No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Utilization of waste glass in the improvement of concrete performance: A mini review
Abstract
Every year, millions of tonnes of glass waste pose terrible problems related to the environmental condition all over the world. The glass is mainly composed of silica. Its use in concrete could be a beneficial solution for the environment and also economic problems. In this mini review, the different possibilities of the valorization of glass waste by substitution of aggregates and cement in concrete have been explored. Its effects on the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics were examined in the main research in this direction. The use of waste glass in concrete can offer an improvement in concrete performance and an asset for participation in sustainable development by reducing this waste.
... Almost all the previous studies have declared that the particle size of glass waste could lead to different properties in concrete by affecting the cement hydration matrix [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. Several investigations stated that alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansions could occur in large particles and result in forming of voluminous gels, which generate intense interior tension and start cracking the concrete [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. ...
... Almost all the previous studies have declared that the particle size of glass waste could lead to different properties in concrete by affecting the cement hydration matrix [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. Several investigations stated that alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansions could occur in large particles and result in forming of voluminous gels, which generate intense interior tension and start cracking the concrete [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. The literature review reveals that using 10-100% of waste glass (soda-lime, electric, and lead glasses) with particle sizes more than 850 μm as an alternative to fine and coarse aggregates could decrease compressive strength between 7-55% [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. ...
... Several investigations stated that alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansions could occur in large particles and result in forming of voluminous gels, which generate intense interior tension and start cracking the concrete [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. The literature review reveals that using 10-100% of waste glass (soda-lime, electric, and lead glasses) with particle sizes more than 850 μm as an alternative to fine and coarse aggregates could decrease compressive strength between 7-55% [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. However, contrary results were observed in using glass powder, which looks captivating to have green concrete due to its different filler and pozzolanic characteristics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]25,26]. ...
This paper represents a literature review of the effects of partially replacing cement with glass powder in concrete production, aiming to provide an enhanced elucidation of 78 published scientific articles between 2015 and 2023. Vigorous inclusion criteria were employed to accomplish this objective, such as focusing only on glass powder usage instead of cement, considering both conventional and unconventional concretes, and summarizing the physical, mechanical, durability, and morphological characteristics. It has been attempted not only to discuss the factors that contribute to similarities and differences but also to interpret associations and concerns as well as propose future research directions based on the identified gaps. The literature review reveals that using glass powder looks captivating and has higher mechanical and durability properties with environmentally friendly advantages simultaneously due to its filler and pozzolanic characteristics, especially in smaller sizes. The findings of this study are expected to promote sustainable and environmentally conscious practices beyond the current scope of research.
... Glass is available as an ideal material for recycling. Currently, most of the waste glass in China is disposed of by the landfill method, which causes environmental pollution and the waste of resources [3][4][5]. Therefore, to realize waste glass's resource utilization, its application in building material mortar and concrete is now being studied [6,7]. ...
... The limit gas permeability measured by the device is 10 −22 m 2 , and the maximum confining pressure is 60 MPa [38,39]. Gas permeability measurements were performed during loading and unloading confining pressure cycles (3,5,10,15,20 MPa). The average flow rate at the inlet end is calculated using Equation (1): ...
... Gas permeability K along specimen height h is given by Equation (2): Gas permeability measurements were performed during loading and unloading confining pressure cycles (3,5,10,15,20 MPa). The average flow rate at the inlet end is calculated using Equation (1): ...
Currently, most cities landfill most waste glass, resulting in the waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, to realize the recycling of waste glass, solid waste glass was recycled and broken. Waste glass sand was prepared according to the gradation of natural river sand particles and the fineness modulus screening. It was used as an alternative material to natural river sand and mixed with mortar materials with different replacements. Analysis of the mortar with different replacements (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%) was conducted by combining macro and micro tests on the change law and influence mechanism of permeability, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The results showed that: the replacement of waste glass sand effectively improved the gas permeation resistance of mortar; with the increase of replacement, the gas permeation resistance of mortar roughly showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The replacement of waste glass sand at 20% can better promote cement’s hydration so that the mortar’s porosity is reduced by 16.5%. The gas permeability decreases by 57.4%; the compressive strength increases by 3%, and the elastic modulus increases by 5.9%. When the replacement rate of glass sand is 20%, the test performance of mortar is the best among the five groups.
... Additionally, proper recycling and waste management are made more difficult by the disposal of concrete waste following construction or renovation projects [12]. Innovative strategies are needed to address these environmental issues, such as the creation of substitute cementitious materials [3], [5], [13]. An effective way to lessen the industry's negative effects on the environment is to use supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to replace some of the cement in concrete [13], [14]. ...
... Innovative strategies are needed to address these environmental issues, such as the creation of substitute cementitious materials [3], [5], [13]. An effective way to lessen the industry's negative effects on the environment is to use supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to replace some of the cement in concrete [13], [14]. Several industrial by-products have proven to be successful supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in construction applications such as Silica fume (SF), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), and Rice Husk Ash (RHA), fly ash and bottom ash (FABA) [15]. ...
The utilization of waste materials in concrete production is gaining significant attention as a means to mitigate environmental issues and promote sustainable construction practices. This study investigates the potential of waste glass powder (WGP) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. The aim is to evaluate the effects of WGP on the properties and performance of concrete, with a focus on enhancing sustainability and reducing the environmental impact associated with cement production. The experimental investigation involved preparing concrete mixtures with varying proportions of WGP, ranging from 10% to 25%, as a partial replacement for cement. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the substitution of 20%WGP) for cement is the optimal dosage. The results of various tests and evaluations show that the concrete has desirable properties and performance characteristics at this level of replacement. This 20% substitution ratio strikes a balance between maintaining adequate compresive strength and improving the concrete's sustainability. In conclusion, the incorporation of WGP as a partial replacement for cement in concrete shows promises as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach. Further research and optimization of mix proportions are recommended to maximize the benefits of utilizing WGP in concrete and promote its widespread application in the construction industry.
... WGP could be used as a cement replacement additive to manufacture concrete, solving the problem of environmental pollution. WGP is a modern and hopeful eco-supplementary cement replacement material that can enhance concrete behavior [1][2][3]. The impact of using WGP to partially substitute cement on concrete compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and creep have been investigated [4]. ...
... F nn = f ce n A nz (2) where A nz is the area of each face of the nodal zone. Finally, Table 3 describes the calculation of the nominal tensile force of a tie, F nt , according to the studied international codes. ...
Waste Glass Powder (WGP) could be used as a cement replacement additive to manufacture concrete and solving the problem of environmental pollution. The experimental program was made up of ten simply supported reinforced High-Strength Concrete (HSC) deep beams tested under static loadings. Five beams were with WGP, while the other five beams were without WGP. Eight beams had web openings while two reference beams were without openings. The principal studied parameters were the effect of using WGP, and the location and size of web openings. Using the three-dimensional finite element computer program ABAQUS, a numerical simulation for comparing the shear strength and behavior of tested deep beams has been suggested. The comparison between experimental failure loads of studied beams with that estimated by the Strut-and-Tie model was carried out. Three codes of practice were used to make this comparison: the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19), the New Zealand Code (NZS-06), and the Japan Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE-07). The results showed that using WGP in similar deep beams with web openings enhances the cracking shear strength (by about 17–25%) and the ultimate shear strength (by about 12–41%). The improvement in the ultimate failure load could be attributed to the developed concrete microstructures caused by WGP’s very fine grains, producing further gel, and decreasing the number of voids in the concrete matrix. The suggested finite element simulation accurately predicts the behavior of HSC deep beams with and without WGP beams and with web openings.
... Countries like the Netherlands and 150 Belgium, who portray advance CDWM measures, have achieved high recycling 151 rates, demonstrating the substantial recycling potential of CDW (Villoria et al., 152 2014). In Australia, CDW recycling rates are influenced by regional factors, such 153 as waste generation trends, cross-border waste influx, and the absence of a manda-154 tory landfill levy in as witnessed in Tasmania(Zhao et al., 2022).Considering CDW as a resource can contribute to cost savings in construction projects while minimizing the impact on the environment by reducing the use of Furthermore, research is ongoing to investigate the utilization of glass and other CDW as aggregates in concrete production(Abdelli et al., 2020;Baikerikar et al., 2023).Table 6.1 shows the pathways of managing CDW as a resource and becomes 174 apparent that CDW nurtures numerous untapped resource potentials.practices, inadequate infrastructure, financial constraints, lack of localized case studies, uneven adherence to waste management laws, untapped potential of Build- ...
The management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is a crucial environmental issue that needs to be addressed. The objective of the chapter is to explore the various aspects of CDW management (CDWM) and discuss bottlenecks, regulations, and policy frameworks while sharing examples and good practices from around the world. Some major bottlenecks in proper CDWM include the lack of awareness and understanding among stakeholders as well as inadequate infrastructure and facilities for effective CDWM. Several countries have adopted diverse approaches to effectively manage CDW. Notable examples include Sweden, the Netherlands, European Union member states, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea, which have implemented stringent laws and acts to govern CDW practices. These countries have introduced substantial fees for CDW disposal at landfills enforcing rigorous control and monitoring mechanisms. These have helped them to promote responsible CDWM and incentivize sustainable waste disposal practices. The bottlenecks related to CDWM were prevalent in transition and developing countries, including China, Malaysia, Cyprus, South America, Africa, and South Asia. A paradigm shift is needed in perceiving CDW as a valuable resource through the practices such as urban mining, life cycle design approaches, and opting for deconstruction. Advancing the technologies used, implementation of pertinent legislations, quality assurance systems for recycled materials, and green public procurement practices are of paramount importance in facing challenges in recycling CDW. Addressing CDW challenges is essential for achieving sustainable outcomes while minimizing the environmental footprint.
... 2010). WGP is a modern and hopeful eco-supplementary cement replacement material that can enhance concrete behavior (Jiang and al., 2019;Abdelli and al., 2020;Elaqra and Rustom, 2018;Niang and al., 2013). The impact of using WGP to partially substitute cement on concrete compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and creep have been investigated (He and al., 2019;Shayan and Xu. ...
Waste Glass Powder (WGP) could be used as a cement replacement additive to manufacture concrete and solving the problem of environmental pollution. This article presents a numerical modeling of the thermo-mechanical behavior of a reinforced concrete beam based on an addition of 20% of the powder glass as a substitute for cement powder with modeling of concrete-steel contact using ANSYS software. To do this, a reinforced concrete beam based on glass powder is modeling in three dimensions by the finite element method (FEM) and it is subject to thermal loading during 2 hours in order to simulate the thermo thermo-mechanical response of the beam element. ANSYS provides a three-dimensional element (SOLID65) with the nonlinear model of brittle materials similar to the concrete materials. The element features a smeared crack analogy for cracking in tension zones and a plasticity algorithm to take into account the concrete crushing in compression zones.
... Therefore, it is important to employ eco-friendly concrete with various approaches [11][12][13][14] . This can be summarized as tire waste [15][16][17][18][19][20] , sanitary ware waste [21][22][23][24][25] , glass waste [26][27][28][29][30][31] , fire clay 32 , marble dust [33][34][35] , ground granulated blast furnace slag 36,37 , waste fire clay [38][39][40] , granite waste [41][42][43] , red mud [44][45][46][47] , and polymer type waste [48][49][50][51][52][53][54] . The ceramic tiles business produces ceramic waste powder (CWP) as a byproduct during the final polishing process. ...
This investigation considered the usability of ceramic waste powder (CWP) in altered quantities in reinforced concrete beams (RCBs). In this way, it was aimed to reduce the environmental impacts of concrete by using CWP as a raw material in RCBs. 12 small-scale shear RCBs with the dimensions of 100 × 150 × 1000 mm were tested in this study. The variations of stirrups spacing and CWP ratio were examined in these specimens. The percentages of CWP by weight utilized in RCBs were 10%, 20%, and 30%, and stirrups spacings were adopted as 270 mm, 200 mm, and 160 mm. At the end of the study, it was determined that more than 10% CWP additive negatively affected the RCBs’ compressive strength. The load-carrying capacity reduced between 30.3% and 59.4% when CWP increased from 0% to 30% as compared to RCB with stirrups spacing of 270 mm without CWP. However, compared to RCB with stirrups spacings of 200 mm and 160 mm without CWP, there were decreases in the load-carrying capacity as 21.4%–54.3% and 18.6%–54.6%, respectively. While the CWP ratio increased, the specimens with 160 mm, 200 mm, and 270 mm stirrups spacings obtained a lower maximum load value. However, with the increase of the CWP ratio in the specimens with 160 mm stirrups spacing, RCBs reached the maximum load-carrying capacity at an earlier displacement value. When stirrups spacing was selected as 270 mm, it was observed that the maximum load-carrying capacity of RCBs reached at a similar displacement value as the CWP ratio increased. Besides, it was resulted that the bending stiffness of RCBs reduced as the quantity of CWP enhanced. The bending stiffness decreased by 29.1% to 66.4% in the specimens with 270 mm stirrups spacing, 36.3% to 20.2% with 200 mm stirrups spacing, and 10.3% to 36.9% with 160 mm stirrups spacing. As an implication of the experiments, the use of CWP up to 10% in RCBs was realized as an economical and environmental approach and is suggested. There is some evidence to report that making use of CWP may be considered to be ecologically benign. This is due to the fact that reusing CWP may significantly reduce CO2 emissions, save energy, and reduce total power consumption. Furthermore, the experimental results were compared to the analytical calculations.
... The first usage of waste glass granular was in 1974 but until today there is limited usage for this filed [11], the reuse of the waste glass in the concrete will be the reason for saving the land from pollution also helpe the reduction of using raw materials required for the concrete production which reduce the thread on the nature [12]. Many experimental works have been done for using waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement in concrete and mortar [13][14][15][16][17], while some others tried to use waste glass granular as a partial replacement of sand in concrete and mortar [18][19][20]. In 2013, Vijayakumar et al. [21] studied the ausage of glass powder as a partial replacement of cement in normal concrete, experimenting diffrent percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). ...
In many third-world countries, effective waste material management has become a crucial concern due to the escalating quantity of waste materials. Among these materials, waste glass holds significance due to its widespread usage in various daily human functions. Numerous researchers have explored the feasibility of using waste glass as a substitute for cement or sand in concrete. This paper focuses on employing waste glass granules as a replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete, as coarse aggregate constitutes a significant portion of the concrete mix. A comprehensive review of prior studies is conducted to elucidate the impact of utilizing waste glass granules as a substitute for coarse aggregate on both the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete. To achieve this objective, experimental data from previous research are gathered, and statistical models are developed using Gaussian progress regression (GPR), Support vector machine (SVM), Ensemble boosting tree (EBT), artificial neural network (ANN), along with multi-linear regression (MLR). These models are employed to predict the compressive strength of concrete. Various statistical parameters are utilized to evaluate and compare the efficiency of these models, with the aim of identifying the most effective one. Among the models considered, the artificial neural network is deemed the most efficient, as it demonstrates a higher R² and lower values of RMSE, MAE, and SI. Specifically, the SI value of the ANN model is higher by 265%, 118%, 333%, and 113% compared to MLR, GPR, SVM, and EBT models, respectively.
... Glass waste poses serious problems for the living environment as it is challenging to manage the vast amounts produced globally. As the use of glass goods has increased, massive quantities of glass waste are produced [14]. If glass waste is not reused or disposed of properly, could be create environmental contamination. ...
One of the biggest problems facing the world is the management of waste glass. This waste glass can come from glass containers or packaging, flat glass, household or tableware glass, or continuous filament glass. The problem is becoming increasingly difficult as more and more waste glass is generated and landfill space is becoming constrained. One potential method to solving this issue is to convert glass waste into construction substances. The use of recycled waste glass in the production of cementitious concretes as environmentally friendly building materials has recently attracted considerable interest in the construction sector. Therefore, studies aim to recycle glass waste into concrete, which is a great opportunity to produce cement mortar and concrete. Even though a significant amount of glass waste is generated worldwide every year, only a small portion of it is reused by mixing it into concrete, which is an efficient way to address the problem. This study provides a critical review of the work done on the reuse of glass waste as a substitute for cement and aggregates in terms of the mechanical and fresh properties of mortar and concrete production. In addition, this research intends to provide a clearer knowledge of the incorporation of reused glass waste glass as an environmentally friendly resource in the concrete industry. It also aims to establish future research objectives and promote the utilization of concrete made from recyclable materials in the development of environmentally friendly and durable concrete. This study shows that incorporating glass waste into concrete improves its properties. It was also found that the properties of concrete compared to conventional concrete and mortar mainly depend on various factors such as shape, type, size and replacement ratio.
... In addition, greenhouse gas emissions are associated with the removal of sand and its transport to the construction site. As a result, the construction industry must seek alternatives to natural sand, such as recycled waste glass, for use in concrete (Abdelli et al., 2020;Oliveira et al., 2008). Glass is used in buildings, kitchen glassware, and other household items; by the construction industry in the form of windows and mirrors; by the medical industry in the production of medical equipment; and, most importantly, by the food and beverage industry in the production of millions of packaging bottles. ...
Recent years have witnessed a rise in the quantity of waste glass due to a rise in industrialization and a rapid improvement in living standards, which can lead to the depletion of natural resources and pollution of the environment. The potential use of waste recycled glass as sand replacement in concrete was examined, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize process parameters. A randomized custom design was employed to determine the effect of glass-sand (G-S) replacement parameters on the developed concrete compressive strength. The regression analysis revealed an excellent fit between the experimental data and the model, as measured by the coefficient of determination (R ² ) of 0.9094, Adjusted R ² of 0.8591 and a model F-value of 18.07. The optimum percentage combination was 10% of glass with 90% of sand, as recorded from the desirability function. At the optimal combination, the compressive strength of concrete was 30.5 MPa. The experimental findings ascertain that the substitution of sand with glass aggregate can be a suitable alternative to natural sand and can effectively be applied industrially. The local waste glass materials have demonstrated that they can effectively substitute for a portion of traditional materials and mitigate the environmental pollution associated with solid waste disposal.
... Manufacturing waste collects over the period, causing major destruction to both the ecosystem and people's health worldwide [3,14,21]. The quantity of waste, related dumping expenses, and eco-friendly impact may be decreased by developing efficient reusing options [22][23][24]. Natural resource conservation and economic advantages are two more possible results of such an excellent approach [25]. Economic efficiency may be achieved by employing quarry waste as a possible alternative for sand and as a by-product of stone grinders [26]. ...
Concrete is the most frequently employed man-made material in modern building construction. Nevertheless, the serviceability of concrete structures has been significantly reduced owing to a variety of durability issues, especially when serving in a non-ideal environment and exposed to internal/external attacks such as chloride penetration, carbonation, sulfate, and so on. Several scholars have performed numerous studies on the strength and microstructure features of volcanic ash (VA) concrete and have discovered encouraging findings. However, since the information is spread, readers find it difficult to evaluate the benefits of VA-based concrete, limiting its applicability. As a result, a detailed study is required that offers the reader an easy approach and highlights all essential facts. The goal of this article (Part Ц) is to conduct a compressive review of the physical and chemical aspects of VA and its impact on concrete durability and microstructure properties. The findings demonstrate that VA considerably improves concrete durability owing to pozzolanic reaction and micro-filling voids in concrete materials. Cost–benefit analysis shows that 10% utilization of VA as cement decreased the overall cost by 30%. The assessment also notes a research gap that must be filled before VA may be utilized in practice.
... A way of addressing the challenge is by the inclusion of strength-enhancing additives. Milled glass or glass powder which is obtained mostly from waste glass via grinding, milling and sieving has been reported to enhance strength in bricks [35,36]. The waste glass was reported to have a pozzolanic effect on concrete due to silica content, hence it's been employed in concrete. ...
Thermal efficient sandcrete bricks are masonry units with good thermal insulating properties. Wood fiber (WF) possesses low thermal conductivity, hence, its incorporation in mortar mix results in thermal efficient masonry units. Milled glass (MG) could be added for strength enhancement. This study incorporated WF into mortar mix at a constant dosage of 5 wt.%, with varying MG proportions of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% and cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. The results obtained showed minimization of porosity and water absorption at increasing MG content. Density and compressive strength were enhanced as MG content increased. Flexural and splitting tensile strengths appreciated and peaked at 15 wt.% MG. Thermal performance measured demonstrated progressive appreciation in thermal conductivity while specific heat capacity followed a downtrend as MG dosage increased. The study revealed that the collage of 5 wt. % wood fiber and 15 wt. % MG yielded optimum result. The study, therefore, concludes that the addition of milled glass and wood fiber positively and significantly affected the properties of sandcrete bricks. 15 wt.% of milled glass and 5% wood fiber inclusion in sandcrete bricks are recommended for use by construction practitioners.
... For instance, total or partial replacement of cement by other materials such as silica fume (Imam et al., 2018;Mehta and Ashish, 2020) or fly ash (Amran et al., 2021;Teixeira et al., 2019) has been evaluated. Other studies have replaced fine and coarse aggregates with, for instance, copper smelter slag (Brindha and Nagan et al., 2010;Wang et al., 2021a), recycled aggregates (Liu et al., 2015;Shyamala et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2021b), glass (Abdelli et al., 2020;Mallum et al., 2022) and granulated rubber recycled from end-of-life tyres (ELTs) (Alsaif et al., 2018;Liew and Akbar, 2020;Raj et al., 2020a). ...
Alternatives for using end-of-life tyres as a component of concrete are currently being studied. Particularly, granulated rubber and steel fibres from tyres can generate relevant technical benefits in concrete. However, it is not clear what environmental benefits these alternatives can provide. Hence, a study was carried out to evaluate, from an environmental perspective, applications of concrete with recycled materials from tyres. For this purpose, a streamlined life cycle assessment was developed to compare the impact of the use of concrete with tyre materials and traditional concrete for safety barriers, railway sleepers, pavements and masonry mortar. Furthermore, the analysis was based on energy-thermal simulations, experimental work and collected studies. The results indicated that the safety barrier and railway sleeper with tyres can reduce the harmful impact by 60% and 50%, respectively. For masonry mortar and concrete pavement applications, the impact reduction was between 4% and 10%. Moreover, one case was observed where, to comply with the technical requirements, it was necessary to incorporate more material into the concrete mix. This had a significant impact on the results, which meant that no environmental benefits were generated. Therefore, the study showed that to ensure the benefits of an application it was not only required to consider the technical advantages, but also the environmental savings that contributed to sustainable construction.
... Over time, industrial waste builds up and seriously harms both the environment and people's health everywhere [11,38,39]. By identifying effective recycling solutions, the volume of garbage, related disposal costs, and environmental impact might be reduced [40][41][42]. The protection of natural resources and economic benefits are two further potential outcomes of such an effective plan [43]. ...
Concrete mechanical properties could be improved through adding different materials at the mixing stage. Quarry dust (QD) is the waste produced by manufactured sand machines and comprise approximately 30–40% of the total quantity of QD generated. When it dries, it transforms into a fine dust that poses a tremendous hazard to the environment by contaminating the soil and water and seriously endangering human health. QD utilization in concrete is one of the best options. Though a lot of scholars focus on imitation of QD in concrete, knowledge is scattered, and a detailed review is required. This review collects the information regarding QD-based concrete, including fresh properties, strength, durability, and microstructure analysis. The results indicate that QD is suitable for concrete to a certain extent, but higher percentages adversely affect properties of concrete due to absence of fluidity. The review also indicates that up to 40–50% substitution of QD as a fine aggregate can be utilized in concrete with no harmful effects on strength and durability. Furthermore, although QD possesses cementitious properties and can be used as cement substitute to some extent, less research has explored this area.
... One of the most common environmental impact abatement techniques in concrete industry is the replacement of cement and natural aggregates with mineral materials reclaimed from industrial waste [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. ...
This paper examines the possibility of using waste crushed glass as a substitute for sand, and waste from the production of foaming agent - metakaolin as a substitute for cement in the production of modified concrete. Concrete mixes were formulated with different amounts of metakaolin (M) replacing cement at 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20% and 25% crushed glass (TS) replacing sand. From the results of the research, it can be said that crushed glass waste and metakaolin waste can be used in the production of modified concrete, while reducing the amount of cement and sand. The optimal amounts of waste to replace part of cement and sand is 10% of metakaolin waste and 25% of crushed glass waste, with which concrete mix increase density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, frost resistance cycles, absorption decreases. Thus, using metakaolin waste 10% (replacing Portland cement) and 25% crushed glass waste (replacing sand) in concrete mixes results in more durability concrete can be used in building structures.
... Every year millions of tons of waste glass is generated in India, about 3 million tons of waste is produced every year in our country [1]. It is the major environmental issue all over the country. ...
A massive amount of glass waste is produced every year all over the world, but a small amount of this waste is being recycled. The recycling of waste glass (WG) in concrete shows great achievements in reducing the quantity of glass. According to researchers' addition of waste glass in concrete enhances the properties of concrete, WG can be used in any form like powder, fine or coarse aggregate. But from previous studies of different researchers, it has been found that there are some ill effects of waste glass on concrete. This inconsistency of results of waste glass between researchers affects the acceptance (us-ing) of waste glass in concrete structures. To overcome the formal problem the study clarifies the debate of using or not using the waste glass in concrete depending on the analysis of different papers. According to the results concluded from the tests that by partial replacement of cement by weight with waste glass the compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength increases on adding percentage of waste glass as coarse aggregate upto 20%. Above 20% it decreases the strength and durability characteristics of the concrete. It is presumed to enhance the production of recycling waste glass in concrete production and points towards the needs in future for the sustainable development by use of WG in concrete.
... Every year millions of tons of waste glass is generated in India, about 3 million tons of waste is produced every year in our country [1]. It is the major environmental issue all over the country. ...
A massive amount of glass waste is produced every year all over the world, but a small amount of this waste is being recycled. The recycling of waste glass (WG) in concrete shows great achievements in reducing the quantity of glass. According to researchers' addition of waste glass in concrete enhances the properties of concrete, WG can be used in any form like powder, fine or coarse aggregate. But from previous studies of different researchers, it has been found that there are some ill effects of waste glass on concrete. This inconsistency of results of waste glass between researchers affects the acceptance (us-ing) of waste glass in concrete structures. To overcome the formal problem the study clarifies the debate of using or not using the waste glass in concrete depending on the analysis of different papers. According to the results concluded from the tests that by partial replacement of cement by weight with waste glass the compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength increases on adding percentage of waste glass as coarse aggregate upto 20%. Above 20% it decreases the strength and durability characteristics of the concrete. It is presumed to enhance the production of recycling waste glass in concrete production and points towards the needs in future for the sustainable development by use of WG in concrete.
... Its effects on the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics were examined in the main research in this direction. The use of waste glass in concrete can offer an improvement in concrete performance and an asset for participation in sustainable development by reducing this waste [21]. However, composite material production is linked to the availability of inputs. ...
The environmental problem posed by non-biodegradable waste, such as non-reusable glass bottles, is becoming a major concern in view of the huge quantities in landfills in underdeveloped countries. Prospecting the valorization of waste glass in rural constructions constitutes a potential to reduce the use of natural materials in concrete industry. In this paper, the issues of environmental and ecological construction materials are addressed by the use of waste glass powder (Ø≤80μm) as replacement of cement in concrete. The aims of this project work is to usewaste glass powder in range of 10wt% to 20wt% as replacement of cement into concrete and concrete cylinder tested for its density, workability and compressive strength up to 45 days of age compared to those of conventional concrete. The obtain results indicate that the workability is increasing, the density and the compressive strength are decreasing up to 20wt% replacement ratio. Moreover, the compressive strength of WGP based concrete is lower than that of conventional concrete up to 28 days of age and becomes superior from 45 days age. The best obtain average values of workability and compressive strength are respectively 7.2cmand 30.25MPa up to 28 days of age for the case of BPV20. Thus, for its good pozzolanic characteristics and the influence on the properties of concrete, the glass powder obtained by basic grinding non-reusable glass debris can be used in the formulation of ecological concrete for common civil engineering applications.
... A field in which waste glass may be used is the construction sector, where the waste glass is reused as aggregate in concrete production due to the similarities in the physical and chemical properties of sand and glass [17]. Lately, several papers [18][19][20] have re-emphasized the benefits and impact of incorporating waste glass in concrete mix design. ...
Concrete, the most consumed man-made material worldwide, has shaped the environment and the modern world. Even though concrete is a major contributor to the carbon footprint, it is indispensable for building the sustainable world of tomorrow. Researchers have been exploring ways to reduce the carbon footprint and to implement strategical waste management plans in which wastes are repurposed. Pollution has been a challenge for almost all countries, especially with the increase in the release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the emissions resulting from wastes in unmanaged landfills. Additionally, the areas available for landfills have become scarce. Daily all around the world, generated are wastes such as wood ash, waste glass, used tires, construction debris, and demolition wastes. These wastes usually accumulate in landfills for years, as they are mostly nondecomposable. This research explores a solution to this twofold problem in which concrete components are replaced by wastes and by-products, which in return reduces the need for raw materials that have a significant carbon footprint and repurposes wastes as part of a circular economy. In this research, wood ash is used as a partial replacement of cement and sand, fine crushed glass and crumb rubber as partial replacements of sand, and crushed glass and recycled concrete aggregates as partial replacements of gravel. The optimum eco-friendly structural concrete mix was determined to be the combined mix consisting of 5% wood ash as a partial replacement of cement; 20% wood ash, 20% fine crushed glass, and 2% crumb rubber as partial replacements of sand; and 5% crushed glass and 50% recycled concrete aggregates as partial replacements of coarse aggregates. By mass, the recycled waste materials constituted 32% of the mix, translating into 34% of its volume. Additionally, identified were mixes that may be used for structural applications.
... Currently, there are many works are devoted to the issue of using glass waste as additives to Portland cement [7,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. ...
The main building materials widely used worldwide are those based on cement, glass, and ceramics. Taking into account the fact that the raw material base for the production of these materials is narrowing, and the quality of raw materials is declining, methods are being used to modify the structure of silicate materials in order to improve their properties when using cheaper raw materials and industrial waste, which should help reduce the energy intensity of their production. One of the ways to reduce energy consumption is the use of alkaline components in the chemical composition of silicate materials, which makes it possible to reduce the temperature of their synthesis. However, the presence of alkalis in the material at the stage of the operation is undesirable since it contributes, for example, to a decrease in the chemical resistance of silicate glasses or leads to the phenomenon of alkaline corrosion in cement products. In this regard, in order to reduce the negative impact of alkalis, it is necessary to extract them from the surface layers of the silicate material. There are various methods for extracting alkalis from silicate materials, some of which are presented in this article.
... Flexural strength which offers the ability to resist bending stresses, increases with an increase in the percentage of waste glass aggregate up to 20% (Batayneh et al., 2007, Ismail and Al-Hashmi, 2009, Mageswari and Vidivelli, 2010, whereas others reported a decrease with an increase of the fine waste glass aggregate due to the decline in adhesive intensity between the glass particle surfaces (Degirmenci et al., 2011, Tan and Du, 2013, Topçu and Canbaz, 2004, Park et al., 2004. The strength properties of concrete with the addition of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate is also influenced by parameters, such as the percentage of replacement, particle size, and shape of the glass (Abdelli et al., 2020). In the enhancement of durability characteristics (adsorption, resistance to chloride-ion permeability, and resistance to the freeze-thaw cycles), the glass powder reduces the chloride-ion penetrability of concrete to approximately one-third due to the improved characteristics of the pore network, the filling effect of glass particles, and the conversion of CH to C-S-H, thereby reducing the risk of chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement (Omran and Tagnit-Hamou, 2016). ...
This study comparatively investigated the strength characteristics and workability performance of partial replacement of natural fine aggregate with waste glass particles and iron filings in concrete production. Fine aggregate was replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of waste glass particles and iron filings respectively at a water-cement ratio of 0.55. The result indicated that an increase in percentage replacement of iron filings reduced the slump value and workability of the concrete, while the increase in the percentage content of glass particles increased its slump value and workability. The result showed that concrete with 20% replacement of sand by iron filing and waste glass particles attained the optimum strength. Furthermore, concrete samples containing glass particles exhibited a steady increase in flexural strength at all replacement levels. The use of iron filings and glass particles in the production of concrete will enhance preservation of natural resources and waste management
... From Table 5, it could be observed that the split tensile strength of geopolymer concrete increases monotonically with the increment in WGP replacement levels from 25% to 35%. The gradual increase in the split tensile strength is primarily associated with the pozzolanic nature and filling ability of WGP particles, which significantly enhance the interfacial transition zone characteristics of geopolymer concrete (Abdelli et al., 2020;Mallum et al., 2021). The optimum substitution proportion for WGP in ternary blended geopolymer matrix was found to be 35%, and for the mixes (T13, T14, T15, T16, T17, and T18) comprising 35% WGP, 55% GGBS, and 10% MK recorded highest split tensile values of 4.87 MPa, 5.36 MPa, 5.57 MPa, 5.70 MPa, 5.81 MPa, and 6.07 MPa respectively for the different concentrations of sodium hydroxides solution ranging from (2M-12M). ...
The formulation of alkali activated-binders from numerous waste and industrial by-products is gaining popularity in concrete technology to reduce waste dumped into landfills. This study investigated the effects of incorporating varying proportions (25%–40%) of waste glass powder (WGP) into ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) with constant proportion (10%) of metakaolin (MK) on the workability, mechanical and microstructural characterizations of ternary blended geopolymer binder. The fraction of alkaline activator solution/binder composition, sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide solution, and the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution used were 0.55, 2.5, and 2M–12M, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the optimum replacement percentage of WGP in ternary-based geopolymer concrete was observed to be 35%; subsequent increment in WGP substitution levels resulted in the progressive decrease in mechanical properties. Furthermore, the mineralogical (XRD) and microstructural (SEM-EDS) characterizations of the geopolymer samples revealed the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), and sodium aluminate silicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels as the end reaction products. Consequently, this study developed an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) framework to assess the workability and mechanical properties of ternary blended geopolymer binder employing WGP replacement levels and varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution as input parameters. The findings revealed that the ANN framework could be an efficient approach for predicting the workability and mechanical properties of the ternary-based geopolymer matrix.
... Currently, the uses of waste glass in concrete production are being extended, involving precast concrete blocks, road paving blocks, marine structures, precast concrete slabs, and blocks [46]. According to the authors' best knowledge, most researchers focus on fly ash, silica fume, etc., as a pozzolanic material, while a compressive review on waste glass is limited [47,48]. However, less information is available regarding durability and particular ASR, which is one of the big challenges for used waste glass in concrete. ...
The annual worldwide production rate of waste glass is a million tons; the waste glass is non-biodegradable, resulting in environmental pollution. However, the chemical composition of waste glass (WG) is promoted to be used as a partial substitution of binding or filler (aggregate) material in concrete production. Although significant research has been conducted in this area, the results of these studies are scattered, and it is difficult to judge the suitability of waste glass in concrete. This review looks at the effects of waste glass on concrete’s fresh, mechanical, and durability properties. It concludes that waste glass decreased the flowability of concrete. Furthermore, waste glass can be used as pozzolanic material, creating secondary cementitious compound (CSH) gel. CSH gel increased the cement paste’s binding properties, leading to increased mechanical performance. Moreover, this study reveals that the optimum dose of waste glass is important to minimize the possibility of an alkali–silica reactions. Based on this review, most researchers conclude that 20% substitution of waste glass as binding material is the optimum dose. The wide range of discussion provides the necessary guideline for the best research practice in the future.
... Therefore, an essential of the headway of new advancements is fundamental for the utilization of waste glass. As a torpid construction material, waste glass can build the strength of various construction segments for sustainable public development and decongestion of the environment [46]. ...
The amounts of agricultural waste in cow bone and industrial waste glass in Nigeria have been expanding significantly, thereby increasing the danger to general wellbeing particularly in urban communities. This research examined the suitability of ternary blends of pulverized cow bone ash and waste glass powder (PCBAWGP) equally combined and partially replaced Portland cement in 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % percentages in concrete production. Physical and chemical properties were done on the concrete constituent materials. Compressive and tensile strengths of the hardened concrete of grade M20, mix proportion 1:2.17:3.4 were tested after 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. The result of the physical properties uncovered that PCBAWGP had 2.70, 2.05 % and 1364 kg/m³ for specific gravity, moisture content and bulk density, respectively. From the consequences of the compressive strength, it showed that as the curing age of the concrete increases, the compressive strength expanded, the compressive strength outcomes at 10 % PCBAWGP partially replaced concrete is 15.55, 24.15, 19.85, 27.60 and 37.98 N/mm² individually at 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. At 90 days curing age, the tensile strength results for the control mix and 20 % PCBAWGP replacement was 2.72 and 1.88 N/mm², respectively. The concrete strengths improved with concrete age and this was statistically affirmed utilizing ANOVA. This investigation showed that utilizing PCBAWGP in concrete is sustainable thereby reducing the dumped wastes and lessen CO2 outflows into the atmosphere by diminishing the extent of Portland cement in unit volume of cement produced.
... Nowadays, more and more solid wastes, e.g., red mud (RM), steel slag (SS), lithium slag (LS), fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), are discharged as industrial byproducts, and their disposal and utilization are complex problems [20,21]. Industrial waste can be well utilized in MPC. ...
In the present research, industrial wastes, e.g., fly ash (FA), lithium slag (LS), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and red mud (RM) were utilized to prepare the magnesium phosphate cement (MPC)-based grouting material by a two-component grouting method. Successive additions of GGBS within 40% (C1–C5) led to reduced fluidity, increased pH value, and shortened setting time. The compressive strength increased first and then decreased. The strength value reached the maximum at a 20% dosage (C3). Increasing the content of RM from 0% (C4) to 25% (C9) resulted in prolonged setting time and an increased pH value. The fluidity and compressive strength increased first and then decreased. The fluidity and strength value became the highest at a 15% additive ratio (C7). GGBS can significantly improve the strength and water resistance at 7 days and 28 days by the potential hydraulic property. RM has a smaller particle size than MP, making the microstructure denser by the pore-filling effect. Thus, the drying shrinkage was increased after adding GGBS, while it was decreased when incorporating RM. The MPC-based grouting material has a controllable short setting of 3–21 min, self-leveling fluidity above 200 mm, a near-neutral pH value, high early strength (1 day compressive strength of 5 MPa), minor drying shrinkage (one-tenth of OPC), and excellent water resistance (over 85%), which is much superior to traditional grouting materials.
... The effects of waste glass as an additive or aggregate on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete are not conclusive [19][20][21][22][23]. Researchers have studied new alternative binders with alkali-activated materials or polymeric glass composites [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. ...
The concept of the alkaline activity of powdered materials introduced into cement compositions has been proposed, along with methods for its determination. The possibility of using waste glass as an active additive to Portland cement was evaluated from the standpoint of alkaline activity. Replacing the Portland cement component with glass waste in the form of glass powder at amounts from 1 to 35% made it possible to maintain the cement composition’s alkaline activity at a level that met the standard requirements. The previously unknown effects of mixed alkali in Portland cement in the presence of glass waste are described. Portland cement has a high potassium alkaline activity; however, container glass has a high sodium alkaline activity and a fairly low potassium alkaline activity. When glass waste is introduced into the structure of cement compositions, potassium alkaline activity is reduced.
Typically, waste glass industry contributes to various harmful environmental impacts. Glass manufacturing relies on considerably extreme temperature values. 22 million tons in Europe and 95 million tons of carbon dioxide are generated globally per annum. Meantime, scholars noted that million tons of waste glass produced worldwide yearly could cause elevated levels of water and air pollution due to the accumulation of waste glass in landfills. In this setting, researchers dedicated numerous efforts to create feasible strategies and active solutions to alleviate all these significant numbers. One of those solutions is the waste glass recycling. It is reported that recycling waste glass provides efficient air pollution and water contamination mitigation by roughly 20% and 50%, respectively. One sector that took into account this valuable idea is the concrete industry. Scientists discovered that substituting specific ratios of cement/ sand with waste glass (including 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) in concrete could achieve substantial added values in terms of mechanical properties, such as better durability, abrasion resistance, flexural strength, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. Few, at the same time, found that adding waste glass into concrete could reduce facilities’ cooling and heating loads due to the decline in the concrete’s thermal conductivity. Nonetheless, the available literature lacks adequate proofs associated with this fact. Additionally, different peer-reviewed articles did not address the application of this concept on Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) but on regular concrete. To bridge this knowledge gap, this manuscript is guided to provide more databases on the influence of cement/ sand replacement with waste glass on concrete’s thermal characteristics yet paying special attention on UHPC. A comprehensive review is implemented in this context to shed light on these aspects. Based on the thorough review carried out in this article, the outcomes revealed that employing waste glass in concrete and UHPC could attain multiple advantages, like (i) Enhancing variant UHPC and concrete’s mechanical properties (containing split tensile strength, compressive strength, compaction, durability, flexural strength, bulk density, and shrinkage resistance), (ii) fostering thermal conductivity and thermal resistance, helping make the building of this new concrete mix more energy efficient, (iii) minimizing glass industry’s adverse environmental effect, (iii) preserving natural resources, and (iv) reducing the overall budget of UHPC production. However, it is crucial to conduct further experimental and numerical analyses on waste glass replacement with concrete to offer more pieces of evidences and facts of the importance of waste glass replacement in boosting UHPC thermal performance in small and large-scale facilities.
Glass has become necessary and irreplaceable in daily human life due to its benefits like abrasion resistance, durability, and availability in any form. The high demand for glass in our daily lives has resulted in a significant amount of glass waste. To address the issue of glass wastes, which has negative repercussions on individuals, culture, and the environment, glass waste is utilized as a partial replacement material for coarse aggregates in concrete manufacture. In earlier research, concrete made with glass waste of coarse particles improved concrete strength. Nonetheless, there have been few studies using glass waste as a superplasticizer in concrete. This study utilized glass waste as coarse particles in concrete, combined with a superplasticizer to boost its strength. An optimum glass waste amount as a coarse aggregate substitution is identified and optimized. Glass waste in the form of discarded glass bottles was broken into 5–20 mm fragments sizes and is used as coarse aggregates substitute in amounts of 5, 10, and 15%, respectively. The glass waste concrete samples were tested and evaluated for compressive strength after 7 and 28 days of curing to determine the concrete's strength. According to the research, 10% of the glass waste substitutes with conventional concrete result in equivalent pressure. Concrete's total compressive strength is 28.9 MPa when coarse particles are replaced with 10% glass waste. In addition, to enhance the strength of concrete, a superplasticizer was used with a 10% glass waste replacement. The concrete was treated with 0.8, 1, and 1.2 of superplasticizer, and it was discovered that the concrete treated with 0.8 ml had the highest compressive strength. Overall, coarse aggregates can be partially replaced with glass waste at a weight-to-weight ratio of up to 10%, but total replacement is not achievable. Still, more research into the influence of glass waste as coarse aggregates in concrete mixing on other characteristics is needed.
The basic data on the volume of world production of glass and glass products are presented. The ways of handling glass products that have lost their consumer properties are analyzed. The difference between glass waste and other solid waste is shown from the point of view of the possibility of their repeated recycling without loss of operational properties, as well as extremely slow decomposition in natural conditions. The main methods of handling glass waste are considered and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of recycling and disposal of glass waste, which make it possible to effectively use recycled glass raw materials directly for their intended purpose with their inherent operational properties. The use of glass waste in the composition of building materials and products is promising: concrete, asphalt, bricks, tiles, heat and sound insulation materials and products. However, before organizing the production of the corresponding products, thorough research should be carried out, primarily from the point of view of the effect on glass-containing materials and products of an alkaline-silica reaction (ASR), which can lead to cracking and premature destruction of the corresponding product. The main ways of solving the problem of glass waste are proposed. Bibl. 77, Fig. 1, Tab. 1.
Despite the substantial effort on almost all levels during the last decades, the buildings' renovation rate needs to be at least doubled from the current 1% to meet ambitious energy efficiency goals. In the same way, the energy-intensive material replacement did not reach yet the desired grade in terms of sustainability measures and outlined goals heading to a low-carbon economy. This paper summarizes principles of sustainable development together with the current methodological framework relevant to the civil engineering and construction industry. The main part is devoted to the identification and understanding of principal factors preventing faster adoption of energy efficiency measures. High initial financial costs, investment risk over a long-term period, poor acceptance of sustainable measures, lack of information, and limited methodological framework for a reliable evaluation of environmental projects with the intergeneration context or understanding of externalities of human activities are identified as the main barriers to the sustainable building retrofits. These barriers are closely related each other and can be merged into several groups according to the stakeholders or scientific disciplines to amplify their primary impact. Notwithstanding, solution strategies based on narrow boundary conditions and limited multidisciplinary approach prevent substantial advances towards the sustainable building sector. In this regard, the major obstacles preventing the achievement of energy efficiency goals can be remedied by interdisciplinary cooperation.
The paper presents the research into the effect of an integrated pozzolanic addition containing glass powder and metakaolin on the physical and mechanical properties and the resistance to an alkali aggregate reaction in mortars incorporating crushed glass. Six batches of specimens were made for the tests. Sand was replaced with 25% of crushed waste glass in all the specimens. Cement was replaced with 5% of glass power (GP) and 5%-25% of metakaolin (MK) by weight. Specimens containing 20% of the compound pozzolanic addition were found to have better physical and mechanical properties and higher resistance to alkali aggregate reactions compared to the reference specimens without the addition. Additional hydration products were observed in X-ray and microstructure tests. The formation of new products confirms the results of the tests of the physical and mechanical properties and resistance to alkali aggregate reactions. Mortars incorporating crushed glass were found to be suitable for applications in potentially corrosive environments when modified with a 20% of a compound pozzolanic addition consisting of 5% waste glass powder and 15% waste metakaolin.
The world is moving towards a circular economy that focuses on reducing wastes and keeping materials in use for the longest time possible. This paper critically reviewed three of the largest volume of landfill waste materials (tyres, plastics and glass) that are becoming a major concern for many countries. At present, crumb rubbers (from tyres) and glass sands (from crushed waste glass) are being used in concrete and road constructions while plastics are often used in manufacturing civil structures. However, only 10% tyres, 19.5% plastics and 21% glass are currently recycled globally. The massive volume of remaining unused wastes goes to landfill creating environmental problems. Therefore, finding new strategies of utilising these landfill wastes is vital. The global and country specific production, recycling and landfilling rates of these waste are summarised to understand the present situation of global waste crisis. Future strategies for improved waste management, potential investment and research directions are highlighted. New options for recycling wastes tyres, plastics and glass in construction are also presented to provide practical and economical solutions to extract maximum value and ensure their continued use in a closed loop system.
Glass waste is a perfect recycled material. The increased familiarity with the reuse of glass improves the study of the utilization of glass waste in different compositions in large variety of fields. The major commitments focused on construction in which waste glass has been utilized as construction material. The use of glass in construction material also needs to improve. In addition, the testing facility experiments were aimed at exploring the usage of glass wastage in place of fine aggregates & coarse aggregates replacement in concrete. The analysis showed that five per cent of glass waste utilization is reliably mixed as a fine & coarse aggregates replacement with no tampering in values.
The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of using waste glass (WG) on some mechanical properties of concrete at both fresh and hardened stages. In our study, we used local windows waste glass (WG) as partial replacement of fine aggregates with 0, 20, 25, and 30% percentages (by weight).
The experimental results obtained from testing specimens prepared from concrete mixes with water/cement ratio equal to 0.5, showed that the optimum percentage of fine waste glass to be used within the concrete mix was 20%. At this percentage of replacement the compressive strength obtained at 28-days age was 39 MPa compared with 30.32 MPa for reference concrete mix.
In this research an attempt is made to study the effect
of waste glass power in Concrete using waste glass,
which is non biodegradable and not suitable to
landfill. This study is carried out to use such waste
materials into construction industries so that our
environment is free to one of the major pollutant
produced by the manufacturing industries.
The main aim of this study is to utilization of waste
glass power as a partial replacement of fine aggregate.
In this study the aim is to determine the percentage of
glass replacement, resulting in optimal compressive
strength.
Concrete nominal mix of M20 with different
percentages of Glass power has been evaluated as per
IS 2386(part IV) and IS 383. Waste glass powder was
replace with fine aggregate in various percentages
such as 5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,45%,
and 50%. Reference concrete mix is also made for
comparative reasons.
The effects of partially replacing of cement with glass powder in concrete were studied and therefore found that some extent could be replaced which contributes in strength development. Cement was partially replaced with glass powder at varying percentages such as 10%, 20% and 30% and several concrete cylinders were casted along with plain concrete specimen. The cylinders were tested for compressive strength and split tensile strength at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days and were compared with the results of plain concrete. The overall test results indicated that the waste glass powder could be utilized in concrete as a good substitute of cement up to particle size less than 75μm. In replacement of cement with glass powder of 10%, the compressive strength and split tensile strength were reduced in 7th days for all samples. The 20% replacement of cement by glass powder met maximum compressive strength as compared to that of plain concrete. At 28 days, 30% replacement of cement by glass powder met maximum split tensile strength as compared to that of plain concrete.
Million Tons of waste glass is being produced yearly everywhere throughout the world. Utilization of waste glass in concrete will leads towards development of sustainable infrastructure system. Therefore recycling and utilizing waste glass as resources and prevent environmental pollution.. In this research, four different mixes were prepared. These include one control mix (CM) which was prepared without addition of recycled crushed glass powder and the remaining three mixes were prepared with different proportions of recycled crushed glass powder as replacement of cement in concrete. Recycled crushed glass powder includes 10%, 20% and 30% in replacement made by weight of cement. To evaluate the strength parameters such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength casting of cubes, cylinders, prisms and testing it for 7,14,28 days. In these testing results, 10% replacement is most favourable replacement for obtaining optimum required strength.
The replacement of primary raw materials in cement production is a relevant topic today. One potentially usable raw material is recycled glass. The disadvantage of glass is its tendency towards aggregation. Due to this phenomenon fine glass incement composites work only physically and mechanically as filler rather than as an active pozzolan. The possibilities of improving the pozzolanic properties of recycled glass by means of new milling techniques were examined in this paper. Next to the pozzolanic activity of recycled glass, the advancement of the hydration process of the binder and the effect on the physical and mechanical properties were also monitored. A combination of a ball mill and a nontraditional high-speed pin mill DESI 11 was selected for sample preparation. Portland clinker and recycled glass mixed at a ratio of 80: 20 wt. % were used for the preparation of the blended cement. The pozzolanic activity of the pure recycled glass was evaluated using a modified Chapelle test. The hydration process of glass grains in the cement composite was observed using an SEM with an EDX probe. The effect of the grinding technology on the cement rheology and on the compressive and flexural strength was also assessed. The results of the experiment show that the improvement of the pozzolanic properties of recycled glass by using it as the basis of blended cement is possible. The synergistic effect of the co-grinding of the components was observed. The glass particles were better distributed in the composite and could react with Portland cement hydration products. It positively influenced the values of the material's physical and mechanical parameters.
Use of waste materials in concrete is now a global trend for efficient waste management so as to achieve a sustainable green environment and with the added advantages of preserving the natural resources as well as producing a better performing concrete. This study examined the properties of concrete containing ground waste glass powder (GP) as partial replacement for cement. The waste glass was finely grounded into powder and the morphology imagery of the powder materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the chemical composition of the glass powdered material was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the strength activity index, workability, split tensile and compressive strength properties of the concrete with 0%, 15%, 18%, 21%, 24%, 27% and 30% partial replacement of cement with the ground waste glass powder. The results showed that the oxides composition of the glass powder meets the requirements for pozzolanic material, while the SEM morphology shows materials of amorphous flaky solid masses, and based on the 28-day strength activity index, concrete containing 21% cement replacement shows a higher strength index above therecommended 75%. It was also observed that workability of the concrete reduced with increase in percentage glass content while significant improvement of the compressive strength of the concrete was achieved at 21% cement replacement, after which a decrease in strength with increasing percentage glass content was observed. The revealed results were confirmed by the microstructural examination using SEM showing a denser concrete at 21% cement replacement but increase porosityas the glass content increases. However, a decrease in split tensile strength was observed with increasing glass content. The results clearly showed that it is possible to produce moderate strength sustainable concrete for structural application using 20% glass powder as cement replacement.
Objectives: The focus of this works is to compare both green and clear glasses effects on properties of concrete when used as partial replacement of cement. A lot of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere during manufacturing of cement which will in turn cause the green house effect. Methods: Cubes, Beams and cylinders were casted to check the Compressive, Flexure and Split tensile strength of concrete made by partially replacing cement by glass powder. Findings: Concrete with green glass replacement up to 30% proved that 30% was the optimum percentage which can be feasible to get a concrete with excellent hardened properties, and for the same replacement level green glass concrete showed more strength than clear glass concrete. Improvements: This work has proved that we can reduce pollution caused by cement during its production by partially substituting ting it by glass in ground form.
The aim of this study is to improve the strength of concrete made by partial replacement of fine aggregate with waste glass.
The fine aggregate was replaced by waste glass as (0-40%) with dosage of 4% using constant water-binder ratio as 0.45. Two sizes
of waste glass fine aggregate (WGFA1) passing from 1.71 mm sieve and retained from 1.19 mm sieve and WGFA2 size passing
from 1.19 mm sieve and retained from 0.5 mm sieve were used as partial replacement of hill sand. One mixture of control concrete
and twenty mixtures of modified concrete prepared with partial replacement of fine aggregate with two different sizes of waste glass
were prepared. The workability, water absorption, density and compressive strength of control and modified concretes were tested.
The experimental test results revealed that maximum improvement was observed at 12% replacement of hill sand with waste glass
on all investigated properties of concrete. Moreover, better improvement was observed with replacement of hill sand with waste
glass fine aggregate WGFA1 than that of WGFA2.
Non-degradable wastes has been a major issue now in the 21st century as more and more of these wastes are piling up in our world today and being disposed of in landfill areas without being recycled. These wastes take up a very long period of time to decompose. Because of this problem, researches have been done to fully utilize these wastes as the final products for construction materials such as concrete. Increasing emphasis on the use of sustainable materials in construction has led to the use of variety of cement replacement materials in concrete. One such material, with an underutilized potential is glass powder, given the vast amounts of glass that is present in the solid waste stream of any major city. This paper summarizes information on the mechanical & durability properties of cementitious systems containing a fine glass powder. It is shown on this paper that concrete mixtures could be proportioned to achieve similar or higher compressive strengths. A better understanding of the performance of a non-standard cement replacement material such as glass powder could lead to increased usage of this material, consequently contributing to sustainability.
In this study, the effects of recycled glass (RG) and recycled
concrete (RC) fine aggregates on acid and sulfate resistance as well
as alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion of mortar mixture were
investigated comparatively. In addition, durability performance
of mortar mixtures was supported by microstructural analysis.
For this purpose, nine different mortar mixtures were prepared by
replacing 25, 50, 75, and 100 wt% of crushed-limestone fine aggregate
with recycled aggregates. Except for ASR and acid resistance,
the sulfate resistance of mortar mixture improved by using RG
aggregate. The performance of mortar in terms of ASR and acid
sulfuric resistance increased by increasing RC aggregate replacement
level. The ASR expansions in RG mixtures increased by
increasing the RG aggregate content up to 100%. The RC mixtures
containing more than 50% recycled aggregate, showed better
performance than the control mixture in terms of sulfate resistance.
Concrete is the most commonly used material in the world, which is a mixture of Portland cement, aggregates (including fine and coarse aggregate), water and with or without admixtures. Many researches are carried out these days on the replacement of Portland cement with waste materials having pozzolanic effect like Fly ash, Bagasse ash, Silica fume and marble powder etc. Waste Glass Powder can also be used as a binder with the partial replacement of cement, it also acts as a filler material. Waste glass when ground to a very fine powder shows pozzolanic properties as it contains high SiO 2 and therefore to some extent can replace cement in concrete and contribute strength development. In this study Glass Powder partially replaced at varying percentage 0 to 40 percent by weight of cement, and tested for its workability and Compressive strength up to 84 days of age and were compared with those of conventional concrete. The overall test results shows that Waste Glass Powder could be utilized in concrete as a good substitute of cement. The research concluded that with the age of testing affects the compressive strength. The reduction of workability was observed with the increase of glass powder content, as the slump value decreased with a constant amount. The initial Strength was less as compared to the conventional concrete, but after 28 days the pozzolanic activity started and the difference of strength between conventional concrete and glass powder concrete reduced to 12 percent. At 15 percent replacement of cement by Glass powder, the concrete gives maximum strength which is about 88.22 percent of the control mix. Thus 15 percent GP content is recommended as optimum replacement content for strength.
Sheet glass powder (SGP) used in concrete making leads to greener environment. In shops, near by Chidamba- ram many sheet glass cuttings go to waste, which are not recycled at present and usually delivered to landfills for disposal. Using SGP in concrete is an interesting possibility for economy on waste disposal sites and conservation of natural re- sources. This paper examines the possibility of using SGP as a replacement in fine aggregate for a new concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) with SGP. Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and cylinders) and Flexural strength up to 180 days of age were compared with those of concrete made with natural fine aggregates. Fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture content, water absorption, bulk density, %voids, % porosity (loose and compact) state for sand (S) and SDA were also studied. The test results indicate that it is possible to manufac- ture concrete containing Sheet glass powder (SGP) with characteristics similar to those of natural sand aggregate concrete provided that the percentage of SGP as fine aggregate is limited to 10-20%, respectively.
Waste management is becoming a major issue for communities worldwide. Glass, being nonbiodegradable, is not suitable for addition to landfill, and as such recycling opportunities need to be investigated. Due to the high material consumption of the construction industry, the utilisation of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in structural concrete is particularly attractive. This project aimed to determine the level of glass replacement resulting in optimal compressive strength. Three concrete samples were tested at 7 and 28 days, for glass replacement proportions of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40%. Compressive strength was found to increase up to a level of 30%, at which point the strength developed was 9% and 6% higher than the control after 7 and 28 days respectively. This demonstrates that concrete containing up to 30% fine glass aggregate exhibits higher compressive strength development than traditional concrete.
The pozzolanic reactivity of waste glass powder was experimentally studied at cement replacement levels of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% by weight. Results revealed that the concrete compressive strength was not decreased by the cement substitution after 28 days because of the pozzolanic reaction between glass powders and cement hydration products, if the replacement is below 30%. Also, the resistance to chloride ion and water penetration continuously increases with increasing glass powder content up to 60% cement replacement. At 60% replacement level, the electrical resistivity and water penetration depth were reduced by 95% and 80%, respectively, while the compressive strength was maintained as 85%. These improvements in durability properties are due to the refined microstructures, particularly at the interfacial transition zone. Pore size distribution was measured to confirm the refinement in the capillary pores, which partially block the pathways for water and chloride ions. This study also demonstrates that high performance concrete (improved strength and impermeability against chloride and water) could be achieved by using glass powder as 15% additive, which contributes to the pozzolanic reaction instead of being inert fines for compact packing.
Glass dust waste creates chronic environmental problems, mainly due to the inconsistency of waste glass streams. Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles, glassware, and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled glass helps in energy saving. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. The properties of concretes containing glass dust waste as fine aggregate were investigated in this study. Glass dust waste was used as a partial replacement for sand at 10%, 20% and 50% of concrete mixes. Compression strength for 7, 14 and 28 days concrete of age were compared with those of concrete made with natural fine aggregates. The results proved that highest strength activity given by glass dust waste after 28 days. The compressive strength of specimens with 10% glass dust waste content were 32.9373 MPa, higher than the concrete control specimen at 28 days. Using glass dust waste in concrete is an interesting possibility for economy on waste disposal sites and conservation of natural resources.
11 www.erpublication.org Abstract— This paper systematically investigates the characteristics of concrete containing fine crushed glass during its process, the best ratio of fine crushed glass which leads to higher strength of concrete in order to produce concrete blocks, and the effect of waste glass replacement on the expansion caused by Alkali-silica reaction (ASR). The slump, unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dry density, water absorption and Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) were analyzed in terms of waste glass content (0%, 5%, 15% and 20%) under different curing age of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was found that the slump of concrete containing waste glass as fine aggregate replacement decreased with increases in the waste glass content but without loss of workability. The compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength of concrete with 20% waste glass content increased by 5.28 %, 18.38% and 8.92% respectively at 28 days. The mixes with waste glass replacement showed a denser internal concrete structure or more consistent structure under ultrasonic pulse velocity assessment. There was a clear decrease in the water absorption with an increase of waste glass aggregate ratio, and a clear reduction in the expansion of the waste glass concrete, showing an alkali–silica reaction in concrete which occurred between the active silica of waste glass and alkali of cement paste.
Mixed colour waste recycled glass is waste material that cannot be reused in glass industry. Concrete can be considered as an outlet for the surplus quantities of the mixed colour waste recycled glass. This research work studies the feasibility of recycled glass sand (RGS) and pozzolanic glass powder (PGP) in concrete as sand and cement replacement, respectively. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) and metakaolin (MK) were used in this study to replace Portland cement and investigate the effect of RGS on the behaviour and properties of concrete contains blend of different cementitious materials. Severe bleeding and segregation were observed when normal sand was replaced by RGS and the plastic properties of the concrete undergo clear changes. However, the presence of the PGP in concrete enhanced the plastic properties of concrete. No significant differences were observed in compressive strength of concrete with the presence of RGS in concrete, while an average reduction of 16% was occurred when 20% of the Portland cement was replaced by PGP. The effects of utilising waste recycled glass as sand/cement replacement in concrete were further explored by applying different tests such as, tensile splitting strength, flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity and water absorption.
This study aimed at developing an eco-friendly precast concrete product by enhancing the application of waste glass. The waste glass was utilized as both fine aggregates and a partial binder in the form of glass powder (GP) in the paving blocks. The results showed that the strength was constant despite increasing amount of glass cullet (GC) was used in the paving blocks. The combined use of GC and fine GP was beneficial in reducing the water absorption and drying shrinkage of the paving blocks within permissible limits. Moreover, the addition of GP could successfully address the concern of ASR expansion resulting from GC.
This study designed an eco-friendly pervious concrete (PC) product using waste glass cullet (WGC) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) by dry-mixed compaction technique. The mechanical properties, water permeability behavior and related pore structure characteristics, thermal conductivity of the PCs were determined. The experimental results showed that the use of silica fume in the cement paste was effective to compensate for the low compressive strength of the PCs due to the use of narrowed graded aggregates without the incorporation of fine particles (less than 2.36 mm). Although the incorporation of recycled aggregates (i.e. WGC and RCA) into the PCs led to reductions in compressive strength, the water permeability of the PCs was improved, especially for the PCs prepared with WGC, as the use of WGC was conducive to improving the water permeability due to the negligible water absorption nature and smooth surface of glass cullet. Another encouraging result indicated that the PCs comprising 50% WGC as the fine aggregate and 50% RCA as the coarse aggregates could achieve satisfactory strength and permeability, which could largely meet the requirement of the standard (JIS A 5371) for permeable pedestrian pavers. The appropriate blending of the selected size of WGC (2.36–5 mm) and RCA (5–10 mm) to produce a desirable pore structure in the PCs were responsible for the good performance. In addition, the low thermal conductivity of the produced PCs provided an opportunity to use the PC as partition block materials for saving energy consumption of buildings.
In this study, the effects of recycled glass (RG) and recycled concrete (RC) fine aggregates on the drying-shrinkage, carbonation, high temperature and abrasion resistance of mortar mixtures were investigated comparatively. In addition, durability performance of the mortar mixtures was investigated through micro-structural analysis. For this purpose, 9 different mortar mixtures were prepared by replacing 25, 50, 75 and 100 wt.% of crushed-limestone fine aggregate with recycled glass and recycled concrete aggregates. Except for the abrasion resistance, the RG mixtures showed better durability performance than the control mixture. However, the RC mixtures containing more than 50% recycled aggregate showed lower performance than the control mixture.
Glass is a perfect material for reusing. The expanding familiarity with glass reusing speeds up examinations on the utilization of waste glass with various structures in different fields. One of its critical commitments is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. The use of glass in structural concrete still needs change. Research facility tests were directed to additionally investigate the utilization of waste glass as fine total and coarse totals substitution in concrete. The examination showed that 5% Waste glass can viably be utilized as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate substitution without generous change in quality.
The effects of recycled glass (RG) and recycled concrete (RC) fine aggregates on the
compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic elastic modulus, transport
properties and freeze–thaw resistance of mortar mixture were investigated comparatively.
Nine different mortar mixtures were prepared by partial replacement of
crushed-limestone fine aggregate with recycled aggregates. Compared to that of the
control mixture, the transport properties of RC aggregate-bearing mixtures inversely
affected with increasing the replacement level of this aggregate. The opposite results
were obtained in RG aggregate-containing mixtures. Frost resistance of mortar mixture
improved by using both of the recycled aggregates. Improvement of frost resistance
of RC mixtures was attributed to the presence of improved Interfacial
transition zone between matrix and coarse aggregate (ITZ) in RC-bearing mixture
and to the high number of pores existing in the well-distributed RC aggregates in the
mixture. Perhaps, these pores provide additional sites for the water escaped from
capillary pores upon ice formation.
The aim objective of this work is to study of the use of waste glass powder obtained from grinding of crushed containers and building demolition to produce glass powder blended cement as concrete additives. The pozzolanic activity of glass powder and properties of glass powder blended cement were evaluated. Also, the effect of using glass powder as cement replacement and as cement addition was studied in the term of physical and mechanical properties. The considered glass powder contents were 0.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% and 25.0% by weight of cement. The test results showed that the glass powder had pozzolanic characteristic and the use of glass powder had insignificant effect on setting time and cement expansion. The use of 10% glass powder as cement replacement enhanced the mortar compressive strength by about 9.0%. Also, generally, the use of glass powder as cement replacement up to 15.0% enhanced the properties of concrete modified with glass powder. Finally, the use of 15% glass powder as cement addition increased concrete compressive strange by 16.0% in average and achieved better performance compared with as cement replacement.
Quantities of waste glass have been on the rise in recent years due to an increase in industrialization and the rapid improvement in the standard of living. Unfortunately, the majority of waste glass is not being recycled but rather abandoned, and is therefore the cause of certain serious problems such as the waste of natural resources and environmental pollution. For these reasons, this study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the possibilities of recycling waste glasses (crushed waste glasses from Korea such as amber, emerald green, flint, and mixed glass) as fine aggregates for concrete. Test results of fresh concrete show that both slump and compacting factors are decreased due to angular grain shape and that air content is increased due to the involvement of numerous small-sized particles that are found in waste glasses. In addition the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete have been shown to decrease when the content of waste glass is increased. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that emerald green waste glass when used below 30% in mixing concrete is practical along with usage of 10% SBR latex. In addition, the content of waste glasses below 30% is practical along with usage of a pertinent admixture that is necessary to obtain workability and air content.
Glass is used in many forms in day-to-day life. It has limited life span and after use it is either stock piled or sent to landfills. Since glass is non-biodegradable, landfills do not provide an environment friendly solution. A large proportion of the post consumer glass is recycled into the packaging stream again, and some smaller proportion is used for a variety of purposes including concrete aggregate. However, a significant proportion which does not meet the strict criteria for packaging glass is sent to landfill, taking the space that could be allocated to more urgent uses. Glass is unstable in the alkaline environment of concrete and could cause deleterious alkali-silica reaction problems. There is strong need to utilize waste glasses. Many efforts have been made to use waste glass in concrete industry as a replacement of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. Its performance as a coarse aggregate replacement has been found to be non-satisfactory because of strength regression and expansion due to alkali-silica reaction. The research shows that there is strength loss due to fine aggregate substitution also. The aim of the present work was to use glass powder as a replacement of cement to assess the pozzolanic activity of fine glass powder in concrete. A series of tests were conducted to study the effect of 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of cement by glass powder. The compressive strength, slump test and the flexural strength test were determined for the mixes at the curing age of 7 days and 28 days. Use of waste glass in concrete can prove to be economical as it was non useful waste and free of cost.
Glass is commonly used in building / construction industries and large amount of glass is powdered daily. The disposal of waste glass is an environmental issue as waste glass causes disposal problem. Today the construction industry is in need of finding cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete structures. Glass powder finer than 600 µ is reported to have pozzolanic behaviour. An attempt is made to investigate the possibility of using the waste glass powder as the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in concrete. Concrete with replacement of cement by waste glass powder such as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were produced and properties of this concrete has been compared with concrete of control mix with no replacement. Cube specimens of 24 numbers were cast, cured and tested for 7 day and 28 days strength. Compression test was conducted and the results were compared. The findings revealed an increase in compressive strength with the increase in the replacement of cement by glass powder. To reduce the demand for cement, glass powder replacements can be adopted. The replacement of glass powder decreases the unit weight as well as the porosity as indicated by the decrease in water absorption. It reduces the quantity of cement to be used in concrete. Also glass powder is proved to be economical and is considered as environmental friendly construction material.
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of using different particle sizes of recycled glass, casting methods and pozzolanic materials in reducing the expansion due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) of concrete blocks prepared with the use of crushed glass as fine aggregate. In this work, 25×25×285mm mortar bar specimens were prepared using conventional wet-mixed and dry-mixed methods. Except for the control mortar bar, all the specimens were prepared by completely replacing river sand with different particle sizes of recycled glass. In addition, the influence of fly ash (PFA) and metakaolin (MK) content on the reduction of ASR expansion was also investigated. The flexural strength of the mortar bar specimens before and after they had been exposed to 1N NaOH solution was determined to complement the results of ASR expansion test. SEM was performed to examine the microstructure as well as nature of the cement binder-glass interfacial zone. The results reveal that ASR expansion reduced with reducing particle size of glass used. For the same given mix proportion, the dry-mixed method resulted in 44% less expansion when compared with the wet-mixed method. Both PFA and MK were demonstrated to be able to significantly reduce ASR expansion of the concrete glass blocks.
Milled waste glass was used as secondary cementitious material towards production of recycled aggregate concrete with improved strength and durability attributes. Experimental investigation of the novel concept of using milled waste glass, as partial replacement for cement, to overcome the drawbacks of recycled aggregate and the resulting concrete showed that waste glass, when milled to micro-scale particle size, is estimated to undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H). These reactions bring about favorable changes in the structure of the hydrated cement paste and the interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete.Use of milled waste glass, as partial replacement of cement, is estimated to produce significant gains in strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete. Milled waste glass was also found to suppress alkali-silica reactions. The encouraging test results are viewed to facilitate broad-based use of recycled aggregate and diversion of large quantities of landfill-bound mixed-color waste glass for a value-added use to produce recycled aggregate concrete incorporating milled waste glass.
This research investigated the feasibility of using granulated foam glass (GFG), as natural aggregate substitute by volume, in concrete production. The GFG aggregates used in this study were produced from mixed colour glass bottles waste. The effect of various proportions of coarse GFG (30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 100%) and fine GFG (5%, 10% and 15%) on fresh, mechanical properties, carbonation and alkali–silica reaction (ASR) have been established and its suitability for use in a range of practical applications is assessed. A series of concrete mixes were proportioned with water-to-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.40, 0.55, 0.62 and 0.76.
The alkali–silica-reaction (ASR) expanding behavior of different types of glass, all derived from cullet with different chemical composition, has been investigated. The glass reactivity was determined in different alkaline solutions based on sodium and/or calcium hydroxide to simulate concrete environment. The expansion of mortar containing different amounts of the investigated glass as fine aggregate has been carried out in different conditions: data collected underline a different response of glass towards the alkaline environment. Soda–lime glass shows negligible expansion, lead–silicate glass always generates expanding trends while boro–silicate glass has different behaviors depending on its colour. An attempt to link the behavior to the solubility and chemical reactivity of the glass is proposed.
Local recycling pressures are providing an impetus to examine the use of unconventional materials in construction such as waste glass in Portland cement concrete. It is well known that the silica in glass can be highly reactive with the alkalis in cement paste and that this reaction can lead to expansion and cracking of the concrete (alkali-silica reaction or ASR). The potential is examined for controlling ASR and achieving concrete of suitable strength and durability that uses waste glass as the aggregate. Laboratory and field research have been completed with concrete mixtures designed primarily for paving or flat-work applications. Various gradations of glass particle sizes added at various fractions of total aggregate content have been studied. Compressive strength and wet prism expansion are two of the parameters monitored. The study has spanned several years and has revealed both glass aggregate concrete mixtures that show great promise as well as mixtures that fail rapidly. Continued monitoring of the performance of the successful mixes over a period of several more; years will provide an important step toward defining those situations where waste glass can be used in concrete.
Cathode ray tube (CRT) glass is considered a hazardous material due to its lead toxicity. In addition, current disposal practices are being phased out due to their adverse environmental impacts. In this project, CRT glass was used as a fine aggregate replacement in concrete. Life-cycle material characterization was conducted by evaluating the durability and strength of the CRT-Concrete. Leaching tests were also conducted to investigate whether the material meets drinking water limits for Pb. Test results show that the plastic state of the CRT-Concrete was affected by the angularity of the glass particles. Moreover, the compressive strength of CRT-Concrete met and exceeded that of the control specimen. However, CRT-Concrete was susceptible to expansive alkali-silica reactions when more than 10% CRT replacement was used. Environmental leaching results show that lead concentrations from CRT-Concrete are below the drinking water limits depending on the CRT volume replacement and if biopolymers are used.
Scrap glass is a solid waste from daily recycling. Most of the waste glass is sodium-lime-silicate glass which has, more or
less, similar chemical compositions to clay, a raw material in cement manufacturing. Therefore, we utilize the solid waste
in cement raw mix by replacing part of the clayey component. In this study, the effects of the glass in cement raw mix on
clinker burning were investigated. The experimental results show that the addition of the glass into cement raw mix (1) results
in the formation of more liquid phase between 950°C to 1250°C compared with conventional raw meals; (2) decreases C3S content in the clinker; and (3) increases NC8A3 content, which leads to flash setting and poor strength development of the cement. Therefore, it is necessary to increase
the SG value [SG=SO3•100%/(1.292 K2O+0.85 Na2O)] of the clinker when the glass is present in the raw mix.
Le verre est l'un des grands déchets de la vie quotidienne. Une analyse des déchets de verre révèle que ceux-ci sont constitués
essentiellement de silicate de soude et de calcium. Dans nos essais, des déchets de verre sont mélangés à la pâte de ciment
en se substituant à sa composante argileuse, et l'effet de leur présence dans le ciment sur le brûlage dans le clinker a été
examiné. Les essais montrent que l'adjonction de verre dans la pâte de ciment stimule la formation de la phase liquide entre
950°C et 1 250°C par comparaison avec à sa forme habituelle, diminue le taux de C3S dans le clinker et augmente celui de NC8A3 qui engendre une prise rapide et un faible développement de la résistance mécanique du ciment. Il faudrait augmenter de façon
appropriée le SG/SG=SO3•100%/(1,292 K2O+0,85 Na2O)] du clinker en présence de verre.
There is a growing interest of using recycled crushed glass (RCG) as an aggregate in construction materials especially for non-structural applications. Although the recycled crushed glass is able to reduce the water absorption and drying shrinkage in concrete products due to its near to zero water absorption characteristics, the potential detrimental effect of using glass due to alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in cementitious materials is a real concern. The extent of ASR and its effect on concrete paving blocks produced with partial replacement of natural aggregates by crushed glass cullet are investigated in this study. This study is comprised of two parts. The first part quantified the extent of the ASR expansion and determined the adequate amount of mineral admixtures that was needed to reduce the ASR expansion for concrete paving blocks prepared with different recycled crushed glass contents using an accelerated mortar bar test in accordance with ASTM C 1260 (80 °C, 1 N NaOH solution). In the second part, concrete paving blocks were produced using the optimal mix proportion derived in the first part of this study and the corresponding mechanical properties were determined.It was found from the mortar bar test that the incorporation of 25% or less RCG induced negligible ASR expansion after a testing period of 28 days. For mixes with a glass content of higher than 25%, the incorporation of mineral admixtures such as pulverized fuel ash and metakaolin was able to suppress the ASR expansion within the stipulated limit but the results need to be confirmed by other test methods such as the concrete prism test.The study concluded that the optimal mix formulation for utilizing crushed waste glass in concrete paving blocks should contain at least 10% PFA by weight of the total aggregates used.
Earlier laboratory work by the authors indicated satisfactory performance of glass powder (GLP) in concrete as a pozzolanic material. The powder was manufactured from mixed colour waste packaging glass comprising soda-lime glass. In order to investigate the performance of GLP in concrete under field conditions, a field trial was conducted using a 40 MPa concrete mixture, incorporating various proportions of GLP (0%, 20%, and 30%) as cement replacement. Ten mixture formulations, some of which also included sand-size crushed glass aggregate particles, were used to cast ten concrete slabs (1.5 × 2.5 × 0.25 m). Cylinders and prisms were also manufactured from the same batches at the time of casting for the measurement of compressive and splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, expansion, ultrasonic pulse velocity, volume of permeable voids, and chloride permeability. Core samples were drilled from the slabs at various ages for the same tests (except tensile and flexural), as well as for microstructural examination. Results showed that strength gain was slower in GLP-bearing concrete up to 28 days, but at the age of 404 days all the mixtures exceeded the 40 MPa target and achieved about 55 MPa strength.Mixtures containing GLP also performed satisfactorily with respect to drying shrinkage and alkali reactivity, and there were indications that GLP reduces the chloride ion penetrability of the concrete, thereby reducing the risk of chloride induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement in concrete. The results demonstrated that GLP can be incorporated into 40 MPa concrete at dosage rates of 20–30% to replace cement without harmful effects. The use of GLP provides for considerable value-added utilisation of waste glass in concrete and significant reductions in the production of green house gases by the cement industry.
Quantities of waste glass have been on the rise in recent years due to an increase in industrialization and the rapid improvement in the standard of living. Unfortunately, the majority of waste glass is not being recycled but rather abandoned, and is therefore the cause of certain serious problems such as the waste of natural resources and environmental pollution. For these reasons, this study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the possibilities of recycling waste glasses (crushed waste glasses from Korea such as amber, emerald green, flint, and mixed glass) as fine aggregates for concrete. Test results of fresh concrete show that both slump and compacting factors are decreased due to angular grain shape and that air content is increased due to the involvement of numerous small-sized particles that are found in waste glasses. In addition the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete have been shown to decrease when the content of waste glass is increased. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that emerald green waste glass when used below 30% in mixing concrete is practical along with usage of 10% SBR latex. In addition, the content of waste glasses below 30% is practical along with usage of a pertinent admixture that is necessary to obtain workability and air content.
Waste glass creates serious environmental problems, mainly due to the inconsistency of waste glass streams. With increasing environmental pressure to reduce solid waste and to recycle as much as possible, the concrete industry has adopted a number of methods to achieve this goal. The properties of concretes containing waste glass as fine aggregate were investigated in this study. The strength properties and ASR expansion were analyzed in terms of waste glass content. An overall quantity of 80 kg of crushed waste glass was used as a partial replacement for sand at 10%, 15%, and 20% with 900 kg of concrete mixes. The results proved 80% pozzolanic strength activity given by waste glass after 28 days. The flexural strength and compressive strength of specimens with 20% waste glass content were 10.99% and 4.23%, respectively, higher than those of the control specimen at 28 days. The mortar bar tests demonstrated that the finely crushed waste glass helped reduce expansion by 66% as compared with the control mix.
An innovative approach of using waste glass in cement production was proposed and tested in a laboratory and cement production plant. The laboratory characterization of 32 types of glass show that the chemical composition of glass does not vary significantly with its color or origin but depends on its application. The alkali content of glass, a major concern for cement production varies from 0 to 22%. For the glass bottles mainly found in Hong Kong waste glasses, the alkali content (Na2O) ranges from 10 to 19% with an average around 15%. There is no significant change of the SO2 content in the gas exhaust of the rotary kiln when about 1.8 t/h of glass bottles were loaded along with the 280-290 t/h raw materials. The content of NOx, mainly depends on the temperature of the kiln, does not show significant change either. The SO3 content of the clinker is comparable with that obtained without the loading of glass. The alkaline content shows a slight increase but still within three times the standard deviation obtained from the statistical data of the past year. The detailed analysis of the quality of the cement product shows that there is not any significant impact of glass for the feeding rate tested.
Investigation into mechanisms and mitigation of alkalisilica reaction in sustainable Portland cement concrete containing recycled glass materials
- K Afshinnia
Afshinnia K (2015) Investigation into mechanisms and mitigation of alkalisilica reaction in sustainable Portland cement concrete containing recycled glass materials. PhD Thesis, Clemson University, USA.
Review of e-waste material used in making of concrete
- M U Donadkar
- S S Solanke
Donadkar MU and Solanke SS (2016) Review of e-waste material used in
making of concrete. International Journal of Science Technology &
Engineering 2: 66-69.