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A Double Dual Boost Converter with Switching Ripple Cancellation for PEMFC Systems
Abstract and Figures
This paper presents a current-based control for a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell using the so-called double dual boost topology. In particular, we introduce a discrete time controller that, in coordination with a particular selection of inductors and capacitors, minimizes the switching ripple at the input port (current ripple) and the output port (voltage ripple) of the double dual boost converter. This converter has a particular characteristic, in contrast to the classical interleaved boost topology, in the double dual boost, the phases of the converter can have different duty ratios. The freedom to choose the duty ration for each phase can be used to select the operative point in which the input current is equal to zero. However, if individual controllers are used for each branch of the converter, the equilibrium after a transient can differ from the minimum ripple operation point; the proposed scheme regulates the output voltage and, at the same time, ensures the equilibrium remains in the minimum ripple operation in steady state. In this way, the converter can mitigate the harmonic distortion on the current extracted from the proton-exchange membrane fuel cell, which is beneficial to improve the efficiency and lifetime of the cell, and on the output voltage delivered to an output direct current bus. The results of the experiment are presented to validate the principles of the proposed system.
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... DC-DC power conversion is a very active research field, especially with the growing interest in renewable energy generation. Some renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic panels and fuel cells, provide a low-amplitude non-regulated output voltage [1,2]. A DC-DC converter is a power-electronics-based device that can be used to increase a voltage level and regulate it to the adequate amplitude for feeding an inverter (a DC-AC converter), which in turn can be connected to the grid or directly fed a power load [1,2]. ...
... Some renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic panels and fuel cells, provide a low-amplitude non-regulated output voltage [1,2]. A DC-DC converter is a power-electronics-based device that can be used to increase a voltage level and regulate it to the adequate amplitude for feeding an inverter (a DC-AC converter), which in turn can be connected to the grid or directly fed a power load [1,2]. ...
DC–DC power electronics converters are widely used in many applications, such as renewable energy systems. The multistage-stacked boost architecture (MSBA) converter is a large voltage gain converter whose PWM scheme may reduce a percentage of the output voltage ripple, taking advantage of the symmetry of the voltage signals in capacitors (they are triangular waveforms) to have a symmetry cancelation. The switching ripple is unavoidable; the correct selection of components can reduce it, but this may result in a large amount of stored energy (larger size). The selection of capacitors influences the output voltage ripple magnitude. This article proposes a design methodology that combines a recently introduced PWM scheme with a numerical optimization method to choose the capacitors for the MSBA converter. The objective is to minimize the output voltage ripple by choosing two capacitors simultaneously while ensuring the constraint of a certain (maximum) amount of stored energy in capacitors is not overpassed. The internal optimization was performed with the differential evolution algorithm. The results demonstrate that the proposed method that includes numerical optimization allows having a very low output voltage ripple with the same stored energy in capacitors compared to the traditional converter. In a design exercise, up to 60% reduction was observed in the output voltage ripple with the same stored energy in capacitors.
... Some renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels and fuel cells (FC), produce electrical energy with low amplitude (for example, 20 V) and direct-current (DC) type [1,2]. The DC voltage is the type of electricity provided by batteries. ...
... DC-DC converters are also called voltage regulators, switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), etc. The study of DC-DC converters is a very active research field [1][2][3][4], in which there are traditional topologies and emerging configurations, all of them composed of transistors, diodes, capacitors, and inductors (in some cases, they contain transformers and/or coupled inductors). ...
This manuscript presents the numerical optimization (through a mathematical model and an evolutionary algorithm) of the voltage-doubler boost converter, also called the series-capacitor boost converter. The circuit is driven by two transistors, each of them activated according to a switching signal. In the former operation, switching signals have an algebraic dependence from each other. This article proposes a new method to operate the converter. The proposed process reduces the input current ripple without changing any converter model parameter, only the driving signals. In the proposed operation, switching signals of transistors are independent of each other, providing an extra degree of freedom, but on the other hand, this produces an infinite number of possible combinations of duty cycles (the main parameter of switching signals) to achieve the desired voltage gain. In other words, this leads to a problem with infinite possible solutions. The proposed method utilizes an evolutionary algorithm to determine the switching functions and, at the same time, to minimize the input current ripple of the converter. A comparison made between the former and the proposed operation shows that the proposed process achieves a lower input current ripple while achieving the desired voltage gain.
... The inductor size is another challenge; therefore, interleaved converters are proposed to eliminate the ICR in certain duty cycles that depend on the number of phases. In [14], a floating interleaved boost with different duty cycles for each phase was presented. The ICR was successfully canceled with a linear dependence of inductance and a duty cycle; however, this condition is restricted to the vicinity of the selected operating point, which is the disadvantage of this technique. ...
Renewable energy sources in DC microgrids require high-performance conversion systems to increase their capacity and reliability. Among other characteristics in conversion systems, the current ripple is a characteristic that must be considered since it affects the performance of PV panels and batteries. In this paper, a high-voltage-gain DC–DC boost converter for performing current ripple elimination that is based on a variable inductor is proposed. The topology is composed of a diode–capacitor voltage multiplier and a modified cascaded boost converter. To achieve voltage regulation, a reduced-order switched model is obtained considering the switched capacitor’s dynamics. To address the inductance variation and external disturbances, the
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control theory is adapted to systematically design a robust proportional–integral (PI) controller. Details of the working principles and the sizing of passive components are presented. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the input current ripple of the proposed converter can be removed in both transitory and steady states.
Keywords: DC–DC converters; high voltage gain; zero-ripple input current; variable inductor; H∞ synthesis
... FC converters preserve the same gain of traditional converters, and thus the voltage gain of DD-FC converters can also be expressed as (7), (8), and (10). ...
The integration of renewable energy into the grid demands the development of increasingly more sophisticated power electronics configurations. This situation has motivated the current boom of new power converter topologies. Even though most of the recently proposed converters are scattered across the literature, some of them can be classified in a taxonomical fashion. This action permits studying their properties, generalizing principles, and generating new contributions with improved features—these are the general aims and overall research direction reported in this paper. In this work, we are devoted to generating a well-defined corpus of knowledge by characterizing an emerging family of DC-DC double dual converters. We show that the underlying principle of dualization can be fully enclosed within a systematic procedure and applied not only to classical DC-DC converters but also to any modern configuration. This contribution thus permits the diversification of new topologies that hold relevant features, such as low common-mode voltages and currents, high-voltage gains, and efficient harmonic mitigation—among other advantages that are oriented to renewable energy management. We thus demonstrate that systematic dualization leads to the development of new designs with enhanced features. Experimental results of new topologies are also presented to corroborate the proposed principles and advantages.
... The model of the dual boost converter described by (15)- (18) can be used as a starting point to design a controller. ...
This article describes (and demonstrates through experiments) the feasible implementation of a power conversion system designed for a Fuel Cell (FC) application in renewable energy generation. The system is designed to be powered by an FC stack, which output is a low (in amplitude) non-regulated dc voltage, with a relatively wide range of variation. The system must boost the voltage from the power source to an internal 200V dc bus, while the final output voltage (after the inversion) must be provided at a level of 120V ac. The main feature of the described system is that it is based on double-dual converters, a family of converters with several advantages such as automatic power balance and large voltage gain; this leads to a good performance and power quality. The system is based on a double dual boost converter to increase and regulate the dc-voltage, and a double dual buck converter, to invert the dc-voltage and provide an ac-voltage as output. The article shows the system's feasibility through theoretical analysis and provides experimental results with an FC stack. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system.
... Recently, different emerging techniques to improve the performance of the interleaved PFC converters are employed such as; the modification on the interleaved PFC circuit by connecting series capacitor to reduce the switching losses, reduced the voltage stress across the semiconductors as compared with the traditional interleaved boost converter [16], also, the proposed technology to minimize the input current ripple of the interleaved PFC converter by controlling the switching driving signals and without any change in the converter model parameter, which is presented in [17]. The digitally controlled double dual boost interleaved PFC converter with high voltage gain, small input current ripple as compared with traditional interleaved PFC converter, which is presented in [18]. ...
The spread of the 5G technology in the telecom power applications increased the need to supply high power density with higher efficiency and higher power factor. Thus, in this paper, the performance of the different power factor correction (PFC) topologies implemented to work with high power density telecom power applications are investigated. Two topologies, namely the conventional and the bridge interleaved continues-current-conduction mode (CCM) PFC boost converters are designed. Selection methodology of the switching elements, the manufacturing of the boost inductors, and the optimal design for the voltage and current control circuits based on the proposed small signal stability modeling are presented. The printed circuit board (PCB) for the two different PFC topologies with a power rating of 2 kW were designed. PSIM simulation and the experiments are used to show the supply current total harmonic distortions (THD), voltage ripples, power efficiency, and the power factor for the different topologies with different loading conditions.
The structural interleaved dual boost converter (IDDBC) is regarded as a promising and dependable method for integrating low-voltage renewable energy sources (RESs), including battery packs, fuel cells, and photovoltaic (PV) panels. Its advantageous features include a higher voltage step-up ratio and a reduction in voltage and current stresses on the power devices. As a result, the IDDBC serves as a favorable choice for efficiently interfacing with various low-voltage RESs, offering improved performance and reliability. The present paper investigates the problem of controlling an interleaved dual boost converter associated with a PV panel. The main control objectives of the system involve three aspects: i) regulating the voltage across the PV panel to maximize power extraction; ii) regulating the output voltage; and iii) controlling the inductor current. To achieve these goals, a multi-loop controller structure is employed. The PV generator is controlled to track the maximum power point, while two cascaded loops are designed using PI controllers. The outer loop ensures control over the energy, represented by the output voltage stored in the output capacitor. The inner loop focuses on individual control of the inductor currents in each sub-converter, with their references generated from the outer loop controller. The system's performance is assessed through simulations in the MATLAB / SimPowerSystems environment. The results demonstrate that the proposed controller successfully accomplishes its objectives, exhibiting robust dynamic response and resilience against parameter fluctuations and disturbances.
The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are one of the most effective and optimistic renewable energy source and they are extensively used in automotive applications. In the past, many researchers focused on solving the issues of extracting maximum power from fuel cell, controlling the speed and reducing the torque ripple of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor for fuel cell based Electric Vehicle (EV) systems. However, it is challenging to fine-tuning the gain parameters in the existing works MPPT approach and extracting maximum amount of energy. Additionally, it has limitations like unregulated voltage, problems of large overshoot, slow tracking speed, output power fluctuation, computational complexity and intricate modeling. Thus, the proposed work aims to create a revolutionary methodology called Unified Firefly Ersatz Neural Network (UFENN) - Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The UFENN is a kind of optimization-based machine learning technique that was created for efficiently optimizing the parameters to extract the maximum energy from the fuel cells. Furthermore, in order to control the output voltage with the least amount of power loss, an Interleaved SEPIC converter is also used in this work. During performance analysis, an extensive simulation results have been taken for validating the results of the proposed scheme by using various evaluation indicators.
The fuel cell-based electric power generation system is playing a major role in the present electrical power distribution system. The fuel cell gives a nonlinear V-I curve. As a result, the extraction of fuel cell power is very difficult. To extract the peak power of the fuel cell, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique is used. In this work, an Improved Beta-based Fuzzy Logic Controller (IBeta-FLC) is proposed to track the MPP with high speed. The proposed MPPT technique is compared with other hybrid MPPT techniques in terms of maximum power extraction, settling time, oscillations across MPP, tracking speed, and efficiency. The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack gives high output current, and low output voltage. As a result, the overall system conduction losses are improved. So, in this work, a new Single Switch Universal Input-voltage Boost Converter (SSUIBC) is introduced to step-up the fuel cell output voltage. The features of the proposed boost converter are high voltage gain, less complexity in design, wide output operation, and less voltage stress across the switch. The proposed PEMFC fed boost converter system performance is evaluated successfully by using a MATLAB/Simulink window. In addition, the utilized boost converter is investigated experimentally by using an external DC-source.
In the frame of the project my work was focused on modelling and simulation of the hydrogen fuel cell system. Static and dynamic model Of the fuel cell were applied, simulated and validated. The hydrogen fuel cell (PEMFC) dynamic model from the Matlab Simulink library was used. The purpose of the dynamic model is to simulate the control of the DC-link voltage of the hybrid system consisting of fuel cell, battery and an induction motor serving as load. The fuel cell is connected to the DC-link with the unidirectional boost converter, and the fuel cell output current is controlled. The battery is connected to DC-link with the bidirectional synchronous DC-DC converter, output current of the battery is controlled, and the desired current is the output of the DC-link voltage controller. All controllers are of the PI type. The idea is to provide the average value of the current from the fuel cell, whereas the variations of load power are covered from the battery. In the case of higher load current consumed by the load (motor) required current is provided from the battery and in the case of low load power the fuel cell excess current is used to store the energy into the battery. In the simulation of the dynamic model, the output voltage and current of the fuel cell can be observed. It is also possible to monitor the state of the charge, voltage and current of the battery. Additionally, a static model of the fuel cell was created using the same parameters as the ones used in the dynamic model of the hydrogen fuel cell. 2
The classical interleaving buck converter is able to cancel out a percentage of the inductor current ripple driven to the output capacitor, in the same way, the classical interleaving boost converter is able to cancel out a percentage of the input current ripple drained from the source, depending on the number of interleaving stages and the operation point (duty cycle), the ripple can be actually zero. This paper study the potential of the double dual boost converter to achieve zero ripple at an arbitrary duty cycle by implementing a new design methodology and a special PWM scheme. This paper introduces also a new characteristic that is achievable by the double dual boost converter, the capability of achieving zero output voltage ripple. A detailed theoretical analysis as well as experimental results are included to demonstrate the principles of the proposition.
The Pulse Train (PT) controlled switching DC/DC converters possess the benefits of simple structure, fast dynamic response and good robustness. However, PT controlled converters also give the drawbacks of undesirable low-frequency oscillation phenomenon as operated in continuous conduction mode (CCM). In this paper, a single-input dual-output (SIDO) buck converter based on the coupled inductor is newly proposed with the ability of suppressing the low-frequency oscillation. The inductor of the conventional buck converter is replaced by the primary side of the coupled inductor, and the secondary side of the coupled inductor connected in series with a diode is paralleled to a capacitor as an equivalent power source for extra load. By rational allocation of inductance coupling coefficient and the equivalent power supply voltage, low-frequency oscillation of output voltage can be suppressed and fast response speed is achieved. A hardware prototype of 48.0V/16.0V converter is built and tested to validate the practicability of the proposed converter.
This paper proposes a buck-boost converter topology with continuous input-current capability for
proton exchange fuel cells (PEMFC) systems. The continuous input-current feature of the converter
contributes to maintain the PEMFC life-time, which is in sharp contrast with traditional
buck-boost converters whose input currents damage the PEMFC and reduce the efficiency. Moreover,
this converter offers the main advantages found in traditional topologies, such as the Cuk
or the SEPIC converters, using a reduced number of electronic components. In particular, the
topology features buck-boost conversion range capability, low input-current ripple, and a simple
low-cost structure. A detailed analysis that encompasses stady state analysis, dynamic modeling,
stability analysis, control and experimental results are provided.
In recent years, the use of electrolyzers to produce cleanly and efficiently hydrogen from renewable energy sources (i.e. wind turbines, photovoltaic) has taken advantage of a growing interest from researchers and industrial. Similarly to fuel cells, DC/DC converters are needed to interface the DC bus with the electrolyzer. Usually, electrolyzers require a low DC voltage to produce hydrogen from water. For this reason, a DC/DC buck converter is generally used for this purpose. However, other DC/DC converter topologies can be used depending on the feature of the electrolyzer and electrical grid as well. The main purpose of this paper is to present the current state-of-the-art of DC/DC converter topologies which can be combined with electrolyzers. The different DC/DC converter topologies are compared in terms of output current ripple reduction, conversion ratio, energy efficiency, and power switch fault-tolerance. Besides, remarks on the state-of-the-art and remaining key issues regarding DC/DC converters are provided.
In this paper, to deal with the undesired high input current ripple of dc-dc floating interleaved boost converter caused by the switch open-circuit fault, an innovative fault remedy method by reconfiguring uneven new phase shift angles is developed. The derivation process of the reconfigured uneven new phase shift angle using selected harmonic elimination approach is presented. The performance evaluation results show that, compared with the conventional even phase shift reconfiguration, the proposed uneven phase shift reconfiguration can achieve significant improvement in reducing the converter input current ripple. The implementation method of the phase shifting based on the carrier wave in pulse width modulation (PWM) module is also given in detail. Finally, both simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
In this paper, a high step up converter consisting of an integrated dual-boost converter and a voltage doubler is proposed. The integration of the dual-boost converter makes the system easier to lift up its voltage gain through slightly increasing the duty ratio of the single switch. The voltage doubler further increases the voltage gain of the system as the turn ratio rises. The voltage stresses on the switch and the diodes are decreased for such cascaded topology. Different operation modes are analyzed and mathematical analysis of the converter is presented in detail. The leakage inductances contribute to realizing zero current switching (ZCS) of the diodes in the second boost stage and the doubler and the energy can be recycled to the load. A 38W prototype is built to work as a vehicle LED driver. Experiments are conducted to verify the advantages of the proposed converter and the efficiency is 90% at the nominal operating point. IEEE
This paper presents research results of voltage gain number control methods of a power electronic resonant zero-current switching (ZCS) dc-dc switched-capacitor (SC) voltage multiplier (SCVM) in a topology with fault tolerance capability (FSCVM). The converters operated under the basic switching patterns are constant-voltage-gain dc-dc series-parallel resonant SC converters. However, this paper presents a method for the output voltage regulation by a special switching strategy. A variable voltage gain is made possible by selecting the number of active switching cells, using an appropriate control method. This creates a set of voltage ratio ranges. In addition, the proposed topology and method of control enable a fault-tolerant operation of the FSCVM under various failures of the device. The paper presents an analysis of the concept, simulation results and an experimental verification in a three-cell FSCVM dc-dc resonant boost converter operating at a 200 watt charge. Issues regarding the selection of components related to the problem of inrush currents which can occur during the voltage ratio increase are also analyzed in this paper, and the design for low inrush currents is demonstrated.
In this paper, we propose a high step-up resonant dc-dc converter with ripple-free input current for renewable energy systems. We use an input-current doubler and a switching mechanism employed at an output-voltage doubler to achieve high step-up voltage gain without having to use a transformer with high turns ratio. An active-clamp circuit installed on the primary side suppresses the surge voltage at the switch components and recycles the energy stored in the leakage inductance. A resonance that occurs at the secondary side of the converter is used to reduce the turn-off current and switching loss significantly, and to achieve high power conversion efficiency. The input-current ripple declines to zero theoretically because the duty cycle of the primary-side switches is always set to 0.5 regardless of the input voltages and load variations. The circuit operations, steady-state analysis, and design guideline of the proposed converter are also presented. A 600-W prototype converter has been fabricated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed converter.
The need of DC-DC switching converters for power supplies with high voltage gains has increased in the recent years due to new applications in areas as renewable energy systems, transportation, industrial, medical and others. A quadratic boost converter is a useful topology to obtain a step-up output voltage; however, a major drawback is the presence of a higher voltage stress over the active and passive switches. In this work, a quadratic boost converter is combined with a voltage multiplier cell and an output filter to offer a high voltage gain converter with non-pulsating input and output currents. The expressions for the capacitor voltages and inductor currents are given, as well as the corresponding ripples that allow the proper design of the converter. The bilinear switched, nonlinear averaged and linear averaged models are derived such that the dynamical behavior of the converter is analyzed and used to design a control strategy. A step-by-step procedure is given to tune up a current-mode controller. Experimental results are shown from a prototype, which delivers an output voltage of 220 V and an output power of 300 W. Step load changes between 20% and full load are applied to exhibit the robustness of switching regulator.