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Case Study as a Research Method in Hospitality and Tourism Research: A Systematic
Literature Review (1974–2020)
Kadir Çakara
&
Şehmus Aykola
aMardin Artuklu University, Mardin/Turkey
Abstract
This systematic literature review aimed to investigate the use of case study method in
hospitality and tourism research in order to increase the awareness about the use of case study
as a research method. Data were collected (n= 871) from 10 leading hospitality and tourism
journals published between 1974–2020. A thematic analysis of the data was conducted by using
Leximancer as a computer-aided analysis software. The study findings reveal an overall
mislabel and misuse of the case study method. Suggestions are provided to improve case study
method applications and increase case study research for more theory development in
hospitality and tourism research.
Keywords: qualitative, case study, case research, case method
Please Cite This Document As: Çakar, K. & Aykol, Ş. (2020). Case Study as a
Research Method in Hospitality and Tourism Research: A Systematic Literature
Review (1974–2020). Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,
doi.org/10.1177/1938965520971281
Corresponding author: Dr. Kadir Çakar
** Email: cakar.kadir83@gmail.com
Introduction
Case study method can be described as “a method that uses multiple data sources to develop a
contextualized understanding of the phenomenon with the intention of confronting theory by
comparing it with empirical data” (Hoorani et al., 2019, pp. 286–287). Case study is identified
as a qualitative form of research design, also considered as a comparative study, a retrospective
study, a snapshot (e.g., analysis of state and process at the time of the research), or a
longitudinal study (Flick et al., 2004). Case study method is classified within qualitative
research designs along with narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, and
ethnographies (Creswell, 2014). Case study method usually includes a specific feature and
well-structured narratives that naturally reflect the complexities and contradictions of real-life
(Flyvbjerg, 2006).
Case studies are, therefore, useful, and their units of analysis can largely be comprised
of a broad range of elements; persons, social communities, organizations, and institutions could
become the subject of a case analysis (Flick, 2009; Yin, 2003). Case study research is preferred
by researchers when (1) the main research questions are “how” or “why” questions; (2) the
researcher has little or no control over behavioral events; and (3) the concentration of the
research is a contemporary (as opposed to entirely historical) phenomenon (Yin, 2014). Case
study research emphasizes detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or
conditions and their relationships, and it has been used as a method for many years in a diverse
range of disciplines (Dooley, 2002).
In line with the increasing trajectory of hospitality and tourism research in the last few
decades (Mulet-Forteza, Genovart-Balaguer, Mauleon-Mendez, & Merigó, 2019), case study
research has also increased over the years, even though researchers sensed a lesser use of
qualitative methods such as case study compared to positivist research, mostly survey research
(Strandberg, Nath, Hemmatdar, & Jahwash, 2018). This lesser use and preference of qualitative
research, especially case study method may be attributed to the perceived challenges and
weaknesses inherent in such research (Adeyinka-Ojo et al., 2014) as well as the maturing
nature of hospitality and tourism research (Rivera & Pizam, 2015).
Researchers should utilize case studies for particularly unexplored or underexamined
topics for which little or scarce empirical evidences exist. Case studies provide scholars and
researchers with deep and hidden meaning of phenomena in studying places or sites
(Hollinshead, 2004). As opposed to large-scale quantitative surveys, case studies require
intense examination of an individual object or a small number of objects (Brunt et al., 2017).
However, case study researchers are often criticised by positivists for the lack of objectivity
and generalisability, where both reliability and validity are questioned (Decrop, 2004).
The data obtained by a case study can not be generalised to the broader population
(Brunt et al., 2017), often called with the term trustworthiness. The issue of trustworthiness
encapsulates four main priciples (e.g., credibility, transferability, dependability, and
confirmability) through which the legitimacy of case studies can be established (McGehee,
2012).
In order to improve the case study research in hospitality and tourism, the current state
of case study research needs to be analyzed. The existing body of case study research in
hospitality and tourism was recently questioned by Tasci, Milman, and Wei (2019), who
summarized the issues as mislabel and misuse of case study method by hospitality and tourism
scholar. However, a more thorough analysis is needed to reflect the types of subjects,
publication outlets, and regions producing case study research. This study conducted a
quantitative and qualitative analysis of the existing case study research through a systematic
and thematic analysis of past literature in order to identify areas of concern and voids for future
attention.
Case Study as a Research Design
Case study method is used in a wide range of disciplines and fields in the social sciences to
investigate several different, social and political phenomena related to individuals, groups, and
organizations (Yin, 2003). It can be designed through both inductive and deductive logics,
(Dooley, 2002) and they can be qualitative or quantitative (Eisenhardt, 1991). While inductive
case studies aim to build theories, deductive case studies test theories (Eisenhardt & Graebner,
2007). The case study method is conducive to investigate complex and new phenomena in both
building and testing theories (Eisenhardt, 1991; Tasci et al., 2019). In their purest form, case
studies are limited by time and space, where researchers collect detailed information through a
wide variety of data collection techniques for a certain period of time (Creswell, 2014).
Case studies can include a single case or multiple cases (Gustafsson, 2017). Yin (2014)
further proposed four types of case study designs: single case holistic designs, single case
embedded designs, multiple case holistic designs, and multiple case embedded designs. The
single holistic design indicates the existence of only one case, while a single embedded design
also has subcases which signal embedded units in the case of interest. The same situation
applies to multiple holistic and multiple embedded designs, except that there is more than one
case to be investigated (Hoorani et al., 2019). Both designs offer several advantages and
disadvantages. The single case study is an appropriate design for critical, unusual, common,
revelatory, or longitudinal cases (Yin, 2018). The arguments obtained from multiple case
studies are usually treated as more compelling and the overall research is thus accepted as
being more robust (Yin, 2014).
According to Yin (2014), there are six types of data sources in case studies: documentation,
archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observation, and physical artifacts.
Observation can be grouped into five categories: covert versus overt, participant versus non-
participant, systematic versus unsystematic, observations of natural versus artificial situations,
and self-observation versus the observation of others (Flick, 2009, p. 222). Observation is often
used by researchers to collect data in cases when there is no attainable data from other methods
(Noor, 2008). Interviews can be applied face-to-face, over the phone (Fontana & Frey, 2005),
or even online. Documents and document analysis can be complementary to other sources, or
they may even be the sole source (Flick, 2009). Notes, case reports, contracts, drafts, diaries,
statistics, annual reports, letters, or expert opinions are regarded as some of the documents
from which researchers or scholars can benefit (Wolff, 2004). Photography and films can be
crucial parts of visual sociology as they deeply provide detailed recordings of facts while
ensuring a more comprehensive and holistic perspective regarding lifestyles and circumstances
(Flick, 2009). Overall, photographs, art objects, videotapes, website main pages, e-mails, text
messages, social media text, or any forms of sound generate the forms of qualitative audio and
visual materials (Creswell, 2014).
The legitimacy of case study method
The legitimacy of research (Miles & Huberman, 1994), including case study method, is
described with different terms such as reliable, valid, dependable, reasonable, confirmable,
credible, useful, compelling, significant, and empowering. Qualitative approaches in general
are criticized for their lack of rigor and credibility, and thus they are usually blamed for missing
the tenets of good science (Decrop, 1999). Similarly, along with the reliability (dependability)
matter, the issue of transferability (external validity) is one of the major problems that may
discourage journals’ editors and reviewers to embrace qualitative case studies as they may not
be convinced that these studies add a great deal of theoretical or methodological contribution to
the current knowledge (Nunkoo et al., 2013) and thus researchers and scholars are discouraged.
There are four criteria to judge the legitimacy of case studies: construct validity, internal
validity, external validity, and reliability (Yin, 2009). Construct validity refers to triangulation,
based on multiple sources of data used in research, while internal validity reflects pattern
matching to compare findings with research objectives (Adeyinka-Ojo et al., 2014; Xiao &
Smith, 2006). According to Stake (2005), case studies receive credibility by triangulating the
descriptions and interpretations by benefiting from multiple sources of data. Triangulation can
provide rigor in a case study while increasing validity (Hoorani et al., 2019).
In response to the issues presented above, there are several different methods to provide
reliability of qualitative research, including case studies. Several quantitative techniques with
statistical applications have been suggested to increase the trustworthiness of case study
research such as Krippendorff Kappa or Cohen’s Cappa Analysis (Forman & Damschroder,
2007; Hayes & Krippendorff, 2007; Landis & Koch, 1977), using alpha () as a reliability co-
efficient to measure agreement among observers or coders (Krippendorff, 2011), or employing
data triangulation to make research more rigorous and credible to avoid measurement bias
(Creswell, 1998; Creswell & Poth, 2018). Besides, researchers are suggested to apply several
steps to establish legitimacy of case studies such as increasing sample size of the unit of
analysis, employing more multiple case studies approach from comparative analysis
perspective to gain deeper insights about the phenomenon under investigation and benefiting
from data triangulation that involves different and independent sources to provide wider
acceptance of qualitative tourism researches (Decrop, 1999).
Methods
Data collection
Data were obtained from 10 top-ranked hospitality and tourism journals that are classified by
Scimago Journal and Country Rank developed by Elsevier using the Scopus database. These
journals publish the bulk of the research on case studies. The basic reason behind the choice of
the Scimago Journal and Country Rank as a data source is twofold: a) it is regarded as a size-
independent indicator; and b) it classifies and ranks journals according to their average prestige
for each article and can be used for journal comparisons in the scientific assessment process
(Vuignier, 2016). The unit of analysis consists of the above-mentioned journal articles
published between 1974 and 2020. Sampling of artciles was based on three main approaches
(Veal, 2011, p. 295):
a) Purposeful: The articles possess specific characteristics that allow an investigation of
the phenomenon under study (i.e., case study articles published in 10 top-ranked
hospitality and tourism journals );
b) Criteria: The articles meet the research criteria as they are classified among the top 10
high-tier hospitality and tourism journals journals classified by Scimago Journal and
Country Rank; and
c) Convenience: The researcher has had a chance to access necessary documents
concerning the selected journals from the well-known database in the Social Sciences
(e.g., Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) Listed Journals by Scimago Journal and
Country Rank).
The major hospitality and tourism journals are thus the Annals of Tourism Research,
Current Issues in Tourism, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, Journal of
Hospitality and Tourism Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Journal of Travel Research,
Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management, International Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism Management.
During the course of data collection, a keyword search approach was performed from
predefined key terms that were selected as “the case of,” a case of,” “a case study,, “the…case,”
“a/an…case study,” “case study,” “the case…of,” “a…case of,” “the case for,” “a case for,”
“case of…,” “a…case study of,” “the case study,” “the…case of,” “a case from…,” “a case
study from,” “cases studies from,” “case study with,” “a case study on…,” “a…case study
from,” and “a case on the....” by adapting the research approach of Tasci et al. (2019). As such,
a keyword search was applied to the title of studies. Many inclusion and exclusion criteria were
considered during the course of the database search (see Table 1). Book reviews, reports,
research in brief, commentary papers, research letters, short communications, viewpoints, and
discussion papers were excluded from review. Only full hospitality and tourism journal peer-
reviewed articles that were in English were included in the analysis process.
Data analysis
The study adopted a systematic literature review that has more recently received greater
attention of scholars and reviewers in the field of tourism (Khoo-Lattimore et al., 2019). The
thematic analysis was conducted to examine the data at several distinct stages (see Table 1).
The thematic analysis of keywords in article titles revealed categories of articles at the initial
stage. Articles were classified independently by two authors and separated into four groups and
themes within each group after the coding process was finalized. Next, the classifications were
compared (e.g., Qualitative, Quantitative, Conceptual, and Mixed-Methods) and a high level of
agreement was provided by two authors on the themes that emerged. Any inconsistency was
resolved by discussion and a few modifications to accommodate inconsistencies. A
disagreement about six articles resulted in their reclassification into a new category (i.e., papers
such as Research Notes, Research Letters, Short Communications, Viewpoints, and Discussion
Papers labeled as “Short Papers”).
Leximancer was used for data analysis. This software differs from other analysis
programs as it uses quantitative methods to implement qualitative analysis (Tseng et al., 2015).
Along with the frequency of the concepts that mostly occur, it also creates thematic clustering
to map complex themes derived from the data (Cheng & Edwards, 2019).
Table 1. Stages employed for systematic literature review (Adapted from Bichler, 2019)
Stage
s
Applications for systematic literature review Author(s)
1Only peer-reviewed and full articles in hospitality and tourism (1974–
2020)
Chang &
Katrichis
(2016),
Bichler (2019)
2SSCI listed journals by Scimago Journal and Country Rank Papamitsiou &
Economides
(2014)
3Keywords, for example, “the case of,” a case of,” “a case study,” “the…
case.”
Tasci et al.
(2019)
4Applying exclusion and inclusion criteria Müller et al.
(2020)
5Analyzing data, for example, thematic analysis Isaac & Eid
(2018); Prayag
& Ryan (2011)
6Screening, refinement, eligibility process of data Pahlevan-
Sharif et al.
(2019)
7Creating a catalog that presents all instruments and their key figures Müller et al.
(2020)
The primary aim of employing a systematic literature review is usually to provide
information to the researcher mapping and evaluating the existing intellectual field while
building a research question to expand the current knowledge beyond the field (Tranfield et al.,
2003). It is often utilized by researchers to elicit all empirical evidence that complies with the
predefined inclusion criteria in response to answering a specific research question or hypothesis
(Snyder, 2019).
Results
The search resulted in a total of 1,108 articles. The major hospitality and tourism journals are
the Annals of Tourism Research (n=73), Current Issues in Tourism (n=126), Journal of
Hospitality Marketing & Management (n=58), Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
Research (n=43), Journal of Sustainable Tourism (n=114), Journal of Travel
Research (n=198), Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing (n=111), International Journal of
Contemporary Hospitality Management (n=65), International Journal of Hospitality
Management (n=51) and Tourism Management (n=269). After reviewing and applying
inclusion and exclusion criteria, 237 articles were excluded and, as a result, 871 articles
published in 10 peer-reviewed journals were subjected to thematic analysis (see Table 2).
Table 2. Distribution of selected articles by journals and percentages
Journal Number
of
Articles (n)
Percentage in
Total (%)
Annals of Tourism Research (ATR) 54 6.1%
Current Issues in Tourism (CIT) 92 10.5%
Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management (JHMM) 52 5.9%
Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research (JHTR) 38 4.3%
Journal of Sustainable Tourism (JoST) 103 11.8%
Journal of Travel Research (JTR) 98 11.2%
Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing (JTTM) 110 12.6%
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management (IJCHM) 51 5.8%
International Journal of Hospitality Management (IJHM) 46 5.2%
Tourism Management (TM) 227 26.0%
Total 871 100%
Thematic Analysis of Articles
This section includes the key themes of the articles identified using Leximancer
software that resulted from a qualitative, thematic analysis. It also aims to identify the related
issues in the articles covered in this systematic review. The review of the articles were
categorized into six main themes after systematic review process finalized. These major
categories are: 1) articles by method, 2) articles by year, 3) articles by method and journals, 4)
articles by subjects and contexts and 5) data collection method and statistical techniques used.
Articles by Method
Figure 1. Percentages of articles by method
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
243
Percentages of articles by method (n=871)
Qual Quan Con Mixed
Figure 1 shows that the majority of studies (52%) employed quantitative methods (e.g.,
Axelsen & Swan, 2010; Brida et al., 2015; Zátori et al., 2019), followed by qualitative methods
(e.g., Matarrita-Cascante et al., 2010; Ottenbacher & Harrington, 2013; Smith et al., 2016), the
mixed-method approach including both quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., Biran et al.,
2014; Page et al., 2017), and conceptual approach (e.g., Callahan, 1998; Mycoo, 2006). This
implies the dominance of the positivist paradigm for the majority of journals. Another reason
can be attributed to the attitudes of journals’ reviewers and editors who are prone to reject
conceptual and/or qualitative case studies as they believe they cannot make a significant
theoretical or methodological contribution to the literature (Nunkoo et al., 2013).
Articles by Year
Figure 2 shows the number of published articles had a sharp increase between 2004 and
2008. Results also show a slight decrease in the number of articles published on the case
studies between 2008 and 2010, which can be evaluated as a temporal or coincidental situation
or it might be a periodic process where this method may have reached academic saturation.
Figure 2. Publication development of case studies in hospitality research
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Publiation Development by year 1974-2019 (n=867)*
*The articles published in 2020 (n=4) were excluded from analysis process as their
numbers were limited which do not cover the whole year.
Articles by Method and Journals
Figure 3 shows that Tourism Management (TM) published the most case study articles
(25.8%) followed by Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing (JTTM) (12.5%). Taking into
consideration articles by method and journal, JoST and ATR differ from others as they
published qualitative case studies more than quantitative ones.
Figure 3. Distribution of articles by method and journal
AT R C IT I JC H M I JH M JH T R J H M M J o S T JT TM J TR T M
21
28
16
8
11
16
41
34
24
44
18
48
27
26
18
29
31
55
63
135
11
11
4
4
6
4
19
13
5
15
4
5
4
8
3
3
12
8
6
33
Distr i b u tion o f ar ticle s by m e tho d an d jou rn a l (n=87 1 )
Qual Quan Con Mixed
Figure 4. Distribution of articles by location and journal
Qual Quan Con Mixed
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Distrubution of aticles by method and journal (n=871)
ATR CIT IJCHM IJHM JHTR
JHMM JoST JTTM JTR TM
Figure 4 reflects that a large number of case study articles were employed in Asia
(n=236), mostly published by TM, followed by Europe (n=221). The least number of published
articles that adopted a case study approach was in the Polar region.
Articles by Subjects and Contexts
The major topic areas of case studies have consisted of a wide range of fields, such as
destination marketing and management, economic development of destinations, dark tourism,
structure and analysis of service and hotel industry, crisis management, motivation and
experiences, cultural and heritage tourism, sustainable tourism, stakeholder management,
tourism governance, tourism planning and policy, innovation, sharing economy and interrelated
fields like peer-to-peer accommodation, Airbnb, satisfaction, service quality, authenticity, and
tourism education.
Table 3. Word Frequency Used by Research Context
Words Counts
Tourism 44,669
Tourists 11,412
Local 9,791
Travel 7,213
Hotel 6,962
Service 6,895
Visitors 6,680
Quality 6,556
Economic 6,526
Satisfaction 6,461
Experience 6,338
Value 5,730
Image 5,162
Marketing 4,973
Residents 4,485
Data Collection Method and Statistical Techniques Used
Most of the qualitative case studies relied on the data triangulation approach, which
refers to multiple data sources, and thus tourism researchers and scholars have tended to use
observation, documentation, and archival records or published materials as secondary data to
ensure the trustworthiness of the research. It was also reported in the analysis that a number of
more recent qualitative studies have used photographs and movies as visual sources of data
(e.g., Im & Chon, 2008; Önder et al., 2016; Song & Kim, 2016). On the other hand, the number
of qualitative studies that employed participant observation was limited, while the use of the
interview as preliminary data was prominent.
Some of the qualitative research benefited from published materials and archival
records along with notes of field observations as the primary empirical evidence, while some
studies used secondary sources, such as printed and online documents, as primary data sources.
Online websites of travel, tourism, and hospitality organizations and travel blogs used by
tourists were also used by many scholars in their research as a source of data (Jeong, 2004;
Law & Ngai, 2005; Marine-Roig, 2014; Xiang et al., 2010). While tourists were mostly the unit
of analysis in quantitative studies, in qualitative studies, the main tourism stakeholders,
consisting of both public and private sector representatives (e.g., local government authorities,
tourism organizations, travel agencies, owners of travel agencies/ tour operators, etc.), were the
samples in qualitative case studies.
Results show that in both quantitative and qualitative case studies, the majority of
research predominantly tended to use systematic literature as a review type since 2010. Also, a
wide variety of quantitative methods and several different statistical methods and analysis
techniques were employed including analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Oviedo-García et al.,
2016), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Isaac & Çakmak, 2014), factor analysis (Fuchs &
Reichel, 2006), data envelopment analysis (DEA) (Wöber & Fesenmaier, 2004), descriptive
statistics (Mohsin, 2007), paired sample test (Suen & Law, 2001), generalized least squares
(GLS) (Salazar & Zhang, 2013), multiple regression analysis (Sinclair-Maragh & Gürsoy,
2015), linear regression analysis (George, 2010) and shift share analysis (SSA) (Zuo & Huang,
2020). In studies using mixed method, more than one statistical technique was used at the same
time (e.g., Biran et al., 2014; Tang-Taye & Standing, 2016).
For qualitative case studies use of content analysis as a data treatment technique was
most prevalent (e.g., Paget et al., 2010; Peters & Kallmuenzer, 2018) which is followed by
thematic analysis (e.g., Marschall, 2017) and discourse analysis respectively (see Burns &
Cowlishaw, 2014; Cui et al., 2020). More interestingly, an increasing number of innovative
data analysis techniques were recently used in quantitative case studies such as affective
mapping and emotinality of texts (Martini & Buda, 2019), along with computer assisted data
analysis softwares (see Chan & Hawkins, 2010; Scott et al., 2008; Lacey et al., 2012; Li &
Ryan, 2018).
Conclusion and Implications
This study investigated the use of the case study method in hospitality and tourism
research in order to identify the areas of need for attention in future research. A systematic
review of 871 peer-reviewed articles published in top-tier hospitality and tourism journals use
the “case” terminology in their titles. The majority of these articles used quantitative research
methods. Overall, results suggest that most articles follow the positivist paradigm in case study
research.
One of the most compelling finding is that there is an increasing number of qualitative
case studies using data analysis software to improve credibility and reliability of their research.
There is also a handful qualitative studies that used statistical techniques to measure the
reliability of data. Using statistical techniques to provide reliability of the data may increase the
legitimacy of qualitative case studies.
Study findings have also suggest that researchers also used semi-structured interviews
published materials as a secondary data source in thematic or content analysis are also utilized.
Study findings also show that researchers typically use case study method while studying
subjects with limited samples such as public and private representatives, policymakers,
destination marketers, managers, NGOs, local residents, etc., who are the main tourism
stakeholders in the destination context. On the other hand, it has been found that researchers are
more inclined to use quantitative methods when their study sample is comprised of mainly
demand side (e.g., tourists or consumers).
A large number of studies adopt a single case study approach while the use of a multiple
case study approach is minimum. Findings also show that qualitative approach is mostly used
in studying tourist destination, tourism organization, owners of travel agency, tour operators,
stakeholders, and employees. The findings also show the misuse or mislabel of case study
terminology (Flyvbjerg, 2006; Tasci, Wei & Milman, 2019).
Second, there is a mismatch of using case study terminology (e.g., “the case of,” “a case
of,” “a case study,” “the…case,” “a/an…case study,” “case study,” “the case…of,” “a…case
of,” “the case for,” “a case for,” “case of…,” “a…case study of,” “the case study,” “the…case
of,” “a case from…,” “a case study from,” “cases studies from,” “case study with,” “a case
study on…,” “a…case study from,” and “a case on the...”) and thus there is no common use of
case studies (Tasci et al., 2019).
There are many reasons for misuse or mislabel of case studies. First, the use of
quantitative case studies was dominant in the early stages of published articles in the field,
while there seems to be a more recent, increasing trend in using qualitative case studies in
hospitality and tourism. There are multiple research sampling techniques (e.g., convenience,
criterion, homogenous, opportunistic, maximum variation, purposeful, and stratified
purposeful) which make it easier for tourism researchers and scholars to utilize a case study
approach as a most proper research design (see Veal, 2006, p. 295) while permitting them to
collect data from multiple sources (e.g., primary and/or secondary sources). This approach is
closely concerned with triangulation which strengthens qualitative findings related to ensuring
trustworthiness that come true by multiple independent data sources.
Considering that the main issue of case study reasearch is the legitimacy problem of
qualitative case studies, several measures can be suggested to improve the trustworthiness
(reliability, transferability, credibility, confirmability) of qualitative case studies. In addition to
employing purposeful sampling technique, qualitative researchers may also use some statistical
techniques (e.g. Krippendorff Kappa or Cohen’s Cappa Analysis) for their case studies to
ensure transferability (external validity) or more concretely generalizability while increasing
the reliability of their research;
Based on triangulation, they can also utilize multiple sources of data to validate
research derive from qualitative case studies;
Researchers should also be encouraged to use data triangulation to make research more
rigorous and credible while avoiding measurement bias. Besides, given the objectivity
(confirmability) criterion, two or more independent observers need to be involved in
data analysis process, and a high level of agreement should be reached between coders;
Researchers should also give special attention to adopt multiple case studies from
comparative insights to produce credible (internal validity) and more generalizable
findings.
Limitations and future research
The data in this study are limited to 10 leading journals in the field. In addition, some
studies were excluded from the analysis based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (e.g., book
chapters, conference papers, dissertations, etc.) applied in the formation process of the data set.
Also, data were retrieved only from SSCI listed journals that were ranked by Scimago Journal
and Country Rank. Future studies may carry out a critical review by expanding an inventory
and corpus of articles published by hospitality and tourism journals to explore as to when and
under which circumstances the case studies are used by tourism researchers and scholars.
Table 3
Appendix 1. Distribution of articles that used a case study approach in their title
Author(s) Indexing term
used for “case”
Unit(s) of
analysis
Data collection
tool(s)
Case study
context
Keywords
Brida et al. (2015) The case of Governments
(e.g., Uruguay,
Argentina)
Documents as
Secondary Data
Source (e.g.,
Economic
indicators)
Destinations Tourism-led
growth
hypothesis,
Nonlinear
cointegration,
Non-parametric
causality tests,
MERCOSUR
Biran, Liu, Li, &
Eichhorn (2014)
The case of Tourists Interviews
Questionnaire
Destinations Disaster,
Destination
recovery, Dark
tourism,
Motivation,
Intention
Harkison,
Hemmington, &
Hyde (2018)
Case studies from Managers,
Employees,
Guests
Interviews Destination,
Accommodation
Industry
Luxury, Co-
creation,
Experience, New
Zealand, Hotel,
Lodge
Chen & Yeh
(2012)
A case study International
Hotels
Published reports
as Secondary
Data Source
Destination,
Accommodation
Industry
Uncertain
demand,
Hotel failure,
Autoregressive
model
Mendes, Do-
Valle, &
Guerreiro (2011)
The…case
Tourists Questionnaire
Destination Destination
image, events,
PLS modeling
Cheung,
Murrmann,
Murrmann, &
Becker (2004)
A case of
Tourists Survey
Destinations,
Restaurants
Multicultural
research, Data
analysis, Factorial
invariance,
Service
quality
Dabphet, Scott, &
Ruhanen (2012)
A case from Destination
stakeholders (e.g.,
local government
authorities, local
residents
Semi-structured
interviews
Destination Sustainable
tourism
development,
Diffusion theory,
Communication
channels,
Networks,
Destination
management,
Change agent
Shields (2011) A case for Students from
several classes in
a Midwest public
4-year institution.
A self-
administered
instrument
Tourism and
travel industry
Vacations,
Business travel,
Students, Tourism
and travel
behavior
Dwyer, Pham,
Jago, Bailey, &
Marshall (2016)
A…case of Tourism
organizations
Published
reports/indicators
as secondary data
source
Tourism industry Dutch disease,
Export boom,
Inbound,
Outbound,
Domestic tourism,
Australia
Leiper (2008) The case for Structure of
tourism industries
Materials and
observations
Tourism industry Tourism industry;
Tourism
industries;
Business
strategies;
Government
policies
Ahas, Aasa,
Roose, Mark, &
Silm (2008)
A/an…case study The cellular
network
Mobile
positioning data
Destination,
Tourism industry
Mobile
positioning,
Tourism,
Geography,
Space–time
behavior, Social
positioning
method, Estonia,
Surveillance
Saenz-de-Miera
& Roselló (2012)
A case study from Tourism industry,
Structure of
transport
Traffic volume
and speed
Destination,
Tourism industry
Transport
externalities,
Congestion,
Hyper-congestion,
Speedeflow,
Mallorca
Tangeland,
Vennesland, &
Nybakk (2013)
a…case study Second-home
owners
Questionnaire Destination,
Region
Nature-based
tourism activity
products,
Motivation,
Behavior models,
Recreation
experience
preference (REP),
Purchase
intention,
Consumer
behavior,
Market
segmentation
Ahas, Aasa,
Mark, Pae, &
Kull (2007)
Case study with Foreign tourists Mobile
positioning data
Destination Tourism
geography,
Seasonality,
Mobile
positioning,
Roaming,
Seasonal tourism,
Estonia, Human
geography
Basterretxea-
Iribar, Sotés, &
Maruri (2019)
A case on the… Beaches Printed materials
as secondary
source of data
Destination Beach
overcrowding,
Safe bathing
zone,
Bathers' capacity,
Spatial
distribution
Presenza,
Petruzzelli, &
Sheehan (2019)
The…case of Owner/operators Documentation,
Archival records,
In-depth
interviews,
Direct
observation
Accommodation
sector
Albergo diffuso,
Innovation,
Tradition,
Sources of
tradition,
Authenticity
Mwesiumo &
Halpern (2018)
A case study on… Tour operators A self-
administered
questionnaire
Travel industry Distributive
fairness,
Acquiescence,
Conflict,
Interfirm
Exchange,
Tourism value
chain
Philips & House
(2009)
Case studies from Beach Survey Destinations Checklist,
Conservation,
Factor,
Family,
Motivation,
Rating,
Surfer,
Weighting
Page, Hartwell,
Johns, Fyall, &
Ladkin (2017)
Case study Resort
community
Quantitative
survey,
Qualitative
interviews
Destination Well-being
Wellness tourism
Small business
development
Coastal tourism
Public
engagement
Higgins-
Desbiolles (2018)
A…case study
from
Main Tourism
Stakeholders
Participant
observation,
Document
Analysis,
Semi-structured
interviews
Destination Event tourism,
Community
consultation,
Community
opposition,
Event
sustainability,
Neoliberalism,
Event imposition
Critical
deconstruction
Policy and
planning
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. Aslı Tasci who contributed to the study by providing valuable insights
and comments that remarkably improved the research.
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