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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2): 62-83
Online ISSN: 2244-5226
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF FLASHFLOODS AND
LANDSLIDES IN BRGY. ANDAP, NEW BATAAN, COMPOSTELA
VALLEY, PHILIPPINES: A LOCAL COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE
Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog1*, Paula Beatrice M. Macandog1, Lilibeth A.
Acosta2, Elena A. Eugenio1 3, Elaine Kuan-hui Lin4, Marites T. Gonzalo5, Jenefer M.
Ambe5, and Jovy delos Reyes1
1Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the
Philippines in Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
2Climate Action and Inclusive Development Department, Global Green Growth
Institute (GGGI), Seoul, Republic of Korea
3School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines in
Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines
4Academia Sinica, Section 2, Academia Rd, Nangang District, Taipei City, Taiwan
1152
5Ateneo de Davao University, Roxas Ave, Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000
Davao del Sur
*Corresponding author: dmmacandog@up.edu.ph;
dmmacandog@gmail.com
ABSTRACT – In December 2012, Brgy. Andap, New Bataan in Compostela Valley
suffered catastrophic damages due to Typhoon Bopha. Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA) activities were conducted in Brgy Andap six months after the calamity to elicit
the community’s local ecological knowledge on the land use and livelihood changes;
their impacts on environmental degradation; causal factors of the 2012 flash flood and
landslide; solutions for livelihood recovery; and recommendations to mitigate
flashfloods and landslides The various PRA activities include timeline, community-
based resource maps, causal mapping, and focus group discussion. New Bataan used
to have lush primary forest, fertile soils and abundant minerals. For decades, the
livelihood in the community was mainly agricultural planting vegetables, annual crops
and perennial trees. Logging and mining activities since the 1950’s resulted to
deforestation. These decade-long activities have increased the area’s vulnerability to
natural disasters. Locals perceive logging and mining activities as the major causes of
landslides and floods in the locality. Community recommendations to aid in the
community’s livelihood recovery include support for the restoration of farming
activities in the form of subsidies for agricultural inputs, provision of trainings and
seminars on modern agricultural practices and establishment of micro-credit financing
institutions. To mitigate flashfloods and landslides, the community recommends
logging ban and planting of trees in the denuded forests, moratorium on mining and
introdution of livelihood opportunities. Protection of the environment will lead to
sustainable livelihoods. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies as well
as careful consideration of the local geological and geographical characteristics of the
62
To cite this paper: Magcale-Macandog, D.B., Macandog, P.B.M., Acosta, L.A., Eugenio, E.A., Lin,
E.K., Gonzalo, M.T., Ambe, J.M. & delos Reyes, J. 2020. Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods
and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan, Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community
Perspective. Journal of Nature Studies. 19(2), 62-83.
Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
locality, should be integrated in the revision of the New Bataan Comprehensive Land
Use Plan (CLUP) and the Barangay Andap Development and Security Plans to make
the local communities climate change-sensitive and resilient. This study has shown that
participatory rural approaches provide an in-depth understanding of the local
community’s perception on the causes and impacts of natural hazards, and how to
mitigate these impacts.
Keywords: bioremediation, heavy metal contamination, mined-out community, social
attitude and acceptability
INTRODUCTION
The geographical location of the Philippines has made the country highly susceptible to natural
hazards (Acosta et al. 2013). Over the past decade, the country has been one of the top 5 countries that are
highly vulnerable and susceptible to natural disasters. The other four countries on the list include China,
the United States, India and Indonesia (Guha-Sapir et al. 2013). In 2012, a total of 471 natural and human-
induced disasters were recorded in the Philippines. These disasters affected more than 12 million people
and cost more than Php 39.9 billion in economic losses. In that year, the country ranked highest in the
world with the most number of fatalities caused by natural disasters. According to the Office of the U.S.
Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) and the Center for Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) International
Disaster Database, casualties due to natural disasters reached a total of 2,360 individuals. Majority of the
deaths (1,901 people) was attributed to the devastation caused by Typhoon Bopha (Bopha). As such, the
country ranked second in the world in the number of people affected by natural disasters (CDRC 2013).
Furthermore, flooding was the most frequent natural disaster in 2012. A total of 143 flooding
incidences were recorded. This accounts for 30% of the total number of disasters that occurred in that year.
Having occurred 115 times, fire was identified as the second most frequent disaster of 2012. The three
other top disasters of 2012, in terms of frequency, were landslide (106 times), storm surge (29 times) and
armed conflict (24 times). The frequency of flood and landslide events is expected to increase in the future
because of the impacts of climate change and extremes. Not only climate variability but also the continuing
environmental degradation have resulted to frequent occurrences of disaster events varying in magnitude
from one geographic location to another (Abucay et al. 2014; Eugenio et al. 2014, 2016). Using both
historical and recent (2000-2013) tropical cyclone tracks, Salvacion et al. (2014) noted that spatio-temporal
risks to tropical depression and typhoon in the country have changed over the past decades. The results of
this study estimated that Visayas and Mindanao islands has recorded an increase in areas and risk level to
tropical storm and typhoon during the last two months of the year. This estimation is substantiated by the
most recent devastating typhoons in Eastern Davao in Mindanao in 2012 (Pablo) and Eastern Samar in
Visayas in 2013 (Haiyan).
Typhoon Bopha, locally known as Typhoon Pablo, caused the most destruction among the
typhoons that made a landfall in the Philippines until 2012 (CDRC 2013). It was the worst typhoon in the
world in that year and, after Haiyan, the second deadliest ever recorded in the Philippines. The disaster
mortality (1,901 deaths) of Typhoon Bopha in Compostela Valley in the Davao region of the country on
December 4, 2012 accounted for 19.7% of the global disaster mortality in 2012. The damages caused by
Typhoon Bopha amounted to US$ 1.7 billion, making the Philippines one of the top countries in the world
that have accumulated the highest economic losses (Guha-Sapir et al. 2013).
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Magcale-Macandog, Macandog, Acosta, Eugenio, Lin, Gonzalo,
Ambe & delos Reyes
A landslide is the downward movement of earth, rock, or debris through a sloping terrain of land.
Geology, morphology, heavy rains, earthquakes, volcanic eruption, human activities or other factors that
render the slope unstable are the various factors that may cause landslides. Geology factor refers to the
rock or earth material itself that may be naturally weak or fractured
(https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/landslide/).
Flashfloods are fast-moving waters on land within a catchment where the response time of the
drainage basin is short. The occurrence of a flashflood is affected by terrain gradients, soil type, vegetative
cover, human habitation, and antecedent rainfall (Doswell, 2015). It occurs when the heavy rainfall
exceeds the absorptive capacity of the ground or when the creeks and streams are over-filled with water
that overtops their banks (NSSL).
Debris flows are fast-moving slurries of water and rock fragments, soil, and mud with the
consistency of freshly mixed concrete (Rodolfo et al., 2016, Takahashi, 1981; Hutter et al. 1994; Iverson
1997; Iverson et al., 1997)). Heavy rainfall that exceeds the critical threshold of intensity, duration and
accumulation may dislodge soil, sediment and rock masses into landslides that may merge to form debris
flow (Lagmay et al., 2007, Pierson and Scott, 1985; Smith and Lowe, 1991).
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an approach that encourages local community members to
share, express and analyse their personal knowledge of the environmental, social and economic conditions
of their community (Chambers, 1994) and it empowers communities to decide, plan, and implement their
programs (Townsley 1996). PRA is used to understand the process of development in the community, and
the social, economic, and environmental variables that may have affected this process (Binns et al., 1997).
PRA methods are also used to elicit open participation from an intended group to explore community
perception (Maalim, 2006) and to build indigenous knowledge (Mukherjee 1993). PRA acknowledges
indigenous knowledge systems and its critical role in addressing concerns of a community, and has a
holistic approach that focuses on the people-environment relationship (Binns et al. 1997). The visual
methods in PRA, such as mapping and creating diagrams, promote interaction among the participants and
bridge the gap between literacy and possible illiteracy, and build relationships with elders (Doyle and
Krasny, 1994). PRA is a response to the needs of the communities and target groups Chandra (2010).
In the Philippines, PRA has been adopted to understand the dynamic interactions and
environmental problems in muyong-payoh system of Banaue, Ifugao (Magcale-Macandog 2018),
integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation into comprehensive land use planning (Endo et al.
2017), eliciting ecological knowledge and community perception on fish kill in Taal lake (Magcale-
Macandog et al. 2014), and assessment of environmental degradation and proposed solutions in the Sta.
Rosa (Magcale-Macandog et al. 2011a) and Los Banos sub-watershed (Magcale-Macandog et al. 2011b).
PRA was applied by Magcale-Macandog et al. (2011a) to understand the patterns, drivers and
impacts of land-use change in Sta. Rosa subwatershed. Drivers of these land use changes were population
immigration, food security, income generation, industrialization and urbanization. Impacts of these
developments include air, water and land pollution; flash floods and environmental degradation. The PRA
enabled the local communities to express their concerns and perceptions about the environmental problems
that they face and to formulate doable solutions to address these problems. The findings of this study were
helpful to the LGU officials in creating local ordinances and programs to address these environmental
problems in the watershed.
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
Magcale-Macandog et al. (2011b) conducted an initial rapid assessment of patterns and drivers of
land-use changes within the Los Baños subwatershed to understand the interactions between land cover,
economic intensification and river-catchment functioning through the conduct of Participatory Rural
Appraisal (PRA). Increasing population and migration to upland areas, demand for food and income, and
policies were the major driving factors of land use change in the watershed. The communities proposed
various solutions to their problems including alternative livelihood sources, tree planting in landslide prone
areas, creation of early warning system for flash floods, strict implementation of policies on waste
management, regulation on the introduction of fish species in the lake and regulation of fish cage operations
in the lake.
In another study, Macandog et al. (2014) applied PRA methodologies to elicit local ecological
knowledge and community perception on the driving forces and possible solutions to address fish kill in
Taal lake. Fishkill in the lake were attributed to various factors that include oxygen depletion, volcanic
activity, lake overturn, sudden changes in water color, seasonal temperature changes, wind velocity and
direction, hydrothermal vents, poor water quality, and agricultural pollution from swine and poultry farms.
The response of the community to reduce the impacts of fishkill is anchored on their local ecological
knowledge, experience, technology, and vigilance.
This study was conducted to elicit community perception on the drivers and impacts of the 2012
Typhoon Pablo flash flood and landslide in New Bataan, Compostela Valley through the conduct of various
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) activities. Specifically, the study sought to document community
perceptions and local knowledge on the influence of different livelihood activities to environmental
degradation and to relate various factors that contributed to the landslide and flashflood of 2012. The study
also aimed to involve the local community in identifying feasible solutions for the recovery of their
livelihood and to craft adaptation and mitigation strategies to landslides and flashfloods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Case Study Area
Compostela Valley was the most damaged province in Davao region during the wrath of Typhoon
Bopha. Heavy and continuous rainfall triggered the devastating flashfloods and landslides that ravaged the
municipality of New Bataan in Compostela Valley affecting more than a thousand families and terribly
ruined large scale of local livelihoods (Acosta et al. 2016). The United States meteorological experts
classified the typhoon as Category 5 where winds have an average speed of 185km/hr and gusts reaching
210 km/hr. The province of Compostela Valley was the region with the most number of recorded deaths.
Despite advanced warnings and preparations by communities against the tropical cyclone, Typhoon Bopha
caused heavy damage with 1,067 deaths, 800 missing and Php 7 billion worth of damage to infrastructure
and agriculture (Manuta 2013). Majority of the casualties and destruction occurred in Barangay Andap,
New Bataan. Thus, the village of Andap was selected as the case study site.
Field Site Visit
Prior to field site visit, published literature on Typhoon Bopha and the disaster it has caused in
Compostela valley were reviewed. Research team meetings were conducted to plan for the activities during
the field visit. During the initial visit to New Bataan on June 5, 2013, courtesy call was made at the Mayor’s
office to present the study and its objectives and to seek for the Mayor’s approval, support and cooperation
in the conduct of the study. With the approval and support of the Mayor, the research team requested for
65
Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Magcale-Macandog, Macandog, Acosta, Eugenio, Lin, Gonzalo,
Ambe & delos Reyes
secondary data and photos from the LGU regarding Typhoon Bopha, including CLUP. Reconnaisance
survey of the areas affected by the debris flow was done by driving around New Bataan and in Barangay
Andap. Local data were collected from Barangay Andap including socio-economic information, land use
and damages due to Typhoon Bopha and a copy of the Andap Barangay Development and Security Plan
2011-2015. Arrangements were made with the Barangay Andap officials regarding the conduct of the PRA
the following day.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
PRA activities were conducted in the village of Andap, New Bataan on 6 June 2013, about six
months after the Typhoon Bopha calamity. In coordination with the Local Government Unit officials of
New Bataan and barangay officials of Brgy. Andap, about 30 local community members were selected and
invited to participate in the PRA activities. Participants include elderlies, farmers, housewives, local
government officers, youth, indigenous peoples, and other community leaders who are knowledgeable on
livelihood changes and environmental degradation in the village over the decades. Such composition of the
participants was designed to gather perspectives of the various sectors of the community. The number of
participants was limited by the size of the barangay hall where the event was held.
Various PRA activities conducted include Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussion,
Timeline, Community Land Use Mapping, Causal Mapping, and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities
and Threats (SWOT). Timeline and community-based mapping were done to capture a chronological and
visual description of community developments, livelihood, deforestation and mining activities, and
environmental degradation in Brgy. Andap through time. For the time line, metacards and pens were
handed to the participants and they were asked to write down the significant developments (materials for
housing, school, road, piped water, bridge, transportation), natural hazards (flood, El Niño), environmental
degradation (deforestation, mining), and livelihood (agricultural crops and trees planted, fishing, small
scale mining) for each time period (i.e., 1960-1980, 1980-2000, 2000- 2012). They were given ample time
(10-15 minutes) to discuss with their group mates and write down their answers. Then, they posted their
meta cards in Manila papers mounted on the wall. After all the metacards were posted for each time period,
the answers were read out aloud by the facilitator and lead a focus group discussion to elaborate on the
answers. The process was repeated for the next time period. The community land use mapping activity
allowed participants to illustrate where major land use and livelihood changes occurred over the decades
using community-based knowledge. This was executed for each time period by asking the participants to
sketch a visual representation of their barangay and locate the mountains, forests, houses, roads, and areas
used for planting agricultural crops and trees for each time period. The process was repeated for 3 time
periods and they captured visually the changes in the land use, increase in number of houses, changes in
house types, decrease in density of trees in the forest, evolution of building materials for their houses and
infrastructure developments like roads, bridges, school and electricity.
Focus group discussion with the PRA participants and key informant interviews with the LGU
officials including the Mayor, agriculture, environment and disaster risk reduction and management
officers gathered information on the disaster brought about by Typhoon Pablo, significant factors that have
influenced environmental degradation such as land use change, crops and trees planted and mining
activities in the community. These activities also focus on the drivers of land use change and livelihood
change and their impacts on environmental, social, and economic aspects of the community.
Causal maps showed the relations and interrelatedness of identified drivers and factors that
[
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
contributed to existing problems in the community. The participants were asked to write in metacards the
various factors and drivers that contributed to the occurrence of landslide and flashflood in their locality.
One factor was written per metacard and these metacards were pasted on the Manila paper posted on the
wall. The participants were asked to draw lines to connect the causes and effects. Then, a focus group
discussion was conducted for each connection. The process was repeated until all factors and drivers were
connected to landslide and flashflood, and the group has an understanding of their causal map.
The SWOT analysis investigated the internal strengths and weaknesses of the community in
addressing and solving pressing environmental and economic issues in the community. It also assessed
available external opportunities and possible threats to the implementation of community-identified
solutions to the problems. For this activity, the focus of SWOT analysis was their livelihood rehabilitation
which was important for their recovery from the disaster brought about by Typhoon Pablo.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Description of the Study Site
The municipality of New Bataan with 16 barangays was formally established by an act of
Congress on 18 June 1948 in honor of Luz Banzon-Magsaysay, the widow of President Ramon Magsaysay
who hailed from Bataan province in Luzon (Rodolfo et al. 2016). New Bataan is located in the province
of Compostela Valley in the Davao region (Figure 1). It has a total land area of 55,315 hectares. According
to 2015 census, the municipality has a total population of 47,470 from 10,562 households. New Bataan is
highly agricultural, wherein 24.57% (13,591 hectares) of total land area is dedicated to agricultural use. As
such, farming has been the prominent livelihood activity in the area. While half of the active population
are farmers, the other half engage in teaching, government work and private work (New Bataan CLUP
2010).
New Bataan has a Type II Climate, which is characterized by no dry season with a very
pronounced maximum rain period. Its average annual precipitation is 2648 mm while the average
temperature is 25.7 °C (Climate-data.org). The monthly rainfall generally occurs in December to January
and there is no single dry month in the regions (New Bataan CLUP 2010).
Barangay Andap was established at the head of the valley on high grounds at the mouth of a
mountain drainage network. The valley was bounded by steeply sided slopes with deeply fractured rocks
situated along the length of Mati Fault line. The location was not initially recognized as an alluvial fan
(Rodolfo et al. 2016) where water drains. Its geological and geographical characteristics thus make the
village susceptible to floods and landslides. Referring to the studies of Villanueva (2012) and Ferrer et al.
(2014), Acosta et al. (2014) mentioned that New Bataan is in permanent danger due to its very high
susceptibility to landslides and Andap in particular because it is situated in the path of potential debris
flows. It was estimated that the flashflood deposits have an average thickness of 1-2 m and width of 50-70
meters (MGB 2012). More than 1,250 houses were either partially or totally damaged. The extent of the
damage can be seen from Figure 2 below. The village center where school, health center, houses, resort,
etc. were located was totally washed out by the flashflood and landslides, carrying along not only muds
but also huge rocks from the adjacent mountain. Moreover, farmlands around the village center were
similarly covered by these debris flow, making it impossible for farmers to cultivate.
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Magcale-Macandog, Macandog, Acosta, Eugenio, Lin, Gonzalo,
Ambe & delos Reyes
Figure 1. Location of Brgy. Andap in the municipality of New Bataan.
Figure 2. Photos of the village center of Andap before (left) and after (right) the floodflash and landslides.
Community demographics and Livelihood Patterns
In 2011, Brgy. Andap has a total population of 7,765 with 1,655 households (Andap Barangay
Development and Security Plan 2011-2015). The average household size is 5. There are three ethnic groups
in Brgy Andap: Mansaka (2,240), Surigaonon/Kamayo (277) and Mandaya (5,248). In 1959, the Bureau
of Lands undertook cadastral survey in Brgy Andap followed by the release of cadastral land titles that
attracted migrants from Visayas and Luzon (Brgy Andap Development and Security Plan 2011-2015) to
settle in Brgy Andap. This also motivated the indigenous communities to develop agricultural farms within
68
Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
the barangay. Farmers compose 23.6% of the total economically active population while school age make
up 42%, employed population make up 22.2% while unemployed make up 11.5% of the population (Andap
Barangay Development and Security Plan 2011-2015).
Barangay Andap, one of the 16 barangays comprising New Bataan, is a rural area that covers the
largest area of the municipality with 11,240.55 hectares or 20.32% of the total land area of New Bataan
(Fig. 1). The land suitability map of the Municipality of New Bataan shows that land in Andap is largely
suitable for planting tree species (9,679 ha), diversified crops (1,225 ha) and rice crops (411 ha). A land
area of 196 ha is suitable for urban use. Existing land use in Andap is predominantly agricultural and
forested (7,990 ha). Brushlands is the second largest land use covering 2,972 ha. Mixed crops including
vegetables and high value crops cover 1,656 ha. Lastly, built-up areas in the barangay cover 96 ha (Andap
Barangay Development and Security Plan 2011-2015).
An example of output of the timeline activity during the conduct of PRA activities is shown in
Figure 3. According to the PRA participants, the various sources of livelihood of the local community of
Brgy Andap prior to the occurrence of Typhoon Bopha in 2012 were agriculture, rubber tree plantation,
logging, fishing, mining, and tourism (Figure 4). The local community has depicted the landscape in Brgy.
Andap from 1960-1980 as a rural area with forests in the hills and mountains; abundant trees including
coconut, coffee, rubber and timber species; crops including abaca, corn, vegetables and medicinal herbs in
the agricultural farms; abundant fish in the river; and birds and other wildlife (Figure 5a).
Figure 3. Results of timeline activity showing the metacards for 1960-1980 and 1980-2000 time periods.
Agricultural crops including abaca, vegetables, rubber, medicinal herbs, coconut, coffee,corn,
rice were planted in Brgy. Andap since the 1960’s (Figures 4, 5a). Vegetables are the major crops grown
(as indicated by the thick line) in the area since the 1960 until 2012. Abaca was also populary grown in the
1960’s but the intensity of planting declined through the decades.
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Magcale-Macandog, Macandog, Acosta, Eugenio, Lin, Gonzalo,
Ambe & delos Reyes
There was massive logging of timber trees during the period of 1960-1980 (Figure 4). This is
largely attributed to the logging activities of the Davao Corporation who acquired logging operations
permit in the area in 1970 that opened up new roads and increased the population of Barangay Andap (Brgy
Andap Development and Security Plan 2011-2015). These trees were replaced by coffee, banana, and
cacao. Like logging activities, fishing was also a major activity in the community in the period of 1960-
1980 (Figure 4). Further, many of the residents worked as hired labor in small-scale mining activities in
the mountains from the 1960s until 2000.
The period of 1980 to 2000 was the golden years for agricultural activities in the area. There was
widespread planting of coffee and corn (Figures 4, 5b). Peanut and cacao were also grown in the area
during this period. Banana was initially planted in the area in the 1980s and is being grown up to 2012.
This golden era of Barangay Andap started on March 10, 1978 when the Paglilikod ng Bagan Lipunan
(PBL) program was launched under the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos that resulted to the creation
of Barangay Andap as a Special Barangay. The economy of Barangay Andap started to grow under the
leadership of the first elected barangay captain, Barangay Captain Ramon Tay on May 4, 1982 (Barangay
Andap Development and Security Plan 2011-2015).
On the other hand, planting of abaca declined in the period of 1980-2000 and further declined
since the early 2000’s (Figure 4). Lalusin (2010) reported that abaca production in the Philippines rapidly
declined since the 1980’s due to a number of reasons including unavailability of improved varieties and
diseases due to abaca bunchy top (ABT), abaca mosaic (AM) and abaca bract mosaic (ABM).
Figure 4. Timeline of livelihood sources in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan. Thickness of lines indicate intensity
of livelihood activity: the thicker the line, the greater the intensity of the activity.
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
Additionally, the enormous decline of the trees in the forest and agricultural farms was
accompanied by the decline of bird and wildlife population during this period (Figure 5b). Fishing activities
continually declined since the 1980s while small-scale mining activities continued at the same intensity as
the previous time period (Figure 4).
In the recent decades of 2000-2012, there were much less trees in the mountains and farms due to
the cutting of forest trees and conversion of forest lands into agricultural areas that has been going on for
several decades (Brgy Andap Development and Security Plan 2011-2015). Coconut and a few timber trees
were left in the area. The major crops grown were banana and vegetables (Figure 4). Other crops grown
were rice, corn and a few abaca. Coffee, cacao, peanut and medicinal herbs were no longer grown. Fishing
activities continually declined due to dwindling fish resources in the area (Figure 4).
Figure 5. Community-based land use maps in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan in the periods 1960-1980 (Figure
5a), 1980-2000 (Figure 5b) and 2000-2012 (Figure 5c).
Many agricultural and non-agricultural livelihood activities were devastated by Typhoon Bopha
on Dec 4, 2012 (Figure 4). Majority of the agricultural areas underwent rehabilitation while other areas
that have been severely damaged and covered with rocks and boulders cannot be planted to agricultural
crops anymore.
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Magcale-Macandog, Macandog, Acosta, Eugenio, Lin, Gonzalo,
Ambe & delos Reyes
Community Development and Environmental Degradation
The information collected from the PRA reveals that the population of residents in Brgy. Andap,
New Bataan continually increased since the 1960’s (Figure 6). Nipa hut was the common form of shelter
from the 1960’s to 1980’s. This was replaced by wooden houses in the 1980’s to 2000’s. Due to scenic
landscape of the area, tourism started in the 1980’s and was in boom in the beginning of 2000s.
By the year 2000, the local community started to use concrete and GI sheet roofing in the
construction of their houses. Much of the community development started in the early 2000, including the
construction of cemented road and bridge, installation of household water connection and establishment of
the secondary school (Figure 5b). The main modes of public transportation were motorcycle and jeepney
since the 1980s. This period also saw the rise of many resorts in Barangay Andap (Figure 5c). The village
of Andap used to be the most vibrant village in New Bataan because it had resorts that were popular to
local tourists.
Cutting of trees in the forest and mining activities in the mountains are the two main anthropogenic
activities that contributed to environmental degradation in the area. In 1958, Brgy Andap was still thickly
forested and was a sanctuary of wild animals including a pair of Philippine eagle (Andap Barangay
Development and Security Plan 2011-2015). The primary forests of Octomeles sumatrana (locally known
as Binauang) in Cabinuangan (old town name of New Bataan) attracted the logging industry as early as the
1950s (Ea et al. 2013). As the logging companies opened the road network, this paved the way to slash
and burn farming. From the 1960s to 1975, logging activities resulted to massive deforestation (Andap
Barangay Development and Security Plan 2011-2015). Logging activities continued, though at a lesser
scale, until 2000 when the government imposed a logging ban. Vast areas of the cleared forests were
converted to banana plantations (Preda 2012, Manuta et al. 2018) to supply markets in China, Iran and
Japan.
Like many areas in Compostella Valley, Andap and its adjacent upland villages have not only
fertile agricultural lands but also rich mineral deposits, so in addition to agriculture, gold is an important
product generated from small to big scale mining industries (Eugenio et al. 2014). Mining activities have
been on-going from the 1960’s until the present time (Figure 6). However, mining activities were most
rampant during the period of 1980 to 2000. This may partly be attributed to the downscaled logging
activities from the 1980’s, thus many of the residents resorted to mining activities. Data from Panalipdan
Southern Mindanao, an environmental group, show that there are five companies in New Bataan mining
for gold, silver, and copper covering about 13, 557 hectares (Davao Today 2012). Aside from these big
mining companies, there are numerous illegal and poorly regulated small-time miners who have dug holes
in many areas in the mountains in search for gold rendering the mountains unsafe for habitation (Preda
2012). There are thousands of illegal mining operations in Compostela Valley that provides 40% of the
economic output of the province (Preda 2012) and New Bataan hosts a number of these illegal miners.
The local community experienced flooding after the occurrence of strong typhoons since late
1970s. There was drought in the community due to El Niño phenomenon in 1980 (Figure 6).
Drivers of Landslides and Floods in Brgy. Andap
Due to human population pressure and the increasing demand for food, many of the forest logged
over areas areas were cleared through the practice of slash-and-burn logging in order to open up new areas
for agriculture (Figure 7). Farmers cultivate subsistence crops like rice, corn, peanut, and vegetables
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
Figure 6. Timeline of community development and environmental degradation in Brgy. Andap, New
Bataan. Thickness of lines indicate intensity of activity: the thicker the line, the higher the intensity
of the activity. The dashed vertical line indicates the occurrence of Typhoon Pablo that caused
much damage and required reconstration thereafter.
through the years. Also, due to the demand for income, some members of the community were engaged in
small scale gold mining in the remote areas of the nearby mountains. These two anthropogenic activities
(logging and mining) resulted to forest denudation. Manuta et al. (2018) and Rodolfo et al. (2016) had
similar conclusions.
According to the local community, extreme climate variability and forest clearing are the two
major driving factors of flashfloods and landslides in Brgy. Andap (Figure 7). Extreme climate variability
includes the occurrence of super typhoons characterized by very strong wind velocity and enormous
amount of precipitation. In the study conducted by Acosta et al. (2014), survey respondents in three
villages in New Bataan including Andap have the opinion that climate change is related to the increasing
intensity of typhoons. However, the level of awareness on the link between fragile environment and disaster
events is relatively low in New Bataan. There are thus slight differences in the opinions of the PRA
participants and survey respondents. The participants in the PRA also noted that the slash-and-burn logging
and forest clearing may contribute to extreme climate variability due to the emissions of CO2. The
occurrence of super typhoons coupled with the lack of protective forest cover in the mountains result to
water-run-off and soil erosion which may lead to flashfloods and landslides (Figure 7).
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Magcale-Macandog, Macandog, Acosta, Eugenio, Lin, Gonzalo,
Ambe & delos Reyes
Figure 7. Community-based causal diagram showing drivers contributing to the occurrence of landslide
and flashflood in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan.
After the flashflood and landslide events in Andap on December 4, 2012, the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau immediately conducted geohazard mapping and assessment in some portions of Andap Watershed.
According to their report (MGB, 2012), the following were the main causes of the flashfloods:
• High precipitation on the headwaters of Mayo River and Kalyawan Creek.
• Denuded watershed of Andap with relatively thin soil cover that promotes high surface run-off.
• Presence of landslide and debris along the slopes that contribute much on the over siltation of
the river channel.
• Constrictions of river channel at the portion of converging Kalyawan Creek and Mayo River
that results to damming and river migration.
• Constructions of low-lying bridge along silted river channels that blocks huge rock boulders
and uprooted trees causing damming of floodwaters and diversion of river courses.
• Presence of old river channels along the floodplain deposit where floodwaters could easily
migrate whenever there is blockage along the existing river course.
Moreover, according to the MGB report (2012), logging and mining have no direct contribution
to the flashflood events in the area. Instead, MGB (2012) identified other natural factors including high
drainage density, steep slopes that are highly susceptible to landslide, thin soil cover in the headwaters,
high surface run-off, geology of the area, nature of river channel and the improper construction of
waterways, roads and bridges along active river channel make the area prone to flash flooding. Thus, the
assessments of MGB, which is the government agency responsible for the conservation, management,
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Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
development and proper use of the country’s mineral resources including those in reservation and lands of
public domains do not match with the opinions of the community living in Andap. However, independent
reports (Environment Philippines 2012, Philippines Star 2012, Davao Today 2012, PREDA Foundation
2012, GMA Network 2012) disagree with that of MGB’s by emphasizing that mining as well as logging
cause landslides. Geologists from the National Institute for Geological Studies (NIES) of the University of
the Philippines Diliman and research team from project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of
Hazards) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) led by Dr. Kelvin Rodolfo conducted an
assessment of the debris flow in Mayo River in Brgy. Andap brought by Typhoon Pablo. Rodolfo et al.
(2016) described that the rocks in the watershed of Brgy Anday are extensively fractured as it lies on the
left side of the Mati Fault which has numerous associated fractures in broad zones along its length. They
also reported that steep slopes have been largely deforested by mining and logging, that enabled the
incidence of numerous shallow and bedrock landslides, that were activated by Pablo’s heavy rains. The
MGB is responsible for promoting mining industries, so there seem to be conflict of interest that may have
influenced the assessment report. On the other hand, DENR Secretary Paje (GMA News, Dec. 2012) stated
that most of the illegal logging ‘hot spots’ are located in the areas hit by typhoon Pablo. Sec. Paje further
stressed that the disaster brought about by flash floods during typhoon Pablo is a testament “that we must
really stop timber harvesting from our natural forests”, referring to the Executive Order 23 signed by
President Benigno Aquino III on February 2011. Another interesting point here is that, while the MGB do
not see the effects of logging and mining on flashfloods, the community was not aware that the
infrastructures including roads and bridges, which block the otherwise natural flow of the water, has also
contributed to the disaster (MGB 2012).
Impacts of Flashflood, Landslide and Debris Flow on Livelihood
Heavy rains brought by Typhoon Pablo triggered numerous shallow and bedrock landslides while
strong winds uprooted trees on the upper watershed enhancing soils slips and erosion by run-off (Rodolfo
et al. 2016). Tremendous amount of water rushed down from the mountains causing heavy mud floods and
landslides (Manuta et al. 2018). The thick mud, logs and boulders blocked the roads, making the area
inaccessible for the rescuers to reach the area (Acosta et al. 2016).
Rodolfo et al. (2016) assessed debris flow in Brgy. Andap using satellite images, LiDAR mapping
and field measurements. They estimated that 25 to 30 million cubic meters debris flow were deposited
measuring 0.2 to 1 km wide and 0.25 to 9 meters thick. This is the largest debris flow ever recorded in the
world. About 500 hectares were covered with debris mixed with big boulders measuring up to 16 meters
in diameter that buried Brgy. Andap up to 9 meters deep.
With the disaster caused by Typhoon Pablo that destroyed most of the infrastructure in the
community, many residents were relocated in temporary housing and tent cities. Roads, schools, barangay
hall were reconstructed. After a year, they reside in relocation sites far from the original location of the
community along the river where they were provided with more durable housing units made of cement and
GI roofing material.
Agricultural farms were buried in debris making the lands unsuitable for farming. They have to
look for alternative suitable areas for farming in other parts of the village.
Rehabilitation of Livelihood
Based on the results of SWOT analysis, two strengths for livelihood rehabilitation as a means
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Ambe & delos Reyes
for the community to adapt to the disaster impacts were identified (Table 1). The community has the
capability to rehabilitate their banana plantations. Even though most of the bananas were devastated by
Typhoon Bopha, banana plants will give rise to new suckers with proper management. People in Andap
also have knowledge on organic farming. They are keen on putting up demonstration farms on organic
farming. However, their weaknesses include the lack of means to procure the inputs (seedlings, fertilizers,
and capital for livestock) necessary to rehabilitate their livelihoods and the inability to pay loans in their
cooperatives (Table 1).
Table 1. SWOT analysis for livelihood rehabilitation in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan.
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
• Rehabilitation of banana plantations
• Creation of demonstration farms on
organic farming
• Lack of means to procure the following:
o Seedlings for the reestablishment of
cacao, rubber, and coconut plantations
o Agricultural inputs such as fertilizer and
pesticide
o Knowledge on new farming technology
o Capital for livestock and other livelihood
• Inability of members of cooperatives to
repay loans
OPPORTUNITIES
THREAT
• Trainings and seminars on the following
livelihood opportunities:
o Organic agriculture
o Poultry production
o Handicraft utilizing Rattan by-products
o Technology on processing coconut husk
o Food processing
o Livestock (goat, swine production)
• Establishment of coconut cooperative
• Availability of micro-credit financing
• Lack of extension services on agriculture
The locals were very hopeful that they can rehabilitate their livelihoods through the support of
the local government and other organizations who can provide them with various opportunities.
Participation in trainings and seminars on various topics including organic agriculture, poultry production,
handicraft utilizing rattan by-products, technology on processing coconut husk, food processing, and
raising livestock (goat, swine) are viable opportunities. They would like to be given the opportunity to
establish another cooperative and to avail of micro-financing so that they can start all over again in their
livelihood activities.
After the Typhoon Pablo disaster, the government launched recovery and reconstruction
programs aimed at increasing the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities. These programs include:
(1) the “Moving up after Pablo (MAP) New Bataan Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Recovery Program
(MAP New Bataan CRRP)” of the municipal government of New Bataan, (2) the “Reconstruction and
Development Framework 2013-2016” of the regional government of Davao Oriental (Davao Oriental RDF
2013-2016), and (3) “Post-Pablo Livelihood Cluster Action Plan for Davao Oriental and Compostela
Valley Province” of the Department of Agriculture (DA) (Post-Pablo LCAP) (Manuta et al, 2018).
Specifically, the objectives of the “Post-Pablo livelihood cluster action plan for Davao Oriental and
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
Compostela Valley Provinces” were to rehabilitate and protect the typhoon-damaged agroforestry
plantations, livestock, and fishery industries; and to provide livelihood opportunities and expand the
income base of affected communities. The draft post disaster needs assessment report for typhoon Pablo
Davao Region (Feb 2013) for the livelihood cluster include various strategies and major programs for the
rehabilitation of the agriculture sector. These include the following: rehabilitation of damaged crop farms
and provision of machinery, equipment and harvest facilities for the production of various crops including
banana, coconut, rice, corn, cassava, sweet potato, cacao, coffee, peanuts, vegetables, soybeans, abaca,
bamboo and rubber; reforestation of denuded mountain areas; and rehabilitation of damaged livestock
farms and reconstruction of slaughterhouses. For the industry, trade and services sector, strategies include
the provision of entrepreneurial and capacity training program, shared service facilities and credit
assistance.
The Typhoon Bopha (Pablo) Humanitarian Handbook Region 13 CARAGA (OCHA 2013)
reported that the livelihood cluster assisted affected communities with emergency interventions and mid-
term livelihood opportunities, such as providing 1,900 farmers with tools and assets. They also provided
cash for work and other income generating opportunities with long-term effects such as rehabilitation of
agricultural lands for banana and corn production, vegetable farming and compost production.
Further, the PRA participants consider the lack of extension services on agriculture in the area as
a threat to their livelihood rehabilitation (Table 1). Currently, the Local Government Unit through the
Municipal Agricultural Services Office (MASO) provides extension services such as Cooperative Training
and Agricultural services monthly or as the need arises (Andap Barangay Development and Security Plan
2011-2015).
Vulnerable communities in Brgy Andap have received immediate, medium and long-term
assistance from the government, NGOs and civic communities. Relief goods including food, tents,
clothing, medicine were immediately provided to them by the various sectors. Medium term assistance
includes house and road reconstruction, and social support. Livelihood rehabilitation is the focus of the
long-term recovery program and will be effective if a participatory approach by considering local
community preferences has been implemented from the preparatory, implementation and monitoring and
evaluation phases of the projects.
Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies to Landslides and Flashfloods
During the focus-group discussion on possible solutions to the driving factors of their problems
in the area, the local community voiced several possible adaptation and mitigation measures (Table 2). To
address deforestation, they suggested planting of trees, preferably fruit trees as they provide additional
income when the trees start to bear fruits, particularly high value fruits. There is a need to effectively stop
logging and mining activities by revoking their permits and imposing stricter laws and stiffer punishment
against illegal loggers and miners. The introduction and development of viable alternative livelihood
activities will provide the locals with much needed income to meet their daily needs that may encourage
them to stop their illegal logging and mining activities.
The response of the community to reduce the impacts of landslides and flash flood is anchored
on their local ecological knowledge, experience, and vigilance (Magcale-Macandog et al., 2011a). The
findings of this study will be helpful to the LGU officials in creating local ordinances and programs to
address landslides and flashflood in the Brgy Andap.
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Table 2. Community solutions to landslide and flashflood problems in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan.
Problem
Solution
Deforestation
• Tree planting drives, preferably using fruit trees
• Effectively stop logging activities by:
o Revoke logging permits
o Impose stricter laws and stiffer punishments against
illegal logging
Mining
• Stop gold mining
o Revoke mining permits
o Impose stricter laws and stiffer punishments against
illegal mining
Lack of income
• Introduce viable alternative livelihood sources
o Encourage locals to stop engaging in logging and mining
activities
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Philippines is highly vulnerable and susceptible to natural disasters, particularly the
occurrence of frequent typhoons. In 2012, Mindanao suffered catastrophic damages due to Typhoon
Bopha and the province of Compostela Valley was one of the most severely affected areas. Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA) activities were conducted in Andap, New Bataan, Compostela Valley to document
community perception and local knowledge on the drivers and impacts of environmental degradation as
well as relate the factors that contributed to the catastrophic 2012 flashflood and landslide, craft livelihood
rehabilitation strategies and to craft adaptation and mitigation strategies to landslides and flashfloods.
Barangay Andap was established at the head of a valley on high grounds at the mouth of a
mountain drainage network, which was later discovered to be an alluvial fan where water drains. The
valley was bounded by steeply sided slopes with deeply fractured rocks situated along the length of Mati
Fault line. Naturally, its geological and geographical characteristics make the village susceptible to floods
and landslides.
Barangay Andap was thickly forested with primary forests dominated by Octomeles sumatrana
in the 1950’s that attracted logging companies. The area is also rich in mineral resources like gold, copper,
and silver. As early as the 1960s, logging and small-scale mining activities have been practiced by the
locals. The forests are currently severely denuded while mountains were destroyed due to small scale
mining. Geographical setting, environmental degradation due to logging and mining, and extreme climatic
events are the major factors that contributed to the occurrence of the catastrophic 2012 landslide, flood
and debris flow in the locality.
Almost every main source of livelihood in the community was destroyed in the aftermath of the
landslide and flash flood caused by Typhoon Bopha. Community recommendations to aid in the
community’s recovery include support for the restoration of farming activities in the form of subsidies for
agricultural inputs, provision of trainings and seminars on modern agricultural practices and establishment
of micro-credit financing institutions. Introduction of viable alternative livelihood sources is essential to
encourage locals to stop mining and logging activities. Strict implementation of laws against logging and
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Journal of Nature Studies 19(2)
Assessment of the Impacts of Flashfloods and Landslides in Brgy. Andap, New Bataan,
Compostela Valley, Philippines: A Local Community Perspective
illegal mining are needed to effectively stop logging and mining activities. The community also suggested
that planting of fruit and timber trees should be a priority activity to bring back trees in the denuded forests.
Community-based methodologies such as participatory rural approaches provide an in-depth
understanding of the local community members’ view on the causes and impacts of natural hazards. Such
PRA methodologies serve as avenues for community members to express their perceptions on
environmental degradation and propose viable solutions to address these issues.
Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, and geological and geographical
characteristics of the locality, should be integrated in the revision of the New Bataan Comprehensive Land
Use Plan (CLUP) and the Barangay Andap Development and Security Plans to make the local
communities climate change-sensitive and resilient. Alternative livelihood to logging and mining are key
to stop these environmentally degrading activities in Barangay Andap. Capacity building and technical
and support services from the government, NGOs and other related agencies are essential elements to
improve their farming systems, processing, and marketing of their agricultural products. Participatory
approach is being recommended for more effective long-term recovery programs for livelihood
rehabilitation by involving local communities in all phases of the program from the conceptualization,
implementation and monitoring and evaluation phases. The local communities are based on the site and
they have experiences and local knowledge to effectively implement their livelihood rehabilitation
programs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The research team is very thankful for the support and cooperation of the LGU of New Bataan,
Compostela Valley under the leadership of Hon. Lorenzo L. Balbin, Jr., Mayor of New Bataan; Hon.
Francisco C. Aldueso, Barangay Captain of Barangay Andap, New Bataan; local community of Brgy.
Andap who participated in the PRA activities; and to Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change
Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Foundation, Inc. for the research grant for our project entitled
“Agent-based modeling of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable people to adapt to impacts of flood-
related landslides in the Philippines (Grant NP2014-05)”. We also appreciate the comments and edits of
the 2 reviewers of this paper.
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
D.B. Magcale-Macandog, L.A. Acosta and E.K. Lin conceptualized the study; D.B. Magcale-
Macandog, L.A. Acosta, P.B.M. Macandog, E.A. Eugenio, M.T. Gonzalo, J.M. Ambe, and E.K. Lin
conducted the consultation meetings with LGU and PRA activities with local communities; J. delos Reyes
assisted in the review of literature; P.B.M. Macandog processed the data, prepared the figures, maps and
tables; D.B. Magcale-Macandog, L.A. Acosta, and P.B.M. Macandog drafted the manuscript; D.B.
Magcale-Macandog revised the manuscript following the reviewer’s comments.
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