The genus Floccularia (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) in India

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to understand and explore the diversity of genus
Floccularia collected from the forests of South Kashmir (India). This genus was not earlier
reported by any mycologist from India. For the investigation of these fungi, fungal forays were
undertaken especially in the spring, summer and autumn season to various forests in South
Kashmir, India. These forays resulted various taxa of the genus Floccularia. The investigated taxa
were identified as Floccularia straminea f. alba, F. straminea, F. luteovirens, F. pitkinensis and
F.straminea var. americana. The morphoanatomical characteristics of these taxa were studied. In
this paper the taxonomic description, distribution and habitat of the collected Floccularia have been
discussed.

Full text

Submitted 9 April 2020, Accepted 13 August 2020, Published 3 September 2020
Corresponding Author: Malik N.A. – e-mail – maliknazir123@gmail.com 386
The genus Floccularia (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) in India
Malik NA1*, Saini MK2 and Wani NA2
1Department of Botany, Dolphin PG College of Science & Agriculture, Chandigarh-Sirhind State Highway 12-A,
Chunni Kalan -140406, Punjab, India
2Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Urban Estate Phase II, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India
Malik NA, Saini MK, Wani NA 2020 – The genus Floccularia (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) in
India. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology (Journal of Fungal Biology) 10(1),
386–399, Doi 10.5943/cream/10/1/31
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to understand and explore the diversity of genus
Floccularia collected from the forests of South Kashmir (India). This genus was not earlier
reported by any mycologist from India. For the investigation of these fungi, fungal forays were
undertaken especially in the spring, summer and autumn season to various forests in South
Kashmir, India. These forays resulted various taxa of the genus Floccularia. The investigated taxa
were identified as Floccularia straminea f. alba, F. straminea, F. luteovirens, F. pitkinensis and
F.straminea var. americana. The morphoanatomical characteristics of these taxa were studied. In
this paper the taxonomic description, distribution and habitat of the collected Floccularia have been
discussed.
Key words – Fungi – South Kashmir – Taxonomy – Taxonomic Key
Introduction
India has various dominated forests, exhibits incredible habitat for uncommon, unreported
and unnoticed lamellate fungi. The studied zones were dominated by conifers other than numerous
broad leaved trees. Agarics develop on various substrates, for example, manure, dead or living
wood, termite slopes, needle litter, humicolous soil, ectomycorrhizae links, and so forth. In light of
their natural surroundings, they are foliocolous, lignicolous, humicolous, coprophilous, terrestrial
or in ectomycorrhizal association (ECM) with diverse conifer representatives, especially with
family Pinaceae. In this way they are diversified and cosmopolitan in occurrence. During fungal
invasions attempted to woods of South Kashmir of India, planned approaches and knowledge of the
gathered family particularly Floccularia Pouzar were noted down along with their distribution,
ecology and ectomycorrhizal affiliations. Genus Floccularia Pouzar has a medium to enormous
measured basidiocarps, typically not growing up out of black rhizomorphs. Pileus is convex to
applanate, secured with a group of flaky and scruffy scales; gills adnate to adnexed, even
emarginate – sub free or sinuate, never decurrent; stipe central, shaggy, hulking, veil generally very
much developed, for the most part forming flak and scarf annulus on the stipe; volva missing; spore
print white to tinged yellow; basidiospores ellipsoid, smooth, finally amyloid. Hymenophoral trama
is regular. Cystidia is absent. Pileus a cutis consists trichodermal hyphae. Clamp connections are
present. The habit and habitat is agaricoid, terrestrial, growing single or dissipated on soil and are
generally found in mycorrhizal association. The distribution of this genus is cosmopolitan, mostly
growing in temperate to high alpine habitats (Singer 1986, Kirk et al. 2008).
Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology (Journal of Fungal Biology)
10(1): 386–399 (2020) ISSN 2229-2225
www.creamjournal.org Article
Doi 10.5943/cream/10/1/31

387
Genus Floccularia possesses partially the aspect of an Amanita but the type and quality of
bilaterality, notably its development and hyphal network, is distinct from that of the Amanitaceae
sensu strict, and the resemblance of the genus Floccularia is somewhat with Catathelasma or
Armillaria than Amanita. It is unusual from Armillaria by bearing fully amyloid basidiospores and
ectomycorrhizal associations. All other Tricholomataceae with bilateral trama have mycenoid,
Collyboid or Omphaloid habit, or else pink basidiospores, and the anatomy of the examining layers
of the pileus is altogether different. Armillaria, as noted by Singer (with type species Agaricus
luteovirens), consisted of a genus of mycorrhizal species with amyloid basidiospores and a
divergent lamellar trama. Accepting Armillaria left the taxon observed by Singer nameless until
Pouzar (1957) erected this genus Floccularia to accommodate Agaricus luteovirens as limited out
by Bon (1990). The world over 06 species of genus Floccularia are recognized so far (Kirk et al.
2008), conferring to Mycobank (2020) presently, this genus is known by 14 species the world over.
The main workers on this genus are Pouzar (1957), Bon (1990), Moser et al. (1998), Moser &
Peintner (2005), Lange (2008), Kujawa & Gierczyk (2013), Phillips (2013), Xing et al. (2017), and
Xie et al. (2015, 2016). This genus wasn’t accounted from India. Present study documents 5 species
of Floccularia from India for the first time.
Materials & Methods
Isolates and morphology
Study area
The Jammu and Kashmir is the North-western state of India, represented by three
geographical divisions viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. The Kashmir valley lies between 32o17'
and 36o58'N latitude and 73o26' and 80o30'E longitude, covering an area of 15,948km2 which is
bounded in the North by the Great Himalayas and separated from the plains of Northern India by
the Pir Panjal range which extends 2621km in length and 50km in width (Qazi 2005). It is rich in
forests and occupying 51% of its total geographic area (Anon 1996). Presently, South Kashmir was
selected for undertaking the studies on the diversity of agarics. Politically, South Kashmir
comprised of districts viz. Kulgam, Anantnag, Pulwama and Shopian. Geographically it is bounded
with tehsils of Reasi, Banihal and Kishtwar of Jammu province, and eastern zone with tehsils of
Kargil and Ladakh division. Geographically South Kashmir lies between 33o-20' to 34o-15'N
latitude and 74o-30' to 75o-35'Elongitude with altitude ranging between 1700 to more than 3048m
and average annual rainfall 100-155mm. In this area the agaric diversity is rich as it has varied type
of topography, climate and rich vegetational zones, consisting rich foreststhat provides perfect
habitat for agaric growth and their ectomycorhizae. Being rich and unexplored in fungal diversity
this area was presently investigated. The data with respect to the fungal forays planned to various
localities and sub localities of South Kashmir along with their location (Latitude & Longitude),
altitudinal range and forest type surveyed is summarized in Table 1, Fig. 1. The forests of South
Kashmir are rich in plant diversity, relative humidity, sunshine, moisture content, temperature
variation, precipitation and other climatic conditions. Thus, exhibit great variation in composition
with difference in latitude and elevation of different altitudinal and vegetational zones, which
makes this geographical region a natural hub and favorable place for the growth of diverse agarics.
Every 1000 feet of altitude of Kashmir valley brings new phase of climate and vegetation to this
area and the climatic variations are determined at micro-level (Lawrence 1967). The agaric
diversity in this particular region is mainly determined by the climate and the vegetation of an area.
Vegetation, in general, is largely determined by geology, soil and climate of the region (Champion
& Seth 1968). A brief account of the topography, geology, climate and vegetation of the present
area of investigation.

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Table 1 Distribution, habitat, seasonal availability and putative ECM association of investigated
taxa
Name of genus
and species
Locality
(Altitude)
Date of
collection
Growing
habit
Habitat / ECM
association
Edibility
Herbarium
numbers
Genus Floccularia Pouzar
F. luteovirens
Hallan
Manzgam
(2658m)
17 July, 2013
Solitary
Coniferous forest,
leaf litter of
Cedrus deodara
Edible
PUN 9011
Bangiward
(2600m)
20 August, 2015
Solitary
Coniferous forest,
putative ECM
association with
Cedrus deodara
PUN 9012
F. pitkinensis
Tangmarag
(2780m)
6 August, 2014
Groups in
a linear
row
Coniferous forest,
needles of Cedrus
deodara
Unknown
PUN 9013
F. straminea f.
alba
Aharbal
(2600m)
11 June, 2015
Groups
Coniferous forest,
under Picea
smithiana
Unknown
PUN 9014
F. straminea var.
americana
Hallan
Manzgam
(2695m)
17 July, 2013
Solitary
Pure coniferous
forest, under
Pinus wallichiana
Unknown
PUN 9015
F. straminea
Tangmarg
(2500m)
3 August, 2014
Solitary
Pure coniferous
forest, under
Pinus wallichiana
Edible
PUN 9016
Verinag
(2300m)
11 August, 2015
Solitary
Coniferous forest,
ECM association
with Pinus
wallichiana
PUN 449
Fig. 1 – Magnified Map depicting South Kashmir, India (statistical analysis of GPS trace data;
Malik, 2018)
Collection of material
The basidiocarps collected for the purpose of taxonomic studies were fresh and healthy and
wherever possible the whole ranges of developmental stages were collected. The primary data with

389
respect to the locality, its latitude, longitude, altitude, habit, soil types, soil pH, forest type along
with the date of collection and the field photograph numbers were noted down on the field key in
the field itself. A collection kit with accessories like knife for digging out the fruit bodies of
agarics, waste newspaper for wrapping the collections, camera for taking the photographs of the
basidiocarps in the natural habitat, hand lens for critically noting down the morphological
characters of the basidiocarps was taken in the field along with pen, pencil, scale and the field keys.
Care was taken to place the robust and standy basidiocarps at the base of the collection bag and to
wrap the collection securely in separate waste paper so as to avoid mixing of the fruit bodies. Every
effort was made to interact with the local people with a mind to collect the ethnomycological data
regarding the particular agaric collected from the site. The collections were taken to the temporary
laboratory set up where they were further analysed, dried and packed.
Morphological observations
Morphological characteristics of the basidiocarps such as shape, size, colour, cap margin,
presence or absence of universal veil, annulus, volva, gill attachment, colour changes of various
basidiocarp parts, and other details such as taste, odor of flesh, habitat were noted down as per the
standard format given by Atri et al. (2005, 2017). Kornerup & Wanscher (1978) was used for the
colour terminology in the basidiocarps.
Spore print
For the purpose of noting down the colour of the spore print which is an important taxonomic
character, white coloured reference cards measuring 13.5 × 5.0 cm were used. To take the spore
print, a mature, fresh and healthy fructification was selected. The pileus of the selected basidiocarps
was separated from the stipe by giving a transverse cut just near its point of attachment to the stipe.
This separated cap or a piece of the pileus was then placed on the white paper (13.5 × 5.0 cm size),
marked with the appropriate collection number. A water soaked cotton plug was placed near the
spore print paper, in order to provide humidity for the pileus to remain turgid. The spore print paper
along with cotton plug was covered with a petridish. Time required to get a thick spore print is
more in case of smaller agarics with thin texture as compared to the larger fleshy basidiocarps.
Drying and preservation
A small portion of the material was preserved in the liquid preservative (25 ml Rectified
alcohol + 5 ml Formalin + 70 ml distilled H2O; Hawksworth et al. 1995) for the purpose of
conducting microscopic studies. The major portion of the same collection was hot air dried. For this
purpose a folding three chambered portable wooden drier especially designed for this purpose was
used (Atri et al. 2005, 2017).The small, delicate and fragile specimens were put in the upper
chamber while larger ones were dried in the lower and middle chamber of the drier. Specimens
were dried slowly at a temperature less than 45ºC. Finally, the dried sample was packed in the
cellophane sheetswith appropriate label and crystals of 1, 4 para- dichlorobenzene (Smith 1949).
The standard herbarium bond paper of 15 × 12 cm size was used to wrap the cellophane packetand
pasted with relevant information about each specimen. The packets were vertically put in the
cardboard boxes, so as to avoid damage due to the pressure to the specimen. All the collections
examined were deposited in the Herbarium of Botany Department, Punjabi University, Patiala
under PUN, an abbreviation allotted by the International Bureau for plant taxonomy and
nomenclature of the International association for plant taxonomy, Netherlands (Holmgren &
Keuken 1974) to the Herbarium of Botany Department, Punjabi University, Patiala. Jayasiri et al.
(2015) was followed to register Facesoffungi numbers.
Chemical reactions
The chemical reactions play a major role in the taxonomic observations and identification of
gilled fungi. In addition to the morphological characteristics, the chemical reactions were carried

390
out for the characterization of basidiocarps. These reactions were performed on the surface of the
fresh fruiting body as well as for its anatomical details such as:
1. Melzer’s Reagent or Iodine Test: [Potassium iodide (1.5 g) + Iodine(0.5 g) + Distilled water (20
ml)+ Chloral hydrate (22.0 g)]. In this reagent amyloidy i.e. wall of the basidiospore turns bluish
black or inamyloidy i.e. no change. The walls of basidiospores of Floccularia show positive
reactions when stained with this reagent.
2. Congo red [Congo red (2 g)+Distilled Water (100 ml)]: The Camera Lucida drawings become
easy and clear when the tissue is stained with this chemical.
Microscopic observations
Microscopic observations are a very important component of the taxonomy of agarics. For
this purpose the microscopic observations were made under the compound microscope either by
making whole mounts of the basidiospores or by cutting the free hand sections of the cap, stipe and
gills of the mushroom. The free hand sections were stained either in Cotton blue or Congo red and
the internal details of the pileus cuticle, stipe cuticle, trama of the hymenophore and various
cystidial elements were observed.
Results
Floccularia straminea f. alba (A.H. Sm.) Bon, Doc. Mycolog., 20 (79): 57, 1990. Figs 2–4
Mycobank number: 127243; Facesoffungi number: FoF08768
Basidiocarps 2.5–5.0 cm in height. Pileus 1.5–8.0 cm broad, convex while young, flattened
depressed at maturity; surface, yellow orange (4B7) with orange (5B7) centre in young basidiocarps,
pale yellow (2A3) with grayish orange (5B4) tinge in the centre in mature basidiocarps, fading to
white with age; scaly, scales appressed fibrillose, pale yellow (2A3), fading to white with age;
margin irregular, splitting at maturity; viscid, glabrous, dry at maturity; cuticle fully peeling; flesh
up to 1.0 cm thick, white, unchanging; taste and odour mild. Pileal veil appendiculate, cortinoid in
young basidiocarp, yellow fading to white. Lamellae up to 1.9 cm broad, adnate, unequal, crowded,
forked near the margin, yellow white (2A2), edges fading to white, lamellulae present; gill edges
fimbriate. Stipe central, 2.0–4.5 cm in length, up to 1.0 cm broad near the apex, up to 0.5 cm broad
near the base, tapering downwards, somewhat clavate; concolourous with pileus, vivid yellow
(3A8), unchanging, smooth and cracked above annulus; scaly, fibrillose reticulate, pale yellow
(2A3); semisolid; annulate, annulus single, superior, scaly underneath, yellow to white.
Basidiospores 5.6–8.0 × 4.0–5.6 μm (excluding apiculus), Q =1.4, ellipsoidal, granular, single
walled, strongly amyloid; apiculate, apiculus up to 0.83 μm long. Basidia 24.0–32.0 × 3.2–4.8 μm,
clavate, tetrasterigmate, sterigmata 1.6–3.2 μm long. Hymenophoral trama regular. Gill edge fertile.
Pleurocystidia and cheilocydtidia absent. Pileus cuticle hyphal, ixocutis, made up of 3.2–6.4 μm
broad, horizontally placed, hyaline, septate hyphae, giving rise to 4.0–8.0 μm broad, septate,
hyaline, regular turf of hyphae; context hyphal, made up of 6.4–9.6 μm broad, septate, hyaline
hyphae intermingled with hyaline cells. Stipe cuticle hyphal, made up of 3.2–7.2 μm broad,
longitudinally placed, septate, hyaline hyphae; context hyphal, made up of 7.2–9.6 μm broad,
septate, hyaline hyphae. Clamp connection present throughout.
Chemical reactions – The stipe of basidiocarps shows negative reaction with FeSO4 i.e. no
colour change with FeSO4.
Collection examined – India, South Kashmir, Aharbal (2600m), 33035.728´N- 074059.727E,
growing groups under Picea smithiana in pure coniferous forest, 11th June 2015, Nazir Ahmad
Malik, PUN 9014.
Edibility – Unknown.
Distribution and habitat – Mitchel & Smith (1976) have found Floccularia straminea f. alba
in mycorrhizal association with scattered Aspen grooves, alder and maple in Colourado. Presently,
examined collection was found growing in caespitose clusters under Picea smithiana in pure
coniferous forest in the month of June at an altitude of 2000m.

391
Notes – All the external and internal details of the present collection accedes with the
descriptions provided for Armillaria albolanaripes f. alba by Mitchel & Smith (1976). Presently,
some species of genus Armillaria stands shifted to genus Floccularia (Volk & Burdsall 1995).
Floccularia straminea f. alba (A.H. Sm.) Bon is a white (‘albino’) form which is characteristic in
all the basidiocarp parts fading from grey yellow to white in age, cap surface glabrescent viscid
becoming dry towards maturity also this taxa gives a negative reaction with FeSO4. F. straminea
var. americana (Mitchel & A.H. Sm.) Bon is an allied species but in this variant the basidiocarps
although yellow never becomes white with age and its flesh changes to yellow on exposure (Kuo
2006) whereas it is unchanging in this variant. Floccularia straminea f. alba is reported as new
records to India.
Figs 2–4 – Floccularia straminea f. alba. 2 Basidiocarp flattened depressed with yellow orange
surface growing in natural habitat. 3 Underside view of cap bearing yellow white lamellae with
fimbriate edges. 4 Camera Lucida drawings (A-E)
Floccularia straminea (Krombh.) Pouzar, Ceská Mykologie 11 (1): 49, 1957. Figs 5–7
Mycobank number: 330945; Facesoffungi number: FoF 08769
Basidiocarps 5.0–6.0 cm in height. Pileus 3.5–6.2 cm broad, obtuse to convex, applanate at
maturity; umbonate, umbo acute, brownish orange (5B4); surface, vivid yellow (3A8), grayish
yellow (2B5), fading to dull white at maturity; scaly, scales, appressed fibrillose, recurved with
dirty white tips, floccose, covering the entire pileus in concentric rings, yellow (3B8), grayish
yellow (1B8) at maturity; margin involute while young, regular; moist, hygrophanous; dry at
maturity; cuticle fully peeling; flesh up to 0.5 cm thick, white, changing to yellow on exposure;
taste mild; odour disagreeable. Pileal veil cortinoid, scaly, appendiculate at maturity. Lamellae 0.2–
1.5 cm broad in the centre, adnate, free to adnexed at maturity, unequal, close, white (1A1) with
yellow shade of pileus, unchanging, lamellullae present; gill edges smooth, dentate at maturity.

392
Stipe central, 4.0–5.5 cm in length, up to 0.5 cm broad above, up to 1.0 cm broad in middle, up to
1.5 cm broad near the base, obclavate; white (2A1) to grayish yellow (2B3), changing to pale red
(7A3) on exposure while young; scaly, scales reticulate, fibrillose, white with yellow tips; solid;
annulate, annulus single, scaly, scales fibrillose. Basidiospores 4.98–8.3 × 3.32–4.98 μm (excluding
apiculus), Q = 1.4, ellipsoidal, hyaline to granular, single walled, strongly amyloid; apiculate,
apiculus up to 0.83 μm long. Basidia 25.0–40.0 × 5.0–6.64 μm, clavate, granular, tetrasterigmata;
sterigmata 1.6–2.4 μm long. Gill edge sterile. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia absent. Pileus
cuticle hyphal, ixocutis, made up of 4.8–6.4 μm broad, horizontally placed, granular, septate
hyphae, giving rise to 4.8–8.0 μm broad, septate, hyaline to granular, regular turf of hyphae with
somewhat inflated tips; context hyphal made up of 4.8–9.6 μm broad, septate, granular, hyphae
intermingled with granular cells. Hymenophoral trama regular bears inconspicuous clamp
connections. Stipe cuticle hyphal, made up of 3.2–5.6 μm broad, longitudinally placed, septate,
hyaline hyphae; context hyphal, made up of 6.4–12.8 μm broad, septate, hyaline hyphae. Clamp
connection present throughout.
Chemical reactions – The basidiocarp stipe does not show any reaction with FeSO4.
Collection examined – South Kashmir, Tangmarg (2500m), 33o34.219´N–075o00.540E,
growing solitary in soil under Pinus wallichiana in pure coniferous forest, 3rd August 2014, Nazir
Ahmad Malik PUN 9016. India, Kulgam, Verinag (2300m), growing solitary in ECM association
with Pinus wallichiana in coniferous forest 11th August 2015, PUN449.
Edibility – Arora (1986) mentioned Floccularia straminea (as Armillaria straminea) as a
popular edible mushroom of Colourado.
Figs 5–7 – Floccularia straminea. 5 Basidiocarp obtuse to convex with brownish orange surface,
growing solitary. 6 Cap with yellow appressed, fibrillose, recurved scales covering the entire pileus
in concentric rings. 7 Camera Lucida drawings (A-E).

393
Distribution and habitat – According to Kuo (2006) Floccularia straminea is a mycorrhizal
species, growing solitary, scattered, or gregariously in Populus tremuloides or in spruce-fir forests
during summer to winter in the Rocky Mountains. Presently examined collections were found
growing solitary in soil under Pinus wallichiana as well as in putative ECM association with P.
wallichiana in pure coniferous forest of South Kashmir during August between an altitude ranging
from 2300-2500m.
Notes – All the morphoanatomical details of the present population match and fits well with
the descriptions of Floccularia straminea (Krombh.) Pouzar as described by Kuo (2006) and Arora
(1986) as Armillaria straminea. This species was transferred from genus Armillaria to Floccularia
on the basis of amyloid basidiospores and ECM association (Kuo 2006). The presently examined
species is characterized by yellow obtuse cap with yellow scales, strongly amyloid basidiospores,
absence of cystidia and having ECM association with Pinus wallichiana. It is a new record to India.
Floccularia luteovirens (Alb. & Schwein.) Pouzar, Ceská Mykologie 11 (1): 50, 1957. Figs 8–10
Mycobank number: 330944; Facesoffungi number: FoF 04985
Basidiocarps 7.5–9.0 cm in height. Pileus 8.0–10.5 cm broad, convex, flattened depressed at
maturity; surface, light yellow (4A5), grayish orange (5B6) to orange (5B8), brownish orange (5C4),
not fading to white; scaly, scales appressed fibrillose to recurved, squamose, pastel red (7A3) with
white shade, covering the entire pileus in concentric rings; margin regular; dry at maturity; cuticle
fully peeling; flesh 0.5–0.6 cm thick, white, changing to yellow; taste and odour mild. Pileal veil
cortinoid, appendiculate in age, white to yellow. Lamellae 0.5–1.5 cm broad, adnate to adnexed,
unequal, subdistant to crowded, grayish yellow (3B4); lamellulae present; gill edges serrate to
dentate. Stipe central, 6.5–8.5 cm in length, 1.8 broad above to 4.0 cm broad below, equal in
diameter throughout to sometime tapering above, almost cylindrical; concolourous with pileus,
light yellow (4A4), white near base, smooth and white above annulus; scaly, scales recurved
fibrillose, light yellow (4A5); solid; annulate, annulus double, scaly, fibirillose, light yellow (4A5),
fading to white at maturity. Basidiospores 4.8–6.4 (8.0) × 3.2–5.81 μm (excluding apiculus), Q =
1.4, ellipsoidal, hyaline to granular, single walled, strongly amyloid; apiculate, apiculus up to 0.83
μm long. Basidia 18.26–22.4 × 3.32–6.64 μm, clavate, tetrasterigmate; sterigmata 1.6–2.4 μm long.
Gill edge sterile. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia lacking. Hymenophoral trama regular. Pileus
cuticle hyphal, ixocutis, made up of 3.2–6.4 μm broad, horizontally placed, hyaline, septate hyphae,
giving rise to regular turf of 3.2–6.4 μm broad, septate, hyaline, hyphae; context hyphal, made up
of 4.8–8.0 μm broad, septate, hyaline hyphae intermingled with hyaline cells. Stipe cuticle hyphal,
made up of 3.32–7.47 μm broad, longitudinally placed, septate, granular hyphae; context hyphal,
made up of 5.0–9.13 μm broad, septate, granular hyphae. Clamp connection present throughout.
Chemical reactions – The cap does not shows any reaction with FeSO4.
Collection examined – India, South Kashmir, Hallan Manzgam (2658m), 33o35.659´ N –
074o50.805E, growing solitary on leaf litter of Cedrus deodara in coniferous forest, 17 July 2013,
Nazir Ahmad Malik, PUN 9011; Bangiward (2600m), growing solitary in ECM association with
Cedrus deodara in coniferous forest, 20 August 2015, Nazir Ahmad Malik, PUN 9012.
Edibility – Floccularia luteovirens is an edible mushroom (Xing et al. 2017).
Distribution and habitat – Floccularia luteovirens has been found growing in conifers or
deciduous forests during late summer to autumn in Europe this species is not recorded from Britain
(Phillips 2013). It is widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China, in association
with Kobresiahumilis (Xing et al. 2017). However, its presently examined populations were found
growing solitary in leaf litter of Cedrus deodara as well as in ECM association with Cedrus
deodara inconiferous forest during July to August between altitude of 2600 to 2680m.
Notes – In all the taxonomic details the presently examined collection match well with the
description given for F. luteovirens (Alb. & Schwein.) Pouzar by Phillips (2013). This species is
characterized in possessing a cap varying from light yellow (4A5) to grayish orange (5B6) or orange
(5B8) or brownish orange (5C4) and covered with concentric rings of Pastel red (7A3) scales,
lamellae adnate to adnexed having serrate edges, amyloid basidiospores. In its appearance this

394
species is a look alike to F. albonaripes (G.F. Atk.) Redhead but can be distinguished on the basis
of the presence of bright yellow colour in the cap and raised scales present on the cap as well as
stipe, further the gills in F. luteovirens are yellowish which is not the case in F. albonaripes (Davis
et al. 2012). F. luteovirens is new fungus record for India.
Figs 8–10 – Floccularia luteovirens. 8 Basidiocarp growing solitary on leaf litter of Cedrus
deodara, flattened depressed with appressed fibrillose to recurved squamose scales. 9 Pileal veil
cortinoid, appendiculate and lamellae with serrate to dentate edges. 10 Camera Lucida drawings
(A-E).
Floccularia pitkinensis (Mitchel & A.H. Sm.) Bon, Doc. Mycolog. 20 (79): 57, 1990. Figs 11–13
Mycobank number: 127245; Facesoffungi number: FoF 08770
Basidiocarps 6.0–13.0 cm in height. Pileus 5.0–11.5 cm broad, convex to applanate when
young, flattened depressed at maturity; surface, brownish grey (7C2) to brownish orange (5C3) with
shades of light orange (5A4); scaly, scales appressed fibrillose, grey (18B1), covering the entire
pileus; margin irregular, splitting at maturity; dry at maturity, glabrous; cuticle half peeling; flesh
up to 1.2 cm thick, white, unchanging; taste and odour mild. Pileal veil appendiculate, dry, white.
Lamellae up to 1.0 cm broad, adnate to adnexed, unequal, crowded, pale yellow (3A2), fading to
orange white (5A2), lamellullae present; gill edges serrate. Stipe central, 4.0–9.0 cm in length, up to
3.0 cm broad, equal in diameter, cylindrical; off white to pale yellow (3A3), smooth and white
above annulus, scaly below, scales recurved pointed, fibrillose, white with yellow (2A3) tips; solid;

395
annulate, annulus single, scaly, white with yellow tinges. Basidiospores (4.0) 4.8–6.4 (8.0) × 3.2–
4.8 μm (excluding apiculus), Q =1.5, ellipsoidal, granular, single walled, strongly amyloid;
apiculate, apiculus up to 0.83 μm long. Basidia 28.8–36.8 × 4.0–6.4 μm, clavate, granular,
tetrasterigmate; sterigmata 1.6–2.4 μm long. Gill edge fertile. Hymenophoral trama regular.
Pleurocystidia and cheilocydtidia absent. Pileus cuticle ixocutis, made up of 3.2–6.4 μm broad,
horizontally placed, granular, septate hyphae, giving rise to a regular turf of 3.2–7.2 μm broad,
septate, hyaline, hyphae; context hyphal, made up of 3.2–8.0 μm broad, septate, hyaline hyphae
intermingled with granular cells. Stipe cuticle hyphal, made up of 1.6–3.2 μm broad, longitudinally
placed, septate, granular hyphae; context made up of 4.0–11.2 μm broad, septate, granular hyphae.
Clamp connection present throughout.
Edibility – Unknown.
Collection examined – Jammu and Kashmir: South Kashmir, Tangmarag (2780m),
33o38.693N – 074o57.807E, growing groups in a linear row among the needles of Cedrus deodara
in a coniferous forest, 6th August 2014, Nazir Ahmad Malik, PUN 9013.
Distribution and habitat – Floccularia pitkinensis is an uncommon species found under
conifers especially under Spruce and Fir in Colourado after the summer rains on the piles of old
needles and cones described as Armillaria pitkinensis by Mitchel & Smith (1976). Presently
examined collection was found growing on fallen needles of Cedrus deodara in coniferous forest of
South Kashmir.
Figs 11–13 – Floccularia pitkinensis. 11 Basidiocarp in a linear row among the needles of Cedrus
deodara. 12 Underside view of cap bearing pale yellow lamellae with serrate edges. 13 Camera
Lucida drawings (A-E).

396
Notes – Presently examined collection is characterized by brownish grey (7C2) to brownish
orange (5C3) with light orange (5A4) cap consisting grey (18B1) appressed fibrillose scales,
glabrous surface when dry, gill edges entire and flesh unchanging and is growing in a linear row
amongst the needles of Cedrus deodara. All these details agrees with the description given for
Floccularia pitkinensis (Mitchel & A.H. Sm.) Bonunder the name Armillaria pitkinensis by
Mitchel & Smith (1976) and Arora (1986). Further, this species resembles with Floccularia fusca
(Mitchel & A.H. Sm.) Bon (as A. fusca) but differs from it because in F. fusca no yellow colour is
present on the cap where as in present collection their are shades of light orange. In comparison to
another allied species F. albolanaripes the colour of cap is yellow to golden or brown at the centre
which does not matches with the present specimen also the gills are pure white in F. albolanaripes
while they are yellow in F. pitkinensis (Arora 1986, Mitchel & Smith 1976). A. pitkinensis later
transferred to F. pitkinensis by Volk & Burdsall (1995). This species is first time reported from
India.
Floccularia straminea var. americana (Mitchel & A.H. Sm.) Bon, Doc.Mycolog. 20 (79): 57,
1990. Figs 14–16
Mycobank number: 127240; Facesoffungi number: FoF 08769
Basidiocarps 8.0–10.0 cm in height. Pileus 4.0–6.0 cm broad, applanate; surface, yellow
orange (4B7), fading to dull cream white with brownish orange (6C4) to grayish orange (5B3) tones;
scaly, scales recurved fibrillose near margin, yellow (4B3); margin involute; dry, glabrous at age;
cuticle half peeling; flesh up to 0.1 cm thick, white, changing to yellow on exposure; taste and
odour mild. Pileal veil appendiculate, yellow fading to white at maturity. Lamellae up to 1.5 cm
broad, adnate, unequal, close, yellow orange (4B3) with creamy white tones, unchanging;
lamellulae present; gill edges serrate, wavy near pileus margin. Stipe central, 6.0–9.0 cm in length,
up to 1.5 cm broad near apex, up to 2.0 cm broad in middle, up to 2.5 cm broad near base,
obclavate; yellow orange (4B7) to dirty white near base with brownish tinge, white above annulus;
scaly, scales reticulate in rings, yellow, fading to white at age; solid; annulate, annulus double,
superior, pendulus, scaly. Basidiospores 5.6–8.0 × 3.2–4.8 μm (excluding apiculus), Q = 1.5,
ellipsoidal, hyaline, single walled, strongly amyloid; apiculate, apiculus up to 0.8 μm long. Basidia
24.0–32.0 × 5.6–7.0 μm, clavate, tetrasterigmate; sterigmata 1.6–3.2 μm long. Gill edge sterile.
Hymenophoral trama regular without clamp connections. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia absent.
Pileus cuticle hyphal, ixocutis, made up of 4.8–8.0 μm broad, horizontally placed, hyaline, septate,
gelatinized hyphae, giving rise to regular turf of 4.8–7.2 μm broad, septate, hyaline, hyphae with
inflated tips; context hyphal, made up of 6.4–9.6 μm broad, septate, hyaline hyphae intermingled
with granular cells. Stipe cuticle hyphal, made up of 3.2–5.6 μm broad, longitudinally placed,
septate, hyaline hyphae; context hyphal, made up of 4.8–8.0 μm broad, septate, hyaline hyphae.
Clamp connection present throughout.
Chemical reactions – The stipe does not shows any reaction with FeSO4 .
Collection examined – South Kashmir, Hallan Manzgam (2695m), 33o35.613´N –
075o50.760E, growing solitary under Pinus wallichiana in pure coniferous forest, 17th July 2013,
Nazir Ahmad Malik, PUN 9015.
Edibility – Unknown.
Distribution and habitat – Mitchel & Smith (1976) reported Floccularia straminea var.
americana from Aspen grooves scattered under alder and maple between 2333m to 3000m altitude,
during summer rainy period. Presently this Indian collection was found growing solitary under
Pinus wallichiana in pure coniferous forest during July at an altitude of 2695m.
Notes – All the external and internal details of the present collection match and fits well with
the descriptions provided by Kuo (2006) and Mitchel & Smith (1976) for Armillaria straminea var.
americana (Mitchel & A.H. Sm.) Bon, later, Volk & Burdsall (1995) transferred this to genus
Floccularia and is presently named as Floccularia straminea var. americana (Mitchel & A.H. Sm.)
Bon. This variant is characterized by yellow orange (4B7) cap scales, cap fading to dull creamish in
age with brownish orange (6C4) to grayish orange (5B3) tones, flesh changing to yellow on

397
exposure, pileal veil yellow fading to white at maturity, amyloid basidiospores. This species is not
earlier reported from India and constitutes a new record from India.
Figs 14–16 – Floccularia straminea var. Americana. 14 Basidiocarp in its natural habitat.
15 Underside view of cap bearing serrate gill edges. 16 Camera Lucida drawings (A-E).
Key to the species of genus Floccularia
1.Basidiocarp up to 5 cm in height; cuticle fully peeling ..................................................................2
1'.Basidiocarp 6 − 13 cm in height; cuticle half peeling or rarely fully peeling ................................3
2.Cap colour fading to white with age; umbo absent; margin irregular, splitting at maturity; flesh
and stipe unchanging ...........................................................................................F.straminea f. alba
2'.Cap colour not fading; umbo acute; margin involute; flesh changing to yellow; stipe changing to
pale red on exposure ......................................................................................................F. straminea
3.Scales pastel red with shades of white, arranged in concentric rings; cuticle half peeling
......................................................................................................................................F. luteovirens
3'.Scales yellow to grey, scattered over the cap, not in concentric rings; cuticle fully peeling
...........................................................................................................................................................4
4.Growing scattered in linear rows; cap scales grey; annulus single; gill edges fertile
.......................................................................................................................................F. pitkinensis
4'.Growing solitary; cap scales yellow; annulus double; gill edges sterile
...............................................................................................................F. straminea var. americana
Discussion

398
The present study explores the diversity of unexplored genus Floccularia from the forests of
South Kashmir (India). This genus belongs to order Agaricales under family Agaricaceae. The total
6 species are recorded throughout the world in this genus, which have vast distribution in northern
temperate regions (Kirk et al 2008) while according to Index Fungorum (2020) 15 species of this
genus were reported till now. The fungal forays resulted various taxa of this genus such as
Floccularia straminea f. alba, F. straminea, F. luteovirens, F. pitkinensis and F.straminea var.
americana. In the present study till this report, a total of 5 taxa of genus Floccularia were recorded
and identified. The Table 1 and in Figure gives detailed information about these harvested taxa. Of
the total species, 2 species were identified as edible while rest of the taxa are with unknown. These
taxa were collected at high altitude that ranges between 2300 m to 2789 m in the month of June,
July and August. The collected taxa were predominantly found to grow in coniferous forests on leaf
litter, in ecto-mycorrhizal association and mostly were growing solitary or groups in habit. Among
these taxa F. pitkinensis was found growing in groups but in a linear row.
Presently, some species of genus Armillaria stands shifted to genus Floccularia (Volk &
Burdsall 1995) such as Floccularia pitkinensis which was earlier described as Armillaria
pitkinensis by Mitchel & Smith (1976). Volk & Burdsall (1995) transferred Armillaria straminea
var. americana to genus Floccularia which is newly named as Floccularia straminea var.
americana (Mitchel & A.H. Sm.) Bon. The diversity of this genus in the forests of South Kashmir
(India) contribute the growth of forest trees and plays important role in forest ecosystem. The
information about edibility has been gathered from local people and the literature. The present
study significantly contributes to the ecosystem replenishment and characterization of wild edible
species of this genus growing in different localities of South Kashmir from India. Apart from
supporting the various ecosystems of forests, many of them are a good source of food with good
efficiency of culinary properties. These taxa can be used as a daily food supplement for health
beneficial. Conclusively, it is necessary to explore and evaluate the ectomycorrhizal associated
species as well as other wild edible species. These taxa with their ectomycorrhizal and edible
properties needs to be analyzed and conserve through their tissue cultures as they have significant
role in ecology, human welfare, medical industry, food industry and biodegradation.
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Head, Department of Botany, Punjabi University Patiala (Punjab),
India for providing necessary laboratory facilities. Thanks are due to University Grants
Commission, New Delhi for financial support under Basic Scientific Research fellowship scheme
and Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India for grant under IPLS project.
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