The Revival Of Hadith Study In Modern Time

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DOI: 10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.02.66
ICH 2019
International Conference on Humanities
THE REVIVAL OF HADITH STUDY IN MODERN TIME
Umar Muhammad Noor (a)*
*Corresponding author
(a) School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, umarmnoor@usm.my
Abstract
Hadith study has undergone an irreversible decline for centuries before reaching its lowest point in the 16th
century. But after more than five centuries of stagnation, it reemerges until it reaches its tipping point in
the middle of the 20th century. Contemporary scholars often refer to the phenomenon as “the revival of
hadith (al-nahda al-hadithiyya)” which manifested in many forms. This paper provides a preliminary study
that seeks to investigate and examine the main factors behind the revival of hadith study in modern time. It
will elaborate on how and why hadith study successfully recaptured the attention of Islamic scholars after
centuries of desertion. For that purpose, data has been collected from various historical literature and
biographical dictionaries then analyzed qualitatively. The study finds that the revival of hadith study in
modern time is caused by the accumulation of both internal and external factors. Three of which are worth
in-depth analysis, namely the influence of reformist idea to liberate Muslim world from the state of
ignorance and foreign occupation, the acceptance of printing press after centuries of rejection that leads to
the rise of the Islamic book industry, and the need to repudiate destructive views on hadith offered by
western orientalist that opposes the traditional stance.
2357-1330 © 2020 Published by European Publisher.
Keywords: Islamic reform, printing press, orientalist, hadith study, Salafism.

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1. Introduction
In his prelude of Kitab al-Majruhin min al-Muhaddithin (book of unreliable hadith transmitters),
Ibn Ḥibban (1439H/2017) pointed out an important phenomenon that occurs in the 10th century. He said
that the expertise in hadith study has declined as the titans passed away. Ibn Ḥibban was not alone as the
observation is echoed by many of his contemporaries and successors. In the 13th century, al-Hafiz Ibn al-
Ṣalah (d. 1245) raised the issue again in the opening of his famous book of ‘Ulum al-Hadith (Hadith
Sciences). He claimed that the expertise in hadith had almost extinct leaving only groups of hadith students
who occupied themselves in hadith preservation without proper knowledge about its painstaking
methodology (Ibn al-Salah, 2002).
The Hadith study falls into a state of stagnation starting from the 16th century as most of the Islamic
world become parts of the Ottoman Caliphate. Islamic rational sciences such as theology, jurisprudence,
and Sufism at that period undeniably soared but not for hadith-related sciences. These branches of
knowledge remain understudied (see al-Nashuqati, 2012). Only a few have dedicated their effort to acquire
what it takes to become the leading expert in hadith. In the following centuries, Muslims seem comfortable
staying in the state of taqlid (blind following) and consider every idea of reform as a potential threat. This
condition eventually divided the Muslim community into several contending sects and schools of thought.
At the same time, western colonialism begins to expanding its military cause to invade Islamic territories.
Starting from the end of the 18th century, the spirit of reform increasingly spreads to cover the entire
of the Muslim world. Many Islamic individuals aspired to seek an effective solution to remedy Muslim’s
socio-religious problems and restore their past glory. Lies at the heart of this reform is the spirit to return
to the original teaching of al-Quran and Sunna, and eradicate all forms of heresies and innovations. Since
hadith sciences are the only branch of knowledge in Islamic scholarship that deals with authenticity issues
hence it begins to recapture the attention once again. Many reformists utilized its rigor methodology as a
powerful tool in their purification agenda. The revival of hadith study reached its peak in mid of the 20th
century so that ‘Itr (1997) named this century “the period of awakening and awareness (yaqaẓah wa
tanabbuh)”. Others have called it “the period of revival (nahḍah)” (see for example al-Khawli 1987,
Hamadah 2007).
Finally, the revival of hadith study in modern times has become an undeniable reality. As ‘Iṣam
Eido (2017) has pointed out, the hadith study in this period deserves a distinctive and specific category in
hadith historiography. It should be placed under “the contemporary phase” (marhala al-muaṣirīn) which
comes in the third row after marhala al-mutaqaddimin (the classical phase) and marhala al-muta'akhirīn
(the later one). Hadith study in the contemporary phase has several features by which it distinguished from
the previous ones. Scholarly works produced in this phase cover many unprecedented topics of discussions
such as rebuttal of orientalist thesis, content criticism, and systematic effort to revive the methodology
(manhaj) of past hadith scholars.
2. Problem Statement
Problem studied in this essay is the hidden factors behind the revival of hadith study in modern
times. Topics on reform in Islam have been attracting both Western and Islamic scholars in countless studies

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that uncovered its various aspects. However, the revival of hadith study as a modern phenomenon, despite
its clear influence in contemporary Islamic discourses, remains understudied. So far, no academic essay has
discussed on said topic comprehensively. Few studies undeniably have touched the phenomenon of hadith
revival in modern time but without sufficient analysis. Nur al-Din ‘Itr (1997), for example, has linked the
phenomenon with two factors, namely the contact of the Islamic world with the West and the East, as well
as military and cultural clashes with the invaders. Ḥamadah (2007) adds on the acceptance of the printing
press by the Islamic community. In the absent studies on this topic, the present article seeks to contribute
to modern hadith historiography by presenting an investigative study on the matter.
3. Research Questions
This essay aims at providing answers for the following questions:
3.1. How did the interest in hadith study re-emerge after centuries of desertion?
3.2. What were the main factors behind the revival of hadith study in modern time?
4. Purpose of the Study
4.1. To examine the revival of hadith study in modern time.
4.2. To investigate the main factors behind the phenomenon.
5. Research Methods
This study is qualitative in nature. The data collection involves library research methodology and
qualitative analysis by using inductive and deductive methods. The researcher is to pay special attention to
modern hadith-related issues and the scholars involved. The discussion begins by examining the general
state of the Islamic intellectual in the period of the 16th century from which the discussion will proceed to
prove the revival of hadith study in modern time. The discussion continues with a thorough examination
on main factors behind the said revival.
6. Findings
6.1. The state of hadith study in the pre-modern era
In his monumental work titled Madha Khasir al-‘Alam binhitat al-Muslimin (What has the world
suffered from the failing of the Muslims), Abu al-Ḥasan al-Nadwi (2015) noted that the 14th and 15th
centuries are the last periods of great innovations in Islam which followed by a total stagnancy that took
place at the beginning of 16th century. Compared to other Islamic and scientific sciences, Hadith studies
were far from better. In this particular period, Hadith compilations are merely recited for spiritual purposes
without effort to comprehend its legal content let alone verify its authenticity. Despite there are scholars
who contributed works in hadith studies, but they were hardly regarded as hadith specialists due to their
lack of expertise. Most of them are jurists or linguists who talked about hadith studies from their respective
approaches. Based on Hamadah’s (2007) observation, multi-expertise (mushārakah) was apparent among

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Islamic scholars at that time as reflected in titles that precede their names. One scholar is often praised as a
faqīh (jurist) who at the same time is also a muḥaddith (hadith scholar), mufassir (Quranic scholar), and
lughawī (linguist).
Mediocrity in hadith study is also prevalent in Islamic educational institutions including Azhar
University, one of the most reputable institutions in the Islamic world. Hadith study in Azhar after the time
of Ibn Ḥajar and his pupils was generally weak (Abu Ghuddah, 1408H). Its curriculum was not designed
to produce proficient hadith scholars. Hadith learning is conducted only by reciting selected classical works
in Hadith without essential discussion to train students on how to identify and determine the authenticity of
hadiths. Lectures on hadith mainly focused on extracting legal conclusions to defend and oppose particular
madhhab (legal school of thought). (al-Sharbini, 2017). This circumstance continues up to the early 20th
century where many scholars voice out their concern on the matter. Azhari Reformist Amīn al-Khawlī
asserted: “Al-Azhar and all its branches, as the Kaaba of the Islamic world, should have paid special
attention to Sunnah and put its sciences above all. However, how a loss! Hadith sciences were not granted
its proper position in this great institution” (Mamduh, 1438H/2017).
Azhar scholar’s inadequate mastery in Hadith studies comes with a great price. They often have seen
absurdly rejecting sound Hadiths based on unacceptable reasons such as the allegation that hadith’s content
is illogical or incompatible to modern scientific findings. They rejected many hadiths on Islamic creed due
to its ahad status or the content has allegedly Jewish influence (Israiliyyat). Noting this fact, The Marrocon
‘Abd Allah al-Ghumārī directed his strong criticism to Azhari scholars in general. He said that “Azhari
scholars have no expertise in Hadith studies, and are incapable in differentiating sound hadiths from the
weak ones, the one that should be accepted from the other that should be rejected. They are in fact the most
ignorant people of this noble science!” (al-Ghumari, 2016).
Hadith study in the University of Qurawiyīn, the largest Islamic university in the western part of the
Islamic world, did not display much difference. Hadith learning and teaching in this institution was based
on certain hadith compilations which personally picked by a sheikh (teacher). He then sits on a chair next
to a student who is in charge of reading out loud from the book (called: sarid). Other students gather around
the sheikh in half-circle (halaqah) and listen to the lecture attentively. Throughout the session, the sarid
will read a certain part of the book which then the sheikh will elaborate. The lecture is concluded with a
short question and answer session for students who wish to ask questions. Deep discussion or debate
(munazarah) seldom happens due to the spirit of the blind following (al-Marakishi, 2017).
6.2. The Revival of Hadith Study and Its Main factors
Beginning from the 18th century, topics related to hadith studies recaptured the attention of Islamic
scholars. Discussions on how hadith should be authenticated, interpreted, and applied in modern context
reached its peak in the middle of the 20th century. According to Hamadah (2007), four indications mark
the revival of Hadith study in modern times. First, a massive publication of academic books and journals
on hadith and its related sciences. Second, the establishment of specific centers and faculties in major
universities that offered specialization in hadith studies. Third, the rise of studies on comparative
jurisprudence that refers to hadith as one of its most important references. Lastly, the produce of academic
thesis problematizes Western theories on hadith and Islamic history.

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The author learns that the revival of Hadith studies in modern times is a result of both internal and
external factors. Three of which are profoundly important and decisive. First, the influence of Islamic
reformists in their efforts to bring Islamic society out of the stagnation state. Second, the acceptance of the
printing press that becomes the turning point in revolutionizing the book industry in the Islamic world.
Third, the urgency to debunk orientalist’s destructive speculation on the history of hadith. In the following,
we will analyze and elaborate on each factor respectively.
6.2.1. The Influence of Islamic Reformist
Islamic dark-age that started from the 16th century has led most Muslims into a deep state of
ignorance, superstition and heresy practices. Fabricated hadiths spread widely due to little religious figures
who have adequate knowledge in hadith verification methods. Under these circumstances, some prominent
scholars in the 12/18 century have initiated a reform movement that aims at bringing Islamic society out of
this poor condition. The movement gives special effort in reviving ijtihad spirit and pays great attention in
hadith authenticity. It is difficult to determine specifically the person behind the reform idea for the first
time. All we know is the idea has spread out at that time in holy cities of Mecca and Medina where scholars
from all over the Islamic world gathered and exchanged knowledge. Azra (2013: 124) described the two
cities were like “a melting pot” where “small traditions” melted to give birth to a “new big tradition”.
In this reform climate, neo-sufism becomes the trend among the activist of reform. It sought to
reconstruct Islamic society by bringing it back to the original sources, namely Quran and Sunna. And the
group of scholars who played the most important role in this trend is hadith scholars. One of them was a
muhaddith-hanafite Muhammad bin Ḥayāt al-Sindi (d. 1750) who migrated from Sind to live and
disseminate hadith sciences in the holy city of Medina. His reformist thought can be seen in his book titled
Tuḥfa al-Anām fi al-'Amal bi Ḥadīth al-Nabi 'Alayh al-Ṣalāt wa al-Salām (The gift for mankind in
suggesting to practice the hadith of the prophet) in which he strongly advocates the importance of practicing
the legal content of hadiths even if it contradicts the ruling of traditional jurisprudence schools. Sindī’s
scholarship is often associated with the controversial Hijaz reformer Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhāb (d.
1791). It is said that Sindī's teachings have left a deep influence on Ibn Wahhab’s understanding of the
basic concept of Islamic creeds.
Other than Hijaz, the reform idea finds its way to other parts of Islamic countries. In Yemen, there
was a Zaydite scholar Muhammad bin Ismā'īl al-San‘ani (d. 1768) whose reform project continued by the
Judge Muhammad bin 'Ali al-Shawkānī (d. 1839). Both scholars censured taqlid, exercise an open mind
attitude when discussing religious matters, and prefer hadith over rulings of traditional authorities. The
wind of reform reaches India via Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Raḥīm al-Fārūqī, better known as Shāh Walī Allah
Dihlawī (d. 1762). He left for the holy city of Medina and Mecca to learn from the scholars of the holy
cities in 1731. Two years later he returned to Delhi and started a reform agenda that focused on education
sectors. Hadith studies were at the very heart of his reform movement. His hadith scholarship lied a strong
foundation for the rise of hadith study in India from where it spread to the entire of the Islamic world (Al-
Ḥasan, 2017).
Entering the 19th century, the spirit of reform begins its new chapter when it finds fertile ground in
Egypt, the city of knowledge. Due to Western military and science superiority, the main focus of Egyptian

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reformists was to find an appropriate solution to keep Islam relevant to modern challenges. Influenced by
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897), many Egyptian youths called on Islamic scholars to revamp their
traditional views on Islam. One of whom was Muhammad ‘Abduh (d. 1905) who after his appointment as
the grand mufti of Egypt he gives his best to make major reform in Azhar’s education system. On the
recognition of his reform efforts, many has refered him as "the maker of Modern Egypt" and "the founder
of Modern Islam.” Despite their strong emphasize on Islamic purity, both Afghani and ‘Abduh did not
touch directly on hadith related issues. It is ‘Abduh’s pupil, Rashid Riḍa (d. 1935) who subsequently rised
up the discussions on hadith criticism through his al-Manar publication. As Charles Adams (1933)
observes, Rida’s mastery in hadith studies is one of the most outstanding characteristic in his personality.
The way he scrutinizes the authenticity of hadiths from which he then concludes legal rulings has left a
significant impact on the rise of hadith studies in Egypt and other Islamic countries. If ‘Abduh is known as
the father of new Egypt, then Rida without doubt is the reviver of hadith study in modern time. Due to his
contribution, hadith sciences regained its proper position in every discussions regarding Islamic creed and
jurisprudence. Riḍa's thought paves way for the birth of the most respected muhaddith among modern
Salafi: Muhammad Naṣir al-Din al-Albani (d. 1999) whose passion in hadith study ignited after reading
Rida’s works and convicted with his ideas. And along with the spreading of Albani’s voluminous works,
hadith study has come into its climax.
6.2.2. The Impact of Printing press
If the discovery of paper has changed the way we preserve knowledge, the invention of the printing
machine has changed the way we disseminate ideas in modern times. Long before the machine was
invented, publishing a single book needs a long significant time and effort. Book publishing costs a
reasonable time and energy not to mention the price (Behrens-Abouseif, 2018). Because of which the
dissemination of knowledge is often limited only among intellectuals. In 1450, Johannnes Guttenberg
invented a machine that could cut time and cost in the book production process. When this technology
brought to Venice and Italy, it becomes one of the important tools to reshaping people’s thought that leads
to the European Renaissance. It is not surprising, therefore, if Francis Bacon (1993) named the printing
press as one of the greatest tools that changed the face of the world.
The Islamic world has come into knowledge about the existence of the printing press since the 9/15
century. But it took three centuries for Muslims to accept the technology as part of their culture. For some
reason, the use of the printing press is prohibited to print religious materials in all of the Islamic countries
under the Ottoman Caliphate. However, it changes when Egyptian ruler Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha
successfully convinced to found a printing company called Matbaa al-Emiriyya (The Prince Printing Press)
in 1819. When it was moved to Bulaq district, the company became popular with a new name: The Bulaq
Printing Press. The company is benefitted from the expertise of prominent Azhar scholars, who was
officially included in its editorial team, and valuable insights from Egyptian intellectuals such as
Muhammad ‘Abduh, Hamzah Fath Allah, Muhammad Khuḍari and Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu'alib (Tanahi
1984). By the end of the 19th century, Bulaq has managed to publish 603,890 manuscripts in various
disciplines (Sarkis 1928). Apart from its large quantity, Bulaq’s printing products earned wide recognition
among Islamic and western scholars for its fine quality.

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In term of Hadith publication, Bulaq has contributed to producing a high quality printed version of
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. The voluminous book was published in 1897 based on a manuscript belongs to a
prominent hadith scholar Sharaf al-Dīn ‘Ali bin al-Ḥusayn al-Yunini (d. 1301). The book equipped with a
careful comparison of various manuscripts in specific codes. Despite having limited facilities, the Bulaq
version remains the best of its kind until today (Tanahi 1984). The other significant contribution by Bulaq
is al-Shāfiʻī’s Kitāb al-Um which was published for the first time by the funding of Ahmad Bik Ahmad al-
Ḥusayni. It was said that al-Husayni had to sell his piece of land to obtain the printing cost. The book was
published in seven volumes in four years starting from 1903 until 1907. Printed at the side of this book
three equally important books namely Mukhtaṣar al-Muzanī, Musnad al-Shafii, and Ikhtilāf al-Ḥadiṭh.
In India, the largest publisher for Islamic materials is Dā'ira al-Maʻārif al-'Uthmāniyya which
located in Haydarabad. Since its foundation in 1888, the institution managed to obtain valuable manuscripts
and microfilms from all over the world. It has a capable team of editors who are experts in Islamic studies
besides many western orientalists who conducted their research in the Islamic manuscript. Among others,
Da’ira al-Ma‘arif gives its greatest attention Hadith literature especially biographical dictionaries such as
al-Istīāb fi Ma'rifah al-Aṣḥāb, Tadhkirah al-Ḥuffāẓ, Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb, al-Bukhari’s al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr,
and Ibn Makula’s al-Ikmāl (al-Tanaḥi 1984). Pertaining this matter, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Mu‘allimi noted:
“Whoever observes material outcomes of Islamic revival in the 14/20 century in India, Egypt and Levant,
he will find that India, especially Haydarabad al-Dakan, has given the greatest contributions through its
publication in hadith literature and its transmitter dictionaries.” (al-Suaylik 1995)
The rise of the Islamic publishing industry in India could not be parted from outstanding efforts
given by local reformists. One of them was the Bhopal ruler Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān (d. 1890) who deliberately
founded four printing companies, namely Sakandari Printer, al-Shāh-Jahani Printer, Sulṭan Printer and
Ṣiddiqi Printer. He also built a strong relationship with foreign Islamic publishers to obtain rare
manuscripts. He has spent 600 gold dinars to acquire Fatḥ al-Bari manuscript written in the handwriting of
a hadith scholar: Muhammad ‘Ali Ibn ‘Allan (d. 1647). He then has it published in 14 volumes in Egypt.
He also spent 20 thousand rupees to publish Ibn Kathir's famous book of tafsir, and another 25 thousand
rupees to publish al-Shawkānī's Nayl al-Awṭār (Tanaji 1984). These books subsequently sold to the public
at an affordable price or granted as gifts to certain scholars. This effort indirectly contributed to facilitating
the revival of hadith study in modern times.
6.2.3. The Challenge of Orientalism
In addition to internal factors described above, the revival of hadith study in modern time is also a
result of certain external factors. One of which is orientalist’s theories on Islamic history and creeds that
challenge the traditional views. As an agent of colonialism, orientalism is mainly to provide information
that helps colonial governments in their effort to sustain their grip on occupied Islamic countries. It is why
studies published by the orientalist concerning Islam and Muslims are generally biased (Said 2003).
Nevertheless, they have contributed partly to the preservation of Islamic heritage through the publication
of classical manuscripts and documents.
The earliest orientalist known to conduct critical studies in hadith is Aloys Sprenger (d. 1893). He
then becomes the first to state that most hadiths associated with the prophet should be regarded as

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fabricated. Nevertheless, his western colleagues such as Gustav Weil (d. 1889), William Muir (d. 1905),
and Rienhart P. A. Dozy (d. 1883) hold a more positive stance. They asserted that at least half of the hadiths
in Ṣahiḥ al-Bukhari can be considered as authentic (Brown 1996). However, the most influential orientalist
in hadith studies is Hungarian Ignaz Goldziher (d. 1921) who conducted a comprehensive work on Islamic
history in his Muhammedanische Studien. He concludes that it is hard to find hadiths that reflected the
actual sayings of the Prophet. Most of the hadiths are the product of religious, historical and social evolution
of the first two centuries of Islam. Goldziher's legacy subsequently developed by Joseph Schacht (d. 1969),
a German scholar, in his book entitled Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Supporting past orientalist’s
opinion, Schacht noted that most of the Hadiths are false and only a few can be academically attested as
actual words of the Prophet. He also added that the isnad (hadith’s chain of transmission) tends to grow
backward.
Orientalist’s theories on hadith drew long debate and criticism from both Muslim and Western
scholars alike. In their rebuttal, Islamic scholars highlighted severe mistakes and fact distortions allegedly
found in orientalist theories. This project was spearheaded by Syrian scholar and activist Muṣṭafā al-Siba‘i
(d. 1967) since he was a student in the postgraduate program at Azhar University. He wrote an extensive
study to contend the opinion of Golziher and other orientalists on hadith in his thesis entitled al-Sunnah wa
Makānatuhā fi al-Tashrī 'al-Islāmī (Sunna and its position in Islamic jurisprudence). His research marked
the beginning of systematic movement among Muslim academicians in their effort to clarify negative
conception about hadith. More studies have been produced ever since to finish what al-Siba‘i has started.
As Ḥamādah (2007) pointed out, although the number of studies on this topic still relatively limited but yet
it is effective in clearing up misconceptions. It undoubtedly contributes to the rise of modern hadith studies
as we have seen today.
7. Conclusion
Due to unconducive political and economic conditions, Hadith study almost reaches the brink of
extinction in all of the Islamic countries. However, it somehow manages to revive in the middle of the 18th
century and reaches its tipping point in the 20th century. Thousands of books and scholarly papers have
been published to explore every aspect of hadith sciences. More scholars and public members become
hadith-literate and deliberately eschew false hadiths. As this study has shown, the revival of hadith studies
was caused by several factors. In summary, reform idea that supported by proper technology has
successfully served as an effective mean to face internal and external challenges. It, in turn, has eventually
brought the Islamic society out of their long dark-age to a promising future.
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