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Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
myasar.khalil@uod.ac, maher-333@hotmail.de
206
OPTIMIZATION EXTRACTION OF BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA VIOLET BRACTS
PIGMENT
MYASAR KH. IBRAHIM* and DR. MAHER KHALID**
*Dept. of Basic Science, College of agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan
Region- Iraq
**Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Kurdistan Region- Iraq
(Received: September 22, 2019; Accepted for Publication: December 10, 2019)
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Bougainvillea glabra violet bract flower was selected to explore natural pigment. Various
solvent combinations were used to extract the pigments from the flowers. UV–Vis spectroscopy were used
to investigate the suitable solvent and the optimum portion ratio for pigment extraction by maceration.
The results of mass of floral bract to (50%) ethanol solvent portion ratio in a constant volume (20 ml) was
found to be (0.1 gm /20 ml), measured at λmax 548 nm and the maceration extraction time for pigment
extraction from violet bracts was 72 h.
Different neutral, basic and acidic organic solvent solutions (ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, diethyl
ether, ethyl acetate, 2- butanol, chloroform and acetone), shows different result of extraction for the
pigments. The combination 1:1 methanol: water ratio was found to be a suitable combination solvent for
pigment extraction and distilled water solvent give the best results to protect the pigment violet color for
Bougainvillea g. bracts from conversion in the period for 15 days.
KEYWORDS: Bougainvillea, Pigment, Extraction, Food Industry, Natural Colorants.
https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2019.22.2.20
INTRODUCTION
ncreases in health damage reports and
toxic quality of manufactured colorants are
driving the food factories across stratify natural
colorants to a rising the number of treated food
productions(Santos, Albuquerque, and
Meireles, 2011). The utilization of natural dyes
as light-absorb pigments in Dye-sensitized solar
cells for the conversion of solar energy into
electrical energy. (Calogero et al., 2010; Assous
et al., 2014; Dumbrava et al., 2012;
Dumbrava et al., 2008).The natural pigments
were extracted from the fruit, flower, leaves,
seeds, and roots. natural organic pigments are
Environmental friendly, which can be extracted
with minimal chemical treatments. it considered
as an appealing alternative because of the other
considerable advantages, such as cheapness,
simple accessibility, and not poisonous.
(Hernández-Martínez et al., 2013; Singh et al.,
2014). Bougainvillea g. is a variety of brilliant
blossoming plants having a place with the
Nyctaginaceae family. It is a prevalent
decorative plant in many zones with warm
climatic conditions. Bougainvillea g. likewise
called as paper bloom having glossy green and
fuchsia or purple shaded bracts(Alvarez Perez
Gil et al., 2012).It is also called a paper flower
having shiny green and magenta or purple -
colored bracts. It is flower bracts are rich in
betalain shades which can be utilized as a dye in
sensitized solar cells therapeutic and sustainable
uses(Kumar et al., 2017). Betalains (structure
illustrated in supplementary (Fig. 1s)) are a class
of pigment present in plants of the order
Caryophyllales, which are likewise found in
some higher fungi, displace the anthocyanins in
fruitiness and blooms of most groups of the plant
kingdom. Betalains are divided into two kinds,
namely, betacyanins, which incorporate the red-
violet betalain colors, and the betaxanthins,
which are yellow-orange betalain shades(Kumar
et al., 2017)(Kumar et al., 2017)(Strack et al.,
2003). Betalains heads are essentially
accountable for the color of the bract, especially
betacyanins(Moreno et al., 2008; Piattelli,
1981). Betacyanins are water- soluble red-violet
shading color hold nitrogen in its
framework(Moreno et al., 2008).From the
alimentation side of view, betalains act as a
family of phytochemicals with a limited event in
the diet since the plant food sources of them are
quite reduced. Only red beet, swiss chard,
I
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
207
amaranthus, cactus pear, pitaya, and some tubers
and their derived products provide betalains to
our diet(Frank et al., 2005; Stintzing and
Carle, 2004; Campos et al., 2006; Kluger et al.,
2006). However, the use of betanin as food and
the plant betalain- enriched extract in functional
foods increases the consumption of this type of
phytochemicals (Gliszczyn´ska-S´wigło et al.,
2006; Piga, 2004). Anthocyanins and betalains
play an important part both in plant physiology,
visional attractiveness for pollinators and seed
dispersers(Belhad et al., 2017), however in food
fundamentally locate its aesthetic estimate.
Betacyanins are known to show two absorption
maxima, one in the visible region between 270
and 280 nm due to the cyclo- Dopa structure and
the second one in the visible region between
535–538 nm relying upon the used solvent. In
general, the stability of betalains in fabricating
production is influenced by considerable pigment
characteristics and extrinsic agents such as
pigment content, degree of glucosylation or
acylation, matrix constituent, chelating agents,
antioxidants, temperature, pH, oxygen, light,
water activity, and nitrogen atmosphere(Von
Elbe et al., 1974; Jackman& Smith 1996;
Herbach et al., 2006; Schwartz et al., 2008;
Cai et al., 2005; Boo, Hee Ock et al., 2012).In
addition, pigment concentration and the
individual betalain framework, pH and water
activity will have significant effects on pigment
stability. Orderly to enclose optimum pigment
and color retention, the individual time-
temperature conditions throughout fabrication
must be accurate planning(Von Elbe et al.,
1974; Cai et al., 1998; Han et al., 1998; Cai et
al., 2003; Herbach et al., 2004; Herbach et al.,
2006; Cardoso-Ugarte et al., 2014). Besides,
external factors throughout the store such as
temperature, light and oxygen exposure need to
be taken into account(Bensen, et al., 2003;
Azeredo et al., 2009).
In this context, the main objective of the
present investigation is to illustrate the impact of
the solvent on the stability of the pigment and to
explore the suitable solvent to lower the ratio of
color conversion of pigment through the use of
different solvent combinations.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1.1 Chemicals and reagents
Ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, diethyl ether,
ethyl acetate, 2- butanol, chloroform and acetone
supplied by Scharlau company. Formic acid,
acetic acid and sodium carbonate ware analytical
grade.
1.2 Instruments
The absorption spectra of the dyes were
determined using an Jenway 7315
spectrophotometer, and Jenway 3510 PH meter
for measuring the acidity of the solution.
1.3 Collection of floral bracts
The bract (aerial part, flowers) of the plants
were collected from the college of agriculture,
the University of Duhok during the summer of
2018 and identify as Bougainvillea g. by Prof.
Dr. Saleem Esmael Shahbaz. A voucher
specimen (3634) was deposited at the Duhok
university province herbarium (DUPH).
1.4 Experimental procedures
1.4.1 Dry Grinding Process
The flowers were cut approximately in to 12
mm in size, cleaned by using distilled water, and
dried at room temperature. The dried bracts were
crushed into a fine powder using a coffee grinder
and kept in a cool dark place until it used in the
extraction process.
1.4.2 Pigment extraction process
The objective of the research to provide a
simple and reliable method to extract
Bougainvillea g. pigment. In order to achieve
this goal, we started with one of the simplest
methods to extract pigments by soaking.
1.4.3 Effect of amount of powdered plant
material
Pigment extracts were performed as described
(Figueroa et al., 2014). A Series of (0.033, 0.05,
0.066, 0.1, 0.133, 0.186, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 gm) of
powdered plant material was macerated with 20
ml of ethanol (50%) for 72 h at 20 oC. The
extract was filtered after 72 h. The filtrate was
kept in a cool dry place to measure the
absorbance every 24 h at the maximum
absorbance (λmax) 397 and 548 nm respectively to
investigate the pigment stability.
1.4.4 Effect of solvents
To investigate the effect of solvent on the
extraction of Bougainvillea g. pigment. 0.1 gm of
dry powdered bract was macerated with 20 ml of
different types of organic solvent for 72 h. After
filtration, the PH of each filtrate was measured as
shown in (Table 1) and the filtrate was kept in a
cool dry place to measure the absorbance every
24 h.
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
208
Table (1): Solvent groups and the pH of the solvent mixture used in the extraction of Bougainvillea g.
pigment.
group
abbreviation
Solvent
pH
G1
W
water
N
Eta
ethanol absolute
N
50% E
1 ethanol: 1water
N
Et 1/3
1 ethanol: 3 water
N
Et 3/1
3 ethanol: 1 water
N
G2
M1/1
1methanol: 1water
N
M1/3
1methanol: 3water
N
M3/1
3methanol: 1water
N
G3
2-but
2- butanol
N
DEE
diethyl ether
N
2-P
2- propanol
N
EA
ethyl acetate
N
AC
acetone
N
Cl
chloroform
N
G4
W0.1
0.01M Na2CO3
11.1
6
W1
0.1 M Na2CO3
11.3
5
W5
0.5 M Na2CO3
11.2
5
E0.1
1 ethanol :1 (0.01 M Na2CO3)
9.3
E1
1 ethanol :1 (0.1 M Na2CO3)
11.2
5
E5
1 ethanol :1 (0.5 M Na2CO3)
11.3
G5
W5
95 water: 5 formic acid
2.65
F5
34 ethanol: 68 water:5 formic acid
2.65
W1
1 formic acid: 99 water
3
E5
100 ethanol: 95 water:5 formic acid
3.2
W0.1
99.9 water: 0.1 formic acid
3.5
E1
100 ethanol: 99 water:1 formic acid
3.6
E0.1
100 ethanol: 99.9 water: 0.1 formic
acid
3.8
G6
A10
100 ethanol: 95 water: 5 acetic acid
2.3
A5
95 water: 5 acetic acid
2.5
E10
100 ethanol: 90 water: 10 acetic
acid
2.86
E5
90 water: 10 acetic acid
3.02
Water is distilled water, N is neutral, the solvent ratio used by volume (ml)
2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of the mass of powdered plant
material to solvent ratio was investigated. (Fig.
1) illustrates increasing the absorption spectrum
by increasing the weight of the powder in a fixed
volume of solvent. Weights of more than 0.1 g
gave absorption higher absorption than the range
allowed in the instrument, so a mass of 0.1 g in
20 ml of solvent was selected as the best mass of
solvent ratio for the extraction of pigment, and
therefore was selected to be used to determine
the appropriate solvents that give maximum
absorption and more dye extracted.
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
myasar.khalil@uod.ac, maher-333@hotmail.de
209
Figure 1: The effect of the mass of powdered plant material to solvent ratio (A) from 250-650 nm (B) from 500-600 nm
The effect of the solvent used in the
extraction process is important. Recently,
different types of organic solvents have been
used to extract natural dyes from different parts
of the plant. The type of solvent affects the
absorption spectrum of the dyes as well as the
bonding between the dyes and the solvent (Zhou
&Gao, 2011; Al-Alwani et al., 2015).
Figs. 2-7 shows the UV–Vis absorption
spectra of the Bougainvillea g. flower dye
extracts at different solvent groups (G1-G6) and
the maximum absorbance illustrated in table 2.
Absorbance peaks around 300 and 535 nm are
characteristic absorptions for red–violet betalain
group and betacyanin.
All the extractions have a maximum peaks
extracts between 323-432 nm in the UV-range
with maximum absorbance at 350 nm, and
another broad peak between 531-562 nm
resulting from π - π* transitions. The
measurements depended on the second peak in
the visible range for pink color.
For the solvents in G1 (Fig. 2).The uses of
pure water as a solvent shows the maximum
absorbance (0.422) in 551 nm. Methanol and
water were used to extract the pigments. The Vis
absorptions spectrum of the extract is shown in
G2 (Fig. 3). Different absorbance results were
obtained with the use of methanol and water. The
suitable solvent to extract pigment was (1
methanol: 1 water) (M1/1) and the best
extraction time is 24 h. with the absorbance of
(0.534).
The different pure organic solvents in G3
were unsuitable for the extraction of dyes ( Fig.
4) except for acetone showed low efficiency
where the absorption intensity of the extract was
(0.268), half of the absorption intensity by using
pure water as a solvent.
In order to study the effect of alkalinity of
solvents on the absorbance and on the stability of
pigment, sodium carbonate was added to the
mixture of water and ethanol. The G4 solvents as
shown in (Fig. 5) changed the violet color to
yellow directly after adding sodium carbonate,
and the maximum absorbance intensity
decreased to (0.238).
The effect of acidic media on the extraction
was investigated in the groups' G5 and G6(Figs.
6,7). In group G5, a mixture of ethanol, water,
and formic acid was used in a different ratio. G6
used acetic acid instead of formic acid. In the
two groups maximum absorbance showed
(0.177) at PH 3 and (0.176) at PH 3.8
respectively.
The lowest absorption intensity is observed
for dye in acidic media indicating as a result of
degradation of betanin in a very strong acidic
environment. Dye extract at a pH of 3 displays
broad absorption peak in the 480–550 nm range
resulting from π - π* transitions due to the mixed
contributions of the yellow-orange betaxanthins
(480 nm) and of the red-purple betacyanin (540
nm). From the data of the experiments we may
concluded that in general the mixture of three
solvents (containing formic acid) enhances the
absorbance of the extract and decrease the
stability of the pigment(Garcı´aBarrera et al.,
1998). It could be noticed that the stability of
pigment high at acidic pH values ranged from
2.65 to 3.8, while the color conversion was
accorded at pH above 7(Stintzing et al., 2002,
Jackman& Smith, 1996).
At neutral media, the extract has the highest
absorption spectrum indicating a wider range of
red, orange, yellow, and blue light can be
absorbed. Absorbance peaks around 300 and 535
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Abs
nm
A0.033g
0.066g
0.1g
0.133g
0.186g
0.05g
0.1g
0.2g
0.3g
0.4g
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
500 520 540 560 580 600
Abs
nm
B0.033g
0.066g
0.1g
0.133g
0.186g
0.05g
0.1g
0.2g
0.3g
0.4g
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
210
nm are characteristic absorptions for the red-
violet betalain group, betacyanin.
For the purpose of studying the stability of
the dye, the absorption of the extract was read
every 24 hours for 60 days. The results are
shown in Table 2.
Figure 2: The effect of the solvents in (G1) on the extraction of the bougainvillea flower dye (A) from 250-650 nm (B) from 500-600 nm
Fig. (3): The effect of the solvents in (G2) on the extraction of the bougainvillea flower dye (A) from 250-650 nm
(B) from 500-600 nm
Two steps of extraction used in (G3) in which different individual pure organic solvent was used (Table 1). The
organic extracted pigment did not show any absorbance, therefore the dried residue of bracts were extracted again
by solvent ratio of 1:3 (ethanol: water)(1/3E). Fig. 4 shows the effect of second extraction of pigment and acetone
was the best solvent to use before using the solvent combination (1/3 E).
Fig. (4): The effect of the solvents in (G3) on the extraction of the bougainvillea flower dye (A) from 250-650 nm (B)
from 500-600 nm
In order to study the effect of alkalinity of solvents on the absorbance and on the stability of pigment, sodium carbonate
was added to the mixture of water and ethanol. The G4 (Fig. 5 ) shows a change of violet color to yellow direct by
adding sodium carbonate, the maximum absorbance (0.238) at 548 nm for yellow color, in other word the basic solvent
decreases the intensity of the absorbance of the extract and starts the color conversion of the pigment. Alkaline
conditions may cause aldimine bond hydrolysis(Schwartz & von Elbe, 1983; Von Elbe et al., 1974; Attoe& von
Elbe, 1981; Cai et al, 1998; Peattelli and Imperato, 1970). Optimal pH range for maximum betanin stability is 5–6
(Huang & von Elbe, 1985, 1986, 1987; Castellar et al., 2003; Vaillantet al., 2005).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Abs
nm
AW
E1
E3
Ea
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
500 550 600
Abs
nm
BW
E1
E3
Ea
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
280 380 480 580
Abs
nm
AM1/3
M1/1
M3/1
M3/1
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
500 550 600
Abs
nm
B
M1/3
M1/1
M3/1
M3/1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
290 390 490 590
Abs
nm
A2b
Dee
2p
Ea
Ac
Cl
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
500 550 600
Abs
nm
B2b
Dee
2p
Ea
Ac
Cl
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
211
Fig. (5): The effect of the solvents in (G4) on the extraction of the bougainvillea flower dye (A) from 250-650 nm
(B) from 500-600 nm
Fig. (6): The effect of the solvents in (G5) on the extraction of the bougainvillea flower dye (A) from 250-650 nm
(B) from 500-600 nm
Fig. (7): The effect of the solvents in (G6) on the extraction of the bougainvillea flower dye (A) from 250-650
nm (B) from 500-600 nm
The stability of pigment in different solvents G1-G6 shows in (Table 2). In G1(Fig. 8) various series of ethanol to
water ratio were used as a solvent mixture. The uses of only water as a solvent shows the maximum absorbance
(0.422) at 548 nm in day 5, after 5 days the absorbance of the extract decreases, which indicate that the stability
of the extraction using water as solvent give maximum absorbance in 5-15 days, but after this period the pigment
lose its stability and begins to convert.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Abs
nm
A
W 0.1
E 0.1
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
470 520 570
Abs
nm
BW 0.1
E 0.1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
200 400 600
Abs
nm
AW0.1
W1
W5
E0.1
E1
E5
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
460 510 560
Abs
nm
BW0.1
W1
W5
E0.1
E1
E5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Abs
nm
AF5
A5
A10
E5 1
E10 1
A5 1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
480 530 580
Abs
nm
BF5
A5
A10
E5 1
E10 1
A5 1
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
212
Fig. (8): Absorbance (Abs) at 548 nm of Pigment in different ethanol to water ratio at different time intervals.
Table (2): Wavelength and intensity of the main absorbance peaks of the UV-Vis spectra shown in Figs. 2-7.
group
abbreviation
Solvent
λ1 , λ2 nm
abs
Stabilityday
G1
W
water
351, 551
-, 0.37
15
Eta
ethanol absolute
351, 551
-, 0.052
*
50% E
1 ethanol: 1water
351, 542
-, -
15
Et 1/3
1 ethanol: 3 water
351, 542
-, 0.273
15
Et 3/1
3 ethanol: 1 water
351, 543
-, 0.198
15
G2
M1/1
1methanol: 1water
-, 545
-, 0.535
1
M1/3
1methanol: 3water
-, 562
-, 0.127
6
M3/1
3methanol: 1water
-, 548
-, 0.115
1
G3
2-but
2- butanol
427, -
-, -
4
DEE
diethyl ether
423, 539
-, 0.058
2
2-P
2- propanol
431, 539
-, 0.041
4
EA
ethyl acetate
432, 539
-, 0.055
2
AC
acetone
431, 538
-, 0.011
2
Cl
cloroform
431, 534
-, 0.037
2
G4
W0.1
0.01M Na2CO3
-, 531
-, 0.189
3
W1
0.1 M Na2CO3
-, -
-, -
3
W5
0.5 M Na2CO3
-, -
-, -
3
E0.1
1 ethanol :1 (0.01 M Na2CO3)
-, -
-, -
1
E1
1 ethanol :1 (0.1 M Na2CO3)
-, -
-, -
1
E5
1 ethanol :1 (0.5 M Na2CO3)
-, -
-, -
1
G5
W5
95 water: 5 formic acid
-, 537
-, 0.123
1
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Abs
day
ethanol: water ratio W
Et
1/3
Et
3/1
Et a
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
213
F5
34 ethanol: 68 water:5 formic acid
-, 550
-, -
2
W1
99 formic acid: 1 water
-, 536
-, 0.034
1
E5
100 ethanol: 95 water:5 formic acid
-, 539
-, 0.177
1
W0.1
water: 0.1 formic acid
351, 544
-, 0.038
1
E1
100 ethanol: 99 water:1 formic acid
-, 538
-, 0.091
1
E0.1
100 ethanol: 99.9 water: 0.1 formic acid
-, 538
-, 0.058
1
G6
A10
100 ethanol: 95 water: 5 acetic acid
-, 549
-, 0.176
4
A5
95 water: 5 acetic acid
328, 550
-, 0.062
2
E10
100 ethanol: 90 water: 10 acetic acid
344, 547
-, 0.1
2
E5
90 water: 10 acetic acid
-, 546
-, 0.159
2
Water is distilled water, N is neutral, the solvent ratio used by volume (ml), * there is no extracted pigment
appear therefore no stability time.
In the G2 (Fig.9) shows different stability results were obtained with the use of methanol and water.
The stability of (M 1/3) is 6 days while 24 h for others.
Fig. (9): Absorbance (Abs) at 548 nm of Pigment in different methanol to water ratio at different time intervals.
The G3 (Fig. 10) shows the effect of second extraction of pigment and the stability of pigment is 48
h and DEE shows long time stability.
Fig. (10): Absorbance at 548 nm of Pigment in ethanol: water 1:3 after use different organic solvent at different
time intervals.
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25
Abs
day
Methanol: water ratio M1/3
M1/1
M3/1
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 5 10 15 20
Abs
day
Organic solvent 2-
But
DE
E
2-P
EA
AC
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
214
The G4(Fig. 11) shows a change of violet color to yellow direct by adding sodium carbonate, the
stability of yellow color was not more than 72 h. and after that the pigment lost its stability.
Fig. (11): Absorbance (Abs) at 548 nm of Pigment in different ethanol to sodium carbonate solvents ratio at
different time intervals.
In the G5 (Fig. 12) shows the effect of solvent on pigment extraction and stability, in general the stability of
pigment for most solvents are 24 h.
Fig. (12): Absorbance (Abs) at 548 nm of Pigment in different ethanol to formic acid solvents ratio at different
time intervals.
The influence of G6 (Fig. 13) In general the
results show that the ratio of (100 ethanol: 95
water: 5 acetic acid ) (E5) is a best solvent
mixture for extraction of the pigment with a little
difference between the other solvent mixture
(100 ethanol: 90 water: 10 acetic acid) (E10),
hence the maximum extraction time is 2 days for
(E5) with absorbance (0.197) at 584 nm, while 4
days for (E10) with absorbance (0.197).
Fig. (13): Absorbance (Abs) at 548 nm of pigment in different ethanol to aqueous acetic acid ratio at different
time intervals.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20
Abs
day
ethanol: basic solution
W 0.1
W 1
W 5
E 0.1
E1
E5
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Abs
day
Ethanol: water: formic acid solvent W 0.1
W 1
W 5
E 0.1
E1
E5
F5
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Abs
day
Ethanol : acetic acid solution A5
A10
E5
E10
Journal of University of Duhok., Vol. , No.2 (Agri. and Vet. Sciences),Pp 206-217,
myasar.khalil@uod.ac, maher-333@hotmail.de
215
CONCLUSION
In the current study the effect of amount of
powdered plant material was study, to
optimize the best mass/ solvent ratio,
different absorbance results were obtained.
The optimum process conditions were found
to be mass of floral bracts to solvent ratio was
0.1 gm /20 ml of 50% ethanol for pigment
extraction. In the second part of current study,
several solvent combinations were used to
indicate the best combination of solvents
mixture (Group 1-6). The results indicated
that the suitable solvent for extraction of
Bougainvillea g. pigment and to protect the
violet color bracts for pigment from color
conversion, is a mixture of 1:1 methanol:
water ratio, with absorbance (0.534) at 548
nm, While the second solvent was water only
with absorbance (0.422) at 548 nm. Adding
acid or base to the solvents could not
enhanced the pigment extraction and its
prefer the neutral medium. The best solvent
that give longer time (15 days) for stability of
the pigment was water, while adding base to
the mixture solvent decreases the intensity of
the absorbance of the extract and convert the
color from violet to golden yellow directly,
that may caused by degradation of the
pigment, for the reason of aldimine bond
hydrolysis. Finally we conclude that the best
solvent to extract bracts of Bougainvillea g.
pigment is (1 methanol : 1 water).
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Supplementary
Fig 1s: structure of some betaline compounds
