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JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI, 21(1): 285-298
238
https: / / journal.unisza.edu.my / jimk
A STUDY OF MOSQUE WATER CONSUMPTION USING SELF CLOSING TAP
AHMAD FAISOL YUSOF1*
MOHD ZIKRI MOHD ZAKI1
HASNIZAM AB DULHAMID1
FADZIDAH HANIM HUSAIN1
1 Department of Town & Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Planning ang Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak,
Malaysia.
*Corresponding author: ahmad860@uitm.edu.my
Received Date: 7 November 2019 • Accepted Date: 28 April 2020
Abstract
Water is important resource used in the mosque for many activities such as for ablution, cleaning,
landscape watering and toilet. There are many types of tap use for ablution. One of it is self-
closing tap. This research is a study to identify mosque water consumption using self-closing tap
in Masjid Assiddiq, Seri Iskandar, Perak. This study carried through observation and site visit.
The data of water consumption identified by reading water meter daily basis. Water consumption
shows decrease and save about RM15 per month by using self-closing tap.
Keywords: mosque, water, consumption, tap, ablution
INTRODUCTION
Water is an important source for life. It becomes a need for human, animals, vegetation and
whole life. It used for drinking, washing, agriculture and so on. In 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, more
than 180 countries signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
which outlined the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a global response to climate
change. The Kyoto Protocol; which was agreed upon on December 11, 1997, at a meeting of
the UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan; was created as an effort to force action on the international
community. While international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol are certainly a step in
the right direction in that they raise awareness about the severity of global climate change.
There are not a complete solution and will not solve the problem alone. Real results and
improvements will be seen when fundamental reductions in energy consumption and changes
in lifestyle are achieved on an individual level across the globe.
Cite as: Ahmad Faisol Yusof, Mohd Zikri Mohd Zaki, Hasnizam Ab Dulhamid & Fadzidah
Hanim Husain. 2020. A Study of Mosque Water Consumption Using Self Closing Tap. Jurnal
Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 21(1): 238-251.
JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI
© PENERBIT UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
ISSN 1985-7667 • e-ISSN: 2289-6325
https://doi.org/10.37231/ jimk.2020.21.2.497
JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI, 21(1): 285-298
239
Amos and Jonathan (2000) reported that most mainstream scientists believe that human
activity - notably emissions of greenhouse gases - has contributed to a significant increase in
the average surface temperature of the planet and drought is a problem across the world.
At the same time UNESCO (2011) reported that world will facing water scarcity on 2050. This
is happened because of increasing world population, urbanization, water demand on agriculture,
industry and so on.
Based on daily activities at home water consumption is used for bath, shower, wash,
cook, wuduk and so on. In the public building like mosque, water is mostly used at ablution
area for wuduk activity. Water is widely used in daily activities such as drinking, bathing,
cooking, cleaning, sanitation, ablution and so on.
This research will study the potential of water consumption efficient and will encourage
people an awareness of water consumption efficient in daily activity on varies type of building
like residential, public building and so on. This research also parallel with national campaign
by Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water Malaysia (KeTTHA), National Water
Services Commission (SPAN) on energy water saving.
Water is an essential need to the whole life in this world. Without water make human
being and others life will die. Human body have over 70% of water content. Jackson's texts
(1985) states 70% of body fluid is intracellular.
Allah said in al quran about 88 times about water. At the same time, Allah create life
thing from water. Allah said in al Quran, surah number 21: Al-Anbiya` (The Prophets), verse
30; Did the infidels not consider that the heavens and earth were closed up, then We opened
them out? And We made every made living thing from water. Will they then believe?
UNESCO (2011) reported that water used at highest percentage quantity for agriculture,
followed by industrial and followed by domestic use. In agriculture sector, water use for
irrigation, livestock, fishery, animal production and so on. At the same time, water also use for
industrial such as hydroelectricity power plant, mining, oil refineries, chemical processes,
manufacturing and so on.
Water consumption at home or domestic use for daily activity for example internal
house activity likes bathing, cleaning, washing, drinking and cooking. For external house
activity consist car washing, landscaping, gardening, swimming pool and so on.
In a public building like mosque, water is essential for purification activity such as
ablution (wudhu), bathing, toilet use, landscaping and so on. For muslim, whudu is compulsory
to be done before performing praying (solat) at five times a day. But wudhu using water can be
replaced with clean dust by performing tayamum.
Nasir I. Faruqui et al (2000) stated that prophet Muhammad perform wudhu (ablution)
with one mud (2/3 litre) and perform bath with one sa’ (2-3.5 litre).
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND HYPOTHESIS
Water efficiency consumption in the building is very important. As mention earlier that the
most water use in the mosque is for wuduk activity. However, due to the wastage in water
consumption will spoil the potential of water efficiency in the building. The low tariff and the
availability of water supply of water itself may contribute for wastage use. However, if an
appropriate strategy that can minimize wastage through water efficiency fitting, rainwater
JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI, 21(1): 285-298
240
harvesting and others strategy can be developed, it is expected that the water efficiency
consumption in building especially at the mosque for wuduk activity could be significantly
improved.
In Al-Tirmidhi hadith (no 427) narrated, Rasulullah said do not waste water even if
performing ablution on the bank of a fast-flowing (large) river.
Therefore, in this study, it is hypothesised that by using water efficiency fitting strategy, it
will increase water efficiency consumption in mosque. Hence, the self-closing tap strategy, it
will decrease of water bill expenditure for portable water. As a result, by using self-closing tap
strategy will provide acceptable water efficiency and cost saving for the ablution faucet at
mosque.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Due to the fact that tap widely use in mosque for ablution, it would seem logical to consider the
self closing tap fitting as one of the most possible means to enhance water efficiency and cost
saving. However, its practical applicability in mosque building needs further investigation.
Therefore, more specific research question have been formulated as follows:-
Q1: Is the self closing tap fitting possible to use in mosque in the Malaysian climate
condition?
Q2: Does the proposed self closing tap fitting effective to improve water efficiency
consumption in mosque?
Q3: What are the limitations of proposed self closing tap fitting model towards improving
mosque user behavioural to achieve water efficiency consumption in mosque?
Q4: How concept water in Islam improve awareness of efficient water consumption?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of self closing tap fitting
strategy and thus improving water efficiency consumption in mosque.
The specific objectives of this study are:
i. To identify of water tap classification for wuduk activity.
i. To identify mosque water consumption using self closing tap.
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NO ISSUES SOLUTION
OBJECTIVE VERIFIABLE
INDICATION
SOURCE OF VERIFICATION
1
waste in water consumption 1.water efficiency consumption
1.water efficiency fitting
2.rain water harvesting
1.water bill
2 water shortage 1.recycle water 1.rain water harvesting
1.water bill
2.volume of water
3a
used water
(musta'mal water) 1.utilized used water. 1.musta'mal water harvesting 1.water bill
2.volume of water
3b
mix of pure clean water with
pure clean thing
1.the water consider can be
used without effect to whole
water
1.by observation
1. no change of water in term of taste,
colour and adour/smell
3c
grey water application
1.optimum apply/use grey
water
1.vehicle wash, fire protection, boiler
feed water, concrete
production, golf course, university
campus, toilet, landscape, etc
1.water bill, maintenance cost bill,
concrete
production bill, bill of quantity in
tender, etc
3d
grey water pollution/
pollutant from domestic
1.use rainwater 1.rainwater harvesting
1.rainwater characteristic for
chemistry oxygen
demand (COD) content less than 200
mg/l
(permintaan oksigen kimia)
3e
poor quality grey water 1.water treatment
1. coarse filtration
2. biological grey water treatment
i.membrance biorector
ii.rotating biological contactor
iii.constructed wetland
1.water resource
Table 1. Issues
RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODS
In accomplishing the objective as stated in Section 1.4 and in answering specific questions as
mentioned in Section 1.3, this study has involved some stages of research works, as shown in
figure below.
Literature Review
Case Study: Water Consumption Resources in a Typical Mosque
THE POTENTIAL OF SELF CLOSING TAP TO IMPROVE WATER CONSUMPTION EFFICIENT
IN A TYPICAL MOSQUE
Issues
Primary
Data
Field Observation
Interview
Secondary
Data
Journals
Reference Books
Al-Quran
Shahih Muslim
Newspaper
Magazines
Uniform Bldg by Law
Articles
Analysis
Conclusion
Calculation
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242
Fig. 2. Research methodology
Firstly, a literature review on the various aspects of water efficiency concept and strategy has
been done to find out the most potential and suitable water efficiency strategy to be applied in
typical mosque.
Then, the real investigation should be carried out to determine the appropriate
configuration of the device and to examine its potential in improving water efficiency in the
typical mosque. This has been conducted through empirical study or physical experimental
methods, which consist of pilot study and field studies.
Trough the pilot study done experimentally in the typical mosque, the reliability of the
device self closing tap fitting is investigated and its optimum configuration is determined.
Besides that, the applicability of the device to improve water consumption efficiency is
investigated through field studies done in typical public institutional building. For this purpose,
typical mosque has been studied for self closing faucet fitting. Several parameters such as the
type of faucet, the effects of opening of faucet and self closing tap fitting strategies on
improving water consumption efficiency have been studied.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This paper presents a study on the potential of self closing tap fitting strategy in improving
water consumption efficiency in hot humid climate region. Although there are many types of
faucet fitting in primitive, moderate and high technology manner. Only self closing tap fitting
will be studied in this thesis.
As was mentioned earlier, the study will focus on the applicability of the self closing
tap fitting for improving water consumption efficiency in hot humid climate region especially
in typical mosque.
The study will concentrate on the effectiveness of the proposed self closing tap fitting
improving water consumption efficiency, thus reduce water bills cost and increase value for
money.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
The study on the effectiveness of the self closing tap fitting in hot humid climate region typical
mosque is significant for several reasons:
i. This study responds to Final Draft Malaysia National Energy Efficiency Action Plan
(2014) and MS1525:2007 (2007) that emphasizes to increase the use of renewable
energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) in built environment. Final Draft Malaysia
National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2014) made to Promote Energy Efficiency to
ensure productive use of energy and minimise waste in order to contribute to sustainable
development and increased welfare and competitiveness. By reducing the use of energy,
this will ensure that the expenditure for energy is kept at a low level.
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ii. This study also responds to Green Building Index (GBI). In the GBI have the criteria on
WE 4 Water Efficiency Fittings of Water Efficiency (WE).
iii. This study produce a new water consumption efficiency strategy (device) from existing
knowledge which has advantage in term of technical function. Therefore, the
significance of this strategy is not only in typical mosque, but also important for
residential building.
iv. This study provide information about water consumption efficiency strategy that is not
only useful for architects, researchers and manufacturers but also can help to raise public
awareness of energy efficiency strategies. Consequently, this will help to create more
sustainable development.
PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF WATER CONSUMPTION EFFICIENCY
Introduction
This section presents a review of literature on the topics related to water use efficiency. It starts
with the main concepts of water use efficiency, as well as the principles of the water use
efficiency. It is followed by a review on water consumption efficiency strategies. Finally, the
chapter presents a comprehensive review on some experimental and analytical work that
evaluated the potentials of water consumption efficiency strategies in different type of building,
different climates, different research methods and variable configurations. Result of these
different studies then are discussed based on its possibility to be applied at typical mosque in
hot-humid climate of Malaysia.
The average use of water for a Muslim for wudhuk is 5 liters (T.S. Mr. Rahman, 2008).
It is estimated that a Muslim needs as much as 25 liters of treated raw water for wudhuk. Al-
Haadi Newsletter (2001) stated that an average Muslim uses 6 liters of water for one session,
and total of 30 litre of raw material is required. This number will be double on Friday during
Friday prayer. Imagine the amount of water used for ablution in an area with such numbers of
masjid, the water used may be calculate and the total of wastage of water might be identified.
The water (Water Musta’mal) will flow into the existing drainage system and the previous
research shows that that amount of waste water can be considered a large percentage of water
used for ablution.
Observations are made by measuring the time from which the water pipe is opened to
the completion of the treatment process by the respondents without their knowledge. The
researcher then repeated the process of opening the water pipe thereafter based on the time
recorded by the previous respondent and stored the water in the container. The water was then
measured to find out how many liters of water the respondent was using. From a total of 35
observations, it was found that the time taken to sit was between 45 seconds and 90 seconds
with an average of 60 seconds while the average volume of water used was 5 liters. The findings
show that respondents used more than seven times the quantity of water used by the Prophet
(PBUH) to sit, an average of 5 liters compared to 0.688 liters.
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The large amount of water use for ablution can be considered a waste as it also involves high
amounts of water bill payments that is paid by the mosque. In the Qur'an, Allah has warned of
this excessive attitude. God said, "Son of Adam, put on your beautiful clothes every time you
enter the mosque, eat and drink, and do not overdo it. Verily, Allah does not love those who are
too much ”(Al-A‟ raaf; 31).
Definition
Macmillan English Dictionary (2011, 3rd edition) stated that efficiency means the ability to
work well and produce good results by using the available time, money, supplies etc in the most
effective way.
Table 2. Water Consumption Efficiency
N
O
ISSUES
SOLUTION
OBJECTIVE
VERIFIABLE
INDICATION
SOURCE OF
VERIFICATIO
N
CASE
STUDY
REFERENCE
water scarcity
sustainable
design &
implementatio
n
1. Rain Water
Harvesting (RWH)&
RWH + grey water
Optimum lost &
portable water
reduction
oceanic,
mediterranian
& desert
American Society Civil
Engineering (ASCE) ;
2. Urban water
optioneering tool
Journal Water Resources
Planning & Management
water recycle /
reuse scheme
(software simulation)
2010, vol 136 : pp 531 -
538
water use
water
conservation
1. Simple analytical
Water saving
predicted
united state
American Society Civil
Engineering (ASCE) ;
2. Regression
Journal Water Resources
Planning & Management
3. Hybrid model
2012, vol 138 : pp 299 -
306
greywater
quality at
mosque
greywater
reuse in
irrigation
1. Chemical & physical
properties
water reuse
Sana'a
Yemen;
Electronic Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering
(EJGE)
NO3, NH3, PO4, TSS,
FC, BOD, COD, etc
2 mosque in
Yemen
2012, vol 17 : pp 911 - 921
1. water
shortage by
2020
(UNESCO)
alternative
source water,
1. amount of water
saving
economic study,
water saving
Cairo, Egypt
Australian journal of Basic
and Applied Science
2. freshwater
become
increasingly
scar
greywater
reuse
(ablution
water)
2. grey water
characteristic
2012, vol 6, No 3 : pp 655 -
665
wastage water
1. water
conservation
awareness
1. awareness program
increase
awareness
Hail City,
Saudi Arabia
Bulletin of Faculty of
Agriculture, Cairo
University
method :
survey
2. awareness
programs
2. campaign
2006, vol 50. No 1 : pp 21 -
36
water is a
limited
1. greywater
treatment
greywater
composition/characterist
1. satisfactory
removal faecal
mosque
ablution water
Australian journal of Basic
and Applied Science
JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI, 21(1): 285-298
245
resource
using
Granular
ic
coliforms
activated
Carbon
(GAC)
biofilm
include Faecal
Coliforms (F.C.),
2. efficiencies
COD & TSS
removal
Sana'a Yemen
2012, vol 6. No 3 : pp 283 -
292
reactor and
sand filter
system
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (C.O.D.),
3. low removal
nitrate
2. reclaimed
water
Total Suspended Solid
(T.S.S.),
4. no amonia
removal
Nitrate (NO3), Amonia
as Nitrogen (NH4-N)
Ablution water tap
There are a lot of types water tap with different brand such as Sorento, Johnson Suisse, ROCA,
VADO, Adore and so on. But from the observation, showed that water tap with brand like Falla,
DOE, Watertec, Fabio, Grochi, SBY, City and so on most common used for ablution tap.
Branded water taps like Sorento, Johnson Suisse water tap caused more cost compare to water
tap like Falla, DOE, Watertec and so on.
Water tap can be classified by it physical such pillar type and wall mounted type. Pillar
type commonly used at basin. Besides, the wall mounted type usually used for ablution tap. At
the same time, water tap can be classified into manual or automatic operate. The manual
operates also have many types such as called bib taps or with lever. Bib tap is open by rotate
tap head and lever tap has lever to move or open the tap. Besides, automatic water taps used
sensor in operation. The other type of manual operate water tap is self-closing tap. This type of
water tap is different to bib tap because it must push button the head rather than bib type that
need to twist or rotate the tap head.
In ablution process, the tap is usually left running, much good water is wasted in the
process (Suratkon et al. 2014). It. It can be said that about half of the tap water flows directly
to the drain without any contamination (Al Mamun et al. 2014). Refering to the previous
research on push-type tap which is similar to self-closing tap, R. Zeid (2017) stated that the
amount of water released each batch with an average of 0.78 L and average duration is 8s.
Based on the study, the avarage water released using push-type tap is a time more than amount
that was used by the Holy Prophet. Batch time must be reduce in order to improve the efficient
use of water. (R. Zeid, 2017)
Based on the experiment by Abu Rozaiza (2002), during ablution activity, Muslim have
used high quantity of water and it is a different evaluation of the average amount of water used
had observed in previous studies. The amount of water used had measured among 40 Masjids
and 2 holy Masjids. As a result, he found that 3-7L of water per person had used during ablution
at a time. However, the different results had determined from another study, which is 2.5–4.5
L/individual in some masjids, schools and governmental buildings. State by Ghanem (2008) he
confirmed that 30% waste of water consumed when using slow closure mixer taps. In addition,
JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI, 21(1): 285-298
246
extra amounts of water consumed during the moments of opening and closing because of using
hands in turning the tap handles.
Fig. 3. Bib Tap, Wall Mounted Type
Fig. 4. Bib Tap Pillar Type with lever
Fig. 5. Bib Tap, Wall Mounted Type with lever
Fig. 6. Self Closing Tap, Wall Mounted Type
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
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247
This section detail the approach and methodology adopted in this research study, particularly
the discussion on the pilot study and a field study.
The Physical Experimental Method
Literature survey have demonstrate that the potential strategy water use efficiency using water
fitting or gadget. Therefore, in order to investigate the real potential and effectiveness of the
device in Malaysia, the physical experimental methods have been used throughout of study.
According to Wouter et al. (1998), full scale field measurement study is the best way
to obtain better understanding and evaluate the building performance and its function due to
the fact that it can provide actual experimental condition.
Due to these rationales, physical experimental studies has been carried out which was
divided into two main stage name as pilot study and field study.
PILOT STUDY
Pilot study need to be done to investigate the workability and reliability of the self closing tap,
particularly in wuduk or ablution activity. Besides that, the pilot study to determine the
appropriate of the self closing tap in wuduk activity.
Experimental Set-Up and Instrumentations
The experiments to identify volume of water used for wuduk activity using self closing tap.
The first experiment was done at the house car park by using the existing water taps outlet
outside the house. Existing water tap was replace with self closing tap. Existing water tap at
outside house is direct from main pipe. The stop cock was turn off to allowed the water only
use for ablution at the outside water tap. The wuduk activity carried on using sellected taps
and the volume determined by read the water meter at house and it written recorded. The
experiment to determine volume water use per person for wuduk or ablution activity.
Field Study
Following pilot study, a field study to evaluate the applicability of the self closing tap
application under real conditions has been carried out in a typical As Siddiq Mosque at Seri
Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia. Measurement volume of water have been identified by read of
water meter.
RESULT AND FINDING
Result and Finding
The As Siddiq mosque was complete build and can be use on 2007. It is started with name of
Surau and it was upgraded to be mosque on 2011. Before that year, there is no Jumaat pray
was perform here until it changes to mosque on 2011.
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248
Fig. 8. As Siddiq Mosque
It was built with capacity of 500 people (Jemaah) and now it has upgraded the capacity about
almost 1000 people. Before the upgraded, this mosque has element of the mosque such as
main prayer hall, ablution, toilet and PA system room. But now this mosque upgraded the
area of praying area was increase, store, meeting room, funeral management room, sink
washing area and eating area.
One of the data of the water consumption taken from the bill as given by Lembaga Air
Perak (LAP) for every 2 months. The data show the volume (m3) and the bill (RM) for that 2
months. The volume identified by water meter from main pipe to the building.
At the same, the daily dan weekly data also recorded the water consumption through read the
water meter on every tuesday morning after subuh pray. Water meter is reading from 5
August 2014 because of self closing tap installed at that date.
Fig. 9. As Siddiq Mosque water meter
Table 3. Weekly Water Consumption
NO
DATE
(TUESDAY)
WATER
METER
COMSUMPTION
(m3)
1
5082014
3044
0
2
12082014
3100
56
3
19082014
3143
43
4
26082014
3192
49
5
2092014
3244
52
6
90092014
3287
43
7
16092014
3333
46
8
23092014
3373
40
9
30092014
3415
42
10
7102014
3459
44
11
14102014
3492
33
12
21102014
3535
43
13
28102014
3582
47
14
4112014
3623
41
15
1112014
3659
36
16
18112014
3698
39
17
25112014
3740
42
18
2122014
3795
55
19
9122014
3859
64
JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI, 21(1): 285-298
249
20
16122014
3908
49
21
23122014
3965
57
22
30122014
4015
50
Table 3 shows that reading water meter after the water tap change to self closing tap on 5
August 2014. The water meter recorded weekly within 14 weeks every Tuesday in the
morning. The weekly water consumption was determined.
Table 4 shows the monthly water consumption. This reading referred to existing water bill
from water provider authority which is Lembaga Air Perak (LAP). The bill recorded from the
date the surau status upgrade to mosque status. Since the self closing tap was installed on 5
August 2014, so the different in the bill can be show from 21 June 2014. The water
consumption was decrease after use of self closing tap.
Table 4. Monthly Water Consumption (from Lembaga Air Perak (LAP) bills)
NO
DATE OF
BILL
COMSUMP-
TION (m3)
BILL
(RM)
NO. OF
DAY
DAY
EVENT
1
16022011
137
119.91
57
WEDNESDAY
2
13042011
202
186.86
56
WEDNESDAY
3
10062011
214
199.22
58
FRIDAY
30072011 1st RAMADHAN
4
8082011
237
222.91
59
MONDAY
30082011 HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI
5
11102011
290
277.50
64
TUESDAY
06112011 HARI RAYA AIDILADHA
6
8122011
282
269.26
58
THURSDAY
7
10022012
242
228.06
64
FRIDAY
8
10042012
199
183.77
60
TUESDAY
9
13062012
240
226.00
64
WEDNESDAY
21072012 1st RAMADHAN
10
9082012
265
251.75
57
THURSDAY
19082012 HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI
11
9102012
277
264.11
61
TUESDAY
26102012 HARI RAYA AIDILADHA
12
18122012
274
261.02
70
TUESDAY
13
13022013
211
196.13
57
WEDNESDAY
14
10042013
232
217.76
56
WEDNESDAY
15
18062013
312
314.58
69
TUESDAY
10072013 1st RAMADHAN
16
22082013
387
377.41
65
THURSDAY
08082013 HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI
17
21102013
305
102.10
60
MONDAY
15102013 HARI RAYA AIDILADHA
18
21122013
275
91.90
61
SATURDAY
19
19022014
310
103.80
60
WEDNESDAY
20
20042014
480
161.60
60
SUNDAY
21
21062014
576
194.24
62
SATURDAY
29062014 1st RAMADHAN
22
19082014
489
164.66
59
TUESDAY
28072014 HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI
23
21102014
391
131.34
63
TUESDAY
05102014 HARI RAYA AIDILADHA
CONCLUSION
The research achieved the objectives of the research which is to identify water tap classification
and to identify water consumption using self closing tap. The self closing tap is suitable to use
for ablution activity. Refer to bill for every 2 months from Lembaga Air Perak (LAP) shows
that mosque water consumption after using self closing tap is decrease and save about RM30.
JURNAL ISLAM DAN MASYARAKAT KONTEMPORARI, 21(1): 285-298
250
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