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More new geophytes for Tunisian and North African alien flora
Abstract
This paper deals with ten bulbous species that are new to the Tunisian allochthonous flora, Chasmanthe floribunda, Freesia alba, Gladiolus murielae, Hippeastrum puniceum,
Hymenocallis littoralis, Narcissus papyraceus subsp. papyraceus, Nothoscordum gracile,
Tulbaghia violacea, Zephyranthes candida and Z. rosea. Moreover, six of them are new aliens to North Africa and one genus has not been reported before in the Mediterranean area. All reported plants have been introduced since many years mainly as ornamentals, subsequently escaped in the wild.
... Despite the fact that the knowledge about the alien flora of Tunisia and North Africa including escaped ornamentals, xenophytes and nonnatives, has undergone a gradual rise within the last two decades and mainly in the last years ( El Mokni & Domina, 2020;El Mokni & Hadj Khalifa, 2020), data about succulents are more recent and still scarce (El Mokni et al., 2019a, 2019bEl Mokni & al., 2020;El Mokni, 2020;El Mokni & Verloove, 2021a, 2021b. Succulents are drought resistant plants in which the leaves, stem or roots have become more than usually fleshy by the development of water-storing tissue (Rowley, 1980). ...
Recent botanical surveys undertaken in central and northern Tunisia (North Africa) since 2014, mainly within coastal regions, yielded new records for non-native succulents (casual or naturalising aliens) of vascular plant species belonging to Asparagaceae sensu lato (Dracaena draco (L.) L. subsp. draco, Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce, S. trifasciata Prain, Yucca aloifolia L. and Y. gloriosa L.). The reported taxa belong to three genera that represent first records for the vascular flora of Tunisia. Among these new taxa, Sansevieria hyacinthoides is first reported for North Africa and the Mediterranean area whereas Yucca aloifolia is here reported for the first time for North Africa. Distributions and morphological descriptions, as well as phenology and habitat, are
given for each of these new records. Notes on their actual status and field photographs are provided.
... Effects of leaf area index and degree of canopy cover of green turf and ground cover plants on rainwater interception in Z. candida was examined by Zhang et al. (2018). New geophytes for Tunisian and North African alien flora and among them Z. candida have been studied by Mokni et al. (2020). Karyological investigation on three Zephyranthes species and its taxonomic significance was described by Bangladesh researchers (Dash et al., 2020). ...
The use of morphological features of flowers in the taxonomy of plants is becoming increasingly important. The structure of the Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb. flowers on permanent cross-sectional and longitudinal sections was studied using a light microscope. The genus Zephyranthes belongs to the subtribe Hippeastrinae Walp. tribe Hippeastreae Sweet., family Amaryllidaceae s.l. Microscopic studies of the flower are considered as a tool to identify hitherto unknown structural adaptations of plants to specialized pollination methods and to elucidate the first stages of fruit morphogenesis, as many features of the fruit appear at the flower stage. The morphometric parameters, morphology, anatomy, and vascular anatomy of the ovary were described by using the flower’s transverse sections. Ten flowers of Z. candida were sectioned using standard methods of Paraplast embedding and serial sectioning at 20 μm thickness. Sections were stained with Safranin and Astra Blau and mounted in Eukitt. It was found that in the studied species the tepals have multi-bundle traces of 10–12 leading bundles. We consider the gynoecium of the studied species to be eusincarpous. The vascular system of the inferior ovary consists of three dorsal and three septal bundles, paired ventral bundles of carpels, which form ovule traces. For the first time, the presence of the following gynoecium zones was detected: a synascidiate structural zone with a height of about 360 μm and a fertile symplicate structural zone with a height of about 1560 μm and a hemisymplicate zone of 480 μm. Septal nectaries appear in the hemisymplicate zone and open with nectary split at the base of the style, the total height of the septal nectary is 760 μm. The ovary roof is 280 μm. Bifurcated dorsal and septal bundles of carpels have been identified, which can be considered as adaptations of the early stages of fruit morphogenesis to opening. Anatomical features of the ovary of Z. candida are numerous vascular bundles in the pericarpium, non-lignified endocarp at the flower stage, we consider as adaptations to the formation of juicy fruit. New data on the anatomical structure of the flower are a significant addition to the information on antecological and post-anthetic features of the studied species. Also, these data can be used in the construction of parsimony branches of the family Amaryllidaceae.
The paper reports the discovery of the Southern African endemic Ruschia uncinata (L.) Schwantes (Aizoaceae) along the Mediterranean coastline on cliffs at Monastir in Tunisia (CE Tunisia, N-Africa). This is the first record of this species in this area. The population of R. uncinata, appears to be well-established and expanding.
The large number of accompanying alien species suggests that the population of R. uncinata could have originated from dumped garden debris.
Description of the morphology, distribution as well as habitat is provided.
This is the thirteenth of a series of miscellaneous contributions, by various authors, where hitherto unpublished data relevant to both the Med-Checklist and the Euro+Med (or Sisyphus) projects are presented. This instalment deals with the families Amaryllidaceae (incl. Alliaceae), Apocynaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Crassulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Gramineae, Hydrocharitaceae, Iridaceae, Labiatae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Orobanchaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Pittosporaceae, Primulaceae (incl. Myrsinaceae), Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae and Umbelliferae. It includes new country and area records and taxonomic and distributional considerations for taxa in Allium, Anthemis, Atriplex, Centaurea, Chasmanthe, Chenopodium, Delphinium, Digitaria, Elodea, Erigeron, Eucalyptus, Hypecoum, Leptorhabdos, Luffa, Malvaviscus, Melia, Melica, Momordica, Nerium, Oxalis, Pastinaca, Phelipanche, Physalis, Pittosporum, Salvia, Scorzoneroides, Sedum, Sesleria, Silene, Spartina, Stipa, Tulipa and Ziziphus, new combinations in Cyanus, Lysimachia, Rhaponticoides and Thliphthisa, and the reassessment of a replacement name in Sempervivum.
Izvleček Amaryllis belladonna L. je prvič zabeležena kot naturalizirani tujerodni geofit, nov za tunizijsko in celinsko severnoafriško floro. Predstavljene so dodatne informacije o trenutni distribuciji in habitatu, kratek morfološki opis, kot tudi nekaj taksonomskih zapiskov.
We document new records of 11 vascular taxa. Some were found in the wild for the first time and, therefore, are new reports to terrestrial flora of Tunisia. One species, Ranunculus acris L., is reported for the first time for North Africa. Parietaria cretica L. is confirmed for North Africa. Details about the distribution and habitats of the 11 species are provided, and comments on their status and taxonomy are included.
Studies to date about plants alien to Italy have had limited focus on the ecology of this component of the flora. Ellenberg's indicator values are a useful tool to delineate the relationship between plants and environment, recognizing for each species a functional role as biological indicator; these values have been proposed for estimating the influence of the main environmental factors in determining flora and vegetation changes on a specific surface area. This contribution includes a list of 1206 taxa of plants naturalized in at least one administrative region or casual in at least three regions of Italy. In addition, some methodological considerations on the attribution and use of Ellenberg's indicator values and a comparison with the average indices for the native Italian flora are reported.
Hippeastrum ramboi, a new species of Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllidoideae, Hippeastreae) endemic to the mountainous region of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) is described and illustrated. Data one its habitat, ecology,
geographic distribution is provided and its threat status is evaluated according to IUCN criteria. The new species has morphological affinity with H. sanctaecatharinae and H. breviflorum, the last one has not been
correctly typified up to date, being lectotyped here to correctly define the circumscription of this taxonomic entity in comparison to the new species.
This paper deals with 67 taxa, 25 of which are new to the Balearic Islands flora: Agave fourcroydes, Amaranthus emarginatus, Asparagus aethiopicus, Bidens pilosa, Cardiospermum grandiflorum, C. halicacabum, Cotyledon orbiculata, Eschscholzia californica, Freesia leichtlinii subsp. alba, Gomphocarpus physocarpus, Gossypium hirsutum, Hedera hibernica, H. maroccana, Lathyrus odoratus, L. sativus, Lycianthes rantonnetii, Malephora uitenhagensis, Opuntia engelmannii subsp. lindheimeri, Osteospermum ecklonis, Phytolacca icosandra (new for Europe), Vitis × koberi, V. × ruggeri, V. rupestris, Washingtonia robusta and Yucca gigantea. Moreover several taxa are novelties for the flora of certain islands.
In this contribution, new data concerning the Italian distribution of alien vascular flora are presented.
It includes new records, exclusions, and confirmations for Italy or for Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Agave, Arctotheca, Berberis, Bidens, Cardamine, Catalpa, Cordyline, Cotoneaster, Dichondra, Elaeagnus, Eragrostis, Impatiens, Iris, Koelreuteria, Lamiastrum, Lantana, Ligustrum, Limnophila, Lonicera, Lycianthes, Maclura, Mazus, Paspalum, Pelargonium, Phyllanthus, Pyracantha, Ruellia, Sorghum, Symphyotrichum, Triticum, Tulbaghia and Youngia.
The new species Zephyranthes stellatorosea G. Lom. Sm., Spurrier, Flagg & Espejo (Amaryllidaceae) is described from Puebla and Hidalgo, Mexico, and figures are included. This species has affinities with Z. lindleyana Herb. and Z. macrosiphon Baker; however, Z. stellatorosea is distinguished by its inner perianth with a basal white-starred throat, its laterally compressed trilocular capsule lobes, and narrower leaves.
Information is provided on the taxonomy and distribution of 40 species of naturalised or naturalising plants newly recorded for New South Wales during the period 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2001. These species are: Abrus precatorius subsp. precatorius, Acacia pulchella var. pulchella, Agave vivipara, Alnus glutinosa, Berberis thunbergii, Bryophyllum daigremontianum × Bryophyllum delagoense, Callisia fragrans, Celtis sinensis, Chamaesyce ophthalmica, Cotoneaster ?horizontalis, Cupressus arizonica, Cylindropuntia arbuscula, Cylindropuntia leptocaulis, Cylindropuntia spinosior, Cylindropuntia tunicata, Cyperus teneristolon, Deutzia crenata, Erica arborea, Erica glandulosa, Geranium robertianum, Hieracium murorum species group, Hippeastrum puniceum hybrid, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Hypericum kouytchense, Hypericum patulum, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Jasminum polyanthum, Juglans regia, Justicia betonica,
Koelreuteria formosana, Myagrum perfoliatum, Oenothera biennis, Pinus durangensis (naturalising), Pinus nigra var. corsicana, Schinus terebinthifolius, Scorpiurus muricatus, Tillandsia usneoides, Triadica sebifera, Viola riviniana and Vitis vinifera s. lat.
The genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) is composed of about 26 species and four hybrids (N. ×incomparabilis, N. ×intermedius, N. ×medioluteus, N. ×odorus) that occur in the wild. Daffodils are native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa, but are introduced and naturalized elsewhere. In North America, six species (N. bulbocodium, N. jonquilla, N. papyraceus, N. poeticus, N. pseudonarcissus, N. tazetta) and the four previously mentioned hybrids have escaped cultivation. Each of these ten taxa occurs within the five-state region of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Keys, maps, photographs, and commentary are provided for each taxon.
A new species of Zephyranthes (Amaryllidaceae) from dry places of Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia is described and illustrated. Five other colombian species are commented (Z. albiella Traub, Z. carinata Herb., Z. puertoricensis Traub., Z. robusta (Sweet) Baker y Z. rosea (Spreng.) Lindl.), the last four are reported for the first time from Colombia. A key for the taxa commented are made.
Gladiolus clivorum and G. exalatus are new species of this large African and Eurasian genus of Iridaceae subfamily Crocoideae, both from Tanzania. These additions bring the total in the genus in tropical Africa to 84 species and the entire genus to 270 species. Moraea niassensis (subg. Grandiflorae Goldblatt) is a new, montane species of northern Niassa Province, Mozambique. The Africa and western Eurasian Moraea now includes some 225 species, 25 of which occur in tropical Africa. An identification key to the large-flowered species of subg. Grandiflorae in East Africa and Mozambique is provided. The new species are documented with a map, photographs and a conservation assessment.
The genus Chasmanthe, which is closely related to Tritonia and Crocosmia, is indigenous to the Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. Out of the nine species established by N.E. Brown in 1932 only three, namely C. aethiopica (L.) N.E. Br., C. floribunda (Salisb.) N.E. Br. and C. bicolor (Ten.) N.E. Br., are accepted. Four species have already been transferred to other genera and two are now reduced to synonymy. C. aethiopica and C. floribunda are abundant in the southern and south-western Cape Province, the former being found as far as the Transkeian border in the eastern Cape Province. C. bicolor is rare and has a limited distribution in a few south-western Cape districts. All are adapted to winter rainfall conditions, sprouting in autumn and flowering in spring.
Ravenna, P.: Nothoscordum gracile and N. borbonicum (Alliaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 485–487. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.
The weedy species long known as Nothoscordum fragrans is N. borbonicum Kunth, not N. gracile. It is postulated that N. borbonicum originated as a natural hybrid between two wild species, N. entrerianum and genuine N. gracile , in the area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The differences between N. gracile and N. borbonicum are given. Nothoscordum subg. Euryscordum (type: N. gracile ) is proposed to replace N. subg. Platyscordum , the type of which, N. inodorum , belongs in Allium.
Examination of the holotype (BM) of Allium inodorum Aiton (1789), basionym of Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) Nicholson, reveals this as conspecific with Allium neapolitanum Cyrillo (1788) and not a member of the genus Nothoscordum Kunth (Alliaceae). The correct name for the widely naturalized weedy species known as N. inodorum or as N. fragrans (Vent.) Kunth is N. gracile (Aiton) Stearn, syn. Allium gracile Aiton (1789). The current misapplication of the epithet inodorum goes back to an illustrated article by Ker-Gawler in Curtis's Botanical Magazine 28: t. 1129 (1808) where N. gracile is depicted as A. inodorum; his later (1810) correction has been overlooked or ignored.
Karyotype and meiotic studies have been made on an Indian clone of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. The chromosome number was observed to be 2n=12. The karyotype is symmetrical with 6 metacentric and 6 submetacentric chromosomes. Two pairs of secondarily constricted chromosomes could be located in Indian clones. Spontaneous chromosome breakage and inversion heterozygosity indicate that evolution in the species is probably by chromosomal repatterning. © 1988, Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology. All rights reserved.
A revision of Tulbaghia (Alliaceae) has been carried out. The genus includes twentyone species and one variety. On the basis of the different karyotypes, the genus can be subdivided into seven distinct Groups. Some species have poly-ploid forms but no true polyploid species has been found so far. A number of species possess heterochromatic segments which may be either mostly distally or proximally located. The heterochromatic segments of Tulbaghia are cold sensitive and specific fluorochrome staining shows that they are composed mainly of highly repetitive sequences of Guanine-Cytidine nucleotides. The possible evolutionary role of heterochromatin as well as that of the B-chromosomes, present in some species, is briefly discussed. The illustrations include micrographs of the mitotic chromosomes as well as colour photographs of the inflorescence of all the species. The typical habitat of two of the species is also illustrated in colour.
This paper considers key issues in plant invasion ecology, where findings published since 1990 have significantly improved our understanding of many aspects of invasions. The review focuses on vascular plants invading natural and semi-natural ecosystems, and on fundamental ecological issues relating to species invasiveness and community invasibility. Three big questions addressed by the SCOPE programme in the 1980s (which species invade; which habitats are invaded; and how can we manage invasions?) still underpin most work in invasion ecology. Some organizing and unifying themes in the field are organism-focused and relate to species invasiveness (the tens rule; the concept of residence time; taxonomic patterns and Darwin's naturalization hypothesis; issues of phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolutionary change, including evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis; the role of long-distance dispersal). Others are ecosystem-centred and deal with determinants of the invasibility of communities, habitats and regions (levels of invasion, invasibility and propagule pressure; the biotic resistance hypothesis and the links between diversity and invasibility; synergisms, mutualisms, and invasional meltdown). Some theories have taken an overarching approach to plant invasions by integrating the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility (a theory of seed plant invasiveness; fluctuating resources theory of invasibility). Concepts, hypotheses and theories reviewed here can be linked to the naturalization-invasion continuum concept, which relates invasion processes with a sequence of environmental and biotic barriers that an introduced species must negotiate to become casual, naturalized and invasive. New research tools and improved research links between invasion ecology and succession ecology, community ecology, conservation biology and weed science, respectively, have strengthened the conceptual pillars of invasion ecology.
Hawaii has more than 800 known species of alien plants that are reproducing without direct human assistance. During this century, new plant species have been arriving at the rate of about five per year. Patterns of plant collecting in time and space suggest that other species await discovery and that data on the ranges of known species are far from satisfactory. The New and Old World tropics have supplied most of the adventive alien plants in Hawaii, although other places, particularly those with which Hawaii has close economic and cultural ties, have contributed significant numbers in recent years.
Much confusion exists in the English-language literature on plant invasions concerning the terms ‘naturalized’ and ‘invasive’ and their associated concepts. Several authors have used these terms in proposing schemes for conceptualizing the sequence of events from introduction to invasion, but often imprecisely, erroneously or in contradictory ways. This greatly complicates the formulation of robust generalizations in invasion ecology.
Based on an extensive and critical survey of the literature we defined a minimum set of key terms related to a graphic scheme which conceptualizes the naturalization/invasion process. Introduction means that the plant (or its propagule) has been transported by humans across a major geographical barrier. Naturalization starts when abiotic and biotic barriers to survival are surmounted and when various barriers to regular reproduction are overcome. Invasion further requires that introduced plants produce reproductive offspring in areas distant from sites of introduction (approximate scales: > 100 m over < 50 years for taxa spreading by seeds and other propagules; > 6 m/3 years for taxa spreading by roots, rhizomes, stolons or creeping stems). Taxa that can cope with the abiotic environment and biota in the general area may invade disturbed, seminatural communities. Invasion of successionally mature, undisturbed communities usually requires that the alien taxon overcomes a different category of barriers.
We propose that the term ‘invasive’ should be used without any inference to environmental or economic impact. Terms like ‘pests’ and ‘weeds’ are suitable labels for the 50–80% of invaders that have harmful effects. About 10% of invasive plants that change the character, condition, form, or nature of ecosystems over substantial areas may be termed ‘transformers’.
The first reported field data on the morphology and ecology and confirmatory cytological data are presented forHymenocallis henryae. Its taxonomic status and possible relationship toH. palmeri are discussed.
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