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Effect of Forward Head Posture on Temporomandibular Joint Proprioception in PostPubertal Females: An Observational Study

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Aim. To explore the effect of forward head posture (FHP) on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) proprioception in post-pubertal females. Material and Method. Forty post-pubertal females participated in this study. They were classi ied in accordance with the craniovertebral angle (CVA) into two groups. The Forward head posture (FHP) group had CVA of less than 48° (n = 21), while the control group had CVA of more than 48° (n = 19). TMJ repositioning accuracy had been measured by vernier caliper for females in both groups. Results. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no signi icant (p > 0.05) differences between both groups regarding TMJ repositioning errors in all directions (mouth opening, protrusion and lateral movements) with eyes open or closed. Conclusion and Discussion. In post-pubertal females, FHP has no negative effect on TMJ proprioception in all directions whether the eyes are open or closed.
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EffectofForwardHeadPosture
onTemporomandibularJointProprioception
inPostPubertalFemales:AnObservationalStudy
Abstract
Aim.Toexploretheeffectofforwardheadposture(FHP)ontemporomandibularjoint(TMJ)
proprioceptioninpost‑pubertalfemales.
MaterialandMethod.Fortypost‑pubertalfemalesparticipatedinthisstudy.Theywereclassiiedin
accordancewiththecraniovertebralangle(CVA)intotwogroups.TheForwardheadposture(FHP)
grouphadCVAoflessthan48°(n=21),whilethecontrolgrouphadCVAofmorethan48°(n=19).
TMJrepositioningaccuracyhadbeenmeasuredbyverniercaliperforfemalesinbothgroups.
Results.Statisticalanalysisrevealedthattherewerenosigniicant(p>0.05)differencesbetween
bothgroupsregardingTMJrepositioningerrorsinalldirections(mouthopening,protrusionand
lateralmovements)witheyesopenorclosed.
ConclusionandDiscussion.Inpost‑pubertalfemales,FHPhasnonegativeeffectonTMJ
proprioceptioninalldirectionswhethertheeyesareopenorclosed.
Keywords:
Forwardheadposture;craniovertebralangle;temporomandibularjoint;proprioception,post‑
pubertalfemales
NehalG.Omran1(A,B,C,D,E,F,G),AmelM.Yousef1(A,B,D,E,F,G),HamadaA.Hamada2(A,B,C,D,E,F),
AymanGoudaMatar2(A,B,E,F),DoaaA.Osman1(A,B,C,D,E,F,G)
1DepartmentofPhysicalTherapyforWoman’sHealth,FacultyofPhysicalTherapy,CairoUniversity,Cairo,Egypt
2DepartmentofBiomechanics,FacultyofPhysicalTherapy,CairoUniversity,Cairo,Egypt
前位头部错姿对青春期后女性的颞下颔关节本体感觉的影响:观察性研
目的。探讨前位头部错姿(FHP)对青春期后女性的颞下颔关节(TMJ)本体感觉的影响。
材料和方法。共 40 名青春期后女性参与研究,她们将背依照颅锥角(CVA)分为两组。前位头部错姿
(FHP)组的 CVA 小于 48° (n=21),而对照组的 CVA 大于 48° (n=19)。通过游标卡尺测量两组女性
的 TMJ 复位的准确度。
结果。统计分析显示两组间在睁眼或闭眼的 TMJ 各方向复位(张口、突出和侧向运动)间无显著差异
(p>0.05)
结论和讨论。在青春期后女性中 FHP 对所有方向的 TMJ 本体感觉都没有负面影响,无论眼睛是张开或
闭合。
关键词:
前位头部错姿、颅锥角、颞下颔关节、本体感觉、青春期后的女性
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Introduction
Forwardheadposturerepresentsanabnormalheadposturein
thesagittalplane.Itoccurswhenthe head is protrudedante‐
riorly in relation to the trunk [1]. It has a high prevalence
among adolescents, especially postpubertal females due to
secondarysexualcharacteristicsdevelopmentalongwithpsy‐
chosocial factors [2]. The prolonged use of computers, lap‐
tops, smart phones, TVs, video games and backpacks in
modernlife haveamajorcontributiontoFHP[3,4].Cervical
pain,functional impairmentand considerable socioeconomic
burdenareallseriouscomplicationsofFHP[1].
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of disor‐
ders, involving TMJ, muscles of mastication and related
structures[5].TMD have athreefoldgreaterincidenceinfe‐
malescomparedtomales[6].Theprevalenceisthehighestin
postpubertalfemales andthe lowest in postmenopausal fe‐
males,suggestingacausativeroleoffemalesexhormonesin
TMDdevelopment[7].
TherelationshipbetweenFHPandTMDiscontroversial.Howe‐
ver,itismostlyacceptablethatpoorheadposturecaninfluence
thepositionofthemandibleandtheactivityofthemasticatory
muscles,inducinginternalderangementofTMJ[8].
Proprioceptionistheability of anindividualto interpret his/
her musculoskeletal status through processing information
arisingfromhis/herownbody[9].Itis producedbythecen‐
tralprocessingofperipheralmechanoreceptorsinputs,toena‐
bleidentificationofbodypartsatrest(positionsense)aswell
as during movement (kinesthesia) [10]. TMJ proprioception
has various sources of information, including the free nerve
endingsas well as proprioceptors inmuscles, periodontalli‐
gaments and lateral aspects of TMJ, which provide afferent
informationtothecentralnervoussystemaboutthejawposi‐
tionandmovement[11,12].
RegardingtheimpactofFHPon proprioception,a recentstudy
hasreportedthatFHPaltersthemusclelength,affectsnegatively
themusclespindlesactivityandreducesthejointpositionsense
[13].Although studies had examined the relationship between
FHPandTMD[1417],therewasadearthofknowledgeregar‐
dingtheeffectof FHPonTMJproprioception.Therefore,there
wasaneedforproperassessmentofTMJproprioceptioninpa‐
tientswithFHPfordesigningnotonlyrehabilitationbutalsopre
habilitationinterventionsforthem,aimingtopreventTMD.The‐
refore,thisstudywasthefirstonewhichaimedtoinvestigatethe
effectofFHPonTMJproprioceptioninpostpubertalfemales.
Materialsandmethods
StudyDesign
Thestudy was anobservational cross sectionaldesign. Ethi‐
calapprovalwasobtainedfromtheinstitutionalreviewboard
atFacultyofphysicaltherapy,Cairo Universitybeforestudy
commencement [No: P.T.REC/012/001886].The study was
followed the Guidelines of Declaration of Helsinki on the
conductof human research.Thestudywasconductedbetwe‐
enSeptember2018andDecember2018.
Recruitment
Aconvenientsampleoffortypostpubertalfemalesparticipa‐
tedinthisstudy;twentyoneofthemsufferedfromFHPwhi‐
le the other nineteen didn't have FHP. They were recruited
from undergraduate students of Faculty of Physical Therapy,
Cairo University. Informed consent was obtained from each
participantafterexplainingthenature,purpose,andbenefitsof
thestudy,informingthemoftheirrighttorefuseorwithdraw
atanytime, and abouttheconfidentiality of anyobtainedin‐
formation.
Theinclusionandexclusioncriteria:
Tobeincludedinthestudy,theparticipants'agerangedfrom
17to21yearsandtheirbodymassindex(BMI)rangedfrom
18to25kg/m2.Theyhadnormalregularmenstrualcyclesand
spentprolongedtimewithbadpostureoncomputer,laptopor
smartphones.Theparticipantswereexcludediftheyhadsigns
andsymptomsofTMDaccordingtoresearchdiagnosticcrite‐
riaforTMD[18],anydevelopmental or acquireddentalano‐
malies, current use of dental prostheses, visual, speech and
hearingdisorders,facialparalysis,fracturesorsurgeriesinthe
orofacial,neckorshoulderareas,fixedormobilespinaldefor‐
mity,headache,migraineandanyvestibulardisorderorneuro‐
logical condition that could affect proprioception. The
postpubertalfemalesweredividedintotwogroupsaccording
totheirCVA.TheFHPgroupconsistedof21postpubertalfe‐
males,sufferingfromFHP(CVAwaslessthan48°).Thecon‐
trol group consisted of 19 postpubertal females, not having
FHP(CVAmorethan48°).
Outcomemeasures
Measurementofcraniovertebralangle
TheCVAisthemostfrequentlymeasuredangletoassessFHP,
andcoulddiscriminatethepresenceorabsenceofFHP[19].A
NikonD3100digital camera (14.2 MP, DigitalSLR,Double
Zoom Lens Kit with 1855 mm and 55200 mm DX Zoom
Lenses,NikonCorp.,Japan),supportedonaMagnusPV3310
phototripodwith3waypanandtilthead,wasusedtocapture
a photograph for each postpubertal female in both groups
from the lateral view in standing posture. Standing position
wasmore preferable thansitting positionbecause standingis
more sensitive to evaluate the FHP [20]. Females were in‐
structedtowearsleevelesstshirtsandtotietheirhairbackfor
accuratepositioningoftheadhesivereflectivemarkersbythe
researcheron thespinousprocessoftheC7andthe tragus of
theear ontherightsideofthefemale'sbody.Thebaseof the
camera was adjusted at the height of the female’s shoulder.
Thedistancebetweenthecameraandthefemalewas150cm.
Alandmarkwas placed onthefloorto ensurethesameposi‐
tioningofallfemalesinfrontofthecameraandtoensurethat
allfemales werealigned perpendicular tothe camera.Aself
balanced position was selected to standardize the posture of
thefemales'headandneck,throughinstructingeachfemaleto
standwithhervisualaxishorizontalinrelationtothefloorwi‐
thout any external intervention to modify her posture [17].
Then,threephotographsweretakenforeachfemalefromthe
lateralviewwithabout60secondsbetweeneachphotograph.
The photographs of the females were then transferred to the
computer to be analyzed by the Surgimap spine software
whichdetermined the coordinatesoftheanatomicalpointson
thephotographstomeasuretheCVA,bycalculatingtheangle
betweenahorizontallinepassingthroughC7andalineexten‐
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tingpositiontothatfunctionalROMofeachdirectionfor3ti‐
meswithopeneyesand3timeswithclosedeyesandthethe‐
rapist measured the ROM by the caliper in each time; the
meanofabsoluteerrorofJPEwasrecordedforopeneyesand
forclosedeyes.
Statisticalanalysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for windows,
version23(SPSS,Inc.,Chicago,IL).Thecurrentstudyinvo‐
lvedoneindependent variable,it wasthe(testedgroups);be‐
tweensubjectfactorwhichhadtwolevels(groupArepresents
controlgroup hadcraniovertebral angle(CVA)of morethan
48°andgroupBrepresentsForwardheadposture(FHP)gro‐
up had CVA of less than 48°. In addition, this test involved
eighttesteddependentvariables(TMJ repositioning errorsin
alldirections(mouthopening,protrusionandrightandleftla‐
teralmovements)witheyesopenorclosed).
Prior to final analysis, data were screened for normality as‐
sumption,homogeneityof variance, and presenceof extreme
scores.Thisexplorationwasdoneasaprerequisiteforpara‐
metric calculations of the analysis of difference. Descriptive
analysisusing histogramswith thenormal distribution curve
showedthatthealldependentvariables werenormallydistri‐
butedandnotviolatestheparametricassumptionfortheme‐
asured dependent variable. Additionally, testing for the
homogeneityofcovariancerevealedthattherewasnosignifi‐
cantdifferencewithpvaluesof>0.05.Theboxandwhiskers
plotsofthetestedvariable after removal oftheoutlierswere
done. Normality test of data using ShapiroWilk test was
used,thatreflectthedatawasnormallydistributedforallde‐
pendent variables, soAll these findings allowed the resear‐
cherstoconductparametricanalysis.So,onewayMANOVA
was used to compare all dependent variables between both
groups.Thealphalevelwassetat0.05forthistest.
Results
Atotalof40 participantswereincludedinthefinaldataana‐
lysis.Theywere dividedinto twogroups; groupAconsisted
of19 females andthe groupB consistedof 21 females.The
independentttestrevealedthattherewerenosignificant dif‐
ferences(p>0.05)inthemeanvaluesofage,bodymass,he‐
ightandBMIbetweenbothtestedgroups(table1).
dingfromthetragusoftheeartoC7.Theaverageoftheob‐
tainedmeasurementsfrom thethreephotographsforeachfe‐
male was used for analysis. The cutoff point for CVA was
48°;the females having CVAless than 48° were considered
asFHP,while the females havingCVAmore than 48° were
consideredhealthy[20].
MeasurementofTMJrepositioningaccuracy
TheTMJrepositioningaccuracywasmeasured,intermsofjo‐
intpositionerror(JPE),throughAPTverniercaliper(stainless
steel,150×0.02mm,6×1/1000in,APTBrand,China)for each
femaleinbothgroups.First,thefullROMofTMJwasmeasu‐
redbythecaliperindifferentdirections(mouthopening,pro‐
trusionandlateralmovementsofjawincludingrightdeviation
andleftdeviation)accordingtothefollowingcriteria[21]:
a)Measurementofmouthopening:
The female was instructed to open maximally her mouth.
Then,theverticaldistancefromtheincisaledgeofthemaxil‐
lary central incisor to the labioincisal edge of the opposing
mandibularincisorwasmeasuredbythecaliper.
b)Measurementofprotrusion:
The initial position was the physiologic rest position of the
mandible(thespacebetweentheocclusalsurfacesofthema‐
xillary and mandibular teeth was averaged at 3 mm) [11].
From that position, the female was instructed to move her
mandibleanteriorlywithouttoothcontact.Then, the distance
fromtheincisaledgeofmaxillarycentralincisortotheinci‐
sal edge of mandibular central incisor was measured by the
caliper.
c)Measurementoflateralmovements:
The initial position was the physiologic rest position from
whichthefemalewasinstructedtomovehermandibleasfar
aspossibletowardtherightthentowardtheleft.Then,thedi‐
stancefrom labioincisal embrasureof maxillarycentralinci‐
sortothelabioincisalembrasureoftheopposingmandibular
incisorwasmeasuredbythecaliper.
Then,thefullROMofTMJineachdirectionwasdividedby
threeto calculatethe functional ROM ofTMJ in that direc‐
tion [22]. In each direction, the caliper was adjusted at the
functionalROMtotrainthefemaletomoveherjawfromthe
starting position to that functional ROM for 3 times. Then,
thefemalewasaskedtomoveherjawactivelyfromthestar‐
Table1.Demographiccharacteristicsofpatientsinbothgroups
Characteristics GroupA
(n=19)
GroupB
(n=21)
tvalue pvalue
Age(years)
Bodymass(Kg)
Height(cm)
BMI(kg/m2)
19.84±1.16
55.6±6.62
161.78±4.34
21.21±2.15
19.52±1.2
56.42±6.79
164.09±3.99
20.94±2.7
0.845
0.387
1.749
0.344
0.403
0.701
0.088
0.733
SD:standarddeviation,p:probability,S:significance,NS:nonsignificant.
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Statisticalanalysisrevealedthattherewerenosignificantbe‐
tween subject effect (F = 1.898, p = 0.096).Table 2. repre‐
sentsthe mean± SDand multiple pairwise comparisons for
alldependentvariablesatbothgroups. So, multiplepairwise
comparison tests revealed that there was no significant
(p<0.05) difference inTMJ repositioning errors at all direc‐
tions(mouthopening,protrusionandlateralmovements)with
eyesopenorclosed.ingroupAincomparedtogroupB.
Table2.DescriptivestatisticsandMultiplepairwisecomparisontests(Posthoctests)forthealldependentvariablesforboth
groups
Mouthopeningwithopeneye
Mouthopeningwithclosedeye
Lateralmovementswithopeneyetorightside
Lateralmovementswithclosedeyetorightside
Lateralmovementswithopeneyetoleftside
Lateralmovementswithclosedeyetoleftside
Protrusionwithopeneye
Protrusionwithclosedeye
Angularproprioceptionerror
Valuesareexpressedasmean±SD,*Significantlevelissetat0.05
GroupA GroupB Fvalue pvalue
2.64±2.4
3.69±2.8
0.92±0.61
1.14±0.68
0.55±0.37
1.18±0.72
0.57±0.37
1.15±0.67
3.04±1.92
4.34±2.02
0.59±0.38
1.5±0.89
0.78±0.54
1.61±0.73
0.68±0.6
1.51±0.79
0.342
0.692
5.676
1.972
2.246
3.535
0.358
2.19
0.562
0.411
0.05
0.168
0.142
0.068
0.553
0.147
Discussion
ForwardheadpostureandTMDrepresenttwoprevalentcon‐
ditions in postpubertal females [2, 7]. They are intimately
connectedtoeachothersothatphysicaltherapyinterventions
aimingtoenhancecervicalmobilityandfunctionarevaluable
in reducing TMD symptoms [14, 2324].Although the rela‐
tionship between the head posture and TMD symptoms has
beenstudied[1417],thereisalackofstudiesconcerningthe
influence of FHP on TMJ proprioception. Therefore, this
crosssectional study aimed to evaluate TMJ proprioception
in postpubertal females with FHP in comparison to normal
others.
Theresultsof the currentstudyshowedthat FHPhad noef‐
fect on TMJ proprioception, during mouth opening, protru‐
sion, right deviation and left deviation, with open eyes as
wellasclosedeyes.Sincethereviewofliteratureofthiswork
wasnotidentifyinganystudyaddressingtheeffectofFHPon
TMJproprioception,thecurrentstudywillbeconsideredthe
firstoneonthispointanditsfindingscouldnotbecompared
withother studies.However,theresults ofthe present study
could be supported by Sajjadi et al. [25] who examined the
influenceofFHPonjointrepositioningaccuracy.Theyfound
that the absolute error of repositioning (the total amount of
errorbetweeneachrelocated positionandthe startingneutral
positionwithnoconsiderationoftheerrordirection)revealed
a nonsignificant difference between the FHP group and the
controlgroup.
The findings of the current study could also be clarified by
Ohmureetal.[26]whofoundslightincreaseinEMGactivity
ofboth masseterand digastric muscles in thedeliberate FHP
whencomparedtothenormalheadposture.Therefore,thissli‐
ghtincreaseinthemuscularactivityofFHPpersonsmaynot
besufficientenoughtoinducealterationsinthemusclelength,
influencethemusclespindlesandaffectproprioception.More‐
over,studieshaveconcentratedin their discussions ontheef‐
fect of FHP on the muscle length and the muscle spindle
[13,27].However,themusclespindlerepresentsonlyonetype
of proprioceptors. There are other types of sensoryreceptors
responsible of TMJ proprioception, including free nerve en‐
dingsin additiontoproprioceptivereceptorsinperiodontalli‐
gamentsandlateralaspectsofTMJ[11].
The current study had some limitations. First, the muscle
length and activity were not measured so that the effect of
FHPontheproprioceptorsinthemusclesaroundTMJhadnot
been studied.Another limitation is the females' age. These
females are still growing, and we cannot predict what will
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Adresdokorespondencji/Correspondingauthor
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22.ReeseNB,BandyWD.JointRangeofMotionandMuscleLength.3rded.China:Elsevier;2017.
23.ShanZ,DengG,LiJ,LiY,ZhangY,ZhaoQ.Correlationalanalysisofneck/shoulderpainandlowbackpainwiththeuseof
digitalproducts,physicalactivityandpsychologicalstatusamongadolescentsinShanghai.PLoSOne.2013;8:e78109.
24.MatheusRA,RamosPerezFM,MenezesAV,AmbrosanoGM,HaiterNetoF,BóscoloFN,etal.Therelationshipbetween
temporomandibulardysfunctionandheadandcervicalposture.JApplOralSci.2009;17:204208.
25.SajjadiE,OlyaeiGR,TalebianS,HadianMR,JalaieS.Theeffectofforwardheadpostureoncervicaljointpositionsense.
JournalofParamedicalSciences.2014;5:2731.
26.OhmureH,MiyawakiS,NagataJ,IkedaK,YamasakiK,AlKalalyA.Influenceofforwardheadpostureoncondylarposition.J
OralRehabil.2008;35:795800.
27.YongMS,LeeHY,LeeMY.Correlationbetweenheadpostureandproprioceptivefunctioninthecervicalregion.JPhysTher
Sci.2016;28:857860.
occurlater.Thus, a followup study on these females would
behighlyvaluabletoevaluatethelongtermeffectofFHPon
TMJproprioception.
Conclusion
Temporomandibularjointproprioceptionisnotaffectedinpost
pubertalfemaleswithFHPwhencomparedtonormalothers.
HamadaAhmed,PhD
Email:Hamada.Ahmed@pt.cu.edu.eg
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... FHP is one of the most prevalent positional abnormalities of the vertebral column, with a prevalence of 66%, and is classified as a chronic pain syndrome [3]. The side effects of FHP include cervical nervous system problems, temporomandibular joint misalignment and disorders in chewing, increased pressure on blood vessels and reduced vertebral blood flow to the brain, and brain stem [4][5][6]. The ear receives its blood supply from several arteries; parts of the inner ear are supplied by a branch of the labyrinthine artery which originates from the anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. ...
Article
Background and Objectives: One of the major problems of today’s industrial life is the injuries and abnormalities caused by improper use of equipment in the neck muscles and spine. One of these injuries is forward head posture (FHP). The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the presence of FHP and its severity on the students’ hearing thresholds. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 55 volunteer students participated. All subjects completed a questionnaire containing general questions and specialized questions in the field of hearing risk factors. Side-view pictures were taken of each person. After selecting three photos, the size of the craniovertebral angle was determined using the MB Ruler software. The mean of the three sizes obtained was used in statistical analysis. Audiometry and tympanometry were performed. Results: Out of 31 women and 24 men, 24 women (77.41%) and 21 men (87.5%) had FHP. In women, the number of severe FHP was twice that of men. No statistically significant difference was observed between men and women suffering from FHP alone and according to its classification. In this study, no statistically significant difference was observed between FHP and its classification with hearing thresholds. Conclusion: In this study, most students had FHP (81.8%). Considering that the volunteers are students and are faced with the factors affecting the occurrence of FHP, the existence of a large number of students with this condition is not surprising, and it can be concluded that this condition does not affect the young students’ hearing.
... "I Posture", also referred to as "I Hunch", is a syndrome associated with excessive time hunched over mobile electronic devices and predisposes to back pain and other physical symptoms [4]. During smartphone use, downward flexion of the neck occurs to enable looking at the lowered object, leading to forward head posture (FHP) [5] and subsequent musculoskeletal conditions, like upper crossed syndrome. FHP reduces the lower cervical lordosis and increases the upper thoracic kyphosis for maintaining balance. ...
Article
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Objectives. To evaluate the head and neck posture in heavy using smart phone adolescents. Methods. Two hundred twenty-four undergraduate male students were recruited from different faculties at Pharos University in Alexandria and assigned according to the number of hours spent daily on the smart phone into three groups. Group A used the smart phone for 10-16 hours/day (n = 25); group B used the smart phone for 5-9 hours/day (n = 64); group C used the smart phone for 1-4 hours/day (n = 11). The Postural assessment software (PAS/SAPO) was used to assess head and neck posture from digitalized pictures from anterior, right lateral and left lateral views. Results. The horizontal alignment of the head and acromion from anterior view, and the vertical alignment of the head from right and left lateral views showed non-signi icant differences (p > 0.05) among three groups. However, the horizontal alignment of the head from right and left lateral views was signi icantly higher in group B compared to group A (p < 0.05), while there were non-signi icant differences (p > 0.05) between (group A versus C) and (group B versus C). Conclusions. Heavily use of the smart phone negatively affects head and neck posture in adolescents and postural deviations in head and neck are directly proportional to the hours of using the smart phone daily. Key words: postural assessment software (PAS/SAPO), cranio-vertebral angle (CVA), smart phone addiction, forward head posture, adolescence Streszczenie {Polish abstract} Słowa kluczowe: {Polish key words}
Article
Full-text available
Background. A fault posture of head can disturb the body balance. Forward head posture (FHP) is one of common faulty postures seen among university students. Whole Body Vibration (WBV) is a quick method of neuromuscular training used to increase muscle strength, improve dynamic balance control and eventually correct posture. Purpose. A randomized controlled trial was designed to investigate the effect of WBV training on craniovertebral angle and dynamic balance control in subjects with forward head posture. Methods. Forty-five participants (11 males and 34 females, 18-23 years old) were randomly allocated into 3 equal groups: group (A) received traditional treatment (stretching and strengthening exercises) + postural advices, group (B) received whole body vibration training + postural advices, group (C) received traditional treatment + whole body vibration training + postural advices, 3 sessions /week for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included craniovertebral angle (CVA), overall stability index (OSI), anteroposterior stability index (APSI) and mediolateral stability index (MLSI) that were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks post-intervention. Results. Comparing all groups post training revealed that there were statistically significant increases (p < 0.05) in all measured variables (CVA, OSI, APSI and MLSI) in favour of group (C), while there were statistically non-significant differences between group A & B (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The conjugation of WBV training with traditional treatment of FHP improved craniovertebral angle and dynamic balance control in subjects with forward head posture.
Article
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Background. Facial penetrating wound can affect TMj function, even if it didn’t cause a facial bone fracture. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMFT) is a common physical therapy modality that used to speed up musculoskeletal injuries’ recovery. No previous studies described the effect of adding PEMFT to traditional TMj mobilization for the treatment of such cases. Aim. is to investigate the effect of in combination with traditional physical therapy on the pain and mouth opening, after facial penetrating wound injury with no facial fractures, that treated conservatively. Materials and Methods. Thirty-three patients were complaining from TMJ pain and mouth opening limitation after 1 month of facial penetrating wound injury and met the selection criteria were randomized to either study or control group. Control group received TMJ manual physical therapy program (mobilization and gentle isometric exercises). Study group patients received PEMFT in addition to the manual physical therapy program. Treatment was administrated for 12 sessions 3 times per week for both groups. Patients’ pain was assessed using visual analogue scale while mouth opening was measured using digital Vernier caliper, before and after one month of treatment. Results. all 33 patient results were analyzed. After treatment values showed a statistically significant reduction in pain and increase in mouth opening in comparison to pretreatment values at both groups with (P-value < 0.001). Post-treatment between groups comparison showed a significant difference in pain and mouth opening variables (p-value = 0.0001 and 0002 respectively), in favour of group B (Study group). Conclusion. adding PEMFT to TMJ manual physical therapy program, in treatment of patients with TMJ dysfunction (pain and limitation of mouth opening) after facial penetrating wound injury, has a superior effect in comparison to using of manual physical therapy treatment program only.
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[Purpose] The aim of the present study was to investigate correlation between head posture and proprioceptive function in the cervical region. [Subjects and Methods] Seventy-two subjects (35 males and 37 females) participated in this study. For measurement of head posture, the craniovertebral angle was calculated based on the angle between a horizontal line passing through C7 and a line extending from the tragus of the ear to C7. The joint position sense was evaluated using a dual digital inclinometer (Acumar, Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette, IN, USA), which was used to measure the joint position error for cervical flexion and extension. [Results] A significant negative correlation was observed between the craniovertebral angle and position sense error for flexion and extension. [Conclusion] Forward head posture is correlated with greater repositioning error than a more upright posture, and further research is needed to determine whether correction of forward head posture has any impact on repositioning error.
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In the human face, the muscles and joints that generate movement have different properties. Whereas the jaw is a conventional condyle joint, the facial musculature has neither distinct origin nor insertion points, and the muscles do not contain muscle spindle proprioceptors. This current study aims to compare the proprioceptive ability at the orofacial muscles with that of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in 21 neuro-typical people aged between 18 and 65 years. A novel psychophysical task was devised for use with both structures that involved a fixed 30.5 mm start separation followed by closure onto stimuli of 5, 6, 7, 8 mm diameter. The mean proprioceptive score when using the lips was 0.84 compared to 0.79 at the jaw (p < 0.001), and response error was lower by 0.1 mm. The greater accuracy in discrimination of lip movement is significant because, unlike the muscles controlling the TMJ, the orbicularis oris muscle controlling the lips inserts on to connective tissue and other muscle, and contains no muscle spindles, implying a different more effective, proprioceptive mechanism. Additionally, unlike the lack of correlation previously observed between joints in the upper and lower limbs, at the face the scores from performing the task with the two different structures were significantly correlated (r = 0.5, p = 0.018). These data extend the understanding of proprioception being correlated for the same left and right joints and correlated within the same structure (e.g. ankle dorsiflexion and inversion), to include use-dependant proprioception, with performance in different structures being correlated through extended coordinated use. At the lips and jaw, it is likely that this arises from extensive coordinated use. This informs clinical assessment and suggests a potential for coordinated post-injury training of the lips and jaw, as well as having the potential to predict premorbid function via measurement of the uninjured structure, when monitoring progress and setting clinical rehabilitation goals.
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Purpose Head postural assessment is part of the orthopaedic physical examination process and could help to identify faulty head postures. One of the most common faulty postures of the craniocervical region is the forward head posture (FHP). There are several methods to evaluate FHP but it is not clear which method is more precise. The aim of this study was to compare the craniovertebral angle (CVA) between a FHP and a healthy group in sitting and standing positions. Methods Twenty-five subjects with FHP (22.9 ± 2 years) and 25 normal subjects (21.9 ± 5 years) participated in this case–control study. Photography of the sagittal view was done in standing and relaxed sitting postures to determine the amount of the FHP. Results The results of independent t test showed a significant difference in the CVA between the FHP and healthy groups (P < 0.001). The result of paired t test showed a significant difference between CVA in standing and sitting postures for both groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the BMI had a significant negative correlation with CVA in standing position (P < 0.01). Conclusions Our results indicated that the CVA was increased in the sitting posture compared to the standing posture and introduced the standing posture as a more sensitive posture to evaluate the FHP.
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Although the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and forward head posture (FHP) is controversial, it is generally accepted that altered head posture can affect mandible position and masticatory muscles activity. Because suprahyoid (SH) and infrahyoid (IH) muscles are stretched by increased passive tension in FHP, this study investigated their activity during mouth opening in FHP compared to neutral head posture (NHP). Twenty healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females) participated in this study. Head postures were evaluated with a cervical range of motion instrument. Electromyography (EMG) activity of bilateral SH and IH muscles was measured while an open mouth was maintained at each head posture. Paired t-test was used to identify significant differences in normalized EMG activity between head postures. Statistical significance was set at .01. Results showed the normalized EMG activity of SH and IH muscles were significantly lower in FHP compared to NHP. This finding indicates that FHP affects the EMG activity of hyoid muscles when they are stretched.
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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of forward head posture (FHP) on proprioception by determining the cervical position-reposition error. [Subjects and Methods] A sample population was divided into two groups in accordance with the craniovertebral angle: the FHP group and the control group. We measured the craniovertebral angle, which is defined as the angle between a horizontal line passing through C7 and a line extending from the tragus of the ear to C7. The error value of the cervical position sense after cervical flexion, extension, and rotation was evaluated using the head repositioning accuracy test. [Results] There were significant differences in the error value of the joint position sense (cervical flexion, extension, and rotation) between the FHP and control groups. In addition, there was an inverse correlation between the craniovertebral angle and error value of the joint position sense. [Conclusion] FHP is associated with reduced proprioception. This result implies that the change in the muscle length caused by FHP decreases the joint position sense. Also, proprioception becomes worse as FHP becomes more severe.
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[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of upper quadrant posture of young women with temporomandibular disorders. [Subjects] The participants were 19 female patients with temporomandibular disorders (patient group: mean age, 30.1 years) and 14 controls (control group: mean age, 24.6 years). [Methods] Outcome measures were the neck inclination angle (formed by a line connecting C7 and the ear tragus with a horizontal line), the angle of the shoulder (formed by a line connecting C7 and the acromial angle with a horizontal line), the cranial rotation angle (formed by a line connecting the ear tragus and the corner of the eye with a horizontal line), and the neck-length/shoulder-width ratio [the ratio of the neck length (from C7 to the tragus) to the width of the shoulder between the acromial angle]. The maximum range of mouth opening was measured using a scale. [Results] The neck inclination angle and maximum range of mouth opening were significantly smaller in the patient group than in the control group. No significant differences were observed in the other outcome measures between the two groups. [Conclusion] Temporomandibular disorders with limited mouth opening in young females are associated with the head position relative to the trunk.