma, O. jungermanniarum and O. ornithocephala. Three new host bryophytes are given: Lewinskya speciosa for O. affinis, Schistidium trichodon for O. musci-muralis var. neglecta and Syntrichia norvegica for L. retispora. 15 taxa are reported for the first time for Austria and two taxa are reported for the first time for Styria. Octospora guestfaliensis and O. mnii were so far only known from their type localities.
Bryophilous Pezizales of the genera Lamprospora, Octospora and Octosporella new to Sweden. Fourteen bryophilous species in the order Pezizales (Ascomycota) are reported new to Sweden. Five varieties not previously known from Sweden are also included. Short notes are given along with macro-and microphotos. The following species and varieties are reported new to Sweden: Lamprospora feurichiana, L. kristiansenii, L. miniata var. parvispora, L. miniata var. ratisbonensis, L. retispora, O. bicarpa, O. bryi-argentei, O. coccinea var. tetraspora, O. crosslandii, O. erzbergeri, O. gemmicola, O. gyalectoides, O. leucoloma var. tetraspora, O. meslinii, O. musci-muralis var. neglecta, O. pseudoampezzana, O. rubens, O. rustica and Octosporella erythrostigma.
This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE
Europe and adjacent regions: red algae Sheathia confusa, parasitic fungus Anthracoidea caryophylleae, mycorrhizal fugus Hydnellum caeruleum, bryoparasitic fungus Octospora erzbergeri, liverwort Cephaloziella baumgartneri, mosses Hamatocaulis vernicosus, Streblotrichum convolutum var. commutatum and Ulota crispula, monocots Ophrys bertolonii subsp. bertolonii, Ophrys scolopax subsp. cornuta and Spiranthes spiralis and dicots Androsace hedraeantha, Hieracium mrazii, Ramonda nathaliae and Triglochin palustris are given within SE Europe and adjacent regions.
Two species of the hepaticolous genus Octosporella (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales) have
been recorded from southern Australia on host species that are hitherto unknown as substrates for
ascomycetes. Octosporella australis sp. nov. is characterized by large setose ascomata, 3- or
4-spored asci, large ellipsoidal ascospores, 36–65 × 10–15 μm, with unthickened spore walls at cell
poles and occurring on the terrestrial liverwort Lethocolea pansa (Jungermanniales). Three collections were gathered on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, on seasonally flooded riverbanks. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSU, SSU and EF1-α sequences showed that the collections of this new
species form a well-supported monophyletic group and clearly differ from all other species of
Octosporella. The second species was assigned to O. jungermanniarum agg. which is widely distributed in Europe on several unrelated liverworts. The Australian collection deviates in its somewhat narrower ascospores, but molecular analyses placed the studied specimen among European
collections of O. jungermanniarum from various host species. This species infects the liverwort
Lophocolea semiteres (Jungermanniales) and was recorded on the Fleurieu Peninsula on mossy
rocks. Apart from a single collection of O. nematospora from New Zealand, these Australian collections are the only records of Octosporella species for the whole Southern Hemisphere. Both
species have multinucleate ascospores and O. australis, with predominantly 8-nucleate ascospores,
has the highest known number of nuclei in ascospores among all studied species of octosporaceous
fungi and the whole family Pyronemataceae.
The full PDF can be downloaded here: http://www.czechmycology.org/_cmo/CM74101.pdf
The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora meslinii is a rarely reported species growing exclusively in cushions of the saxicolous moss Grimmia pulvinata. The taxon has been misunderstood in the past and hitherto reliably only reported from France and Germany. Many recent collections from Hungary have made it possible to get a better understanding of O. meslinii, which is comprehensively described and illustrated in this paper. Because of the lack of original material, we designate an illustration in the protologue as the lectotype and one of the recent collections as the epitype of this fungus. Octospora meslinii is compared with other species of Octospora growing in the same type of habitat or having similar ascospores. The most closely related
species to O. meslinii is O. pseudoampezzana. Both share apothecia with blackish pigmentation, a unique feature compared to bryophilous Pezizales as a whole, ellipsoid ascospores ornamented with isolated warts, moss hosts in the family Grimmiaceae, and the infection inducing galls on the rhizoids. A phylogenetic analysis using the EF1a, LSU and SSU rDNA loci confirms our morphological findings showing that O. meslinii forms a monophyletic clade with O. pseudoampezzana, whereas other species with which O. meslinii was confused in the past, e.g. O. similis, are related only distantly.
Lamprospora angularis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from finds in four different Tenerifan localities. The new species is characterised by a combination of the following features: orange to reddish-orange apothecia with a conspicuous fimbriate to shaggy margin, globose ascospores with distinctive regular areolate ornamentation, and infection of the rhizoids of its bryophyte host Campylopus pilifer. Phylogenetic analysis of SSu, LSu and EF1-α gene sequences show that the studied collections of this species form a well-supported monophyletic clade and clearly differ from all other sequenced species of bryophilous Pezizales. Comparisons have been made with similar members of Lamprospora that infect species of Campylopus, namely L. australis, L. campylopodis and L. verrucispora.
Lamprospora bulbiformis M.Vega & Janošík, sp. nov., L. gibbosa M.Vega & Janošík, sp. nov. and L. thelespora Martínez-Gil, M.Vega & E.Rubio, sp. nov. are described and illustrated based on live collections from Cyprus, France, Portugal and Spain. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated LSU, SSU and EF1-α gene sequences show the studied collections of the three species form well supported monophyletic clades. Lamprospora bulbiformis sp. nov. infects Fissidens viridulus (Sw. ex anon.) Wahlenb., L. gibbosa sp. nov. has F. crassipes Wilson ex Bruch & Schimp. as host and L. the- lespora sp. nov. grows on Cheilothela chloropus (Brid.) Broth. Three Lamprospora De Not. species namely L. tuberculata Seaver, L. tuberculatella Seaver and L. spinulosa Seaver with a slightly similar ascospore ornamentation were described by Seaver from US collections. Results of our studies of their types and additional material collected by Seaver are presented. The host of L. tuberculata is Pleuridium subulatum (Hedw.) Rabenh., that of L. tuberculatella is a species of Weissia Hedw. and that of L. spinulosa is Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. It has yet to be proven that species of Lamprospora described from North America also occur in Europe. European collections assigned to any Lamprospora described from North America require revision. It is not unlikely that many or even all of them represent taxa yet to be described. A considerable part of existing literature on bryophilous Pezizales needs to be reevaluated.
Döbbeler P, Büschlen A & Ecksein J. 2021. - Octospora bicarpa sp. nov. (Pezizales), the first species of the bryophilous genus Octospora Hedw. with ameroconidia. Ascomycete.org 13(2): 85-91.
Octospora bicarpa Döbbeler, Büschlen & Eckstein (Pezizales) is described as a new species of operculate discomycete. It infects the corticolous moss Lewinskya speciosa (Nees) F. Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet (Orthotrichales). The documentation is based on several recent collections from Switzerland. The biotrophic parasite is characterized by small, orange apothecia formed between green leaves in the apical shoot regions. Inconspicuous, almost colourless conidial layers arise near the ascomata in the leaf axils and on the stems. Both morphs originate from the same mycelium, that has infection structures typical for Octospora s. lato, consisting of superficial appressoria and intracellular haustoria. The anamorph also develops independently from the teleomorph. Monoblastic, globose ameroconidia are produced by sterigma-like conidiogenous cells. Octospora bicarpa is the first species of more than 100 recognized octosporaceous fungi that has both ascomata and sporodochia-like conidiomata which produce one-celled conidia.
Short preliminary check-lists are presented as a result of last year mycological investigation on the territory of three protected areas in the Sarajevo Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vrelo Bosne Nature Monument, Bijambare Protected Landscape and Skakavac Nature Monument).
Among all findings some are more closely presented and discussed.
Their ecology, phenology, local and regional or global distribution pattern, as well as main threats and additional conservation activities are especially highlighted and noted.
Recommendation of adequate conservation activities within the territories of the protected areas are proposed to the local authorities and managements.
Resumen: Descripción macro y microscópica de Lamprospora lutziana acompañada de fotografías de las estructuras estudiadas, se aporta información sobre la distribución y ecología de la especie, se discuten las diferencias con otros Pezizales briofilos que tienen una ornamentación de ascosporas similar y se explica e ilustra la infección producida en los tallos y las hojas vivas del huésped briofito Philonotis fontana. En la literatura antigua se pudo descubrir información más detallada sobre la localidad del tipo de L. lutziana no indicada en el protólogo. Palabras clave: Ascomycota, briofitas, La Rioja, Pyronemataceae.
Contribution to the knowledge and distribution of Lamprospora lutziana (Pezizales), a rarely reported species, found in northern Spain. Abstract: Macro and microscopic description of Lamprospora lutziana accompanied by photographs of the structures studied, information is provided on the distribution and ecology of the species, differences with other bryophilous Pezizales that have a similar ascospore ornamentation are discussed and the infection produced on the stems and living leafs of the bryophyte host Philonotis fontana is explained and illustrated. More detailed information about the locality of the type of L. lutziana not indicated in the protologue could be detected in ancient literature.
Octospora conidiophora is described as a new species, based on collections from South Africa. It is characterised by apothecia with a distinct margin, smooth or finely warted ellipsoid ascospores, stiff, thick-walled hyaline hairs, warted mycelial hyphae and growth on pleurocarpous mosses Trichosteleum perchlorosum and Sematophyllum brachycarpum (Hypnales) on decaying wood in afromontane forests. It is the first species of bryophilous Pezizales in which an anamorph has been observed; it produces long, claviform, curved, hyaline and transversely septate conidia. Three other cryptic species of Octospora were detected using three molecular markers (LSU and SSU nrDNA and EF1α), but these could not be distinguished phenotypically. These are not described formally here and an informal species aggregate O. conidiophora agg. is established for them. The new species and finds of Lamprospora campylopodis growing on Campylopus pyriformis and Neottiella albocincta on Atrichum androgynum represent the first records of bryophilous Pezizales in South Africa. https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/34571/
New occurrences, macroscopic and microscopic features, and ecological aspects of Octospora erzbergeri, an obligate bryophilous ascomycete, parasitising exclusively on the moss Pseudoleskeella nervosa are discussed. Furthermore, illustrations regarding circumstances of Hungarian occurrences, microscopic characters including spore ornamentation and infection structure as well as illustrations of the possibly co-occurring species are provided. Apart from the SEM pictures of spores, each photographic illustration of the species is published here for the first time.
PartitionFinder 2 is a program for automatically selecting best-fit partitioning schemes and models of evolution for phylogenetic analyses. PartitionFinder 2 is substantially faster and more efficient than version 1, and incorporates many new methods and features. These include the ability to analyze morphological datasets, new methods to analyze genome-scale datasets, new output formats to facilitate interoperability with downstream software, and many new models of molecular evolution. PartitionFinder 2 is freely available under an open source license and works on Windows, OSX, and Linux operating systems. It can be downloaded from www.robertlanfear.com/partitionfinder The source code is available at https://github.com/brettc/partitionfinder.
A description and illustrations of both macroscopic and microscopic characters of Lamprospora verrucispora sp. nov. are provided. Differences from other bryophilous Pezizales with globose ascospores ornamented with isolated warts are discussed and a dichotomous key to these species is given. Gall formation on rhizoids and chloronema of the bryophyte host Campylopus pyriformis is described and illustrated. This represents the first report of gall formation for a species of the genus Lamprospora.
2014): Octosporopsis nicolai – a mysterious member of the Pyronemataceae. Zeitschrift für Mykologie 80/2: 565-592. Abstract: Several recent finds of Kotlabaea nicolai provided the opportunity to examine this rarely found discomycete in more detail. Molecular data was obtained from various collections. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis and the study of morphological features the new genus Octosporopsis U. Lindemann & M. Vega is proposed to accommodate K. nicolai. Zusammenfassung: Auf Basis mehrerer rezenter Funde von Kotlabaea nicolai war es möglich, diesen bisher nur selten nachgewiesenen Discomyceten genauer zu untersuchen. Ein Teil der Aufsammlungen wurde sequenziert, so dass erstmals DNA-Daten für diese Art vorliegen. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse der phylogenetischen Analyse und der Untersuchungen der Mor-phologie wird für Kotlabaea nicolai die neue Gattung Octosporopsis vorgeschlagen.
Some noteworthy findings of bryoparasitic Pezizales from the federal states of Bavaria, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia are reported. The description for each species contains relevant macroscopic and microscopic characters, host bryophyte relationships and habitat preferences. New federal state records are provided for Lamprospora dicranellae, L. tuberculata and Octospora bridei in Lower Saxony, for Neottiella vivida in Thuringia and for N. albocincta first records for the federal states of Bavaria, Hamburg, Saxony as well as Thuringia are reported. The hitherto unknown parasite host relationships of L. dicranellae and Ditrichum heteromallum as well as of O. coccinea and Acaulon muticum are being described.
Phylogenetic analyses of the Hypnales usually show the same picture of poorly resolved trees with a large number of polyphyletic taxa and low support for the few reconstructed clades. One odd clade, however, consisting of three genera that are currently treated either within the Leskeaceae (Miyabea) or Neckeraceae (Homaliadelphus and Bissetia), was retrieved in a previously published phylogeny based on chloroplast rbcL. In order to elucidate the reliability of the observed Homaliadelphus - Miyabea - Bissetia -clade (HMB-clade) and to reveal its phylogenetic relationships a molecular study based on a representative set of hypnalean taxa was performed. Sequence data from all three genomes, namely the ITS1 and 2 (nuclear), the trnS-rps4-trnT-trnL-trnF cluster (plastid), the nad5 intron (mitochondrial), were analyzed. Although the phylogenetic reconstruction of the combined data set was not fully resolved regarding the backbone it clearly indicated the polyphyletic nature of various hypnalean families, such as the Leskeaceae, Hypnaceae, Hylocomiaceae, Neckeraceae, Leptodontaceae and Anomodontaceae with respect to the included taxa. In addition the results favor the inclusion of the Leptodontaceae and Thamnobryaceae in the Neckeraceae. The maximally supported HMB-clade consisting of the three genera Homaliadelphus (2–3 species), Miyabea (3 species) and Bissetia (1 species) is resolved sister to a so far unnamed clade comprising Taxiphyllum aomoriense, Glossadelphus ogatae and Leptopterigynandrum. The well-resolved and supported HMB-clade, here formally described as the Miyabeaceae, fam. nov. is additionally supported by morphological characters such as strongly incrassate, porose leaf cells, a relatively weak and diffuse costa and the presence of dwarf males. The latter are absent in the Neckeraceae and the Leskeaceae. It is essentially an East Asian family, with one species occurring in North America.
Since its introduction in 2001, MrBayes has grown in popularity as a software package for Bayesian phylogenetic inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. With this note, we announce the release of version 3.2, a major upgrade to the latest official release presented in 2003. The new version provides convergence diagnostics and allows multiple analyses to be run in parallel with convergence progress monitored on the fly. The introduction of new proposals and automatic optimization of tuning parameters has improved convergence for many problems. The new version also sports significantly faster likelihood calculations through streaming single-instruction-multiple-data extensions (SSE) and support of the BEAGLE library, allowing likelihood calculations to be delegated to graphics processing units (GPUs) on compatible hardware. Speedup factors range from around 2 with SSE code to more than 50 with BEAGLE for codon problems. Checkpointing across all models allows long runs to be completed even when an analysis is prematurely terminated. New models include relaxed clocks, dating, model averaging across time-reversible substitution models, and support for hard, negative, and partial (backbone) tree constraints. Inference of species trees from gene trees is supported by full incorporation of the Bayesian estimation of species trees (BEST) algorithms. Marginal model likelihoods for Bayes factor tests can be estimated accurately across the entire model space using the stepping stone method. The new version provides more output options than previously, including samples of ancestral states, site rates, site d(N)/d(S) rations, branch rates, and node dates. A wide range of statistics on tree parameters can also be output for visualization in FigTree and compatible software.
The affinities as well as the circumscription of the Orthotrichaceae (Bryopsida), one of the most diverse families of mosses, have been the focus of a controversy for much of the last century. We obtained rbcL sequences for 37 arthrodontous mosses, including 27 taxa of the Orthotrichales. The sequences were analyzed using maximum parsimony and neighbor joining in order to (1) test the monophyly of the Orthotrichales and the Orthotrichaceae; (2) determine their phylogenetic relationships; and (3) test the current subfamilial classification within the Orthotrichaceae. Both analyses suggest that the Orthotrichales are polyphyletic. The Erpodiaceae and the Rhachitheciaceae as well as Amphidium and Drummondia, two genera of the Orthotrichaceae, are shown to be of haplolepideous affinity. The Splachnales, the Bryales sensu lato, and the Orthotrichales form a monophyletic clade sister to the Haplolepideae. Both neighbor joining and maximum parsimony also suggest that the Orthotrichaceae are composed of two major lineages dominated either by acrocarpous or cladocarpous taxa. The monophyly of the family is, however, only well supported by Tamura's distances. The genera Macrocoma, Macromitrium, Orthotrichum, Ulota, and Zygodon all appear to be artificial assemblages. This study illustrates the contribution of rbcL sequence data to bryophyte systematics and, particularly, in determining the affinities of taxa lacking a peristome, whose characters are central to the classification of mosses.
Beauveria is a globally distributed genus of soil-borne entomopathogenic hyphomycetes of interest as a model system for the study of entomopathogenesis and the biological control of pest insects. Species recognition in Beauveria is difficult due to a lack of taxonomically informative morphology. This has impeded assessment of species diversity in this genus and investigation of their natural history. A gene-genealogical approach was used to investigate molecular phylogenetic diversity of Beauveria and several presumptively related Cordyceps species. Analyses were based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha) sequences for 86 exemplar isolates from diverse geographic origins, habitats and insect hosts. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using maximum parsimony and Bayesian likelihood methods. Six well supported clades within Beauveria, provisionally designated A-F, were resolved in the EF1-alpha and combined gene phylogenies. Beauveria bassiana, a ubiquitous species that is characterized morphologically by globose to subglobose conidia, was determined to be non-monophyletic and consists of two unrelated lineages, clades A and C. Clade A is globally distributed and includes the Asian teleomorph Cordyceps staphylinidaecola and its probable synonym C. bassiana. All isolates contained in Clade C are anamorphic and originate from Europe and North America. Clade B includes isolates of B. brongniartii, a Eurasian species complex characterized by ellipsoidal conidia. Clade D includes B. caledonica and B. vermiconia, which produce cylindrical and comma-shaped conidia, respectively. Clade E, from Asia, includes Beauveria anamorphs and a Cordyceps teleomorph that both produce ellipsoidal conidia. Clade F, the basal branch in the Beauveria phylogeny includes the South American species B. amorpha, which produces cylindrical conidia. Lineage diversity detected within clades A, B and C suggests that prevailing morphological species concepts underestimate species diversity within these groups. Continental endemism of lineages in B. bassiana s.l. (clades A and C) indicates that isolation by distance has been an important factor in the evolutionary diversification of these clades. Permutation tests indicate that host association is essentially random in both B. bassiana s.l. clades A and C, supporting past assumptions that this species is not host specific. In contrast, isolates in clades B and D occurred primarily on coleopteran hosts, although sampling in these clades was insufficient to assess host affliation at lower taxonomic ranks. The phylogenetic placement of Cordyceps staphylinidaecola/bassiana, and C. scarabaeicola within Beauveria corroborates prior reports of these anamorph-teleomorph connections. These results establish a phylogenetic framework for further taxonomic, phylogenetic and comparative biological investigations of Beauveria and their corresponding Cordyceps teleomorphs.
The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora pannosa is presented based on ecological and morphological data from two localities in Germany and Serbia. So far members of the genus Brachytheciastrum or the family Brachytheciaceae have not been reported as host for species of Octospora or related genera. The ascospore ornamentation of the new species consists of a ragged reticulum and is unique within all genera of the bryophilous Pezizales.
Study on fresh collections and type material of Hamatocanthoscypha rotundispora showed that the original description is incomplete and that the variation range in the essential characters is too narrowly defined. In this paper we therefore provide a detailed description, including ascospore morphometry using length, width, length/width ratio and volume. Nonparametric statistics showed significant deviation of normal distribution and high variability of all morphometrical variables, suggesting that use of living material for ascospore morphometrical analysis is more reliable than that of a traditional approach. Geometric criteria for defining the simple spore shape regarding the length/width ratio, polarity and symmetry in straight symmetric spores are proposed. Refractive cytoplasmic globules are described as a new type of inclusions in living cells. Species ecology and biogeography is also discussed.
Octospora hygrohypnophila, Peziza prosthetica, and Scutellinia mirabilis ssp. nov. are described from Rana, Norway. O. hygrohypnophila is compared with O. wrightii (Berk. & Curt.) Moravec, O. moravecii Khare and O. melina (Vel.) Dennis & It–zerott, the latter being new to Norway. P. prosthetica is compared with P. apiculata Cooke and P. thozetii Berk. The typification of O. wrightii is discussed.
The genera Byssonectria Karst. (= Inermisia Rifai) and Kotlabaea Svrček, segregates from Octospora Hedw. ex Gray, are reduced to subgenera in view of the presence of intermediate characters which overlap the generic limits. Revised descriptions of the genus Octospora along with the three subgenera are provided. A key for the identification of the subgenera as well as the species examined by the authors is given. Thirteen species from other genera have been transferred to Octospora.
Detailed restriction analyses of many samples often require substantial amounts of time and effort for DNA extraction, restriction digests, Southern blotting, and hybridization. We describe a novel approach that uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid simplified restriction typing and mapping of DNA from many different isolates. DNA fragments up to 2 kilobase pairs in length were efficiently amplified from crude DNA samples of several pathogenic Cryptococcus species, including C. neoformans, C. albidus, C. laurentii, and C. uniguttulatus. Digestion and electrophoresis of the PCR products by using frequent-cutting restriction enzymes produced complex restriction phenotypes (fingerprints) that were often unique for each strain or species. We used the PCR to amplify and analyze restriction pattern variation within three major portions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats from these fungi. Detailed mapping of many restriction sites within the rDNA locus was determined by fingerprint analysis of progressively larger PCR fragments sharing a common primer site at one end. As judged by PCR fingerprints, the rDNA of 19 C. neoformans isolates showed no variation for four restriction enzymes that we surveyed. Other Cryptococcus spp. showed varying levels of restriction pattern variation within their rDNAs and were shown to be genetically distinct from C. neoformans. The PCR primers used in this study have also been successfully applied for amplification of rDNAs from other pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, including Candida spp., and ought to have wide applicability for clinical detection and other studies.
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