First report of various Fusarium species from the Stevenson-Hamilton Supersite granite catena system in the Kruger National Park, South Africa

Full text

hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
KOEDOE - African Protected Area Conservaon and Science
ISSN: (Online) 2071-0771, (Print) 0075-6458
Page 1 of 8 Short Communicaon
Read online:
Scan this QR
code with your
smart phone or
mobile device
to read online.
Authors:
Marieka Gryzenhout1
Marcele Vermeulen2
Gilmore Pambuka1
Riana Jacobs3
Aliaons:
1Department of Genecs,
Faculty of Natural and
Agricultural Science,
University of the Free State,
Bloemfontein, South Africa
2Department of Microbial
Biochemical and Food
Biotechnology, Faculty of
Natural and Agricultural
Science, University of the
Free State, Bloemfontein,
South Africa
3Department of Mycology
Unit, Plant Health and
Protecon, Agricultural
Research Council, Pretoria,
South Africa
Corresponding author:
Marieka Gryzenhout,
gryzenhoutm@ufs.ac.za
Dates:
Received: 28 Sept. 2019
Accepted: 19 Apr. 2020
Published: 29 Oct. 2020
How to cite this arcle:
Gryzenhout, M., Vermeulen,
M., Pambuka, G. & Jacobs, R.,
2020, ‘First report of various
Fusarium species from the
Stevenson-Hamilton Supersite
granite catena system in the
Kruger Naonal Park, South
Africa’, Koedoe 62(2), a1599.
hps://doi.org/10.4102/
koedoe.v62i2.1599
Introducon
The Kruger National Park (KNP) covers the north-eastern part of southern Africa (Carruthers
2017) and is also linked with the Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe) and the Limpopo
National Park (Mozambique) as the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. The KNP is part of the
Kruger to Canyons Biosphere area designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an International Man and Biosphere Reserve (the
‘Biosphere’) (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-
sciences/biosphere-reserves/africa/south-africa/kruger-to-canyons/). The Stevenson-
Hamilton Supersite, where this study was conducted, is part of four research ‘supersites’ in
the KNP, with each representing distinct geological, climatic and linked biodiversity patterns
(Smit et al. 2013).
The foundational biological information regarding soil biota in South Africa was recently assessed,
and it included soil fungi (Janion-Scheepers et al. 2016). These authors reported that despite South
Africa being only 0.8% of the earth’s terrestrial area, it contains nearly 1.8% of the world’s
described soil species. Areas such as the Nama-Karoo, Northern Cape and Eastern Cape are
undersampled for most taxa as well as natural soils in biodiversity hotspots. Similarly, the KNP
with its diverse ecosystems is not well explored.
The fungal genus Fusarium has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes a vast number of species.
These species are commonly recovered from a variety of substrates including soil, air, water and
decaying plant materials (Leslie & Summerell 2006). They have diverse ecosystem functions in
soils and are also able to colonise living tissues of plants and animals, including humans, acting
as endophytes (microbial organisms existing inside plant tissues), secondary invaders or becoming
devastating plant pathogens (Nelson, Dignani & Anaissie 1994). In addition to their ability to
colonise a multiplicity of habitats, Fusarium species are present in almost any ecosystem in the
world (Leslie & Summerell 2006).
A number of genera representing previously known Fusarium species were established based on
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence data (Lombard et al. 2015). For instance, the Fusarium
solani species complex (FSSC) was proposed to be the genus Neocosmospora (Lombard et al. 2015).
However, because of the close association with the name Fusarium and the fact that these names
serve a large community of end-users, that is, plant pathologists, quarantine officers, veterinarians
and medical practitioners, a different system was proposed where the name Fusarium was kept,
for instance, for the FSSC (Geiser et al. 2013). The resulting confusion is evident as a number of
new species in the complex kept the name of Fusarium, for example, F. euwallaceae (Freeman et al.
2014), which is the pathogenic fungus associated with the devastating polyphagous Shothole
Borer. These taxa are usually included in Fusarium research.
A multidisciplinary study was conducted in the KNP to study the structure and biodiversity, and
the various possible biotic and abiotic interactions of a catena or hill slope ecosystem on the
Stevenson-Hamilton Supersite (25°06’28.6S, 31°34’41.9E and 25°06’25.7S, 31°34’33.7E). The aim of
Keywords: Fusarium; Neocosmospora; Kruger National Park; Topsoil; Rhizosphere; Catena.
First report of various Fusarium species from the
Stevenson-Hamilton Supersite granite catena system in
the Kruger Naonal Park, South Africa
Read online:
Scan this QR
code with your
smart phone or
mobile device
to read online.
Copyright: © 2020. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS. This work is licensed under the Creave Commons Aribuon License.
Note: Special Issue: Connecons between abioc and bioc components of a granite catena ecosystem in Kruger Naonal Park,
sub-edited by Beanelri Janecke and Johan van Tol.

Page 2 of 8 Short Communicaon
hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
this study was to establish a baseline on the species diversity
of Fusarium occurring at the particular supersite in order to
possibly use species in Fusarium and closely related genera,
which include specialised and generalist species, as a possible
focus group to study interactions with the various biotic and
abiotic factors in the catena system.
Previous studies have already described five new species
with representative isolates from the KNP. These included
F. nygamai (Burgess & Trimboli 1986) and F. fredkrugeri
(Sandoval-Denis et al. 2018) in the FFSC, F. polyphialidicum
(Marasas et al. 1986) in the Fusarium concolor species complex
(FCOSC), F. convolutans in the Fusarium buharicum species
complex (FBSC) and F. transvaalense in the Fusarium
sambucinum species complex (FSaSC) from soils (Sandoval-
Denis et al. 2018). Jacobs-Venter et al. (2018a) separated F.
polyphialidicum strains into three species, namely F. concolor, F.
babinda and F. austroafricanum, and confirmed that F.
polyphialidicum is synonymous with F. concolor. F. fredkrugeri,
F. convolutans and F. transvaalense originated from the
Stevenson-Hamilton Supersite.
In this study, soil and rhizosphere samples from various
plants in the Stevenson-Hamilton Supersite, which has a
distinct geology and hydrology, were obtained. Isolations
from these samples revealed a large collection of Fusarium
isolates. The aim of this study was to identify these fusaria.
As information on microbes, including fungi, is scarce for the
KNP, and basically non-existent for the supersite, the study
will contribute pioneering and invaluable biodiversity data
on these ill-studied organisms that will be informative and
useful for the management and conservation of the KNP.
Materials and methods
Sampling
The study was conducted in the Southern Granites
‘Supersite’ catena close to the Stevenson-Hamilton
Memorial (Smit et al. 2013). Four random soil samples to a
depth of 5 cm were taken for each of the components of the
catena system in a transect of more or less 500 m following
Theron, Van Aardt and Du Preez (2020). Furthermore, roots
of Pogonarthria squarrosa (sickle grass, Poaceae, Poales),
Sporobolus nitens (curly leaved drop seed grass, Poaceae)
and Schkuhria pinnata (dwarf marigold, Asteraceae,
Asterales), which included some of the dominant plants in
the catena (Theron et al. 2020), were collected. Topsoil was
deliberately included with the assumption that the soils will
contain soil-associated fusaria as well as spores that were
aerially distributed from plants in the area. The soils were
transported cold to the laboratory, where soil dilution series
were made on Rose Bengal–glycerine–urea medium (Leslie
& Summerell 2006) and 20% potato dextrose agar (PDA;
Biolab, Merck, South Africa). Roots were suspended in
sterile water and shaken, and the soil solution was then
used in a dilution series. Colonies resembling the cultural
morphotypes of Fusarium species were purified from the
primary plates by making single spore cultures from
colonies on SNA medium (Leslie & Summerell 2011).
Cultures were deposited in the National Collection of Fungi
(PREM), Biosystematics Division, Agricultural Research
Council (ARC), Pretoria, South Africa (Table 1).
Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence-based
characterisaon
Inqaba Biotec (Pretoria, South Africa) extracted DNA from
the scraped mycelium of 1-week-old cultures grown on PDA,
and the translation elongation factor 1α gene region (TEF1α)
was amplified and sequenced using primers EF1 and EF2
(O’Donnell et al. 2008). Sequences obtained were viewed and
edited with Geneious 7.1.9 (Biomatter, Auckland).
Sequences were grouped into Fusarium species complexes
using a skeleton sequence data set representing all species
complexes in Fusarium and genera previously named as
Fusarium, as well as species grouping outside species
complexes (data not shown). After the appropriate complex
or closest related species has been identified, sequences were
included in separate DNA data sets representing all known
and vouchered sequences of the particular group or complex.
All alignments were performed in Mafft 7.0 (http://mafft.
cbrc.jp/alignment/software/) with the L-INS-I option
selected (Katoh et al. 2005). The alignments were corrected
manually where needed.
Representative sequences with a high identity to the FFSC
were aligned with all currently recognised species and
phylogenetic lineages in the FFSC (Edwards et al. 2016;
Geiser et al. 2013; Herron et al. 2015; Moroti et al. 2016).
Similarly representative sequences with a high identity to the
Fusarium chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC) (Lombard
et al. 2019a; O’Donnell et al. 2009b) and Fusarium oxysporum
species complex (FOSC) (Laurence et al. 2014; Lombard et al.
2019b; O’Donnell et al. 2009a) were aligned in data sets linked
to the listed references. Sequences of the FSSC (O’Donnell et
al. 2008) that are now known as Neocosmospora (Lombard et
al. 2015) were also used. Maximum likelihood analyses were
conducted in MEGA v. 7 using the models assigned to each
data set and with a 1000 Bootstrap replicates to determine the
support of the branches.
Ethical consideraons
Ethical approval for the multidisciplinary project as a whole
was obtained from the Interfaculty Animal Ethics Committee
at the University of the Free State (UFS-AED2019/0121).
SANParks permit numbers for collection of soil for lab
analyses and vegetation for identification purposes are
SK069, SK2095 and SK054.
Results
Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence-based
characterisaon
Isolates (109) characterised in this study from the catena
system represented four species complexes, namely FFSC,
FCSC, FSSC and FOSC, and originated from the rhizospheres

Page 3 of 8 Short Communicaon
hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
TABLE 1: List of Fusarium isolates idened in this study that originated from the Stevenson-Hamilton catena in Kruger Naonal Park, South Africa.
PPRI number†Idencaon Collectors Isolator Host scienc name Substrate/niche Date of collecon DNA Data Bank of
Japan number‡
20296 Fusarium proliferatum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521472
20281 F. nygamai E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521459
20306 F. nygamai E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Schkuhria pinnata Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521479
20610 Neocosmospora vasinfecta E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521484
19535 Neocosmospora vasinfecta P.A.L. le Roux M Gryzenhout Soil 9-15 May 2014 LC521384
19537 Neocosmospora vasinfecta P.A.L. le Roux M Gryzenhout Soil 9-15 May 2014 LC521386
19521 F. cf. chlamydosporum P.A.L. le Roux M Gryzenhout Soil 9-15 May 2014 LC521379
20270 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521450
20240 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521424
20245 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521428
20216 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521401
20653 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521487
20644 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521486
20616 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521485
20307 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Schkuhria pinnata Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521480
20295 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521471
20294 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521470
20264 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521445
20258 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521440
20257 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521439
20243 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521426
20231 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521416
20228 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521413
20224 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521409
20219 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521404
20215 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521400
20213 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521398
20272 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521451
20267 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521447
20262 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521444
20237 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521421
20248 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521430
20246 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521429
20244 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521427
20242 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521425
20238 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521422
20221 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521406
20217 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521402
20214 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521399
20212 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521397
20210 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521395
20208 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521393
20206 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521392
20203 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521389
20202 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521388
19522 F. cf. chlamydosporum P.A.L. le Roux M Gryzenhout Soil 9-15 May 2014 LC521380
19523 F. cf. chlamydosporum P.A.L. le Roux M Gryzenhout Soil 9-15 May 2014 LC521381
19530 F. cf. chlamydosporum P.A.L. le Roux M Gryzenhout Soil 9-15 May 2014 LC521383
20249 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521431
20251 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521433
20252 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521434
20253 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521435
20254 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521436
20256 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521438
20259 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521441
20260 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521442
20261 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521443
20269 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521449
20273 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521452
20274 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521453
Table 1 connues on the next page →

Page 4 of 8 Short Communicaon
hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
of all three plants and the topsoil (Table 1). Each of these
complexes includes a diversity of species. In the FFSC,
isolate PPRI 20296 was identified as F. proliferatum (Bootstrap
support 98%), and isolates PPRI 20281 and PPRI 201306
were identified as F. nygamai (Bootstrap support 97%)
(Figure 1). Isolates PPRI 20610, PPRI 19535 and PPRI 19537
were grouped in the clade of N. vasinfecta (Figure 2) in the
FSSC (Bootstrap support of 97%) and grouped into two
haplotype groups. Isolates from the KNP that were grouped
in the FCSC (Table 1) constituted a very large number of
isolates that did not group with any of the previously
known lineages or newly described species (Figure 3).
Between-isolate variation seven haplotypes was seen that
could be indicative of more possible cryptic species or
significant population structure. Based on the TEF sequence
data alone, all of the novel species described (Lombard et al.
2019a) in the FOSC could not be resolved but isolates
(Table 1) formed four haplotypes that grouped together
with F. callistephi and F. fabacearum, and isolates from
Australia (Figure 4).
TABLE 1 (Connues...): List of Fusarium isolates idened in this study that originated from the Stevenson-Hamilton catena in Kruger Naonal Park, South Africa.
PPRI number†Idencaon Collectors Isolator Host scienc name Substrate/niche Date of collecon DNA Data Bank of
Japan number‡
20275 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521454
20290 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521466
20292 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521468
20657 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521488
20660 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521489
20209 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521394
20233 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521418
20235 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521419
20227 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521412
20250 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521432
20223 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521408
20308 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Schkuhria pinnata Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521481
20225 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521410
20266 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521446
20239 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521423
20201 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521387
20229 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521414
20211 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521396
20305 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Schkuhria pinnata Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521478
20230 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521415
20220 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521405
20222 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521407
20226 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521411
20232 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521417
20276 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521455
20278 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521456
20280 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521458
20282 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521460
20609 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521483
20279 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521457
20255 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521437
20218 F. cf. chlamydosporum E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521403
20293 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521469
20291 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521467
20205 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521391
20284 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521462
20283 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521461
20300 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521475
20298 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521473
20299 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521474
20304 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521477
20285 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521463
20303 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521476
20287 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521464
20289 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Pogonarthria squarrosa Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521465
20204 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Sporobolus nitens Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521390
20309 F. oxysporum sensu lato E. Theron & J. du Preez M. Gryzenhout Schkuhria pinnata Rhizosphere 01 March 2015 LC521482
†, Plant Protecon Research Instute, Biosystemacs Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Roodeplaat Campus, Pretoria, South Africa.
‡, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Bioinformaon and DDBJ Center, Naonal Instute of Genecs, Research Organizaon of Informaon and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.

Page 5 of 8 Short Communicaon
hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
Discussion
This study represents the first report of F. proliferatum (FFSC),
N. vasinfectum that was previously known as F. cosmosporiellum
in the FSSC (Geiser et al. 2013) and F. oxysporum sensu lato
(FOSC) from soils in the Stevenson-Hamilton Granite
Supersite in the KNP. Possible new species in the FCSC were
also detected. The presence of F. nygamai (FFSC) was
confirmed. Together with other species previously described
from the KNP (F. fredkrugeri, F. convalutum, F. transvaalense
and F. concolor as F. polyphialidicum), there are thus at least
nine Fusarium species present in the KNP.
Fusarium nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum sensu lato, F.
chlamydosporum, N. vasinfectum and F. concolor are species that
have a world-wide occurrence, including South Africa
(Jacobs et al. 2018a; Leslie & Summerell 2006). They are
associated with various plant hosts as well as soils and can
also produce mycotoxins in food commodities or be
N. falciformis FSSC 3+4 (n = 38)
NRRL 32744 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4vv
NRRL 32928 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4fff
NRRL 28556 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4n 28556
NRRL 31162 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4s
NRRL 32828 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4bbb
NRRL 32719 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4oo
NRRL 28559 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4o
NRRL 32346 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4bb
NRRL 32757 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4xx
NRRL 32343 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4aa
NRRL 32720 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4pp
NRRL 25746 N. falciformis FSSC3+4i
NRRL 32339 N. falciformis FSSC 3+4z
N. keratoplasca FSSC 2 (n = 34) and Neocosmospora sp.
FSSC 24 (n = 1)
N. falciformis FSSC 3+4 (n = 5)
N. falciformis FSSC 3+4 (n = 2)
N. tonkinensis FSSC 9 (n = 2)
‘Fusarium’ solani f. sp. batatas. FSSC 23 (n = 2)
‘Fusarium’ solani f. sp. xanthoxyli FSSC 22 (n = 2)
N.solani FSSC 5 (n = 6)
NRRL 22101 ‘Fusarium striatum’ FSSC 21a
N. suoniana FSSC 20 (n = 5)
NRRL 32798 N. falciformis FSSC 3 4aaa
Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 14 (n = 4)
N. gamsii FSSC 7 (n = 4)
NRRL 28008 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 29a
NRRL 31169 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 26a
N. metavorans FSSC 6 (n = 15)
NRRL 22278 ‘Fusarium’ solani f. sp. pisi FSSC 11a
NRRL 22820 ‘Fusarium’ solani f. sp. pisi FSSC 11b
NRRL 28009 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 15a
NRRL 32846 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 15a
NRRL 45880 ‘Fusarium’ solani f. sp. pisi FSSC 11c
NRRL 32792 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 15b
NRRL 22162 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 13c
NRRL 22230 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 17b
NRRL 22157 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 17a
Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 13 (n = 2)
Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 12 (n = 6)
NRRL 32437 Neocosmospora sp. 28a
NRRL 37625 N. cyanescens FSSC 27a
NRRL 28541 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 26a
NRRL 37626 N. cyanescens FSSC 27a
Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 18 (n = 4)
LEMM 110739 N. onychola
NRRL 22389 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 25a
N. petroliphila FSSC 1 (n = 14) and LEMM 111347
N. ceperiensis (n = 1)
PPRI 20610
NRRL 22468 N. vasinfecta FSSC 8c
NRRL 34174 N.vasinfecta FSSC 8d
PPRI 19535
PPRI 19537
NRRL 22436 N. vasinfecta FSSC 8b
NRRL 43467 N.vasinfecta FSSC 8a
NRRL 22166 N.vasinfecta FSSC 8e
N. lichenicola FSSC 16 (n = 3)
NRRL 22579 Fusarium sp. FSSC 30a
‘Fusarium’ euwallaceae FSSC 36 (n = 2)
NRRL 22354 N. pseudensiformis FSSC 33a
Neocosmospora sp. FSSC1 9 (n = 2)
NRRL 22178 Fusarium sp. FSSC 32a
UFMG-CM F12570 F. riograndense
NRRL 22153 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 10a
NRRL 22098 Neocosmospora sp. FSSC 10b
NRRL 22570 Fusarium sp. FSSC 32a
NRRL 22090 N. illudens
NRRL 22632 N. plagianthi
NRRL 22396 F. phaseoli
NRRL 22395 F. phaseoli
NRRL 22574 F. phaseoli
NRRL 22387 F. phaseoli
NRRL 22412 F. phaseoli
F. virguliforme (n = 2)
F. cuneirostrum (n = 2)
NRRL 22276 F. phaseoli
NRRL 22743 ‘Fusarium’ brasiliense
NRRL 31757 ‘Fusarium’ brasiliense
F. tucumaniae (n = 2)
NRRL 31156 F. phaseoli
NRRL 31949 F. crassispatum
NRRL 36877 F. crassispatum
NRRL 22316
Geejayeesia atrofusca
CBS 830.85 F. ventricosum
97
94
83
86
99
99
91
99
99
97
99
99
99
94
96
89
93
92
97
92
86
99
84
98
97
84
99
99
83
85
0.05
Model:
K2+Gamma
PPRI, Plant Protecon Research Instute; FSSC, fusarium solani species complex; NRRL,
Naonal Center for Agricultural Ulizaon Research; LEMM, Laboratory of Molecular
Microbial Ecology; UFMG-CM, Centro de Microscopia, Universidade Federal de Minas.
FIGURE 2: Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogram of all currently sequenced
Fusarium species in the Fusarium solani species complex (also referred to as
Neocosmospora with some species named as Neocosmospora) based on
translaon elongaon factor 1-a gene sequences. Bootstrap support values
higher than 80% are shown on the branches. The evoluonary model applied to
the analysis is indicated on the gure. Isolates from this study are indicated with
PPRI numbers.
NRRL 31727 F. andiyazi
NRRL 13592 F. pseudonygamai
NRRL 66243 F. tjaetaba
NRRL 22172
F. vercillioides
NRRL 25059 F. musae
NRRL 13604 F. napiforme
NRRL 25208 F. ramigenum
CBS 125181 F. ficicrescens
NRRL 66233 F. coicis
CBS 483 94 F. terricola
NRRL 25451 F. sudanense
NRRL 25200 F. lacs
NRRL 22045 F. thapsinum
NRRL 13448 F. nygamai
PPRI 20281
PPRI 20306
NRRL 22946 F. pseudocircinatum
NRRL 25302 F. denculatum
NRRL 22949 F. udum
NRRL 13617 F. phyllophilum
NRRL 25486 F. xylarioides
NRRL 13308 F. acutatum
NRRL 54464 F. agapanthi
RCFT 0983 F. temperatum
NRRL 25331 F. circinatum
CBS 137242 F. sororula
NRRL 25300 F. begoniae
CBS 118516 F. ananatum
NRRL 13613 F. succisae
NRRL 25214 F. anthophilum
NRRL 13618 F. bulbicola
NRRL 22016 F. subglunans
CBS 119849 F. konza
UMAF 1194 F. tupiense
CBS 137234 F. fraccaudum
CBS 137236 F. parvisorum
NRRL 13999 F. sacchari
CBS 144209 F. fredkrugeri
NRRL 13164 F. dlaminii
NRRL 28852 F. fracflexum
NRRL 25226 F. mangiferae
NRRL 13566 F. fujikuroi
CBS 142422 F. siculi
NRRL 26131 F. globosum
NRRL 22944 F. proliferatum
PPRI 20296
98
100
74
95
98
98
99
100
100
90
90
99
92
94
76
97
72
0.0100
Model: K2+Gamma
NRRL, Naonal Center for Agricultural Ulizaon Research; CBS, CBS-KNAW Culture
Collecon, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Instute; PPRI, Plant Protecon Research Instute;
RCFT, Rio Cuarto Fusarium temperatum; UMAF, University of Málaga.
FIGURE 1: Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogram of all currently sequenced
Fusarium species in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex based on translaon
elongaon factor 1-a gene sequences. Bootstrap support values higher than 80%
are shown on the branches. The evoluonary model applied to the analysis is
indicated on the gure. Isolates from this study are indicated with PPRI numbers.

Page 6 of 8 Short Communicaon
hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
associated with diseases of animals or humans (Leslie &
Summerell 2006). The new species F. fredkrugeri, F. convalutum
and F. transvaalense have only recently been described and
have most likely not yet been discovered elsewhere. Because
these species are generalists that can be isolated from various
PPRI 20809
PPRI 20279
PPRI 20282
PPRI 20280
PPRI 20278
PPRI 20278
PPRI 20232
PPRI 20228
PPRI 20222
PPRI 20220
PPRI 20230
PPRI 20305
PPRI 20217
PPRI 20214
PPRI 20212
PPRI 20210
PPRI 20208
PPRI 20208
PPRI 20203
PPRI 20202
PPRI 19522
PPRI 19530
PPRI 20221
PPRI 20238
PPRI 20238
PPRI 20242
PPRI 20244
PPRI 20248
PPRI 20248
PPRI 20249
PPRI 20211
PPRI 20229
PPRI 20201
PPRI 20239
PPRI 20288
PPRI 20225
PPRI 20223
PPRI 20308
PPRI 20251
PPRI 20252
PPRI 20254
PPRI 20268
PPRI 20269
PPRI 20280
PPRI 20281
PPRI 20288
PPRI 20289
PPRI 20273
PPRI 20274
PPRI 20275
PPRI 20290
PPRI 20292
PPRI 20257
PPRI 20880
PPRI 20209
PPRI 20233
PPRI 20235
PPRI 20237
PPRI 20262
PPRI 20267
PPRI 20282
PPRI 20213
PPRI 20215
PPRI 20219
PPRI 20224
PPRI 20223
PPRI 20231
PPRI 20243
PPRI 20257
PPRI 20258
PPRI 20294
PPRI 20295
PPRI 20286
PPRI 20307
PPRI 20818
PPRI 20844
PPRI 20853
PPRI 20216
PPRI 20245
PPRI 20240
PPRI 20250
PPRI 20270
PPRI 20227
PPRI 19538
PPRI 19523
PPRI 19521
PPRI 20218
Fusarium peruvianum CBS 611.75
Fusarium microconidium CBS 119843
Fusarium nelsonii CBS 119878
Fusarium nelsonii CBS 119877
Fusarium nelsonii NRRL 28506
0.0000
Fusarium cp. NRRL 133.38
NRRL 38498 coon Peru
100
100
100
Model: K2
Various species (26)
Various species (34)
PPRI 20255
PPRI 10526
PPRI 20253
PPRI, Plant Protecon Research Instute; PPRI, Plant Protecon Research Instute; NRRL,
Naonal Center for Agricultural Ulizaon Research; MLST, Mullocus Sequence Type; CBS,
CBS-KNAW Culture Collecon, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Instute; NRRL, Naonal
Center for Agricultural Ulizaon Research.
FIGURE 3: Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogram of all currently sequenced
Fusarium species in the Fusarium chlamydosporum species complex based on
translaon elongaon factor 1-a gene sequences. Bootstrap support values higher
than 80% are shown on the branches. The evoluonary model applied to the analysis
is indicated on the gure. Isolates from this study are indicated with PPRI numbers.
Laurence et al. 2014 (n = 28)
PPRI 20293
NRRL 45975 MLST 248
NRRL 38885 MLST 231
NRRL 25598 MLST 35
AUST 82
NRRL 38312 MLST 192
NRRL 38555 MLST 224
NRRL 36280 MLST 152
NRRL 36120 MLST 141
NRRL 32890 MLST 123
NRRL 32882 MLST 119
NRRL 32881 MLST 118
PPRI 20291
Fusarium callistephi CBS115423
Fusarium glycines (11)
NRRL 38271 MLST 171
NRRL 26414 MLST 68
NRRL 26225 MLST 47
NRRL 22554 MLST 20
NRRL 22543 MLST 11
NRRL 32883 MLST 120
Fusarium gossypinum CBS116612
Fusarium gossypinum CBS116613
Fusarium gossypinum CBS116611
NRRL 38308 MLST 189
NRRL 38305 MLST 188
NRRL 26960 MLST 87
NRRL 26437 MLST 71
NRRL 25424 MLST 29
NRRL 26408 MLST 65
NRRL 36471 MLST 166
NRRL 38326 MLST 196
NRRL 38477 MLST 210
NRRL 38591 MLST 191
NRRL 38270 MLST 170
NRRL 36357 MLST 159
NRRL 28919 MLST 110
NRRL 28365 MLST 101
NRRL 26964 MLST 90
NRRL 26962 MLST 89
NRRL 22519 MLST 4
NRRL 36276 MLST 151
Fusarium callistephi CBS187.53
Fusarium fabacearum CBS144742
PPRI 20205
PPRI 20284
PPRI 20283
PPRI 20300
PPRI 20298
PPRI 20299
PPRI 20304
PPRI 20285
PPRI 20303
PPRI 20287
PPRI 20289
NRRL 20433 MLST 2
NRRL 22553 MLST 19
NRRL 25437 MLST 32
NRRL 25609 MLST 37
NRRL 26147 MLST 42
NRRL 26367 MLST 50
NRRL 26961 MLST 88
NRRL 28395 MLST 107
NRRL 32873 MLST 117
NRRL 34079 MLST 133
NRRL 37616 MLST 169
NRRL 38283 MLST 176
NRRL 38309 MLST 190
NRRL 38320 MLST 194
NRRL 53154 MLST 254
NRRL 53156 MLST 255
NRRL 25420 MLST 28
Fusarium fabacearum CBS144743
Fusarium fabacearum CBS144744
NRRL 26435 MLST 70
NRRL 38514 MLST 219
NRRL 38354 MLST 204
Laurence et al. 2014; O'Donnell et al. 2009 (n = 17)
O'Donnell et al. 2009 (n = 2)
PPRI 20204
PPRI 20309
AUST 556
AUST 676
AUST 242
AUST 590
97
99
100
Fusarium carminasens (n = 4)
Fusarium carminasens (n = 4)
Fusarium cugenangense (n = 25)
Fusarium duo-septatum (n = 2)
85
92
0.005
Model:
K2+Gamma
PPRI, Plant Protecon Research Instute; NRRL, Naonal Center for Agricultural Ulizaon
Research; MLST, Mullocus Sequence Type; CBS, CBS-KNAW Culture Collecon, Westerdijk
Fungal Biodiversity Instute; AUST, Australia, used by Laurence et al. (2014).
FIGURE 4: Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogram of all currently sequenced
Fusarium species in the Fusarium oxysporum species complex based on translaon
elongaon factor 1-a gene sequences. Bootstrap support values higher than 80%
are shown on the branches. The evoluonary model applied to the analysis is
indicated on the gure. Isolates from this study are indicated with PPRI numbers.

Page 7 of 8 Short Communicaon
hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
substrates and plant hosts, these species most likely are not
suitable to represent a target group to study unique species
associations within a catena system.
The majority of strains (90) obtained from the KNP sample
sites belonged to F. chlamydosporum species complex. A four-
locus typing scheme (O’Donnell et al. 2009b) revealed MLST
and species within the species complex, and Lombard et al.
(2019a) recently published the description of numerous new
species in the complex. Isolates obtained from this study
appear to represent new species. As before, a number of new
species from the KNP are yet to be described.
What is notable is that several undescribed Fusarium species
have been discovered in the KNP. Previously, F. nygamai,
F. polyphialidicum, F. fredkrugeri, F. convalutum and F.
transvaalense were described from the KNP, while possible
new species have also been characterised in this study. Since
their description, F. nygamai and F. concolor (also as the
synonym F. polyphialidicum) have been discovered from across
the world (Leslie & Summerell 2006), suggesting a wide
substrate, host and geographical range despite being first
described from a national conservation park in South Africa.
The number of undescribed species of Fusarium in the KNP is
not surprising because the biodiversity of Fusarium and
closely allied genera that were previously called Fusarium is
largely untouched. This is especially so in pristine natural
areas (Jacobs et al. 2018b), because most Fusarium research in
South Africa is focused on agricultural problems or animal
and human health issues caused by Fusarium species.
Conclusion
The KNP plays an important role in not only protecting the
native ecosystems present in that area and the animals and
plants they contain but also protecting Fusarium species
that occur in South Africa, of which some are new to
science. The ecological roles of these species in numerous
ecosystems are, however, still unknown, and further
studies on their impact on ecosystem services and function
must be pursued. Such studies are important because
Gryzenhout et al. (2020) showed through environmental
sequencing that Fusarium species are one of the dominant
groups found within the soil-plant root zones of plants
occurring in the Stevenson-Hamilton Granite Supersite.
Further sequencing of additional genes, as what has been
done in this study, will provide a better estimation on
species level of the species that could be involved.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the University of the Free State Strategic
Research Fund for providing funding for this research,
SANParks Scientific Services for their assistance during field
sampling, Dr Beanelri Janecke for her leadership in the
project and the rest of the research team for their insights.
The authors are grateful to Mrs Grace Kwanda (ARC,
Pretoria) for her patience and assistance during the
submission of the fungal cultures to the National Collection
of Fungi. Mr E. Theron and Profs. Johan du Preez and Piet le
Roux (UFS) are thanked for the provision of soil and plant
samples.
Compeng interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal
relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them
in writing this article.
Authors’ contribuons
The authors directly participated in the study design,
execution and interpretation of the research. All authors
contributed equally to this research work.
Funding informaon
This study was funded by the University of the Free State
under the ‘Multi-disciplinary Program’.
Data availability
Data are available from the corresponding author on request.
Disclaimer
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of
the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or
position of any affiliate agency of the authors.
References
Burgess, L.W. & Trimboli, D., 1986, ‘Characterizaon and distribuon of Fusarium
nygamai, sp. nov.’, Mycologia 78(2), 223–229. hps://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.
1986.12025233
Carruthers, J., 2017, Naonal Park Science: A century of research in South Africa,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Edwards, J., Auer, D., De Alwis, SK., Summerell, B., Aoki, T., Proctor R.H. et al., 2016,
‘Fusarium agapanthi sp. nov, a novel bikaverin and fusarubin-producing leaf and
stem spot pathogen of Agapanthus praecox (African lily) from Australia and Italy’,
Mycologia 15(2), 333. hps://doi.org/10.3852/15-333
Freeman, S., Sharon, M., Maymon, M., Mendel, Z., Protasov, A., Aoki, T. et al., 2014,
‘Fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov. – A symbioc fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive
ambrosia beetle in Israel and California’, Mycologia 105(6), 1595–1606. hps://
doi.org/10.3852/13-066
Geiser, D.M., Aoki, T., Bacon, C.E., Baker, S.E., Bhaacharyya, M.K., Brandt, M.E. et al.,
2013, ‘One fungus, one name: Dening the genus Fusarium in a sciencally
robust way that preserves longstanding use’, Phytopathology 103(5), 400–408.
hps://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-12-0150-LE
Gryzenhout, M., Cason, E.D., Vermeulen, M., Kloppers, G.A.E., Bailey, B. & Ghosh, S.,
2020, ‘Fungal community structure variability between the root rhizosphere and
endosphere in a granite catena system in the Kruger Naonal Park, South Africa’,
Koedoe 62(2), a1597. hps://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v62i2.1597
Herron, D.A., Wingeld, M.J., Wingeld, B.D., Rodas, C.A., Marincowitz, S. &
Steenkamp, E.T., 2015, ‘Novel taxa in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex from
Pinus spp.’, Studies in Mycology 80, 131–150. hps://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.
2014.12.001
Jacobs, A., Laraba, I., Geiser, D.M., Busman, M., Vaughan, M.M. & Proctor, R.H., 2018a,
‘Molecular systemacs of two sister clades, the Fusarium concolor and F. babinda
species complexes, and the discovery of a novel microcycle macroconidium–
producing species from South Africa’, Mycologia 110(6), 1189–1204. hps://doi.
org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1526619
Jacobs, A., Mojela, L., Summerell, B. & Venter, E., 2018b, ‘Characterisaon of members
of the Fusarium incarnatum-equise species complex from undisturbed soils in
South Africa’, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 111, 1999–2008. hps://doi.org/10.1007/
s10482-018-1093-x
Janion-Scheepers, C., Measey, J., Braschler, B., Chown, S.L., Coetzee, L., Colville, J.F. et
al., 2016, ‘Soil biota in a megadiverse country: Current knowledge and future
research direcons in South Africa’, Pedobiologia 59(3), 129–174. hps://doi.
org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2016.03.004

Page 8 of 8 Short Communicaon
hp://www.koedoe.co.za Open Access
Katoh, K., Kuma, K., Toh, H. & Miyata, T., 2005, ‘MAFFT version 5: Improvement in
accuracy of mulple sequence alignment’, Nucleic Acids Research 33(2), 511–518.
hps://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki198
Laurence, M.H., Summerell, B.A., Burgess, L.W. & Liew, E.C.Y, 2014, ‘Genealogical
concordance phylogenec species recognion in the Fusarium oxysporum species
complex’, Fungal Biology 118(4), 374–384. hps://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.
2014.02.002
Leslie, J.F. & Summerell, B.A., 2006, The Fusarium laboratory manual, Blackwell
Publicaons, Ames.
Lombard, L., Van der Merwe, N.A. & Groenewald, J.Z., 2015, ‘Generic concepts in
Nectriaceae’, Studies in Mycology 80, 189–245. hps://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.
2014.12.002
Lombard, L.A., Van Doorn, R. & Crous, P.W., 2019a, ‘Neotypicaon of Fusarium
chlamydosporum – A reappraisal of a clinically important species complex’, Fungal
Systemacs and Evoluon 4(1), 183–204. hps://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2019.04.10
Lombard, L., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lamprecht, S.C. & Crous, P.W., 2019b, ‘Epitypicaon
of Fusarium oxysporum – Clearing the taxonomic chaos’, Persoonia 43, 1–47.
hps://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.01
Marasas, W.F.O., Nelson, P.E., Tousson T.A. & Van Wyk, P.W., 1986, ‘Fusarium
polyphialidicum, a new species from South Africa’, Mycologia 78(4), 678–682.
hps://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1986.12025306
Moro, R.V., Gheorghita, V., Al-Hatmi, A.M.S., De Hoog, G.S., Meis, J.F. & Netea,
M.G., 2016, ‘Fusarium ramigenum, a novel human opportunist in a paent with
common variable immunodeciency and cellular immune defects: Case report’,
BMC Infecous Diseases 16, 79. hps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1382-9
Nelson, P.E., Dignani, M.C. & Anaissie, E.J., 1994, ‘Taxonomy, biology, and clinical
aspects of Fusarium species’, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7(4), 479–504. hps://
doi.org/10.1128/CMR.7.4.479-504.1994
O’Donnell, K., Gueidan, C., Sink, S. & Johnston, P.S., 2009a, ‘A two-locus DNA sequence
database for typing plant and human pathogens within the Fusarium oxysporum
species complex’, Fungal Genecs and Biology 46(12), 936–948. hps://doi.
org/10.1016/j.fgb.2009.08.006
O’Donnell, K., Suon, D.A., Rinaldi, M.G., Gueidan, C., Crous, P.W. & Geiser, D.M.,
2009b, ‘Novel mullocus sequence typing scheme reveals high genec
diversity of human pathogenic members of the Fusarium incarnatum-F.
equise and F. chlamydosporum species complexes within the United States’,
Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47(12), 3851–3861. hps://doi.org/10.1128/
JCM.01616-09
O’Donnell, K., Suon, D.A., Fothergill, A., McCarthy, D., Rinaldi, M.G., Brandt, M.E. et al.,
2008, ‘Molecular phylogenec diversity, mullocus haplotype nomenclature, and in
vitro anfungal resistance within the Fusarium solani species complex’, Journal of
Clinical Microbiology 46(8), 2477–2490. hps://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02371-07
Sandoval-Denis, M., Swart, W.J. & Crous, P.W., 2018, ‘New Fusarium species from the
Kruger Naonal Park, South Africa’, MycoKeys 34, 63–92. hps://doi.org/10.3897/
mycokeys.34.25974
Smit, I.P.J., Riddell, E.S., Cullum, C. & Petersen, R., 2013, ‘Kruger Naonal Park research
supersites: Establishing long-term research sites for cross-disciplinary, mulscaled
learning’, Koedoe 55(1), 1–7. hps://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1107
Theron, E.J., Van Aardt, A.C. & Du Preez, P.J., 2020, ‘ Vegetaon distribuon along a
granite catena, southern Kruger Naonal Park, South Africa’, Koedoe 62(2), a1588.
hps://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v62i2.1588