Pathogenic complexity of septoria spot disease of wheat in northern Kazakhstan

Abstract

Northern Kazakhstan is the main zone of spring wheat cultivation where, 85 % of the cultivated area is located. There is not a single variety resistant to Septoria spot among the varieties approved for use. The frequency of epiphytoties of wheat diseases in the northern part of Kazakhstan is four cases every ten years. During the years of epiphytotic development of brown rust and Septoria spot with the dominance of a particular disease, the yield of spring wheat is reduced by 25 % or more. Knowledge of the species composition of pathogens of Septoria spot allows a more focused approach to the study and creation of varieties of wheat resistant to this disease. The aim of the research is to study the species of Septoria spot pathogens in wheat in Northern Kazakhstan. In 2018–2019, the pathogenic complex of the causative agents of wheat Septoria spot was studied. The collection of leaves affected by Septoria spot was carried out on spring wheat varieties in the steppe, forest-steppe zones of Northern Kazakhstan. The species composition of Septoria pathogens was determined from microscopic preparations from the collected samples; which were represented by three types of septorial fungi: Septoria tritici, Stagonospora nodorum, Stagonospora avenae. In the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Northern Kazakhstan, the dominant species was S. tritici followed by S. nodorum.

Full text

RESEARCH COMMUNICATION
Pathogenic complexity of septoria spot disease of wheat in northern
Kazakhstan
Sandukash Amantaevna Babkenova1*, Adylkhan Temirhanovich Babkenov1, Elena Vasilyevna
Pakholkova2 & Belgibay Kamalovich Kanafin3
1LLP, Scientific-Production Center of Grain Farming named after A.I. Barayev, Kazakhstan
2All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Russia
3LLP, North Kazakhstan Agricultural Experimental Station, Kazakhstan
*Email: sbabkenova@mail.ru
ARTICLE HISTORY



KEYWORDS

Stagonospora nodorum
Septoria trici
Stagonospora avenae  . Tricea
!
ABSTRACT
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Septoria trici'Stagonospora nodorum'Stagonospora avenae .3
$"#$%'S. trici!S. nodorum 
Introducon
Annually, on average, about 13.0 million tons of grain
are produced in Kazakhstan (1). The average grain
yield is 1.1 tons per hectare. There is a large number
of harmful fungal diseases of wheat, and Septoria spot
is currently the dominant one. Septoria tritici and
Stagonospora nodorum cause significant crop loss and
severely reduce grain quality (2, 3). Epiphytoties of
various diseases had been observed on the wheat
crops four times in the last ten years. Annual yield
losses amount to 10–15 % in cases of moderate
development of the disease and up to 40 % during
epiphytoties (4-6). Grain yield losses occur mainly as a
result of a decrease in ear grain content and grain
weight in diseased plants (7-10). The study of the
species diversity of pathogens of Septoria allows
identifying their most common types in the region.
The aim of the research was to study the species
composition of the pathogens of wheat Septoria spot
in Northern Kazakhstan.
Materials and Methods
The study of the species composition of the
populations of Septoria spot pathogens in a specific
area began with examinations of spring common
wheat crops, the names of which are given in Table 1.
These varieties were sown with SZS-2.1 stubble seeder
in the optimal time from 20–25 May in 2018-2019. To
obtain a reliable picture of the spread of the disease,
we examined the steppe zone of the Akkayin, Esil
districts, as well as the forest-steppe zone of the
Mamlyut and Kyzylzhar districts of Northern
Kazakhstan (Fig. 1).
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E:<< ! 
PLANT SCIENCE TODAY, 2020
Vol 7(4): 601–606
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.4.798
ISSN 2348-1900 (online)
HORIZON
e-Publishing Group

The accounting for Septoria infection was
determined according to the international James’
scale (11). The collected material was put into bags,
properly labelled indicating the place, date of
collection, phase of plant development, variety name,
the date and method of sowing, the degree of damage
to the plants, which was determined as the average
percentage of the affected leaf surface. The bags were
later stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of +5-
8 ºC (12).
To determine the species composition of Septoria
spot pathogens, microscopic preparations were made
from the collected samples. Pieces of the affected
tissue were placed on a glass slide in a drop of water
for several minutes, and the preparation was
examined under a microscope (Leica DFS 320) at 20-
40x magnification. The species of the fungus were
identified using field guides based on the shape and
size of pycnospores (13).
Results
Weather conditions in 2018, namely rainfall in the
end of June and throughout the month of July, heavy
rains in August contributed to the development and
spread of Septoria spot. The degree of damage during
the phase of milky-wax ripeness reached 40–60 %. In
2019, the meteorological conditions of the spring
wheat vegetation period were characterized as arid.
Precipitation in June, July and August totalled 82 mm,
which was by 54.3 mm lower than the average long-
term norm. The spread of the disease reached 100 %,
and the development was weak (up to 14 %).
In 2018, the spread of Septoria spot on wheat
crops was monitored in the forest-steppe zone of the
Mamlyutsky, Kyzylzhar districts and in the steppe
zone of Akkayin, Esil districts of Northern
Kazakhstan.
Based on mycological analysis, in the steppe
zone of Northern Kazakhstan, in spring wheat
varieties, S. nodorum, S. tritici and S. avenae f. sp.
triticea were determined (Fig. 2-5). By frequency of
occurrence, S. tritici prevailed everywhere, with the
exception of the “Atameken-Agro-Korneevka” LLP
farm in the Esil district. S. avenae f. sp. triticea (96.7
%) prevailed at this farm, with S. nodorum (43.3 %)
being the second most frequent species and S. tritici
(6.7 %) being the third. In other farms, the average
incidence rate of S. tritici was 64,7 %. The rates for
species S. nodorum and S. avenae f. sp. triticea were
lower; the average incidence of S. nodorum was 30.7
% and the average incidence of S. avenae f. sp. triticea
was 25.3 % (Table 1).
Mycological study in the forest-steppe zone
showed that Septoria tritici dominated in the spring
wheat varieties. Its incidence reached up to 100 % at
the “Gadzhiev” farm household in the Mamlyut
district. The average incidence for this species was
75.0 %. The average incidence of S. nodorum in wheat
varieties was 11.5 %. S. avenae f. sp. triticea had an
average incidence of 0.8 % and was recorded only at
the “Gadzhiev” farm household in the Mamlyutsky
district.
According to the results of the mycological
analysis in 2018, it was found that Septoria tritici
(69.9 %) was predominant in two zones, S. nodorum
(21.1 %) was second, and the lowest average
incidence was observed for S. avenae f. sp. triticea
(13.1 %).
According to the results of the mycological
analysis in 2019 in the steppe zone, S. tritici prevailed
in spring wheat varieties. In several cases, for
example, in the Astana variety, S. nodorum prevailed.
The average incidence of S. tritici in the Akkayin and
Esil districts was 25.3 %. S. nodorum and S. avenae f.
Fig.1. Map of the studied areas of the Northern Kazakhstan.
 66#>"?ET AL

Fig. 2. Wheat leaves affected by Septoria spot.
Fig. 3. Spores of S. tritici on Shortandy 95 improved variety.
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Fig. 4. Spores of S. nodorum on Omsk 35 variety.
Fig. 5. Spores of S. avenae f.sp. triticea on Shortandy 95 improved variety.
= 66#>"?ET AL

sp. triticea in had the same level of incidence; 17.3 %
and 16.0 % respectively.
A mycological study of the affected leaves
collected from 4 wheat varieties was carried out in
the forest-steppe zone. S. tritici prevailed in two
samples and S. nodorum prevailed in two samples.
The average incidence values were as follows: 33.4 %
for S. tritici; 12.5 % for S. avenae f. sp. triticea and
34.2 % for S. nodorum.
According to the results of the 2019 surveys, it
was found that S. tritici dominated in two zones, its
average incidence was 29.4 % in spring wheat
varieties, S. avenae f. sp. triticea incidence was
14.3 %, and the proportion of S. nodorum was 25.8 %
(Table 2).
Conclusion
The species composition of pathogens populations of
wheat Septoria spot in Northern Kazakhstan in 2018–
2019 was comprised of three species of Septoria
fungi: S. tritici, S. nodorum and S. avenae f. sp.
triticea. Soft spring wheat was mainly affected by the
S. tritici. During the two-year study of species
diversity of Septoria spot pathogens, S. tritici was
predominant followed by S. nodorum and S. avenae f.
sp. triticea.
Authors’ contribuons
All authors contributed to conduct the study and
prepare the manuscript. The final version of the
manuscript has been approved by all authors.
Acknowledgements
This study was performed as part of a grant funding
programme of the Science Committee of the Ministry
of Education and Science of the Republic of
Kazakhstan for the project “The role of varieties that
are stable and tolerant to Septoria spot and the use of
the technologies of their cultivation in stabilizing the
phytosanitary conditions of agrocenoses”.
Con(ict of interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Table 1. The incidence of Septoria sp. in wheat in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Northern Kazakhstan (2018)
Variety District Farm name
Septoria sp., %
S. tritici S. nodorum S. avenae f.sp.
triticea
Steppe zone
Omsk 35 Akkayin “North Kazakhstan SOS” LLP 63.3 ±2.2 66.7 ±3.5 10.0 ±1.1
Tawelsizdik, 20 Akkayin “North Kazakhstan SOS” LLP 86.7 ±3.0 10.0 ±0.9 -
Shortandy 95 improved Akkayin “North Kazakhstan SOS” LLP 76.7 ±4.2 13.3 ±1.0 -
Astana Akkayin “Fiat” LLP 90.0 ±9.5 20.0 ±2.5 20.0 ±2.8
Shortandy 95 improved Esil “Atameken-Agro-Korneevka” LLP 6.7 ±0.8 43.3 ±5.1 96.7 ±9.3
Average 64.7 ±3.9 30.7 ±2.6 25.3 ±2.7
Forest-steppe zone
Omsk 28 Mamlyut “Gadzhiev” farm household 100.0 ±9.1 10.0 ±1.5 3.3 ±0.5
Boevchanka Mamlyut “Amanzhelev” farm household 80.0 ±10.1 13.3 ±2.0 -
Boevchanka Mamlyut “Tazhiev” LLP 46.7 ±4.1 10.1 ±1.8 -
Novosibirsk 31 Kyzylzhar “Zenchenko” farm household 73.3 ±8.8 12.4 ±1.9 -
Average 75.0 ±8.0 11.5 ±1.8 0.8 ±0.1
Table 2. The incidence of Septoria sp. in wheat in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Northern Kazakhstan (2019)
Variety District Farm name
Septoria sp., %
S. tritici S. nodorum S. avenae f.sp.
triticea
Steppe zone
Shortandy 95 improved Akkayin “North Kazakhstan SOS” LLP 20.0 ±3.1 3.3 ±0.7 23.3 ±2.5
Tawelsizdik 20 Akkayin “North Kazakhstan SOS” LLP 10.0 ±2.1 - -
Omsk 35 Akkayin “North Kazakhstan SOS” LLP 23.0 ±3.1 - 20.0 ±2.8
Astana Akkayin “Fiat” LLP - 53.3 ±4.5 36.7 ±5.1
Shortandy 95 Esil “Atameken-Agro- Korneevka” LLP 73.3 ±7.8 30.1 ±2.7 -
Average 25.3 ±8.1 17.3 ±2.0 16.0 ±2.1
Forest-steppe zone
Omsk 28 Mamlyut “Gadzhiev” farm household 40.0 ±5.5 - -
Boevchanka Mamlyut “Amanzhelev” farm household - 80.0 ±7.1 43.3 ±3.8
Boevchanka Mamlyut “Tazhiev” LLP 6.7 ±1.1 43.3 ±5.1 6.7 ±0.5
Novosibirsk 31 Kyzylzhar “Zenchenko” farm household 86.7 ±9.2 13.3 ±1.5 -
Average 33.4 ±4.0 34.2 ±3.4 12.5 ±1.1
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