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A preliminary checklist and photographic catalogue of polyclad flatworms recorded from Singapore
... australis Prudhoe, 1982, are originally described from the Australian region (Newman andCanon 2002, Prudhoe 1985). Three species, namely C. reticulatus, C. venetus and C. australis, were later recorded from the Indian Ocean (Sreeraj & Raghunathan 2015;Ong & Tong 2018;and Pitale & Apte 2019). Cycloporus japonicus Kato, 1944 andC. ...
... PLA.0152. -Fig 1E, of Ong and Tong (2018). ...
... Records obtained from the recent investigations referring to the Indian Ocean, (Prudhoe 1989, Apte & Pitale 2011, Maghsoudlou &Rahimian 2014, Sreeraj & Raghunathan 2015, Dixit et al. 2017b, Ong & Tong 2018, Pitale & Apte 2019, collectively report five euryleptid genera namely Eurylepta, Cycloporus, Maritigrella, Prostheceraeus, and Stylostomum. The genus Cycloporus is well represented in the Indo-Pacific including the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. ...
A study of polyclad fauna in Maharashtra along the west coast of India and the Andaman group of Islands was carried out in the period 2018–2020. The paper describes Cycloporus decoratus sp. nov. and Eurylepta alicula sp. nov. based on external and internal anatomical features. The study also reports Eurylepta turma for the first time from the Indo-Pacific region and this is the second record of the species after its first formal description from Brazil in 1952. The paper comments on the distribution pattern of the genus Eurylepta and Cycloporus.
... australis Prudhoe, 1982, are originally described from the Australian region (Newman andCanon 2002, Prudhoe 1985). Three species, namely C. reticulatus, C. venetus and C. australis, were later recorded from the Indian Ocean (Sreeraj & Raghunathan 2015;Ong & Tong 2018;and Pitale & Apte 2019). Cycloporus japonicus Kato, 1944 andC. ...
... PLA.0152. -Fig 1E, of Ong and Tong (2018). ...
... Records obtained from the recent investigations referring to the Indian Ocean, (Prudhoe 1989, Apte & Pitale 2011, Maghsoudlou &Rahimian 2014, Sreeraj & Raghunathan 2015, Dixit et al. 2017b, Ong & Tong 2018, Pitale & Apte 2019, collectively report five euryleptid genera namely Eurylepta, Cycloporus, Maritigrella, Prostheceraeus, and Stylostomum. The genus Cycloporus is well represented in the Indo-Pacific including the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. ...
The family Euryleptidae, consisting of 19 genera, is as colourful and distinct as the family Pseudocerotidae. Five species of Euryleptidae encountered during surveys in the intertidal rocky shores of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra are presented in the current study. Cycloporus variegatus is new records to India. Cycloporus australis and C. reticulatus are new records to India and reported for the second time after their first formal descriptions in 1982 and 2002 respectively. Eurylepta aurantiaca is a new record to the Indian ocean. The study also describes the new species Stylostomum mixtomaculatum sp. nov. and it is the first report of the genus Stylostomum from the tropical realms. Since Stylostomum and Acerotisa are known to be closely allied genera, efforts have been made to review their species assemblages and throw light on the existing ambiguities within the available information. With this report, the number of euryleptid species from Indian waters increases to eight.
... The Pseudocerotidae, under the suborder of Cotylea, is found to be the largest and most speciose family (Faubel, 1984;Newman & Cannon, 1994, 1996a,1996bPrudhoe, 1985) of cotyleans. In Singapore, there is a rich polyclad diversity, with an estimated 81 species of Cotylea recorded, of which 62 species are pseudocerotids (Ong & Tong, 2018). To better understand the reproductive effort, behavior, and embryonic development in polyclads, observations of 16 pseudocerotid polyclad species (Figures 1 and 2) (Hyman 1959), and Tytthosoceros lizardensis newman and Cannon 1996-are here presented for the first time. ...
... and Thysanozoon spp., the latter was abbreviated as Th.; and to distinguish among Pseudoceros spp., Pseudobiceros spp., and Phrikoceros spp., the latter two genera were abbreviated as Pb. and Ph., respectively. The Acanthozoon sp. and Pseudobiceros sp. in this study were Acanthozoon sp. 1 and Pseudobiceros sp. 2 from Ong and Tong (2018), of which Acanthozoon sp. 1 can be found on many shores in Singapore. Commonly sighted species such as Acanthozoon sp., Pb. ...
The reproductive biology of tropical marine cotylean polyclads is presently poorly known. Reproductive aspects of 16 polyclad species from the family Pseudocerotidae in the genera Acanthozoon , Nymphozoon , Phrikoceros , Pseudobiceros , Pseudoceros , Thysanozoon , and Tytthosoceros from Singapore were documented for the first time. Penis fencing was observed to be just a mating ritual and not necessary for insemination, not always aggressive, and could also result in eventual reciprocal insemination. Results showed that all species underwent similar embryonic developmental stages and hatched as Müller's larvae. Only Pseudoceros concinnus and Pseudoceros laingensis , with mean developmental times of >20 days and mean brood sizes of <1,000 eggs, displayed long‐term parental care. Polyclads producing larger brood sizes had shorter developmental times and only covered their egg masses for about one day. Phrikoceros baibaiye and Pseudobiceros spp. produced egg capsules with pointed opercula, whereas all other species possessed smooth, rounded opercula. All genera hatched with brownish‐orange larvae, except for Pseudoceros spp., which hatched with reddish‐purple larvae regardless of the initial embryo color (either grayish‐yellow or reddish‐purple). These could potentially complement current taxonomic characters in distinguishing polyclad genera and species.
... ; Indonesia(Aya 2015); Singapore(Ong and Tong 2018); India (Apte and Pitale 2011); Gulf of Oman, Iran (Maghsoudlou and Rahimian 2014); Malta, Italy(Vella et al. 2016); Israeli Mediterranean coast(Velasquez et al. 2018). ...
The present study confirms the first record of the rare Euryleptid species Maritigrella fuscopunctata (Prudhoe, 1978) in Gujarat state, India. The species has so far been recorded from the Lakshadweep Islands in the south of India, suggesting its first record from mainland India.
The current study attempts to investigate the both non-indigenous & native
benthic assemblages observed from Al-massab basin as a particular
environment. it is a marina located southern the coasts of Syria. For this
purpose, field studies were conducted in 2020-2021. Benthic species of
different groups were collected manually. This study revealed the
occurrence of 59 species belonging to 10 macrotaxa of invertebrate. 39
species (59,32%) of theses benthic fauna are non- indigenous, 16 are
considered as invasive in Syria & eastern Mediterranean, 15 species are
reported for the first time in Syria in this survey area are:
Aulactinia verrucosa (Pennant, 1777), Botrylloides leachi (Savigny, 1816),
Branchiomma luctuosum, (Dalyellm 1853), Bugula neritina (Linnaeus,
1758), Clavelina huntsmani Van Name, 1931, Eupolymnia crassicornis
(Schmarda, 1861), Goniobranchus obsoletus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830),
Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830), Paraleucilla magna
Klautau, Monteiro & Borojevic, 2004, Polyclinum constellatum Savigny,
1816, Polyclinum indicum Sebastian, 1954, Pseudoceros sp., Spurilla
neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1823), Sycon ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780).
Five new recorded species are: Ostrea stentina Payraudeau, 1826, Alpheus
edwardsii (Audouin, 1826), Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, Saron
marmoratus (Olivier, 1811), Aphrodita aculeata Linnaeus, 1758. In addition
to 24 species of marine algae & 50 species of fish of native & non-
indigenous origins.
Knowledge about diversity of the ascidianm polychaets & many others
benthic groups of the Syrian Sea is still need a large-scale surveys, additional
taxonomic & molecular studies especially in ports & marinas environments
Seven new records of cotylean flatworms belonging to two families and four genera were identified from Israel collected in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the northern Red Sea. The family Pseudocerotidae was represented by three genera and six species (Pseudoceros duplicinctus, Pseudobiceros apricus, Pseudobiceros damawan, Pseudobiceros murinus, Pseudobiceros stellae, and Thysanozoon brocchii), followed by the Euryleptidae with a single species (Maritigrella fuscopunctata). Pseudoceros duplicinctus is recognized as a senior synonym of Pseudoceros prudhoei and color and pattern variations are reported for Maritigrella fuscopunctata. In addition, the presence of Pericelis byerleyana in the northern Gulf of Aqaba is confirmed, illustrated, and properly described with morphological and molecular data. Pseudoceros duplicinctus and Pseudobiceros stellae represent new geographic records for the Mediterranean Sea and Pseudobiceros apricus and Pseudobiceros damawan are new for the Red Sea. Detailed morphological analysis with emphasis on the color and pattern was applied for species identifications including high quality photographs of live and fixed animals. Partial sequences of the 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of four of the species were obtained and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers provided with the corresponding species description. Our results represent a significant taxonomic contribution for the diversity and distribution of the Polycladida in Israel pointing out the importance for more integrative and comprehensive surveys in these two regions to advance the knowledge of marine biodiversity worldwide and along both Israeli coasts.
Coral cover on reefs is declining globally due to coastal development, overfishing and climate change. Reefs isolated from direct human influence can recover from natural acute disturbances, but little is known about long term recovery of reefs experiencing chronic human disturbances. Here we investigate responses to acute bleaching disturbances on turbid reefs off Singapore, at two depths over a period of 27 years. Coral cover declined and there were marked changes in coral and benthic community structure during the first decade of monitoring at both depths. At shallower reef crest sites (3–4 m), benthic community structure recovered towards pre-disturbance states within a decade. In contrast, there was a net decline in coral cover and continuing shifts in community structure at deeper reef slope sites (6–7 m). There was no evidence of phase shifts to macroalgal dominance but coral habitats at deeper sites were replaced by unstable substrata such as fine sediments and rubble. The persistence of coral dominance at chronically disturbed shallow sites is likely due to an abundance of coral taxa which are tolerant to environmental stress. In addition, high turbidity may interact antagonistically with other disturbances to reduce the impact of thermal stress and limit macroalgal growth rates.
The genus Pseudobiceros was established based on the presence of two male gonopores, duplicated male reproductive structures, smooth dorsal surface, complex folded pseudotentacles, and simple ruffled pharynx. We describe here a new species of Pseudobiceros from the African continent that has been repeatedly reported and photographed over the years, but lacked a formal description. Pseudobiceros wirtzi sp. nov. is described based on morphological and histological characters. Our bibliographical revision of the genus considers 39 species to be valid. We applied the diagnostic characters of Pseudobiceros to Pseudoceros species listed before the split between these genera, and to species listed as incertae sedis. Pseudobiceros punctatus (Laidlaw 1902) nov. comb. shows typical features of Pseudobiceros. We also discuss other species with historically conflictive generic placements or problematic synonymy and summarize distributions and species characteristics in a comparative table. Most Pseudobiceros species still need re-descriptions to fill gaps regarding internal and pharynx details. Further sampling on the Eastern Africa coast and on mid-Atlantic Islands should prove useful in getting a general view of polyclad biodiversity and biogeography in the Tropical and South Atlantic.
In the present work eleven polyclad species of Lizard Island are studied. Seven of them are new records for this locality of the Australian coral reef and one is new to science, Lurymare clavocapitata n. sp. (Family Prosthiostomidae). The remaining recorded species belong to the genera Pseudoceros (P. bimarginatus, P. jebborum, P. stimpsoni, P. zebra, P. par-alaticlavus and P. prudhoei) and Pseudobiceros (Pb. hancockanus, Pb. hymanae, Pb. flowersi and Pb. uniarborensis). Regardless of the different distribution patterns, all pseudocerotid species show brilliant colours, but similar internal morphology. Furthermore, differences in the form and size of the stylet are characteristic, because it is a sclerotic structure that is not affected during fixation. In Pseudoceros, the distance between the sucker and the female pore also differs among species. These features do not vary enough to be considered as diagnostic, but they provide information that can help to disentangle similarly coloured species complexes. A key of the genera Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros of the Indo-Pacific region is provided, in order to facilitate the identification of species from this area.
The reproductive behaviour of a pair of Pseudoceros indicus from Singapore was observed in the laboratory. Pre-copulatory behaviour included penis fencing, i.e., using their extensively everted penis to stab each other on any part of the body while avoiding being inseminated. However, successful injection resulted in the transfer of sperm in the form of a white spermatophore on the dorsal and/or ventral side of the flatworm. Most of the time, both flatworms received sperm after each bout of penis fencing. The sperm bundles spread across the body as white streaks and were absorbed within a day. After 18 days following at least six insemination occasions, oviposition occurred. The resulting irregularly shaped egg plate consisted of a single layer of eggs tightly packed together. One of the flatworms laid seven batches of eggs over 50 days while another individual laid four batches over 52 days. For both individuals, new egg batches were always added next to old ones, except for their respective last batches, which were deposited on top of the old ones. Reproductive outputs of the two flatworms were 1,307 eggs and 3,073 eggs, respectively. The adults exhibited parental care by covering the egg plates with their bodies until hatching, with decreasing levels of intensity and frequency over time. Eight-lobed Müller's larvae hatched 27 days after oviposition. Each larva measured 282 × 197 µm in size and possessed three eye spots.
Thysanozoon nigropapillosurn (Hyman, 1959) is a marine polyclad flatworm found in the central Pacific. We believe that Hyman's original description of this species in having a yellow body margin and white papilla tips was in error, and we re-described its color patterns as having white body margin and yellow-tipped papillae based on fresh specimens collected in Taiwan. Dense rhabdites present on the tips of its surface papillae might serve to prevent dermal impregnation, whilst the forked penis is used to grip the margin of the body of its mate in a chopstick-like fashion during the process of dermal impregnation. Dense rhabdites were also found on the surface of the paired penis. The penis-gripping behaviour of T. nigropapillosurn plays an important role during dermal impregnation. We suggest that this flatworm species experiences unilateral sex conflicts, not only in the structures of the dorsal papillae and the male genital organ, but also in the mating pattern.
Pseudoceros irretitus, Pseudoceros cruentus and Tytthosoceros lizardensis, species of the order Polycladida are reported for the first time from India. The photographs of live specimens and description are given. This study adds three more pseudocerotids to the polyclad fauna of India.
Pseudocerotid polyclads belonging to the genera Pseudoceros Lang, 1884, Pseudobiceros Faubel, 1984 and Thysanozoon Grube, 1840 are newly reported from Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Specific determinations are based primarily on color and color pattern. The present study adds nine new pseudocerotid polyclads to Indian waters.
In this paper, two species of cotylean Platyhelminthes are recorded for the first time from Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran. Pictures are taken from living specimens to illustrate shape and colour, and stained sections and drawings are used to describe shape and organisation of some organs. Morphological characters of Persian Gulf specimens of Tytthosoceros lizardensis Newman & Cannon, 1996 are compared to those of the type specimens of this species.
Marine Flatworms provides a fascinating introduction to the intriguing world of polyclad flatworms, a group of large, free-living marine Platyhelminthes, which are found throughout the world but are most colourful in tropical waters. Although not related to molluscs, they are often mistaken for sea slugs because of their brilliant colour patterns. Written in an accessible style by two leading experts in the field, this book explores flatworms’ unusual structure, feeding habits, their curious reproductive behaviour (including ‘penis fencing’), their mimicry and toxicology. With a foreword by Professor Reinhardt Kristensen of the Copenhagen Zoological Museum, Marine Flatworms is the first comprehensive guide to polyclad families and genera. It contains more than 300 colour photographs from every part of the world.
Rapid and sustained coastal development, land reclamation, and intense use of surrounding waters by shipping, have changed the original land- and seascape of Singapore in the last two centuries. Reclaimed land now account for more than 30% of the current land area, with a concomitant loss of intertidal and subtidal habitats across most of the southern shoreline of Singapore mainland as well as other offshore islands. The extent of coral reefs, mangroves, mudflats, seagrass beds, estuarine reefs, sandy and rocky shores has diminished considerably, so much so that man-made habitats such as seawalls, tidal canals, swimming lagoons and other artificial structures now form significant marine habitats in their own right. These remarkable changes in the marine environment have affected marine organisms to a greater or lesser extent, based on the very limited information available on marine habitats in Singapore prior to large-scale reclamation. However, the present extent and diversity of marine life that can be observed in Singapore today is still impressive. Much remains to be discovered and deciphered in terms of their biology and ecology. New records and species new to science continue to be described, even as new coastlines are built, and organisms continually adapt to a changing environment characterized by chronic disturbance. This review serves as a snapshot of the current state of knowledge of marine habitats and biodiversity in Singapore based on existing literature. Key threats and knowledge gaps are also highlighted.
New records of previously described species of Pseudoceros from eastern and western Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Micronesia and Kenya are presented. In addition, twelve new species of Pseudoceros are described from subtropical and tropical waters of Australia and eastern Papua New Guinea. Species are diagnosed on the basis of their dorsal colour pattern, though details of the reproductive anatomy are also given.
Nine new species of marine flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) belonging to the genus Pseudobiceros Faubel, 1984 are described from Indo-Pacific coral reefs including: the northern and southern Great Barrier Reef, eastern Australia; Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth, Western Australia; Madang, Papua New Guinea; and Koror, Palau, Micronesia. In addition, new records are given for seven recognised species from a range of Indo-Pacific locations.
Two new genera of pseudocerotid flatworms are described from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and Madang, Papua New Guinea. Bulaceros, new genus, and Tytthosoceros, new genus, resemble Pseudoceros Lang, 1884 in having a single reproductive system, however, their overall morphology resembles Pseudobiceros Faubel, 1984, which possesses paired male systems. Bulaceros, new genus can be distinguished from other pseudocerotid genera by its knobbed pseudotentacles, arrangement of the dorsal eyes and small, narrow penial stylet. Tytthosoceros, new genus, can be distinguished by its small ear-like pseudotentacles, arrangement of the dorsal eyes, and short, wide penial stylet.
Records and notes of common species found at Jamaica and in the Gulf of Mexico and descriptions of Pseudoceros texanus and Prostheceraeus zebra.
Since my previous publications on the larger Turbellaria of the Atlantic coast of the United States (Hyman, 1939a, 1940, 1944), very little in the way of new material has come to hand. Undoubtedly much remains to be done on the smaller Turbellaria of the region in questionâ€"acoels, rhabdocoels, and alloeocoelsâ€"but one may assume that our knowledge of the larger forms, especially polyclads, is practically complete. Florida remains the only region from which additional spe cies may be expected. The present paper aims to put on record some new material and information and to call attention to necessary nomenclatorial changes. As the classificatory position and familial and generic definitions for the following forms were given in the publications cited it appears unnecessary to repeat them here. Order Polycladida Family Plehniidae Plehnia ellipsoides (Girard), 1854, new combination - Discocelides elli/'soides Hyman, 1940 In connection with the finding of a new species of Plehnia on the Californian coast I am giving some discussion of the family Plehniidae and its genera that leads me to the desirability of transferring Leptoplana ellipsoides Girard, which I determined sonic years ago as a member of the Plehniidae, to the genus Plehnia. I now feelthatitfits@better inthisgenusthaninDiscocelides towhich I previously assigned it. Family Cryptocelidae Phaenocelis purpurea (Schmarda), 1859
Eight new species belonging to the genus Cycloporus (Platyhelminthes. Polycladida, Euryleptidae) are described from Australasian waters including eastern and western Australia and Papua New Guinea. The widely distributed species, Cycloporus variegatus is also redescribed and photographed for the first time. This study significantly increases the number of known Cycloporus species from 6 to 14 worldwide. Species are diagnosed primarily on their colour patterns and arrangement of their eyes.
Five new species and one new combination of marine flatworms belonging to the new genus, Maritigrella nov. gen. (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Euryleptidae) are presented here from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Additional records are given from Australia, Indonesia and the Republic of the Maldives.
Two new genera, Maiazoon nov. gen. and Phrikoceros nov. gen. are described respectively from Madang, eastern Papua New Guinea and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The monotypic genus Maiazoon resembles Nymphozoon Hyman, 1959 since it possesses multiple male reproductive systems and multiple female pores although the latter genus lacks a penial stylet and sucker. Phrikoceros, with five new species, morphologically resembles Pseudobiceros although it possesses only one male reproductive system as found in Pseudoceros.
At last a fixation method that ensures tropical pseudocerotid polyclads are fixed flat, preserved for histological preparation and which also retains their colour pattern has been developed. FCA-PGPP (Formaldehyde Calcium Acetate-Propylene Glycol, Propylene Phenoxetol) fixative is frozen and worms are coaxed onto filter paper which is then laid on the frozen fixative. As a consequence, over 230 species have been documented from the southern Great Barrier Reef and eastern Papua New Guinea (Newman & Cannon, 1994; in press). It was determined that species diagnoses need to be based on colour pattern, general morphology of living animals and serial reconstructions of the male anatomy.
THE OCCASION of this article is the acquisition of three species of thepolyclad genus Pseudo ceros from the region of the Coral Sea. Pseudo- . ceros is one of the most populous p.olyclad genera. In 1950, Marcus (1950: 84-88) listed 79 names in this genus, but the elimination of synonyms and of species that should be transferred to the genus Acanthozoon because of their papillate dorsal surface reduces the list to 72. The list, however, omits seven . Pseudoceros species described from Japan by Stimpson (1855: 380; 1857: 25-26) and ac knowledged as valid by Kato (1944: 298). Marcus further left out of consideration six more of the Kelaart-Collingwood species that are figured in color by Collingwood (1876: 90-97) and that probably belong to· Pseudo ceros. One of these, Burylepta ajjinis, has been refound in the Philippines and is validated as a species of Pseudoceros by Stummer-Traunfels (1933: 3566). To these must be added two species described by Kato (1944: 301), three by Marcus (1949: 86; 1950: 81; 1952: 91), and four by me (Hyman,1953: 363-370). I have further shown that Amblyceraeus luteus Plehn, 1898, must be transferred to Pseudo ceros (Hyman, 1953: 366). One must further note that Stummer-Traunfels (1933 :3565) gave colored figures of 11 more species of Pseudoceros but did not name them; three of these came from the Siboga collections in the Netherland East Indies, six were taken by Semper in the Philippines, and one each came from Zanzibar and Batavia. Clearly there are at least 100 species of the genus mentioned in the literature.
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