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Horticultural species of the island of Lokrum in the period of archduke Maximilian of Habsburg (1859–1869) and their current stateHortikulturne vrste lokrumskih vrtova u periodu nadvojvode Maksimilijana Habsburškog (1859.–1869.) i njihovo sadašnje stanje

November 2020
Šumarski list 2020(9-10):443-454

November 2020
2020(9-10):443-454

DOI:10.31298/sl.144.9-10.1

Authors:

Mara Maric

University of Dubrovnik

Ivana Vitasovic-Kosic

University of Zagreb

This research, conducted within the ornamental gardens of the Island of Lokrum and based on the original archival documents from Trieste State Archives (AST) and Austrian State Archives (OeStA) in Vienna, was aimed at creating the first unique list of horticultural plant taxon planted on the island during the reign of the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Habsburg (1859-69). The research identified 213 taxa, including 184 species, 4 varieties, 8 hybrids and 17 cultivars. There were 193 allochthonous taxa, mostly originating from Central and South America (66), including 47 Asian species, 21 Australian species, 17 African species and 13 South American species. The Archive lists 20 taxa autochthonous in Croatia. While the number of the autochthonous taxa had apparently been higher, the historical documents have mostly recorded only the introduction of exotics. At that time, the following taxa were for the first time introduced in this part of the Adriatic, on the Island of Lokrum: Ananas comosus, Musa x paradisiaca, M. acuminata, Eucalyptus diversifolia, E. globulus, Araucaria araucana, A. columnaris, A. angustifolia, A. bidwillii, A. cunninghamii, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Citrus reticulata. At the location of the ornamental gardens, 51 ornamental allochthonous taxa and 20 autochthonous taxa were identified today. Within this number, only 21 allochthonous taxa and 9 autochthonous taxa remain present since the period of Maximilian. According to the 2018-2019 inventory, 71 taxa have been inventoried within the ornamental gardens on Lokrum, belonging to 43 families and 64 genera. Due to lack of intensive maintenance of the gardens, the majority of allochthonous, exotic species failed to survive within the autochthonous island vegetation. The list of taxa from Maximilian’s gardens presented in this paper and retrieved from the archival sources, will be the starting point of the restoration process that awaits these gardens.

Layout of Lokrum gardens according to Roberto de Visiani, 1863 (source: Visiani, R., 1863: Sulla vegetazione e sul clima dell'isola di Lacroma in Dalmazia. Coen, Trieste). Slika 1. Prikaz lokrumskih vrtova prema Robertu de Visianiu iz 1863. godine (izvor: Visiani, R., 1863: Sulla vegetazione e sul clima dell'isola di Lacroma in Dalmazia. Coen, Trieste).

…

Photo of the ornamental gardens in front of the Maximilian's Residence, behind 1870, author Tomaso Burato (source: Dubrovnik Museums, Postcard Collection, F-3464). Slika 2. Fotografija vrtova pred pročeljem Maksimilijanova zdanja, iza 1870 godine, autor Tomaso Burato (izvor: Dubrovački muzeji, Zbirka razglednica, F-3463).

…

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HORTICULTURAL SPECIES OF THE ISLAND

OF LOKRUM IN THE PERIOD OF ARCHDUKE

MAXIMILIAN OF HABSBURG (1859–1869)

AND THEIR CURRENT STATE

HORTIKULTURNE VRSTE LOKRUMSKIH VRTOVA U PERIODU

NADVOJVODE MAKSIMILIJANA HABSBURŠKOG (1859.–1869.)

I NJIHOVO SADAŠNJE STANJE

Mara MARIĆ1, Ivana VITASOVIĆ-KOSIĆ2

SUMMARY

This research, conducted within the ornamental gardens of the Island of Lokrum and based on the original archival

documents from Trieste State Archives (AST) and Austrian State Archives (OeStA) in Vienna, was aimed at creating

the rst unique list of horticultural plant taxon planted on the island during the reign of the Archduke Ferdinand

Maximilian Habsburg (1859-69). The research identied 213 taxa, including 184 species, 4 varieties, 8 hybrids and

17 cultivars. There were 193 allochthonous taxa, mostly originating from Central and South America (66), including

47 Asian species, 21 Australian species, 17 African species and 13 South American species. The Archive lists 20 taxa

autochthonous in Croatia. While the number of the autochthonous taxa had apparently been higher, the historical

documents have mostly recorded only the introduction of exotics. At that time, the following taxa were for the rst

time introduced in this part of the Adriatic, on the Island of Lokrum: Ananas comosus, Musa x paradisiaca, M. acumi-

nata, Eucalyptus diversifolia, E. globulus, Araucaria araucana, A. columnaris, A. angustifolia, A. bidwillii, A. cunning-

hamii, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Citrus reticulata. At the location of the ornamental gardens, 51 ornamental al-

lochthonous taxa and 20 autochthonous taxa were identied today. Within this number, only 21 allochthonous taxa

and 9 autochthonous taxa remain present since the period of Maximilian. According to the 2018-2019 inventory, 71

taxa have been inventoried within the ornamental gardens on Lokrum, belonging to 43 families and 64 genera. Due

to lack of intensive maintenance of the gardens, the majority of allochthonous, exotic species failed to survive within

the autochthonous island vegetation. The list of taxa from Maximilian’s gardens presented in this paper and retrieved

from the archival sources, will be the starting point of the restoration process that awaits these gardens.

KEY WORDS: gardens of the Island of Lokrum, Dubrovnik, Maximilian von Habsburg, introduction, allochthonous

horticultural species, botanical analysis

UDK 630* 270 + 232.1 (001) Izvorni znanstveni članci – Original scientific papers

https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.144.9-10.1 Šumarski list, 9–10 (2020): 443–454

city port. The historical documents show that very early on,

olive trees and vines were cultivated on the island, which

was attributed to the Benedictine monks who resided there

from 11th century until late 18th century (De Diversis 2007,

INTRODUCTION

UVOD

The Island of Lokrum is located in direct vicinity of the his-

torical core of Dubrovnik, only 600 metres away from the

1 Assistant Professor Mara Marić, mara.maric@unidu.hr, University of Dubrovnik, Department for Mediterranean Plants, Marka Marojice 4, 20.000 Dubrovnik.

2 Assistant Professor Ivana Vitasović Kosić, ivitasovic@agr.hr, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Botany, Svetošimunska cesta 25,

10.000 Zagreb.

444Šumarski list, 9–10, CXLIV (2020), 443–454

Razzi 2011, The Statute of the City of Dubrovnik 1272).

The very name of the island is considered to be derived

from the Latin acrumen, acruminis (Skok 1950), which

stands for fruit with a sharp or sour taste (Du Cange et al.

1883). It is assumed that the rst introduction of citrus

fruits in the area of the former Dubrovnik Republic took

place on the Island of Lokrum (Šišić 1989a).

In the context of cultivation on the island, the most inten-

sive period is the one of the second half of the 19th century,

when the island belonged to the Archduke Ferdinand Max-

imilian, member of Habsburg-Lothringen dynasty (1832-

1867). The idea behind the acquisition of Lokrum was Max-

imilian’s intention to introduce the exotic species collected

in dierent parts of the world, which, due to adverse cli-

matic conditions, could not thrive in the far north of the

Adriatic, in the park of Maximilian’s residence of Miramar

(Dorsi 1986). The main idea was to carry out the introduc-

tion of exotic species within the natural autochthonous is-

land vegetation, which would protect the exotics from the

wind, salt sediment and temperature oscillations. At that

time, it was a common practice in European imperial

houses to cultivate exotic vegetation within protected fa-

cilities. A prominent European and Croatian botanist Ro-

berto de Visiani made inventory of introduced horticultural

species, evaluated those works at Lokrum as successful and

gave references to continue the process (De Visiani 1863).

After that period there are no published works on the theme

of monitoring of the introduced plants form Maximilian’s

time. During his visit to Lokrum in early 20th century, Hirc

(1905) pointed out that the plants were brought from Italy,

Africa, India, Mexico and Brazil. Adamović (1911) wrote

about poor maintenance of Maximilian’s ornamental gar-

dens. Neglected ornamental gardens from Maximilian’s pe-

riod were also the topic of a landscape architect Arnold

(1983) in 30’s of the 20th century, who emphasised the spec-

imens of Araucaria imbricata and A. excelsa.

One of the earliest typological classications of gardens sur-

rounding the monastery and Maximilian’s mansion placing

them to the category of ornamental gardens, is the one dat-

ing from 1959, made within the vegetation survey of the

Island of Lokrum (Horvatić 1959). Since the 50’s of the 20th

century, Šišić took interest in Lokrum as both, researcher

and landscape designer (Šišić 1968, 1989a, 1989b, 2001,

2003a). The comparative analysis of exotic species of trees

and shrubs of Lokrum and Arboretum Trsteno was made

in 1997 (Đurasović 1997), but he also included the species

in the Lokrum botanical garden. In 2002, an inventory of

species was carried out within the Benedictine monastery

and Maximilian’s tower (Kapović 2002). Recently, horticul-

tural and dendrological species within the monastery and

the access section of Maximilian’s gardens were inventoried

(own research 2018, 2019). The project of the cultivated

plants cadastre for the entire island has also been recently

initiated (Hudina et al. 2019).

The objective of this paper is to use the available archival

sources from the Trieste State Archives (AST) and Austrian

State Archives (OeStA) in Vienna to create the rst com-

prehensive list of horticultural species planted within the

ornamental gardens of Lokrum in the period of Maximil-

ian’s reign (1859-1869) and determine the extent to which

the horticultural species planted in Maximilian’s time have

been preserved until the present day. At the same time, this

is the rst research based on the archival data found on the

species planted on the Island of Lokrum. For the purpose

of this research, the horticultural species mean not only the

lists of ornamental species of trees and shrubs, but also veg-

etables, fruits and herbaceous perennials planted in this

period. Many of the ornamental species planted since that

time belonged to the category of the so-called exotics. The

phrase exotics or exotic species, which is not a botanical

term or category, but a popular term, refers to foreign dec-

orative species of unusual and attractive appearance, usu-

ally imported from tropical and subtropical areas (Kovačević

2012). For the purpose of this paper, preservation relates to

the presence of the species, but not to its age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIJALI I METODE

Research area – Područje istraživanja

The total surface of the island is 72 hectares. Due to its nat-

ural values, the island was put under protection already in

1949 as a Protected Natural Area, and in 1976 as a Special

Forest Vegetation Reserve. The island belongs to Natura

2000 ecological network (HR40000017). Because of its valu-

able architectural heritage, the entire island was included

to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1979, to-

gether with the historical core of Dubrovnik. The ornamen-

tal gardens with the species planted in direct vicinity of the

monastery, are subject to the provisions of the General Ur-

ban Development Plan of the City of Dubrovnik, i.e. they

belong to the zone A – complete protection of historical

structures (Ocial Gazette of the City of Dubrovnik 10/05,

10/07, 8/12, 03/14, 07/16, 09/17).

In terms of its climate, Lokrum is characterised by the cli-

mate typical for the coasts of the Mediterranean, subtype

Csa according to Köppen (Šegota and Filipčić 2003). It fea-

tures mild winter and hot, dry and sunny summer with

precipitation in the driest summer month three times lower

than in the rainiest month of winter. However, there are

certain winter periods with stormy winds and heavy per-

sistent rain and cold (temperature minimum for Dubrovnik

is -7.0°C) (Makjanić and Volarić 1989).

In terms of vegetation and geography, Lokrum belongs to

the Eumediteranneran area of evergreen forests and mac-

chia of the order of Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. (1931) 1936

(Ilijanić and Hećimović 1989). The natural forest stand of

445

MARIĆ M., I. VITASOVIĆ-KOSIĆ: HORTICULTURAL SPECIES OF THE ISLAND OF LOKRUM IN THE PERIOD OF ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN OF HABSBURG ...

the island is an evergreen forest of the holm oak and black

ash as. Fraxino orni-Quercetum ilicis Horvatić (1956) 1958,

largely developed in the form of lower and higher evergreen

macchia in the north part of the island. The dominant spe-

cies are Quercus ilex, Laurus nobilis, Viburnum tinus, Myr-

tus communis, Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea

latifolia, Lonicera implexa, Rhamnus alaternus, Erica arbo-

rea, Fraxinus ornus, etc. The south part of the island is

mostly covered by planted forest of Aleppo pine (Pinus ha-

lepensis) growing on the base of macchia and pure macchia

without the Aleppo pine. The majority of gardens that were

subject to the introduction were located in the east part of

the island, in front of the monastery, and towards the south

in the wooded part of the island. Maximilian planted the

exotics within the autochthonous vegetation which was

supposed to protect these plants from the salt sediment and

winds (De Visiani 1863). Taking into account very high

winds, vicinity of the sea (salt sediment), but also the suc-

cession of the autochthonous vegetation of macchia, re-

gardless of the intensive maintenance measures, the sur-

vival of the majority of introduced exotics was put into

question.

Figure 1. Layout of Lokrum gardens according to Roberto de Visiani, 1863 (source: Visiani, R., 1863: Sulla vegetazione e sul clima dell’isola di

Lacroma in Dalmazia. Coen, Trieste).

Slika 1. Prikaz lokrumskih vrtova prema Robertu de Visianiu iz 1863. godine (izvor: Visiani, R., 1863: Sulla vegetazione e sul clima dell’isola di Lacroma in

Dalmazia. Coen, Trieste).

446Šumarski list, 9–10, CXLIV (2020), 443–454

Data sources – Izvori podataka

In order to determine the list of the horticultural species

planted on the island of Lokrum during Maximilian’s reign

(1859-1869), four archival sources were analysed (table 1);

(a) invoices and reports of the court gardener Joseph Laube

dating from the period of 1849-1863, listing 42 taxa (AST,

N 30, f 74, nn 4-370, 1859-60; N 31, f 75, nn 373-1233, 1861-

62; AST, N 32, f 76, nn 1-69, 1863; N 33, f 77, nn 70-143,

1863; N 34, f 78, nn 144-237, 1863), (b) De Visiani’s list of

90 taxa (De Visiani 1863), (c) list for the acquisition of

plants made by the manager Junga in 1867, including 36

taxa (AST, N 48, f 95, 1857-67), (d) list of plants made as

part of the island’s value assessment conducted in 1873 and

listing 73 taxa (AT-OeStA/HHStA PFF GDPFF SR 40-1).

After Maximilian’s death in 1867, the court in Vienna ma-

intained the residence and gardens for two more years, un-

til it was sold in June 1869 to a nobleman Dumičić. For the

purpose of selling the island in 1873, a committee was set

up to assess its value, which also included the parks (AT-

OeStA/HHStA PFF GDPFF SR 40-1). During the short pe-

riod of the island being in his possession, Dumičić did not

change the Lokrum parks, so this list of plants shows the

allochthonous plants planted in the period of Maximilian.

The common feature of these lists is the fact that they refer

exclusively to the allochthonous and the autochthonous

horticultural taxa.

On the basis of the mentioned sources and data collected

in our own research, the following was analysed: number

of individual taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, hybrids

and cultivars), aliation to genera, family, areal, number

of autochthonous taxa, number of allochthonous taxa from

dierent continents, and taxa introduced in Croatia for the

rst time. The status of invasive alien species (Inv - after the

taxon name) was denoted according to Nikolić et al. (2014).

The following groups of plants from Maximilian’s period

were analysed: deciduous trees, evergreen trees, shrubs,

palm trees and succulents, herbaceous perennials, fruit trees

and vegetable crops. In the end, the plants planted on Lo-

krum in the second half of the 19th century were compared

to our own recently conducted research and the lists of

plants within the ornamental gardens immediately surro-

unding the monastery (own research 2018, 2019), while

determining the percentage of the currently present plants

planted in the time of Maximilian.

The taxa were identied according to Pignatti (1982, 1984),

Tutin et al. (1964-1980, 1993) and Nikolić (2019a). The no-

menclature of plants and families was harmonised accor-

ding to The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/), in

accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature

for Algae, Fungi and Plants (Turland et al. 2018). The na-

mes of authors of scientic names were standardised accor-

ding to Brummit and Powell (1992). The names of cultivars

were set out according to Homan (2016), in line with In-

ternational Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

(Brickell et al. 2016). Plant taxa listed in Table 1 were pre-

sented in the alphabetic order, while their segmentation as

allochthonous or autochthonous taxa was organised accor-

ding to the Flora Croatica Database (Nikolić, 2019b). The

primary origin was presented according to Idžojtić (2013)

and Idžojtić et al. (2019). The status of invasive plants (Inv)

was marked according to Nikolić et al. (2014). The possible

limitation of the research lies in the fact that some taxa have

been wrongly identied at the time, but also in the fact that

some taxa might not have been planted at all. A couple of

species lacked their full taxonomic name, so this paper pre-

sents them only as their genera (e.g. Azalea sp.). The found

archival lists of planted species do not include all of the au-

tochthonous species, the typical representatives of the Lo-

krum macchia, which have also been planted at the time,

according to the sources. Therefore, the comparison

between the original archival lists and the conclusions re-

lating to the present state refer exclusively to the horticul-

tural and exotic species.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA

Table 1 collectively presents the results of the plant inven-

tory from Maximilian’s period and the inventory of the pre-

sent state. In total, the inventory listed 256 taxa, including

225 species, 1 subspecies, 3 varieties, 8 hybrids and 19 cul-

tivars. The taxa belong to 179 dierent genera from 80 fa-

milies. The total of 213 taxa were inventoried only from the

period of Maximilian, including 184 species, 4 varieties, 8

hybrids and 17 cultivars (Table 1). The taxa belong to 149

dierent genera from 72 families. One bryophyte was re-

corded (Bryophytes) and 24 gymnosperms taxa (Gymnos-

Figure 2. Photo of the ornamental gardens in front of the Maximilian’s

Residence, behind 1870, author Tomaso Burato (source: Dubrovnik Mu-

seums, Postcard Collection, F-3464).

Slika 2. Fotografija vrtova pred pročeljem Maksimilijanova zdanja, iza 1870

godine, autor Tomaso Burato (izvor: Dubrovački muzeji, Zbirka razglednica,

F-3463).

447

MARIĆ M., I. VITASOVIĆ-KOSIĆ: HORTICULTURAL SPECIES OF THE ISLAND OF LOKRUM IN THE PERIOD OF ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN OF HABSBURG ...

Table 1. List of horticultural allochthonous and autochthonous taxa of the ornamental gardens of Lokrum Island, planted in the period: gardener

J. Laube 161 years ago (1859-1863), De Visiani 157 years ago (1863), Junga 153 years ago (1867), the present state of 1873 (147 years ago)

and the current state plant inventarisation (own research 2018, 2019). Abbreviations and Symbols: Distribution: Afr = Africa, Az = Asia, Aus =

Australia, Eu = Europe, Hr = Croatia, J Am = South America, Medit = Mediterranean, NZ = New Zealand, Sj Am = North America, Sr Am =

Central America; križanac = hybrid, kultivar = cultivar. The presence of taxa: ● = taxon present, – = taxon not present.

Tablica 1. Popis hortikulturnih alohtonih i autohtonih svojti ornamentalnih vrtova otoka Lokruma sađenih u razdoblju: vrtlar J. Laube prije 161 godinu (1859-

1863), De Visiani prije 157 godina (1863), Junga prije 153 godine (1867), popis procjene zatečenog stanja 1873. (prije 147 godina) i sadašnje stanje (vlas-

tita istraživanja 2018, 2019). Kratice i simboli: Areal: Afr = Afrika, Az = Azija, Aus = Australija, Eu = Europa, J Am = Južna Amerika, Medit = Medit-

eran, NZ = Novi Zeland, Sj Am = Sjeverna Amerika, Sr Am = Srednja Amerika. Prisutnost svojte: ● = svojta prisutna, – = svojta nije prisutna

Taxon (Svojta) Areal of origin

(Izvorno podrijetlo)

1849-1863

1863.

1867.

1873.

2018-19

Abies pinsapo Boiss Eu - - ●- -

Abutilon pictum (Gillies ex Hook.) Walp. Brazil - ●---

Acacia spectabilis Benth. Aus - - - ●-

Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze J Am - - - ●-

Acacia cyclops G.Don (= Acacia mirbe-

lii Dehnh.) Aus - - - ●-

Acacia dealbata Link Aus - - - ●-

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (=

Mimosa farnesiana L.) J Am - ●-●-

Acacia glauca (L.) Moench Kina - - - ●-

Acacia myrtifolia (Sm.) Willd. (=

Acacia marginata R.Br.) Aus - - - ●-

Acacia paradoxa DC. Aus - ●---

Acacia robusta Burch. Afr - - - ●-

Acacia subulata Bonpl. Aus - - - ●-

Acacia trinervia Jacq. Aus - - - ●-

Acaciella ferrisiae Britton & Rose Sj Am - - - ●-

Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl. (=

Dammara australis D.Don) NZ - ●---

Agave americana L. Sj Am, Mexico - ●---

Allium sp. cultivar - - ●- -

Allium sativum L. Sj Am ●----

Aloe arborescens Mill. Afr ●----

Amaryllis sp. Afr, J Am - - ●- -

Amelanchier ovalis Medik. Az, Afr - - - ●-

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. J Am - ●---

Anemone sp. cultivar - - ●- -

Araucaria araucana (Molina) K.Koch J Am ●-● ● -

Araucaria columnaris (G.Forst.) Hook. J Am ● ● -●-

Araucaria cunninghamii Mudie Kina - ●-●-

Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze J Am - - - ●-

Araucaria bidwillii Hook. Kina, Sr Am - - - ●-

Arbutus andrachne L. Medit - - - - ●

Arbutus unedo L. Medit, Eu ●---●

Aristolochia trilobata L. Sr Am, J Am - ●---

Arundinaria sp. Kina - - - - ●

Aspidistra elatior Blume Az - - - - ●

Astelia banksii A.Cunn. NZ - ●---

Aucuba japonica Thunb. Kina, Sj Am - - ●-●

Azalea sp. Az, Eu, Sj Am - - - ●-

Begonia × ricinifolia A.Dietr. hybrid - ●---

Bignonia sp. Sr Am, J Am ●----

Billbergia vittata Brongn. ex C.Morel J Am - ●---

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. J Am - ●- - ●

Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl. Sr Am - - - ●-

Buxus sempervirens L. Eu, Afr, Az - - ●-●

Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D.Dietr. J Am - ●---

Callistemon hybridus DC. hybrid - - - ●-

Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet Sr Am - - - ●-

Callistemon salignus (Sm.) Colv. ex Sweet Sr Am - ●---

Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.)

G.Don Sr Am - - - - ●

Camellia japonica L. Az - - - ● ●

Camphora officinalis Steud. Kina - ●---

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Sj Am - - - - ●

Canna indica L. Kina, Sj i Sr Am - ●- - ●

Cassia sp. Sr Am - ●---

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Afr - ●-●-

Ceanothus sp. Sr Am - - - ●-

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Kina - - ●●●

Cedrus libani A.Rich. Az - - ● ● -

Celtis australis L. Eu, Afr, Az - - - ●-

Ceratonia siliqua L. Medit - - - - ●

Cereus alatus (Sw.) DC. (= Disocactus

alatus (Sw.) Kimnach) Mexico - ●---

Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann)

Schltdl. Kina, Afr - - - ●-

Taxon (Svojta) Areal of origin

(Izvorno podrijetlo)

1849-1863

1863.

1867.

1873.

2018-19

Chamaecrista desvauxii var. mollissima

(Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Brazil - ●---

Chamaerops humilis L. Medit ● ● - - ●

Chorizema ilicifolium Labill. Aus - ●---

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl (=

Laurus camphora L.) Az - - - ●-

Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Kina - ●---

Citrus reticulata ‘Havana’ cultivar ●----

Citrus × aurantium L. Az ● ● - - ●

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Sr Am ●----

Citrus medica L. Az, Sr Am - ●- - ●

Clerodendrum bungei Steud. Kina, Sr Am - ●---

Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb Kina - ●---

Cocculus laurifolius DC Az - - - ● ●

Coleonema album (Thunb.) Bartl. &

H.L.Wendl. Afr - ●---

Colubrina macrocarpa (Cav.) G.Don Kina, Sr Am - - - ●-

Convallaria majalis L. Kina, Sj Am - - ●- -

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. Kina, Sr Am - ●---

Correa alba Andrews Aus - ●---

Crassula perfoliata var. falcata

(J.C.Wendl.) Toelken Afr - ●---

Crassula coccinea L. Afr - ●---

Crataegus sp. Eu - - ●- -

Crocus sp. cultivar - - ●- -

Cucumis melo L. Az, Am, Afr ●----

Cucumis sativus L. Az, Am, Afr ●----

Cuphea bustamanta Lex. Sj Am, Sr Am, J

Am, Hawai -●---

Cuphea micropetala Kunth Mexico, Sr Am - ●---

Cupressus sempervirens L. (=

C. sempervirens var. horizontalis (Mill.)

Loudon, C. sempervirens var. pyramidalis

(O.Targ.Tozz.) Nyman)

Eu, Afr, Az ●-●-●

Cupressus funebris Endl. Kina - - - ●-

Cupressus lusitanica Mill. (=

C. glauca Lam.) Mexico, Sr Am - - - ●-

Cupressus torulosa D.Don Az - - - ●-

Cycas revoluta Thunb. Japan - ●- - ●

Cydonia oblonga Mill. Az - - - ●-

Dracaena nutans Ridl. Sr Am - ●---

Dracaena draco (L.) L. Afr, Canary

Islands, Madeira,

Cape Verde ----●

Dracaena fontanesiana Schult. & Schult.f. Sr Am - ●---

Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f.

(= Bambusa falcata (Nees) E.Vilm.) Brazil - - ●- -

Elaeagnus × reflexa E.Morren & Decne. hybrid - - ●- -

Erica arborea L. Medit, Afr - - - - ●

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Az - - ●●●

Erythrina crista-galli L. Brazil - ●---

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Aus - - - ●-

Eucalyptus diversifolia Bonpl. Aus - ●---

Euonymus japonicus Thunb. Az - ---●

Fabiana imbricata Ruiz & Pav. J Am - - - ●-

Fabronia ciliaris var. polycarpa (Hook.)

W.R. Buck Brazil - - - ●-

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Az ●----

Ficus carica L. Az - - - ● ●

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Kina, Sr Am - ●---

Ficus pumila L. (= Ficus stipulata Thunb.) Az - ●---

Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex

Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier hybrid ●----

Fraxinus ornus L. Eu, Az - - - - ●

Gardenia grandis ‘Flore pleno’ cultivar - - - ●-

Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Kina, Sr Am - ●-●-

Geonoma maxima (Poit.) Kunth Brazil - ●---

448Šumarski list, 9–10, CXLIV (2020), 443–454

Taxon (Svojta) Areal of origin

(Izvorno podrijetlo)

1849-1863

1863.

1867.

1873.

2018-19

Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small (=

Verbena chamaedryfolia Juss.) Brazil - ●---

Hedera helix L. Eu, Afr, Az - - - - ●

Hedychium coccineum Buch. Ham. ex Sm. Kina - ●---

Heliocereus speciosus (Cav.) Britton &

Rose Mexico - ●---

Heliotropium arborescens L. Afr - ●---

Hibiscus syriacus L. Az - - - ●-

Hoya carnosa (L.f.) R.Br. Kina, Sr Am - ●---

Hyacinthus sp. cultivar - - ●- -

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. Az - - - - ●

Hypericum calycinum L. Eu, Az - - ●- -

Ipomoea haylocki Regel Sr Am, J Am - ●---

Jasminum officinale L. Az - - - ●-

Juglans regia L. Az - - - ●-

Justicia adhatoda L. Kina, Sr Am - ●---

Justicia lancifolia (Nees) V.M. Badillo Kina, Sr Am - ●---

Kunzea baxteri (Klotzsch) Schauer Aus - - - ●-

Lantana camara L. Sr Am, J Am - ●---

Lantana nivea Vent. Brazil - ●---

Lantana reticulata Pers. Sr Am - ●---

Laurus nobilis L. Medit ●-●-●

Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Japan - - ●●●

Linum grandiflorum Desf. Sj Am - ●---

Magnolia grandiflora L. Sj Am - - - - ●

Magnolia liliiflora Desr. Kina - - - - ●

Malus domestica L. cultivar ●----

Mammillaria sp. Sr Am - ●---

Medicago sativa L. Turkey, Rusia, Afr ●----

Melaleuca buseana (Guillaumin) Craven &

J.W.Dawson Aus, New

Caledonia ---●-

Melaleuca hypericifolia Sm. Az, Aus - - - ●-

Melia azedarach L. Brazil - - - - ●

Mesembryanthemum sp. Sj Am - ●---

Metrosideros albiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. Az, Aus - - - ●-

Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb. Sr Am - ●---

Morus alba L. Az - - - - ●

Morus sp. Az ●- - ●-

Musa × paradisiaca L. hybrid - ●---

Musa acuminata Colla Sr Am - ●---

Myrsine africana L. Afr - - - - ●

Myrsine rotundifolia Lam. NZ - - - ●-

Myrtus communis L. Medit ●- - ● ●

Myrtus communis subsp. tarentina (L.)

Nyman Medit - - - - ●

Narcissus sp. cultivar - - ●- -

Nerium oleander L. Eu, Afr, Az - - - - ●

Nicotiana glauca Graham (Inv) J Am - - - - ●

Olea europaea ‘Bjelica’ cultivar ●----

Olea europaea L. Medit - - - ● ●

Olea europaea ‘Mrčakinja’ cultivar ●----

Olea europaea ‘Murgulja’ cultivar ●----

Olea europaea ‘Oblica’ cultivar ●----

Olea europaea ‘Piculja’ cultivar ●----

Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. Japan - - ●-●

Opuntia sp. J Am - ●---

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Inv) Mexico ●---●

Orchis sp. cultivar ●----

Paeonia sp. cultivar - - - - ●

Panax quinquefolius L. Sj Am - - - ●-

Pandanus utilis Bory Afr - - - - ●

Pandorea pandorana (Andrews) Steenis Aus - ●---

Panicum miliaceum L. J Am ●----

Parathesis crenulata (Vent.) Hook. f. ex

Hemsl. Sr Am - ●---

Passiflora suberosa L. Sr Am, J Am - ●---

Passiflora subpeltata Ortega J Am - ●---

Paulownia tomentosa Steud. Az - - - - ●

Pelargonium × hortorum L.H.Bailey hybrid - ●---

Pelargonium inquinans (L.) L’Hér. Afr - ●---

Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L’Hér. Afr - ●---

Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Hér. Afr - ●---

Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L’Hér. Afr - ●---

Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton Afr - ●---

Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze (=

Acacia aspidioides G.Mey.) Brazil - - - ●-

Persea carolinensis (Raf.) Nees Eu, Afr, Az - - ●- -

Phillyrea latifolia L. Medit - - - - ●

Taxon (Svojta) Areal of origin

(Izvorno podrijetlo)

1849-1863

1863.

1867.

1873.

2018-19

Phoenix dactylifera L. Afr, Az ● ● ---

Phoenix canariensis Chabaud Afr, Canary islands - - - - ●

Phormium tenax J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Aus - - - - ●

Photinia serratifolia (Desf.) Kalkman Az - - - - ●

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Sj Am - - ●- -

Pinus pinea L. Medit ●----

Pinus sp. Eu, Afr, Az ●----

Pinus halepensis Mill. Medit ●-●-●

Pistacia lentiscus L. Medit - - - - ●

Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T.Aiton Az - - - ● ●

Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (=

Thuja orientalis L.) Az - - ● ● -

Podocarpus elongatus (Aiton) L’Hér. ex Pers. Afr - - - ●-

Polygala grandiflora Walter Cosmopolitan - ●-●-

Prunus armeniaca L. Az ●- - ●-

Prunus domestica L. Az ●- - ●-

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Az ●- - ● ●

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb (=

Amygdalus communis L.) Az - - - ●-

Prunus laurocerasus L. Eu, Az - - ● ● -

Punica granatum L. Eu, Az - - - - ●

Pyracantha crenulata var. crenulata Kina, Nepal - - ●- -

Pyrus communis L. Eu, Az ●- - ●-

Quercus ilex L. Medit - - - - ●

Quercus suber L. Medit - - ●- -

Ranunculus sp. cultivar - - ●- -

Rhamnus alaternus L. Medit - - - ● ●

Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry Kina - ●---

Ribes nigrum L. Eu ●----

Ribes rubrum L. Eu ●----

Ribes uva-crispa L. Eu, Sj Am ●----

Ricinus communis L. Afr - ●---

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Inv) Sj Am - - - - ●

Rosa banksiae ‘Lutea’ cultivar - - - - ●

Ruscus aculeatus L. Eu, Afr, Az - - - - ●

Ruscus hypoglossum L. Eu - - - - ●

Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Sj Am, Mexico - ●---

Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. &

Schult.f. Sj Am - ●---

Salvia × ianthina Otto & A.Dietr. hybrid - ●---

Salvia confertiflora Pohl Brazil - ●---

Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin &

Barneby Sr Am, J Am - - - ●-

Sequoiadendron sp. (Wellingtonia sp.) Sj Am - - ●- -

Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb. Kina, Japan - ●---

Solanum tuberosum L. Sj Am, J Am ●----

Solanum atropurpureum Schrank J Am - ●---

Solanum bonariense L. J Am - ●---

Sorbus aucuparia L. Eu - - - ●-

Spiraea × vanhouttei (Briot) Zabel hybrid - - - - ●

Strelitzia alba (L.f.) Skeels Afr - ●---

Strelitzia reginae Banks Afr - ●- - ●

Syzygium australe (J.C.Wendl. ex Link) B.

Hyland Aus - ●---

Taxus baccata L. Eu, Afr, Az - - ●-●

Teramnus sp. (= Kennedya sp.) J Am - ●---

Teucrium fruticans L. Medit - - - - ●

Thuja occidentalis L. Sj Am - - - ●-

Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.)

Lem. Az - - - - ●

Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H.Wendl. Az - - - - ●

Tristaniopsis laurina (Sm.) Peter G.Wilson

& J.T.Waterh. Aus - - - ●-

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrie`re Sj Am - - ●- -

Tulipa sp.cultivar - - ●- -

Veronica speciosa R.Cunn. ex A.Cunn. NZ - ●---

Viburnum tinus L. Medit - - ●●●

Vinca major L. Eu, Az - - - - ●

Vitis vinifera ‘Boal’ cultivar ●----

Vitis vinifera ‘Malvasia’ cultivar ●----

Washingtonia robusta H.Wendl. Sj Am - - - - ●

Westringia fruticosa (Willd.) Druce Aus - ●---

Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth Sr Am - - ●- -

Yucca filamentosa L. Sj Am - - - - ●

Yucca gloriosa var. tristis Carrie`re Sj Am - - - - ●

Yucca gloriosa L. Sj Am - - - ● ●

Zamia pumila L. Az - ●---

Zea mays L. Sr Am (Mexico) ●----

449

MARIĆ M., I. VITASOVIĆ-KOSIĆ: HORTICULTURAL SPECIES OF THE ISLAND OF LOKRUM IN THE PERIOD OF ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN OF HABSBURG ...

perms). Other 188 taxa (88.3 %) are angiosperms; 157 of

them are dicotyledons (Dicotyledones) and 31 are mono-

cotyledons (Monocotyledones). All taxa, with the exception

of 5 vegetable species and 3 species of grains, belong to wo-

ody perennials or herbaceous perennials. For the territory

of Croatia, only 20 (9.5 %) autochthonous taxa were recor-

ded, the majority of which were Mediterranean and Euro-

pean species. The most of the exotic taxa, i.e. the ones that

grow exclusively outside of the European continent, came

from North, Central and South America, including the in-

dividual countries of Brasil and Mexico (79; 37.1 %). These

were followed by Asian taxa, including China and Japan

(47; 22.1 %), and Australian taxa (21; 9.9 %) and areal taxa

from Africa (17; 8.0 %). The rest of the taxa are native and/

or thrive on several continents, e.g. in Europe, Africa and

Asia. The most represented genera are: Acacia (11), Pelar-

gonium (6), Olea (5) and Araucaria (5 taxa). The most re-

presented families are Leguminosae (21), Rosaceae (17),

Myrtaceae (12), Asparagaceae (8), Pinaceae (8), Oleaceae (7)

and Cupressaceae (7 taxa).

Judging by the groups of plants from Maximilian’s period,

the most of them were perennials (50; 23.5 %), followed by

deciduous (26) and coniferous trees (22, in total 48; 22.5

%), shrubs (44; 20.7 %), fruit trees and grapevines (28; 13.2

%), palm trees and succulents (19; 8.9 %), climbers (8) and

cultivated herbaceous perennials (bulbs) also 8 (3.8 %), ve-

getable and forage crops (5; 2.4 %) and grains (3; 1.4 %).

According to 2018-2019 inventory, 71 taxa were invento-

ried within the Lokrum ornamental gardens today, belon-

ging to 43 families and 64 genera. There were 5 gymnos-

perms (Gymnosperms) recorded, and 66 angiosperms; 51

dicotyledons (Dicotyledones) and 16 monocotyledons (Mo-

nocotyledones). The most represented families were: Aspa-

ragaceae (8), Rosaceae (5), Arecaceae (4) and Oleaceae (4),

while the most represented families from the 19th century

(Leguminosae, Rosaceae and Myrtaceae) were reduced to

the minimum. The genera were largely represented with

only one taxon, while the most represented genera are that

of Yucca with 3 taxa. There are 3 invasive species present

on the island today (Nikolić et al. 2014): Nicotiana glauca,

Robinia pseudoacacia and Opuntia cus-indica, which was,

according to the photographs, planted already in the period

of Maximilian. Out of 71 recorded taxa, 51 (71.8 %) are

allochthonous, mostly woody plants, while there are 20 au-

tochthonous taxa, that largely include woody macchia and

autochthonous woody fruit trees. In comparison with the

list made at the time of Maximilian, 41 of today’s taxa were

not recorded. Subsequently, only 30 taxa (14.1 %) from that

period remained present, mostly originating from Asia (17

taxa: Asia, including China and Japan) and 9 Mediterranean

taxa, mostly autochthonous species and occasionally 4

other species originating from other parts of the world.

Therefore, one must take into account that many autocht-

honous species of Mediterranean macchia that were present

in Maximilian’s period within his ornamental gardens, and

some of them were planted according to the design, espe-

cially in front of the residence, were not fully recorded in

the plant inventories in the archival sources. Namely, the

archival sources show that a nursery has been constructed

in order to cultivate dierent autochthonous plants, and

they explicitly mention Arbutus unedo and Pinus halepensis

(AST, N 34, f 78, nn 144-237, 1863).

There were 9 Mediterranean, largely autochthonous taxa

determined, and 6 naturalised in our climate, which were

also present in Maximilian’s period: Arbutus unedo, Buxus

sempervirens, Citrus x aurantium, Citrus medica, Ficus car-

ica, Laurus nobilis, Myrtus communis, Olea eruopea, Prunus

persica, Rhamnus alaternus, Viburnum tinus, Chamaerops

humilis, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis and Cer-

atonia siliqua. Autochthonous varieties of olives from Du-

brovnik area were planted: Olea europaea ‘Bjelica’, Olea eu-

ropaea ‘Mrčakinja’, Olea europaea ‘Murgulja’, Olea europaea

‘Oblica’, Olea europaea ‘Piculja’ (Marinović-Peričević and

Družić 2004). Only 20 taxa of horticultural exotic (alloch-

thonous) species planted in that period, which were at that

time considered exotics, have remained. These are largely

taxa originating from Asia (15 taxa: Asia, including China

and Japan) belonging to woody or herbaceous perennials,

which were able to thrive in the south of Dalmatia due to

similar climate. Maximilian’s gardens are today managed

by professional services of the Lokrum Reserve, in terms of

regular pruning and disease and pest control. Considering

the existing fund of the plants in the gardens, where the al-

lochthonous species became domesticated over time, their

future survival is not in question.

A special feature of Maximilian’s undertaking lies in the fact

that he, as a supreme commander of the Austrian navy, has

personally organised and took part in research expeditions

aimed at collecting seeds of various exotic species from dif-

ferent parts of the world (Riedl-Dorn 1992, 2012). A big

two-year research expedition around the world on a steam-

boat Novara (1857-59) has been the biggest and the most

ambitious Austrian expedition at the time, during which

26,000 exhibits, i.e. 3,000 plant species were collected, partly

as seeds, partly in herbarium collections. During the prepa-

rations for the two-year expedition around the world on-

board Novara, Maximilian’s advisor was the famous Alex-

ander von Humboldt (Scherzer 1861). The second

expedition was the so-called Brazilian expedition (1859-60),

in which Maximilian personally took part. One of its results

was a list and a systematisation of the found plants from the

family of Araceae, due to which the entire collection, as well

as some newly found plants were named after Maximilian

Aroidae Maximilianae (Peyritsch and Schott 1879). There is

an interesting historical fact saying that both of these big re-

search expeditions had their ceremonial closings in Du-

450Šumarski list, 9–10, CXLIV (2020), 443–454

brovnik (Scherzer 1861, Wawra 1866). After the end of the

Brazilian expedition, the seeds and tubers of the plants were

taken in crates from the Fantasie ship to the Island of Lok-

rum (AST, N 30, f 74, nn 4-370, 1859-60). Apart from the

distant destinations visited during the expeditions, a large

part of the exotic plants that were until then already domes-

ticated in Europe, came to Lokrum from dierent European

destinations; Padua, Schönbrunn, Leipzig, Zagreb, London,

Venice, Trieste, Graz, Vis, Korčula, Meljine, Corfu, Malaga,

Madeira, Gibraltar (AST, N 30, f 74, nn 4-370, 1859-60).

Maximilian’s personal passion for botany and beautiful gar-

dens, was also encouraged by Romanticist trends in the 19th

century horticulture, which were largely characterised by

the introduction of exotic plants and made possible due to

trade and trac throughout the world (Hajós 2004), and

which represented a symbol of luxury and power of their

owners (Carder 1986). Maximilian has had greenhouses put

up in both locations, Miramar residence and Lokrum island,

for the propagation of the introduced plants, which enabled

the production and collecting of exotics.

In establishing the oristic specialty of Lokrum and the ex-

clusivity concerning the introduction, the island was com-

pared to other well-known parks on the east Adriatic coast,

which are spatially and temporally similar and which also

featured the introduction of plants that were exotic at the

time. This would primarily be Maximilian’s park Miramar

beneath Grignano in Trieste, where a forestry and horticul-

tural experiment was carried out: a bare rocky spur of lime-

stone origin was aorested, and the exotics tried to be in-

troduced (Moser 1903, Chersicla 2000). The second point

of reference is the Garagnin Park in Divulje near Trogir,

which in its type was a ferme ornée or a so-called “ornamen-

tal farm” (Šverko 2009), on the basis of which Maximilian

analysed the way in which the autochthonous plants could

be skilfully combined with the then new and exotic plants,

but also with agricultural crops (Bužančić 1995, Biasoletto

1841). The third point is Gučetić’s Park in Trsteno, which

was visited by Maximilian and his associates De Visiani and

doctor Jilek (AST, N 34, f 78, nn 144-237, 1863).

While analysing the lists of plants from these four parks

created in the second part of the 19th century, it may be de-

termined without a doubt that some species and varieties

of plants introduced and cultivated on Lokrum were intro-

duced in this part of the Adriatic for the rst time. The most

popular items on this list are the pineapple (Ananas como-

sus (L.) Merr.) and two types of banana (Musa x paradisiaca

L., M. acuminata Colla), which were mentioned by De Vi-

siani (1863), who said that they have survived on the island

“for two years without protection”. The species of Musa

ensete J.F. Gmeli and M. cavendishii Lamb (Moser 1903)

were introduced in Maximilian’s Miramar park. In 1863,

M. ensete was present in Gozze park. The owners of more

luxurious patrician parks in Dubrovnik area started grow-

ing bananas on the turn of the twentieth century (Marić

and Šćitaroci 2015). There were two species of eucalyptus

recorded on the Island of Lokrum in Maximilian’s time,

Eucalyptus diversifolia Bonpl. (De Visiani 1863) and E. glob-

ulus Labill. (AST, N 48, f 95, 1857-67). The rst introduc-

tion of eucalyptus E. globulus Labill. in a public area took

place in 1854 in France (Le Floc’h 1991). The same species

was recorded in a nursery in Pula in 1874 (Antoine 1874,

Wawra 1875). In Trsteno, E. globulus Labill. was recorded

in 1881 (Kovačević 2012). All this leads to a conclusion that

the rst introduction of eucalyptus in this part of Adriatic

took place on Lokrum. Another specialty of Lokrum is the

collection of ve dierent species of Araucaria from Maxi-

milian’s period; Araucaria araucana, A. columnaris, A. an-

gustifolia, A. bidwillii and A. cunninghamii. At that time,

two species of Araucaria were thriving in Miramar; A. co-

lumnaris and A. araucana (Moser 1903). In Trsteno, a spec-

imen of A. araucana was recorded in 1889 (Kovačević

2012). Bougainvillea spectabilis was for the rst time culti-

vated in Europe in 1829 (Wawra and Abel 1886), although

it was discovered in late 18th century in South America

(Lack 2012, Roy et al. 2016). This attractive climber was

cultivated in mid-19th century in greenhouses of imperial

palaces and botanical gardens, and in late 19th century in

outdoor gardens (Sauvaigo 1894). At that time, we could

not even nd it on the lists of plants planted in Garagnin

park or in Trsteno. It was recorded on Lokrum by De Vi-

siani (1863), which proves that Lokrum has been the loca-

tion of its rst cultivation in this part of Adriatic in a park

area. Dierent cultivars of Bougainvillea were intensively

cultivated in Dubrovnik area in the 20th century and over

time they became the one of the most recognisable oral

elements of gardens in Dubrovnik (Šišić 2003b). In a letter

written in 1863, sent from Corfu, the main topic was the

acquisition of citrus fruits (AST, N 34, f 78, nn 144-237,

1863), where among 62 seedlings, there were 12 mandarin

seedlings, which were stated to be very hard to acquire, and

they were acquired according to Maximilian personal wish.

Unlike oranges, lemons and citrons, mandarins were cul-

tivated relatively late in Dubrovnik area, not before the late

19th and early 20th century (Kaleb 2014). The rst mandarin

variety cultivated in the Mediterranean is the variety of Cit-

rus reticulata ‘Havana’, so-called Mediterranean mandarin

(Langgut 2017). This variety had been imported to England

from China, and it was recorded in 1805 in the Kew Royal

Botanical Garden, from where it has spread to the English

colony of Malta, and further on to Italy and the Mediterra-

nean. They cannot be found in the published plant inven-

tories of the parks Miramar, Garagnin and Trsteno made

in the second half of the 19th century. Only in 1911 Adamović

(1911) mentioned there were mandarins in the park in

Trsteno. Therefore, we might say that the rst mandarins

in Dubrovnik area were imported right into Maximilian’s

451

MARIĆ M., I. VITASOVIĆ-KOSIĆ: HORTICULTURAL SPECIES OF THE ISLAND OF LOKRUM IN THE PERIOD OF ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN OF HABSBURG ...

park on the Island of Lokrum. It is an interesting fact that

at the time of Maximilian, there was an entire collection of

acacias / sensitive plants on Lokrum, as much as 11 species

(Table 1). This is the genera easily cultivated in favourable

climate such as the one on Lokrum. In its memoirs, Maxi-

milian mentioned that they have collected seeds of dierent

species of acacias on the Island of St. Vincent in the Carib-

bean (Maximilian 1868). On Lokrum, Maximilian intended

to establish an outdoor acclimatisation garden for the then

exotic, mostly tropical plants, within the natural autoch-

thonous vegetation of the island. And during his time on

the island, he succeeded in that (De Visiani 1863, Portilla

1864). Such concept of planted exotics was preserved until

1873, when the evaluation of the special exotic fund of the

park determined the departed plant specimens in excellent

state (AT-OeStA/HHStA PFF GDPFF SR 40-1). During the

time of Maximilian, there was one head gardener and one

assistant gardener employed on the island, including 7-20

local workers, who were engaged on the works in the gar-

den on daily basis. The concept of planting the allochtho-

nous plants within the natural island vegetation required

daily care, especially in terms of weed protection, but also

irrigation and constructing wind protection structures, as

recorded by the court head gardener J. Laube (AST, N 30,

f 74, nn 4-370, 1859-60). After Maximilian’s period, garden

maintenance was never again at the same level. What fol-

lowed was a successive degradation until the present days.

The analysis of the taxa inventories from the second half of

the 19th century shows that there were 213 taxa in total.

Compared to the present state (Table 1), there is a notable

dierence in the taxa in the ornamental gardens, especially

the allochthonous ones, which were then considered exotic.

Out of 51 ornamental allochthonous taxa identied today,

which is a quarter of the number from the time of Maximi-

lian, only 21 taxa were preserved from his period, such as;

Aucuba japonica, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Canna indica,

Chamaerops humilis, Cedrus deodara, Cocculus laurifolius,

Cycas revoluta, Eriobotrya japonica, Ligustrum japonicum,

Pittosporum tobira, Strelitzia reginae, Taxus baccata and

Yucca gloriosa. Among them, the specimen of Cycas revoluta

and Taxus baccata, located in the gardens in the west part

of the compound, represent the oldest original allochtho-

nous taxa from the mid-19th century. It was determined that

today there are 20 autochthonous taxa (9 of them persisted

from the time of Maximilian) within the area of the orna-

mental gardens. Due to lack of intensive maintenance wit-

hin the autochthonous island vegetation, the majority of the

allochthonous exotic taxa failed to survive. The most nume-

rous planted woody taxa from the time of Maximilian is

Cupressus sempervirens (own research 2018, 2019). These

cypresses were planted along the walkways in the north part

of the island, as well as in the direct vicinity and in front of

the Benedictine monastery and Maximilian’s mansion. An

interesting fact says that until the end of 1863, Maximillian

has had over 700 cypress seedlings planted (AST, N 30, f 74,

nn 4-370, 1859-60; AST, N 31, f 75, nn 373-1233, 1861-62;

AST, N 32, f 76, nn 1-69, 1863). This has been conrmed

with the recent research establishing that the most nume-

rous planted units on the island are Cupressus sempervirens

‘Pyramidalis’ and C. sempervirens ‘Horizontalis’ (Hudina et

al. 2019). The specimen of Buxus sempervirens, located wit-

hin the gothic-renaissance cloister of the Benedictine mo-

nastery, are among the oldest autochthonous taxa from the

second part of 19th century.

The purpose of this research was to carry out a comprehen-

sive review of the horticultural taxa planted in the second

half of the 19th century. The identied list is important in the

context of the restauration works that awaits Maximilian’s

gardens on Lokrum. Thereby, the possible reintroduction

of the certain taxa must be considered in light of the several

facts. The island of Lokrum is today fully protected as a Spe-

cial Forest Vegetation Reserve, which includes the area of

the ornamental gardens originating from the times of Maxi-

milian. Therefore, the possible reintroduction of the certain

taxa should be in line with the ecological, phytosociological

and landscape features of the Lokrum area.

It is a very important fact that in 1959, a botanical garden

was established on Lokrum, covering the surface of 2 hecta-

res. This was done precisely in order to research the adap-

tation to the Lokrum climate of taxa originating from the

tropical or subtropical areas (Dolina and Jasprica 2011),

which are located outside of the areal of the ornamental gar-

dens covered by this paper. In this context, Maximilian’s gar-

den in a certain way lost one of their main original functi-

ons. Still, their value is undeniable in light of their historical,

stylistic and symbolic signicance and due to the fact that

an archduke, who later became an emperor, was personally

involved in their creation. For all of the mentioned reasons,

when renovating the gardens, one should not consider the

introduction of all taxa from the original list, but select the

taxa that signicantly contribute to renewal of the stylistic

features of these gardens at the time of their original crea-

tion. At the same time, all invasive and potentially invasive

taxa that are not included in the ocial lists of invasive

plants, such as the taxa from the genera of Pittosporum, Me-

senbriamthemum, Acacia etc., should be excluded. A sub-

stantial inuence on the selection of taxa should come from

sustainability and maintenance of the gardens, since the

“life” of a garden begins only after these have been ensured.

CONCLUSIONS

ZAKLJUČCI

This research was the rst one to determine the quantity of

the horticultural taxa planted on Lokrum in the second half

of the 19th century when the island had been the property

452Šumarski list, 9–10, CXLIV (2020), 443–454

of the archduke Maximilian von Habsburg, by using the

archival sources from Trieste State Archives (AST) and Au-

strian State Archives (OeStA) in Vienna. The botanical

analysis determined the number of species, subspecies, va-

rieties, hybrids and cultivars, including aliation to family,

areal, and share of autochthonous taxa from the certain

continents in the second half of the 19th century, as well as

the taxa that were recently present in the ornamental gar-

dens. The analysis also determined the today’s number of

the allochthonous taxa, continuously present since the se-

cond half of the 19th century. Finally, the analysis identied

those taxa that are unique or rarely present in Croatia, and

that were planted on Lokrum for the rst time.

The research identied a relatively large variety of the hor-

ticultural species from the period of the second half of the

19th century. Very small number of these taxa (30) remai-

ned preserved until today. The reason for this mostly rela-

tes to a discontinuity in the garden maintenance. The value

of this research lies in positioning the horticultural signi-

cance of Maximilian’s gardens on Lokrum, relative to other

similar gardens of the same period, such as the Maximilian’s

park at the Miramar castle, Garagnin park in Trogir and

Trsteno park from the same period. This research is an im-

portant starting point for reviewing the fund of the horti-

cultural species, which will be a part of the concept of re-

storation of Maximilian’s gardens on Lokrum.

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Archival documents (Arhivski izvori)