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ENERGY DETECTION IN THE FORM OF LIGHT RADIATION AT END OF HUMAN BLOOD COAGULATION CASCADE- THE OPTICAL ABSORPTION OF WATER VS. FIBRIN BURST ENERGY RELEASE
Abstract
The human blood coagulation cascade had been extensively researched from a biochemistry and molecular perspective. The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a biophysical phenomenon detected via optical microscopy at the end of the human blood coagulation cascade. This could be described as a sudden energy event in the form of light radiation observed once blood tissue movement stops being attracted to metal iron filings or carbon based graphite particles used as sentinels. Upon close examination of video recordings, the sudden movements of iron particles images coincided with light at the end of the coagulation cascade. A literature search confirmed that both metal filings and graphite particles to possess excellent electrical conductivity. A biophysical light radiation event discharge is hypothesized as result of a burst in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin signaling the end of a coagulation cycle; perhaps combined with a piezoelectric effect induced by a sudden clumping of RBCs, or from the optical absorption or water. Method: Metal iron filings or graphite particles were randomly sprinkled on fresh TIBS preparations. The sample was then readily focused and selected particles chosen for video analysis. Equipment used was a video microscope Celestron Model # 44348, glass slides and author’s blood drops. The data was digitally transferred and stored in an Apple computer photo application for further review. Results: When metal iron filings or graphite particles were sprinkled on freshly prepared TIBS slides, video analysis show light radiation emitted at the end of the blood coagulation cascade. Discussion: Since the light radiation emission occurred at the end of the blood coagulation cycle, it is theorized that blood tissue compression could induce piezoelectricity coinciding with energy released by a fibrin burst, or by the optical absorption of water.
... In my initial experiments with metal iron filings particles, energy emissions in the form of light were observed during the coagulation cascade. At the time, the light emissions were hypothesized to be either from a fibrin burst or a piezoelectric effect caused by the sudden mechanical compression of blood tissue at the end of coagulation (Supplementary Figure 4) [14]. ...
Background: The main purpose of this manuscript is to bring awareness to in vitro experiments demonstrating respirable air pollution magnetite as a factor in cell deformation and the increase in intensity (range) surrounding the foreign material observed at the end of the human blood coagulation cascade. Also to introduce a possible mechanism as a factor in cancer genesis. Magnetite is a rock mineral and one in the oxides of iron and is the most magnetic or all naturally occurring minerals on Earth; its origins could be Biogenic (produced or brought about by living organisms) or Anthropogenic (chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants originating in human activity). These nano-sized particles penetrate the nasal mucosa and invade the lung tissue, subsequently migrating via the circulating blood throughout our bodies. At present, the mechanism involved in cancer genesis is unknown of importance is that there is a strong correlation in cancer incidence and air pollution respirable particulates.
Materials and methods: Images and video recordings from recent unpublished and previous in vitro experiments by this author are presented.
Results and conclusion: In this manuscript, only qualitative visual results are shown. The images show that when magnetite fragments are imbedded in fresh blood smears, cells deformations (red blood cells) occur. When metal iron filings are in contact with fresh blood, blood coagulation or cell deformations also occur. It is concluded that based on the visual images herein presented, magnetite magnetic field reaches consistently causes cell deformation and a greater range in blood coagulation; whereas the iron particles have a dual effect on blood tissue namely, cell deformations as well as a lesser coagulation effect. An additional observation is that whenever the metal iron filings are within magnetite magnetic reach; there is also an increase in the coagulation area. Cell deformations are identified as a possible factor in cancer genesis.
Keywords: Magnetite, Metal iron filings, Cells deformation, Human blood coagulation
The main purpose of this manuscript is to enumerate prior published in vitro individual findings by this author and others with the ultimate goal to demonstrate the human hair similarity with a DC battery. This by the hair root as the energy source and the hair shaft as a bipolar (+−) extension of the follicle’s DC currents. The human hair consists of a follicle anchored in the skin and a protruding shaft, it has also been described as a miniorgan, having its own cells division, metabolism and known to undergo aging stages; eventually reaching a point where the old hair sheds and a new hair growing cycle begins from the same follicular tissue. Using sophisticated magnetometers, magnetic fields emitted by direct currents (DC) in human hair follicle was detected and introduced in 1980. Most recently in 2015, a tabletop optical microscopy method was developed and published in 2016, thus allowing for the detection of hair follicles and shafts magnetic fields. Utilizing this novel microscopy technique, this author and others were able to again identify the follicle and shaft magnetic fields by interacting with cyano-compounds powder in solution. Qualitative images are presented where the bipolar property of the shaft is inferred by using fresh blood on a glass slide. This inference was rationalized since blood tissue material is known to express negative charges, thus repelled by an equal charge. The shaft is repeatedly shown in experiments to express a contralateral positive side. The positive side triggering fibrin formation documented by images showing intricate networks indicative of undergoing blood coagulation. Conversely, the contralateral negative side is shown as repelling blood tissue, thus inhibiting coagulation. Additionally, other experiments elucidate the follicle as a DC energy source; and the hair shaft as its bipolar extension.
The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce via an established tabletop microscopy technique a comparison between electromagnetic energy (EMR) emitted by skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors scab tissue and their normal counterparts. The same methodology was used for both groups. Mature scab samples of post biopsy SCC lesions and normal skin scabs were exposed to liquid Potassium Ferricyanide (K3Fe) on a glass slide. K3Fe has the property of “full absorption” of incoming EMRs there is a temporary delay in the advancing evaporation while forming crystals resembling periodic organized semicircles delineate the incoming energy. Living tissue, whether normal or diseased has metabolism that entails electron transfers in both plants (photosynthesis) and animals (cellular respiration) involving movement of electrons from donor to acceptor along the electron transfer chain thus inducing a current within each cell and from cell to cell. This energy is totally absorbed by K3Fe crystals. In Vitro experiments are presented showing disrupted energy emitted by SCC scabs failing short of reaching the tissue sample; a visual “Gap” in EMR was documented in both SCC samples. Conversely in scabs from normal tissue no “Gap” in continuity was seen. Based on results from duplicate experiments supports erratic EMR emissions from SCC scabs when compared with normal tissue scabs. Additionally, small-detached cancer scabs fragments demonstrated energy emissions not seen in normal tissue.
raphitic carbon nanoparticles are in high demand for sensing, health care, and manufacturing industries. Physical vapour deposition (PVD) methods are advantageous for in-situ synthesis of graphitic carbon particles due to their ability to produce large area distributions. However, the carbon particles can agglomerate, irrespective of the PVD method, and form coagulated structures while growing inside the vacuum chamber. The random shapes and sizes of these particles lead to non-uniform properties and characteristics, hence making them less attractive for numerous industrial applications, such as energy storage batteries and structural health monitoring. Therefore, the in-situ synthesis of isolated carbon particles produced in a single-step PVD process having control over size, shape, and large area distributions has remained inspiring for the past 30 years. This article gives an overview of characteristics, applications, industrial impact, and global revenue of graphite particles. A critical review on in-situ growth of graphitic carbon particles with different PVD methods is described with selected examples. A comprehensive summary compares the capability of different PVD techniques and corresponding carbon resources to produce graphitic particles with numerous sizes and shapes. Analysing the outputs of various PVD methods, a generalised four-stage model is explained to understand the in-situ growth of graphitic carbon particles, which start from seedings and grow as particles, clusters, and granular structures. It is concluded that the isolated carbon particles can be produced with specific size, shape, and distributions irrespective of the PVD method employed, by maintaining precise control over combinations of deposition system properties and process parameters.
Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, are attractive for both conventional semiconductor applications and nascent applications in flexible electronics. However, the high tensile strength of graphene results in fracturing at low strain, making it challenging to take advantage of its extraordinary electronic properties in stretchable electronics. To enable excellent strain-dependent performance of transparent graphene conductors, we created graphene nanoscrolls in between stacked graphene layers, referred to as multilayer graphene/graphene scrolls (MGGs). Under strain, some scrolls bridged the fragmented domains of graphene to maintain a percolating network that enabled excellent conductivity at high strains. Trilayer MGGs supported on elastomers retained 65% of their original conductance at 100% strain, which is perpendicular to the direction of current flow, whereas trilayer films of graphene without nanoscrolls retained only 25% of their starting conductance. A stretchable all-carbon transistor fabricated using MGGs as electrodes exhibited a transmittance of >90% and retained 60% of its original current output at 120% strain (parallel to the direction of charge transport). These highly stretchable and transparent all-carbon transistors could enable sophisticated stretchable optoelectronics.
Research on all stages of fibrin polymerization, using a variety of approaches, including naturally occurring and recombinant variants of fibrinogen, X-ray crystallography, electron and light microscopy and other biophysical approaches, has revealed aspects of the molecular mechanisms involved. The ordered sequence of fibrinopeptide release is essential for the knob-hole interactions that initiate oligomer formation and the subsequent formation of two-stranded protofibrils. Calcium ions bound both strongly and weakly to fibrin(ogen) have been localized and some aspects of their roles are beginning to be discovered. Much less is known about mechanisms of lateral aggregation of protofibrils, and subsequent branching to yield a three-dimensional network, although the αC region and B:b knob-hole binding seem to enhance lateral aggregation. There is now much information about variations in clot structure and properties as a result of genetic and acquired molecular variants, environmental factors, effects of various intravascular and extravascular cells, and hydrodynamic flow, and some functional consequences. The mechanical and chemical stability of clots and thrombi are affected by both the structure of the fibrin network and crosslinking by Factor XIIIa. There are important clinical consequences to all of these new findings that are relevant for pathogenesis of diseases, prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment.
This manuscript introduces a microscopic tabletop technique that demonstrates endogenous biomagnetic fields tissue crosstalk; namely the human hair and human blood. This interaction induces red blood cells (RBCs) agglutination and Rouleaux Formations. Man made exogenous static magnets as well as pulsating low-level magnetic fields have been applied to small animals and shown to affect blood parameters. Those experiments showed an increase in blood coagulation time attributed to the treatment. Ever since the development of a tabletop technique (introduced in 2016) numerous papers have demonstrated the intrinsic pulsating low-level biomagnetic fields emitted by the human hair shaft and follicle. Several published hypothesis involving body parts biomagnetic interactions have been published; they range from diseases such as cancer to the role of iron levels in blood biomagnetically interacting with arterial tissue and atherosclerosis.
The purpose of this manuscript is to report in vitro experiments showing the role of pulsed biomagnetic fields tissues cross-talk between Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and human hairs. Both tissues have been reported to express magnetic properties, ie: RBCs diamagnetic and paramagnetic forces and the hair follicle pulsed diamagnetic forces. This biomagnetic cross-talk is reported as a novel factor in RBCs deformation. In the in vitro experimental model herein used, other forces such as keratin biomagnetism, hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the hair shaft may also play a role in the deformation. Presently teardrop red blood cells found in blood smears; and oriented in the same direction are attributed to mechanical artifacts introduced during slide preparations. The data presented in this manuscript supports the new principle of biomagnetic cross talk forces as factor in replicating RBCs deformities.as described in Optical Tweezers Trapping.
Background: The main purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a biophysics based mechanism of the role of magnetism in temporary cell deformation. Biomagnetism: Biomagnetism has been slowly introduced in the medical literature as follows: The diamagnetic nature of blood reported in1936, the recording of organ emissions from the human body also published in the second half of the last century. It could stated that the same way molecular cross talk influence cells signaling, biomagnetic cross talk could also influence cells functions. Introduction: This manuscript introduces the effect of externally applied magnetic fields (diamagnetic or paramagnetic) causing temporary Red Blood Cells (RBCs) deformations. Results from experiments using diamagnetic material such as human blood with the property of repelling an opposing magnetic field; and paramagnetic material such as carbon based graphite or iron particles are reported. Methods: The work herein presented entailed the trapping (between two similar glass slides) of fresh human blood smear with fine exogenous metal, such as iron filings or graphite powder. The technique requires a standard video microscope and an image recording equipment. Provocative placement of ferromagnetic or diamagnetic material in in vitro blood smears preparations were found to exhibit temporary in vivo characteristics quoted Temporary In Vivo Blood Smears (TBIS). Established protocol calls for fresh blood smears to be set-aside 5 minutes prior to staining. During the first 2 minutes of the set-aside period, in a typical monolayer smear, one can observe an initial brief time period of approximately 1’ ± 30” of a drying cycle. Usually, a moisture sheen boundary is seen gradually moving from the slide’s edges towards the center. Results: The main findings include a demonstration that both diamagnetic and pararmagnetic material deform RBCs in a variety of shapes. The paramagnetism (attraction) and diamagnetism of graphite powder induced temporary RBCs deformation in the form of teardrops. For the first time, an ongoing cellular deformation process was captured in video recordings. Conclusions: When in vivo cells in blood smears, such as RBCs, are fronted by exogenous magnetic fields, temporary cell deformation occurs.
Introduction of microscopic tabletop technique that demonstrates in vitro biomagnetic fields cross-talk effects on fibrin inhibition and Rousseau formation.
The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets, leading to a blood clot. This process is protective, as it prevents excessive blood loss following injury (normal hemostasis). Unfortunately, the blood clotting system can also lead to unwanted blood clots inside blood vessels (pathologic thrombosis), which is a leading cause of disability and death in the developed world. There are two main mechanisms for triggering the blood clotting, termed the tissue factor pathway and the contact pathway. Only one of these pathways (the tissue factor pathway) functions in normal hemostasis. Both pathways, however, are thought to contribute to thrombosis. An emerging concept is that the contact pathway functions in host pathogen defenses. This review focuses on how the initiation phase of the blood clotting cascade is regulated in both pathways, with a discussion of the contributions of these pathways to hemostasis versus thrombosis.
THE absorption spectrum of water in the visible region has been widely investigated1-9 because of the basic, technological and environmental importance of liquid water. Despite these efforts, there are significant disagreements between experimental results: discrepancies of factors of ~2 in the absorption coefficients are not uncommon between various data. Possible reasons for the disagreements among the various studies are: (1) a lack of a reliable, sensitive technique for measuring small absorpton coefficients in liquids; (2) the presence of a significant amount of light scattering by particles (note that the amount of Rayleigh scattering by pure water is quite small and predictable in the visible8; and (3) measurements are often not done for pure distilled water stored in a noncontaminating vessel. We present here the first accurate measurement of the absorption coefficient of pure water at 21 °C in the 450-700-nm region. We have utilised a recently developed opto-acoustic (OA) technique10, using pulsed dye lasers and immersed piezoelectric transducers. This technique is ideally suitable for measuring weak linear or nonlinear absorptions in nonfluorescing neat liquids or solutions11,12. Our present absorption spectra for water, having typical accuracies of +/-5%, should be useful not only for a basic understanding of the properties of water, but also for practical applications like underwater light propagation or intracavity dye laser measurement of dissolved materials in aqueous solutions.
The rational design of hemocompatible materials requires a mechanistic understanding of activation processes induced at the blood-material interface. Binary self-assembled monolayers of alkyl thiols (SAMs) with various ratios of -CH3 and -COOH terminations were used to study the relevance of hydrophobic and negatively charged surfaces for the initiation of blood coagulation. Platelet adhesion and activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway scaled with the surface composition: the numbers of adherent platelets were highest on the 100%-CH3 surface whereas the greatest contact activation was seen on 100%-COOH surfaces. In vitro whole blood incubation assays showed, however, that the surfaces exposing either -CH3 or -COOH groups induced comparably low levels of thrombin formation while the surfaces with intermediate contents of both terminating groups had significantly higher values. These results reveal that contact activation and platelet adhesion have a strong synergistic effect on coagulation on blood-contacting materials even though these events in isolation are not sufficient to induce substantial thrombin formation. Successful surface design strategies for hemocompatible materials therefore need to carefully consider the interplay of both processes.
The series equivalent resistance R and capacitance C of metal/saline electrode/electrolyte interfaces were measured as a function of frequency (100 Hz-20k Hz) and current density (0.25 to 1000 A m-2) for eight typical electrode metals. For each of the metals tested, R decreased and C increased as the current density was increased above a critical value (with the exception of silver and MP35N at frequencies above 1 kHz for which R increased and C decreased slightly). With the exception of copper, the current density linearity limit (for 10 per cent decrease in R or 10 per cent increase in C) increased with increasing frequency and, in most cases, the current density linearity limit for 10 per cent increase in C was slightly less than that for 10 per cent decrease in R. Among the metals tested, copper and aluminium had the lowest current carrying capability and rhodium had the highest current-carrying capability. The current carrying capabilities of 316 SS, platinum, silver and MP35N, were intermediate and similar. With increasing current density, an increase in the electrode/electrolyte capacitance was the most sensitive indicator of the current-carrying linearity limit.
Hemostatic clot formation entails thrombin-mediated cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin. Previous in vitro studies have shown that the thrombin concentration present during clot formation dictates the ultimate fibrin structure. In most prior studies of fibrin structure, clotting was initiated by adding thrombin to a solution of fibrinogen; however, clot formation in vivo occurs in an environment in which the concentration of free thrombin changes over the reaction course. These changes depend on local cellular properties and available concentrations of pro- and anti-coagulants. Recent studies suggest that abnormal thrombin generation patterns produce abnormally structured clots that are associated with an increased risk of bleeding or thrombosis. Further studies of fibrin formation during in situ thrombin generation are needed to understand fibrin clot formation in vivo.